{{Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

By Connor Beasley, Lauren Buchberger,By Connor Beasley, Lauren Buchberger, Mary Burkhart, Mykhala StillingsMary Burkhart, Mykhala Stillings

http://www.paperspencils.com/2013/05/14/deadly-dungeons-20-dancing-skeleton-room/

Keeps body upright and Keeps body upright and togethertogether

SupportSupport Protection

Protects inner organs and fragile body tissuesExample: Ribs protect heart, lungs, etc Vertebrae protect spinal cord

http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html#whatwww.biology4kids.com

Provides attachment Provides attachment for muscles for muscles

MovemenMovementt Blood Cell

ReproductionBlood cells formed in the bone marrow

StorageStorageHouses many minerals and Houses many minerals and immature blood cells in the immature blood cells in the bonebone

Example: Calcium, lipids, red blood cells

www.georgetownhospitalsystem.orgwww.sciencelearn.org.nz

Bones of the skullBones of the skull Develop between Develop between

membranesmembranes Connecting tissue Connecting tissue

forming in sheets forming in sheets which become the which become the bones periosteumbones periosteum

Cells in the connective Cells in the connective tissue differentiate tissue differentiate into osteoblastsinto osteoblasts

Osteoblasts produce Osteoblasts produce the spongy bonethe spongy bone

Osteoblasts begin Osteoblasts begin producing compact producing compact bone on edges of bone on edges of spongy bonespongy bone

Development of Intramembranous Development of Intramembranous BonesBones

Development of an Endochondral Development of an Endochondral BoneBone

Primary Ossification CenterPrimary Ossification Center

1.1.Masses of hyaline cartilageMasses of hyaline cartilage

2.2.Cartilage breaks down and Cartilage breaks down and disappearsdisappears

3.3. Periosteum forms from Periosteum forms from connective tissue and covers connective tissue and covers developing diaphysisdeveloping diaphysis

4.4.Spongy bones form where Spongy bones form where cartilage once wascartilage once was

http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_happlace_7_oa/42/10965/2807221.cw/index.html

Development of an Endochondral Development of an Endochondral BoneBone

Secondary Ossification Centers

1.Spongy bone forms in all directions2.Epiphyseal Plate forms between the ossification centers3.Cartilaginous plate thickens, lengthening the bonehttp://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_happlace_7_oa/

42/10965/2807221.cw/index.html

Osteoclasts Osteoclasts break down the calcified extracellular matrix of bone

Come from bone marrow when white blood cells fuse

Secrete an acid that dissolves the inorganic compound of calcified matrix

Remove the extracellular matrix Osteoblasts invade region and deposit new bone

tissue in place of calcified cartilage

Maintaining Long Maintaining Long BoneBone

Long bone lengthens while Long bone lengthens while cartilaginous cells of cartilaginous cells of epiphysial plates are activeepiphysial plates are active

When ossification centers of When ossification centers of diaphysis and epiphyses diaphysis and epiphyses meet and the epiphyseal meet and the epiphyseal plates ossify, lengthening is plates ossify, lengthening is no longer possibleno longer possible

Long bone thickens as Long bone thickens as compact bone is deposited, compact bone is deposited, and resulting space in the and resulting space in the middle becomes medullary middle becomes medullary cavity and fills with marrow.cavity and fills with marrow.

Developing Long BoneDeveloping Long Bone

http://prezi.com/dnt6nk16zr6p/anatomy-of-a-long-bone/

Appendicular vs. AxialAppendicular vs. Axial

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/appendicular-and-axial/deck/2846767

23 Major Bones of the 23 Major Bones of the BodyBody

http://eofdreams.com/skeleton.html

23 Major Bones of the 23 Major Bones of the BodyBody

Anatomy of the Long Anatomy of the Long BoneBone

Spongy bone: Reduces bone weight

Periosteum: Encloses the bone, except for articular cartilage

Medullary Cavity: Houses bone marrow & vessels

Compact bone: Protects

Articular Cartilage: Reduces shock

Epiphysis: Articulates with another bone to form a jointhttp://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/

notes/api%20notes%20h%20skeletal%20system.htm

LigamentLigamentss

• Connects bone to bone

Examples:- Patellar ligament- Lateral collateral

ligament- Anterior cruciate

ligament

http://www.healthandfitnesstalk.com/tag/acl/

• Connect Connect bones to bones to musclesmuscles

ExamplesExamples: :

-Achilles tendon-Achilles tendon

-Teres minor tendons-Teres minor tendons

- Felxor tendons- Felxor tendons

TendonTendonss

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/tendon.html

• Tough, elastic, Tough, elastic, fibrous fibrous connective connective tissuetissue

Cartilage Cartilage

Examples:-Hyaline Cartilage-Elastic Cartilage-Fibrocartilage

http://www.activemotionphysio.ca/Injuries-Conditions/Elbow/Surgery/Interposition-Arthroplasty/a~250/article.html

Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints lie between lie between bones that closely contact bones that closely contact one another and have no one another and have no movementmovement Example: Example: Sutures Sutures

between bones of the between bones of the skullskull

Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints allow allow limited movement limited movement Example: Example: Between Between

vertebrae, pubic vertebrae, pubic symphisissymphisis

Synovial Joints Synovial Joints allow free allow free movement movement

JointsJointshttp://nh-chs-anatomy.pbworks.com/w/page/70452951/Fibrous%20and%20Cartilaginous%20Joints-%20Isasky%20and%20Jaehne

http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect11.html

http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Cartilaginous_joints.html

Synovial Synovial JointsJoints

http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect11.html

Ball-and-Ball-and-Socket Socket allows a allows a wider range wider range of motion of motion

Examples:Examples:- ShoulderShoulder- HipHip

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/ball-and-socket_joint.html

Condyloid JointCondyloid Joint permits permits multiple multiple movements, movements, but not but not rotationalrotational

Examples:Examples:

- Joints between - Joints between metacarpals and metacarpals and phalangesphalanges

http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units5to9/joints/synovial.htm

Gliding Joints Gliding Joints flat or flat or slightly slightly curved and curved and allow sliding allow sliding & twisting & twisting movementsmovements

Examples:Examples:- Joints within wrists Joints within wrists

& ankle& ankle- Ribs 2-7Ribs 2-7

http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php

Hinge Joint Hinge Joint

convex surface convex surface fits into concave fits into concave surface and surface and moves in only one moves in only one planeplane

Examples:Examples:- Joints of phalangesJoints of phalanges http://www.humpalphysicaltherapy.com/

Injuries-Conditions/Elbow/Elbow-Anatomy/a~5607/article.html

Pivot Joint Pivot Joint movement is movement is limited to limited to rotation rotation around around central axiscentral axis

Examples:Examples:- Proximal ends of - Proximal ends of

radius and ulnaradius and ulna

http://www.paradoja7.com/picture-of-pivot-joint/

Saddle Joint Saddle Joint

surface of one surface of one bone fits the bone fits the complementary complementary surface of the surface of the otherother

Examples:Examples:

- Joint between the - Joint between the trapezium and metacarpal trapezium and metacarpal bones of thumbbones of thumb http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php

Joint Joint MovementsMovements

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion

Flexion: Flexion: bending joint and decreasing anglebending joint and decreasing angle

Extension: Extension: Straightening joint and Straightening joint and increasing angleincreasing angle

Hyperextension: Hyperextension: extending beyond extending beyond anatomical positionanatomical position

http://dc219.4shared.com/doc/RYbxrbeJ/preview.html

Dorsiflexion: Dorsiflexion: bending foot at ankle towards shinbending foot at ankle towards shinPlantar flexionPlantar flexion: bending foot at ankle towards sole: bending foot at ankle towards soleEversion: Eversion: turning foot so sole faces laterally turning foot so sole faces laterally Inversion: Inversion: turning foot so sole faces mediallyturning foot so sole faces medially

http://getstinkout.wordpress.com/tag/twisted-ankle/http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/42-401-zapanta/page3.html

Abduction: Abduction: moving a part away from midlinemoving a part away from midlineAdduction: Adduction: moving a part away toward midlinemoving a part away toward midlineSupination: Supination: turning the hand so palm is facing upwardturning the hand so palm is facing upwardPronationPronation: turning the hand so palm is facing downward: turning the hand so palm is facing downward

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adduction

http://www.shadmehrlab.org/book/kinematics/kinematics.htm

Circumduction: Circumduction: moving a part in a circular motionmoving a part in a circular motionRetraction: Retraction: moving a part backwardmoving a part backwardProtraction: Protraction: moving a part forwardmoving a part forward

http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch09_illustr_audio_mp3_am/simulations/hear/circumduction.html

http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch09_illustr_audio_mp3_am/simulations/hear/circumduction.html

Elevation: Elevation: Raising a part Raising a part Depression: Depression: Lowering a partLowering a part

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/regional-anatomy-1/deck/6344513

Diseases of the Skeletal Diseases of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Arthritis

medicaltextboks.blogspot.com

Degenerative disorderDegenerative disorder1.1. Cartilage softens and Cartilage softens and

disintegratesdisintegrates

2.2. Articular surface Articular surface roughensroughens

3.3. Bones rub together Bones rub together producing stiffness, loss producing stiffness, loss of motion, and painof motion, and pain

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

www.celebrex.com

Autoimmune DiseaseAutoimmune Disease1.1. Swelling of synovial Swelling of synovial

cells and synovial cells and synovial fluid in jointsfluid in joints

2.2. Causes damage to Causes damage to the cartilage and the cartilage and bonebone

Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis

blog.proboostdirect.com

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““Adduction playV2('en/US/d3/d3djdddsstdysoslssssgh');playV2('en/UK/d3/d3djdddsstdysoslssssgh')Adduction playV2('en/US/d3/d3djdddsstdysoslssssgh');playV2('en/UK/d3/d3djdddsstdysoslssssgh')

" TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adduction>."ball-and-socket joint." " TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adduction>."ball-and-socket joint." ball-and-socket joint. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/ball-and-socket_joint.html>.ball-and-socket joint. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/ball-and-socket_joint.html>.

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