– rev. dr. dumitru stă

Rev. Dr. Dumitru Stniloae Background, context and development of an

Orthodox ecclesiological synthesis

IRQX0DYULFKL PhD Candidate, Theology Dept.

St. JohnV&ROOHJH Durham University PhD Candidate, Doctoral School - Sociology

Bucharest University Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

AbstractIn this article the author tries to offer some background guidelines for Dumitru Staniloae's ecclesiology.

Keywords-Staniloae, Orthodox, Ecclesiology.

I. INTRODUCTION Dumitru Staniloae was one of the most influential

Orthodox writers of the second half of the twentieth century. J. Moltmann said about him that he was the greatest theologian alive in his day1, and an Orthodox Heidegger, an Eastern Karl Barth 2 . His theological synthesis is a mirror of his ethnic construction. Romanians are a Latin nation with an Eastern belief and they are situated at the confluence of Latin, Greek DQG 6ODYLF&KULVWLDQL\7KDW LV ZK\ 6WDQLORDHV WKHRORJ\ LV Dtheology of synthesis without losing its personal character.

Although his profile is unique in the Romanian theological landscape, the uncritical admiration risks generating an immense cloud of incense which will block us from seeing his real theological contributions and effort.3

This essay tries to analyse in the first part his educational background and possible trace of his youthful sources of inspiration. He is situated in the theological context of the Orthodox teaching system. Than follows an introduction to the development of Orthodox ecclesiology in the twentieth century. Staniloae is placed among other important professors following at the same time the structure of his theological triptych: dogma / spirituality / liturgy. After presenting this development together with the other theological contributions, 6WDQLORDHVHFFlesiology is analysed in the light of his patristic

1 The preface to Staniloae, D. Orthodoxe Dogmatik 3 vols. (Zrich: Gtersloh, 1984/1990/1995). 2 9 ,HUXQFD 7HRORJLD'RJPDWLFD2UWRGR[D DSDULQWHOXL'6WDQLORDH ,Q ,Ica jr. (ed.) Persoana si Comuniune. Prinos de cinstire preotului professor academician Dumitru Staniloae 1903-1993 (Sibiu: Arhiepiscopia Ortodoxa, 1993), p. 104. 3 M. Bielawski, Parintele Dumitru Staniloae, o viziune filocalica despre lume (Sibiu: Deisis, 1998), p. 70.

sources. The last part of the essay will try to describe and evaluate the consequences of such a theological construct.

II. ORTHODOX ECCLESIOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Before the neo-patristic revival, Orthodox Ecclesiology 4 from the Dogmatic manuals was modelled upon the highly hierarchic, pyramidal, institutional Catholic view. The head of the Church was not the pope but the Synodal system. 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH ZD\ RI FRQFHLYLQJ WKH &KXUFKV OLIH ZDV RITridentine inspiration.

The beginning of the twentieth century brought important changes for Orthodox theology. The change was to start in Paris in the Theological institute Saint-Serge, founded by the leading scholars of the Russian emigration. Great names like Bulgakov, Florovsky, Lossky etc. would radically change the face of modern Orthodox theology. In the 1930s Nicholas Afanasiev, professor of Canon Law, pleaded through a series of articles for the rejection of the structures of medieval ecclesiology and a return to the Eucharistic, local and concrete ecclesiology of the Early Church. The synthesis of his ideas was The Church of the Holy Spirit, published partially only after his death.5 He was the pioneer of the renewal of Orthodox Ecclesiology which happened in the broader context of revalorising the patristic sources.

Alexander Schmemann defended his PhD thesis on Byzantine ritual in 1959 in Paris.6 He rightly pointed out that WKURXJKRXWWKHFHQWXULHVWKHULWXDOVGHHSHVFKDWRORJLFDODVSHFWDVPDQLIHVWation and anticipated epiphany of the Kingdom of

4 A very good overview of the ecclesiological developments of the twentieth century in I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei I, Canonul Apostolic al primelor veacuri (Sibiu: Deisis/Stavropoleos, 2008) and K. C. Felmy, Dogmatica experientei ecleziale. Innoirea teologiei ortodoxe contemporane (Sibiu: Deisis, 20052). 5 Afanasiev, N. The Church of the Holy Spirit (University of Notre Dame, 2007). 6 A. Schmemann, Introduction to Liturgical Theology (London, 1966).

SECTION7. Art, Religion, History, Philosophy

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*RG 7 was lost. He argued for the repositioning of the Eucharist as the central eschatological epiphany which is the Church and in the Church.

A few years after Schmemann, in 1965, John Zizioulas defended his PhD thesis in Athens on the unity of the Church in the Eucharist and the Bishop in the first three centuries.8 It was an engaged attempt to build a Eucharistic ecclesiology based on the vision of St. Ignatius with the Eucharist and the Bishop in the centre of the Church, thus distancing itself from $IDQDVLHYV HDUOLHU YLHZ RI D FRPPXQLWDULDQ DQG FKDULVPDWLFEkklesia.9 This vision of the Church was in a certain manner opposed to the theology and ecclesiology of Romanidis, another Greek leading theologian. Deeply rooted in the patristic vision of spiritual experience i.e. the hesychast tradition, Romanidis sees the Church as being the milieu of a profound therapeutic experience. Christians experience Christ in his glory and this meeting with Him in the Church is identical with deification, with the kingdom of God. It is definitely a more LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF YLVLRQ WKDQ =L]LRXODV 5RPDQLGLV HPSKDVLVHVthe personal experience in the Church, having as a background the monastic tradition and experience.

Although by far the most acknowledged in western theological environments because of the translation of his works and articles in circulation languages, Zizioulas has his RZQ FULWLFV 2QH UHFHQW HYDOXDWLRQ RI =L]LRXODV HFFOHVLRORJ\was realised by Kevin Berger 10 , who argues a lack of equilibrium between Pneumatology and Christology in =L]LRXODV YLHZ FRPSDULQJ KLV FRQFHSWLRQ ZLWK 'XPLWUX6WDQLORDHV

In 1985, Nikos Matsoukas, professor of dogmatics in Thessaloniki, published his Dogmatic and Symbolic Theology, an attempt to harmonize the earlier ecclesiological tendencies. His departure point is the Mystagogy of Saint Maximus the Confessor. The church is a reflexion of God in all his plenitude and diversity, and, because we are living in history, the Church also implies an eschatological dynamism. The Church is only a witness to Truth and not the owner. That is why a confessional view of Orthodoxy in itself might be as well just another YHUVLRQRIWKHVLQRIWKHFKRVHQSHRSOH11

The newest theologian to engage in a fresh ecclesiological project is Nikolaos Loudovikos. He published in Athens in 2002 his major work called The Apophatic Ecclesiology of Consubstantiality. In a profound historical approach he sees in Origen the first sign of clash between institution and charisma. Through PseudoDenis the Christian access to God is mediated by the institutional hierarchy, therefore the Church has its own hierarchical ontology. Loudovikos also sees in Maxim the &RQIHVVRUV Mystagogy the solution against this pyramidal view. Maxim corrects both Origen and PseudoDenis through an apophatical ecclesiology of concentric consubstantiality.

7 I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 46. 8 J. D. Zizioulas, Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop during the F irst Three Centuries (Brookline MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2001). 9 I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 47. 10 .HYLQ %HUJHU 'RHV WKH (XFKDULVW PDNH WKH &KXUFK" 6W 9ODGLPLUVTheological Quarterly 51 (2007), p. 23-70 apud. I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 52. 11 I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 55.

/RXGRYLNRV DUJXHV WKDW WKH&KXUFK LV GHWHUPLQHG DV QHLWKHUcharismatic-existential nor structural-institutional but as an imitation-participatLRQ WR *RGV JUDFH ZKR DFWLYDWHV WKURXJKthe power of faith the eschatological consubstantiality in God RIWKHLQQHUPDQRIKXPDQLW\DQG&RVPRV12

/RXGRYLNRV WKRXJKW LV D ZHOFRPH FRUUHFWLRQ RI ERWK WKHopposing accents from previous ecclesiological attempts. His coherent synthesis makes compatible the individual/ monastic/ transcendental pattern with the communitarian/ Eucharistic/ practical one.

)URP%DSWLVPDQG8QFWLRQ&KULVWLVIXOO\SUHVHQWLQHDFKbeliever according to his personal charisma which must be activated both ascetically/ existentially and liturgically/ Eucharistically, but the model is not the pyramid with wide base and unique top, but of the wheels which move one in DQRWKHUIURP(]HNLHOVYLVLRQ13

This vision of the body of the Church has a lot of ecumenical potential especially in the dialogue with the Protestant Churches. This type of synthesis was realised avant la lettre but departing from different premises by Staniloae. He reached his conclusions through a series of theological moments.

%HIRUH PRYLQJ WR 6WDQLORDHV WKHRORJ\ LQ WKLV FRQWH[W ,would like to mention another Serbian contribution to Orthodox theology. Archimandrite Justin Popovitch proposed in his dogmatic theology a radical centrality of Christ on the grounds of the deification of human nature. The Church is nothing less than the place where the believer assumes what is already realised by Christ, i.e. sanctified human nature.14

III. THEOLOGICAL TRIPTYCH: DOGMA, SPIRITUALITY AND LITURGY PROLEGOMENA FOR A HOLISTIC ECCLESIOLOGY

I have already mentioned the vast output of translations from the Greek Fathers of the Church that Staniloae started from his early years as a Professor. The selection of the Fathers was based on two principles. He translated on the one hand the spiritual literature of the Desert Fathers and other collections (Paterikon, Lausaikon) that reflected eastern monastic spirituality and thought, and on the other hand he translated the most important theologians that shaped Eastern Theology. On the basis of these later translations but always referring to the spiritual literature as well, Staniloae built his Dogmatic Theology (3 vols. 1978). Although keeping the structure of the former Orthodox Dogmatics dominated by scholasticism, he wrote a new dogmatic theology in the neo-patristic style.

The entire Christian vision and evaluation of life is shaped WKURXJKWKHRSWLFVRIWKH)DWKHUV7KHEDVHIRU6WDQLORDHVYLHZRQ FRVPRORJ\ LV 6W 0D[LPXV WHDFKLQJ RI WKH logoi, of the rationality of the universe. Because the creation was made by Christ and for Christ, there is an ontological capability of creation to be transparent to the presence of God in it. Staniloae

12 I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 56. 13 I. Ica, jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei ..., p. 56. 14 J. Popovitch, Philosophie Orthodoxe De La Verite, Dogmatique De L'glise Orthodoxe (Editions L'age D'homme, 1993) and J. Popovitch, /KRPPHHWOHDieu-Homme (Editions L'age D'homme, 1991).




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actually develops a deep theological ecology which culminates LQWKHPD[LPLDQYLVLRQRIWKHWUDQVILJXUHG FRVPRV15

Another characteristic of his thought is the predominant reference to the Holy Trinity. God in three Persons and one person of Christ with two natures are the fundamental dogmas of the Eastern fathers and through these dogmas all the other theological developments must be considered and verified. The creation of the world and of humans was nothing less than the extension of the inner life of the Trinity, a life of love and FRPPXQLRQ7KDW LVZK\WKHKXPDQVDLPLVWRILOO WKHLU OLYHVwith the love and the knowledge of the Trinity, made possible only through the incarnation of one person of the Trinity, Jesus &KULVW 6WDQLORDHV WKHRORJ\ZDV LGHQWLILHG E\.DOOLVWRV:DUHas a theology of love and personal communion.16 The dynamic of Christian life is based on the tension between the distance and at the same time the closeness of God.17

Only a few years after publishing his dogmatic synthesis, Staniloae published Orthodox Spirituality (1981) with the alternative title The Ascetic and Mystic of the Orthodox Church. If his dogmatic compendium was based on the theologian Fathers, in this later work Staniloae gave a spiritual synthesis of the Desert Fathers. Their understanding of the spiritual life lies in the background of Orthodox understanding of living in the Church. There are a few patristic premises on which Staniloae builds his spiritual theology. The fallen state of humanity can be surpassed only through Jesus Christ whose works of redeeming the assumed humanity not only justified us in front of God, but effectively the human nature was sanctified in him. The spiritual life according to the Eastern Fathers is to assume that deification already worked in Christ and to reach the likeness with God. This likeness is not an aesthetical/exterior norm that we must attend, but the likeness is participative.

There are three main stages of the spiritual life: purification, illumination and deification (Gr. Katharsis, Fotismos, Theosis). The first step is to cleanse ourselves of the passions to which we are subject. There is a difference between sins (Gr. amartia) and passions (Gr. pathe), the later being frequent, repetitive and leading to addiction. There is a very complex methodology of fighting with the passions. They can be uprooted especially by the work of virtues. According to St. Maximus the Confessor, the essence of virtues is Christ, and through the practice of virtues Christians unite with Christ. The three steps are not to be thought of as strictly sequential. There LVQRVXFKWLPHLQDSHUVRQVOLfe when it can be said that he/she is sinless. But with the struggle to fight against passions, always helped by Christ through prayer and Eucharist, the Christian starts to uncover the mysteries of creation and to see who is behind all things. The illumination is a process in which one discovers the universal presence of the divine logoi. Creation becomes thus transparent, leading the soul towards the true contemplation. Theosis is the ultimate gift of God because in the uncreated light of the Trinity the soul

15 .:DUH ([SHULHQWD OXL'XPQH]HX LQ 7HRORJLD'RJPDWLFD DSDULQWHOXL'XPLWUX6WDQLORDH ,Q ,Q ,ca, I. jr. (ed.) Persoana si Comuniune. Prinos de cinstire preotului professor academician Dumitru Staniloae 1903-1993 (Sibiu: Arhiepiscopia Ortodoxa, 1993), p. 119. 16 K. Ware, Experienta lui DumnezeuS 17 K. Ware, Experienta lui DumnezeuS

H[SHULHQFHV *RGV VDQFWLI\LQJ SUHVHQFH ,Q WKDW PRPHQW WKHsoul foretastes the Kingdom to come.

The aim of Orthodox Spirituality is deification. 18 This might seem to be an individual and isolated process, but is quite the opposite. Staniloae develops the connection between the social life and the involvement of the spiritualised Christians.19 Seeing that the Trinity is the ground of Christian spirituality, deification can be realised only in communion and as communion between the human person, the divine Persons and the fellow human persons. Only in this milieu of love, &KULVWVVDQFWLILHGKXPDQLW\LVVKDUHGE\DOO

7KH ERRN WKDW FRPSOHWHV 6WDQLORDHV WULSW\FK YLHZ RItheology was published in 1986. If in the Dogmatic he developed the basis for the possibility of real communion with God, he completes in Spirituality and Communion in the Orthodox Liturgy the picture created in The Ascetic and Mystic of the Orthodox Church which risked being an individualistic approach to Christian life. Apart from the personal struggle against passions, the Christian is called to communion with the neighbour. Aside to the general form of social interaction, the space of Liturgy is the most sublime sort of socializing.

Staniloae attempts to recover the original sense of Eucharist and Liturgy.20 One of the main aspects of Eucharist is that it configures the community as a whole. Unfortunately, in &KULVWLDQVSHUFHSWLRQWKH(XFKDULVWHQGHGXSLQERWK:HVWHUQand Eastern Churches, being a personal affair and belonging mainly to the private sphere, whereas in the early Church it was a communitarian event. Partaking of the same chalice and bread made the believer a definite part of the community. Early practice of the Eastern Church imposed the confession in front of the community for the ones that abstained from Eucharist. The Apostolic Constitutions present the rite of the confession in terms of readmission to Eucharist and thus to the Church. Taking communion involved the whole community of fellow &KULVWLDQV 6WDQLORDHV PHUit is in closely connecting the sacramental/liturgical communion with the spirituality.21

Unfortunately, it has become common practice among Orthodox Christians to participate to the Divine Liturgy and not take communion. About this aspect Staniloae affirms that the Liturgy being the place of meeting with Christ, there are several levels on which this communion can be realised. Apart from the sublime union in Eucharist, the Liturgy is also the Liturgy of the Word, a place of continuous self revelation of Christ. The dialogical nature of the Word generates and asks for an answer of praise, laud and prayer.22

This liturgical crowning of the spiritual life represents an LPSRUWDQW SDUWLFXODULW\ RI 6WDQLORDHV HFFOHVLRORJ\ )DLWK

18 D. Staniloae, Ascetica si Mistica Bisericii Ortodoxe (Bucuresti: Editura Institutului Biblic si de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, 2002), p. 5; also on the patristic teaching on deification see N. Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). 19 D. Staniloae, Ascetica si MisticaSHWSDVVLP 20 I. Ica sn, Modurile prezentei personale a lui Iisus Hristos si ale comuniunii FX (O LQ 6I /LWXUJKLH VL LQ 6SLULWXDOLWDWHD 2UWRGR[D ,n ,F , MU HG3HUVRDQVLFRPXQLXQH3ULQRVGHFLQVWLUH3ULQWHOXL3URIHVRU$FDGHPLFLDQ'XPLWUX6WQLORDHODvPSOLQLUHDYvUVWHLGHGHDQL (Sibiu, 1993), p. 336. 21 I. Ica sn, Modurile prezentei personale..., p. 337. 22 I. Ica sn, Modurile prezentei personale..., p. 341.




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asceticism and liturgy are the three components of his vision on Ecclesia.

IV. THE SENSE OF EKKLESIA What it is interesting to note is the place of Ecclesiology in

the structure of his Dogmatic Theology. In the second volume, which is dedicated to Christology, the chapter about the Church is named The salvation work of Christ in development. The person of Christ is central to the understanding of how the Church works and should be interpreted.

7KH VDOYDWLRQ LV UHDOLVHG VD\V 6WDQLORDH RQO\ WKURXJK&KULVWV GZHOOLQJ LQ XV ZLWK WKH ERG\ KH ERre, resurrected, ascended and entirely spiritualised or filled with the Holy Spirit and became through this fully transparent. This dwelling SURGXFHVWKH&KXUFK23 The Spirit makes Christ present in the believers and this presence forms the Church, his body. At the same time the Pentecost marks the beginning of a new state. It LV WKH UHYHODWLRQ RI WKH +RO\ 6SLULWV K\SRVWDVLV 7KH 6SLULWVhypostatic descent over the newly formed Church shows &KULVWVZLOOWRH[WHQGKLVJRGO\SRZHUDQGWKHKROLQHVVRIKLVhuman nature upon all creation. 24 He makes an interesting remark, probably aimed at Catholics, when he describes the flaming descent. The fact that all the apostles receive the Spirit, and not only one or a few, shows the fact that the Spirit is present only in the communion of the Church 25 , above all pretentions of primate or earthly powers.

So deep is the union between the Church and Christ, that the gathering of the believers who form the Church is an extension of the assumed body and humanity of Christ, both because of shared human nature and for his dwelling in us through Eucharist. In the same time the human nature which was sanctified through the ultimate self sacrifice of Christ is offered continuously as thanksgiving to the Father. This sacrificial transcendent state of nature is shared by the Church. We are called to share this sacrifice with Christ. Fighting against sin and all that separates us from God, strengthened by the power of Christ, we offer ourselves and our life together with Him to the Father in the light and sanctity of the Holy 6SLULW6WDQLORDHVWKRXJKWRQWKH&KXUFKKDVDGHHS7ULQLWDULDQimprint.

The ministry of Christ reflects upon the Church, and the &KXUFKV HVVHQWLDOPLQLVWU\ LQ WKHZRUOG LV WR VHUYH DV&KULVWwould have done. Although Staniloae writes about the three ministries of Christ he does not recognize that this structure is of Protestant origin. He affirms that you can find the teaching LQWKH)DWKHUVZULWLQJVEXWGRHVQRWJLYHVSHFLILFUHIHUHQFHV

&KULVWV SULHVWKRRG LV shared by all members. But nevertheless there is also a special type of priesthood, the sacramental priesthood. The general priesthood is manifested in personal life. As we are all the body of Christ, in all we do, we serve as Christ including in his priestly function.26 Another mode of manifesting the universal priesthood is through the

23 D. Staniloae, Teologia Dogmatica Ortodoxa vol. II (Bucuresti: Editura Institutului Biblic si de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, 2003), p.201. 24 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 211. 25 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 26 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S

sacramental one. Apart from this observation he does not develop the relation between the two. The doctrine about sacramental priesthood holds, in general lines, the structure of older Dogmatics. In Staniloae, sacramental ministry maintains WKHXQLW\RIWKH&KXUFK+HUHKHVWDQGVDORQJ6W,JQDWLXVYLHZon the Church. As the priest holds the liturgical unity of one community, they are one in their bishop. And the communion of bishops without any primacy pretentions is the warrant of WKH&KXUFKV XQLW\27 When, later in the text, he speaks about the four characteristics of the Church, he places Christ as the source of unity, present equally in all his body - the Church. 7KH&hurch is held as one through continuous communion of Christ, but as Christ is in the Church through perpetual communion and the descent of the Spirit since the Apostles, He comes on the one hand from heaven, and on the other hand he LV LQ WKH FKXUFK28 Therefore Staniloae speaks of the double source of unity (the bishop/synodality and the Eucharist) like Zizioulas, but compared to the latter, he integrates monastic spirituality and the doctrine of deification.

To the common life in Christ, he adds as aspects of unity, the sharing of the same confession of faith expression of living in Christ. 29 One cannot say that we have the same experience of Christ if we have different confessions of faith in him.

7KH VRXUFH RI WKH&KXUFKV KROLQHVV LV &KULVW WKURXJK KLV sanctified body. Pentecost is the starting point and the search for holiness keeps an eschatological tension within the Church.30 Staniloae interprets the universality of the church in the Slavic optics of sobor, and sees it as the unity of the persons in complementary variety 31 , as communion and plenitude in the Holy Spirit32, rejecting any Universalist claims over the Church.

$SRVWROLFLW\LVDVZHOODQDVSHFWRIWKH&KXUFKVVRXUFHRIunity in Christ. The apostles were the first to see and believe in the divinity and resurrection of the Lord.33 That faith is the IRXQGDWLRQ RI WKH &KXUFK 7KH DSRVWOHV WHVWLPRQLHV DUH Dsource of direct knowledge of Christ and they were the first receivers of the Holy Spirit, thus the first members and founders of the Church.

7KHEULHIDFFRXQWRI6WDQLORDHVH[SRVLWLRQRQ WKH&KXUFKshows that in general lines he does not differ from previous Romanian Orthodox Ecclesiology. The place where he is indeed original is when he describes the way believers SHUVRQDOO\DVVXPH&KULVWVZorks of redemption. The optics of his theology on this point are of patristic origin. This segment RI WKH VDOYDWLRQV KLVWRU\ LV XQGHU WKH JXLGDQFH RI WKHhypostatic presence of the Holy Spirit and the salvation is dealt in terms of co-working with the Spirit (Gr. synergeia). Staniloae develops the pneumatological / ecclesial aspect of theosis: deification through grace. 34 Grace is according to

27 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,SS-59. 28 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 29 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 30 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 31 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 32 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 33 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 34 E. Bartos, Conceptul de indumnezeire in teologia lui Dumitru Staniloae (Oradea: Editura Institutului Biblic Emanuel, 1999), p. 395.




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palamite theology the divine, uncreated energy of the Holy Trinity. The theology of Theia energeia was explicitly formulated in the fourteenth century in Byzantium by St. *UHJRU\3DODPDV DQG WKH VR FDOOHG KHV\FKDVWPRQNV7KH\were named thus because hesychia means quietness, the quietness they seek in order to pray. St. Gregory did not invent the theology of grace, but this doctrine has deep eastern patristic roots.35

The Eastern doctrine of uncreated energy might sound impersonal. It is not like that because grace is given to the EHOLHYHUSHUVRQDOO\DQGLQDSHUVRQDOPDQQHU7KH*UHHNWHUP energeia is translated in Romanian through the word work. This shows that in grace as a work the divine subject is present KLPVHOI36 The grace is the radiation of the personal energy of Christ in those who open in faith towards him. The grace cannot be won or taken as an any time available impersonal HQHUJ\%XW*RGVJUDFHLVWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIGLDORJXHLQORYHand freedom. It cannot be determined or gained in a mechanical / causal way.

Theosis'HLILFDWLRQ KDV LQ 6WDQLORDHV WKHRORJ\ DOVR DQecclesiological aspect: Theosis is the personal communion with God in Jesus Christ filled by the grace of the Holy Spirit.37 The place of this communion with God through grace is the Church. That is why he always implies communitarian categories. The communitarian aspect is based on the trinitarian model because the Holy Trinity is the base as well as the model of the Church.38

Even when he speaks about the Trinity, he connects it with the theme of deification because the theology of the uncreated energy is a Trinitarian dogma. In placing deification in the Church, Staniloae denied the individualistic views on hesychasm. And this is seen in the old eremitical tradition of always returning to the community for communion in Sundays DQG )HDVWV 7KH DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI 6WDQLORDHV WKHRORJ\ RQhesychasm, deification, Fathers of the desert comes from a deep understanding of their writings which he eventually translated into Romanian. On the foundation of the Philocalical writings and of the theological developments of later byzantine hesychasts, Staniloae was able to build a theological description of Orthodox Spirituality, of the Mystical and Ascetical practice of Eastern Christendom. But he did not just present this monastic spirituality as a norm for the entire Church. Rather he placed their spiritual aim as a desirable movement for all Christians. What might seem a strict and XQVXLWDEOH YLHZ IRU WKH OD\SHRSOHV SRZHU RI GHGLFDWLRQ DQGexpectations is actually confined to a theology of liberty of forms. Through this holistic approach, Staniloae converged towards a unitary and integral ecclesiology.

The deification theme is deeply connected with the teaching on Trinity, and the Church is the common life of the Trinity extended to the Church.39 Through this he creates a personal /

35 N. Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). 36 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 37 E. Bartos, Conceptul de indumnezeireS 38 E. Bartos, Conceptul de indumnezeireS 357. 39 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S

communitarian framework of deification. 40 Theosis is not a individualistic approach of the spiritual life. God is communion, he created us as dialogue partners for him and between us, and this dialogic component of our being, intended for us from the very moment of creation, is constitutive to our spiritual growth. At the same time, grace is not invasive. Because we are partners of dialogue with God and not slaves, we also have liberty. Vladimir Lossky, a Russian Orthodox theologian, said that by creating an equal subject as a genuine dialogue partner, God had to make him free. Through this he assumed his greatest risk, that the free subject he created might turn his back on him.41

Staniloae also laid a great emphasis on personal freedom. *RGV JUDFH LV QRW LUUHVLVWLEOH42 The Church as the place of dialogue between God and his people is an environment of freedom. But freedom is not a caprice or opening towards sin. Sin is slavery, egocentrism opposed to the community that forms the Church. True liberty is given by virtue and grace. True freedom is freewill accepted slavery towards good, and at the same time the unselfish opening towards the community.43 There is an interesting dynamic of the freedom involved in his view of Ekklesia.

7UXH IUHHGRP LV QRW DQ DSSDQDJH RI WKH VLQJXODULVHGindividual, nor of the one closed in immanence, but of the one who is in a loving relation with God through the Spirit, in a UHODWLRQLQZKLFKRQWKHRQHKDQGKHUHFHLYHV*RGVKHOSDQGon the other he makes an effort himself to stabilise and grow [in that UHODWLRQ@44

Due to the consequences of the asserted freedom of grace, the Spirit is not necessarily confined in the Church to the Sacraments. They are of course important as aspects of community which objectify the Church in its act of prayer. But gracHLVDOVRDJLIWDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQWR*RGVJUDFHLVDFFRUGLQJto the personal opening and disposition of each individual.

V. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSIONS Dumitru Staniloae builds his theological thought on the

dynamic tension between essence and presence in God.45

The key to understanding this stands on the one hand in his understanding of grace and on the other in the profound compatibility between the creation and God in the light of St 0D[LPXV WKHRORJ\ RI WKH GLYLQH logoi. These reasons of creation open the entire created world to God in a very generous vision. The Church is the Place where not only KXPDQVDUHVDQFWLILHGDQGVKDUH&KULVWVGHLILHGKXPDQLW\EXWnature as a whole partakes of the ecclesiastical divine life.46

40 E. Bartos, Conceptul de indumnezeireS 41 Vl. Lossky, In the Image and Likeness of God (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1974.) 42 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 43 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 44 D. Staniloae, Teologia DogmaticaYRO,,S 45 , %ULD 7KH &UHDWLYH 9LVLRQ RI ' 6WDQLORDH $Q LQWURGXFWLRQ Wo his 7KHRORJLFDO 7KRXJKW In ,F , MU HG3HUVRDQ VL FRPXQLXQH 3ULQRV GHFLQVWLUH 3ULQWHOXL 3URIHVRU $FDGHPLFLDQ 'XPLWUX 6WQLORDH OD vPSOLQLUHDvrstei de 90 de ani (Sibiu, 1993), p. 76. 46 Henkel, J. Indumnezeire si etica a iubirii in opera parintelui Dumitru Staniloae (Sibiu: Deisis, 2003), p. 90 et passim.




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The Sacraments, involving sometimes the usage of natural products, have this creational component47 ZKLFKLQ6WDQLORDHVWKRXJKW LV DQ DUJXPHQW IRU QDWXUHV VKDULQJ RI WKH XQFUHDWHGsanctifying divine energy.

In the same time, deification as it is understood by the Eastern Fathers, has its own place in the Church. It is far from being an individualist approach to personal sanctity. In 6WDQLORDHV YLHZ WKH SODFHRI GHLILFDWLRQ LV LQVLGH WKH&KXUFKeven though he does not exclude monasticism or eremitism. But both religious and hermits have to be part of a community. Spirituality is a struggle for communion.48 And the Church is communion in both sacramental and social sense.

What is original in Staniloae is the integration into an ecclesiological system of a venerable monastic tradition. It can be said that it is not legitimate to impose a monastic vision on lay people who have different attitude and spiritual exigencies. And the critique is fair enough. But in the same time there has QHYHUH[LVWHGDOD\SHRSOHVVSLULWXDOLW\LQWKH(DVWHUQ&KXUch. The aim was always the same: Theosis / Deification. The path ZDVGLIIHUHQWDFFRUGLQJWRHDFKSHUVRQVYRFDWLRQ

Staniloae tries to formulate a holistic image of Orthodox spirituality with all the Christological / Pneumatological / Ecclesiological implications.49

His vision has also pastoral implications. Jrgen Henkel observed how the mystic and the neighbour are connected. In 6WDQLORDH WKH 0\VWLF LV QRW VHSDUDWHG IURP H[LVWHQFHVsociality50, but is a ground for diakonia.

The first step of the spiritual progress is the cleansing of passions which opens the person towards the neighbour and the society as a whole. When one renounces egocentrism, the relations with other persons change and become fruitful. Not only is the relation between persons improved, but also the attitude towards nature as the creation of God. If nature is transparent and testifies about its Creator one cannot exploit it till destruction. Staniloae, based on the Creation theology of the Fathers sets the base for an engaged eco-theology. Through the practice of virtues inside the community of the Church, Christ takes shape in each believer who becomes in its turn transparent to Christ. This has an important implication EHFDXVH LW LPSOLHV VKDULQJ&KULVWVdiakonia. The communion is complete only when it transcends the individual and the individual is realised in communion. In this context, sharing &KULVWV diakonia can change completely the dynamics and motivational approach of pastoral care or duties.

Through unitary vision of his theological triptych: dogma, spirituality and liturgy, Dumitru Staniloae braided in a unique manner the ecclesial with the mystical, sacramental with experimental, communitarian with individual, the liturgical Church with the Church from within.

REFERENCES

47 E. Bartos, Conceptul de indumnezeireS 48 M.-A. Costa de Beauregard, and D. Staniloae, Mica dogmatica vorbita, dialoguri la Cernica (Sibiu: Deisis, 20002). 49 D. Staniloae, Ascetica si MisticaS 50 Henkel, J. Indumnezeire si etica a iubiriiS

[1] Afanasiev, N. The Church of the Holy Spirit (University of Notre Dame, 2007).

[2] $QJKHOHVFX*KDQG,FD,MU3DULQWHOH3URI$FDG'XPLWUX6WDQLORDH%LEOLRJUDILH 6LVWHPDWLFD ,Q ,FD , MU HG 3HUVRDQD VL &RPXQLXQHPrinos de cinstire preotului professor academician Dumitru Staniloae 1903-1993 (Sibiu: Arhiepiscopia Ortodoxa, 1993), pp. 16-66.

[3] %DFRQVN\7'XPLWUX6WDQLORDHVLFDSFDQDFODVLFL]DULL,Q7%DFRQVN\(ed.) Centenar 1903/2003, Dumitru Staniloae sau paradoxul teologiei (Bucuresti: Anastasia, 2003), pp. 7-23.

[4] Bartos, E. Conceptul de indumnezeire in teologia lui Dumitru Staniloae (Oradea: Editura Institutului Biblic Emanuel, 1999).

[5] Bielawski, M. Parintele Dumitru Staniloae, o viziune filocalica despre lume (Sibiu: Deisis, 1998).

[6] Caravia, P., ConVWDQWLQHVFX 9 6WQHVFX ) %LVHULFD vQWHPQLDWRomnia: 1944-%XFXUHWLSS-406).

[7] Costa de Beauregard, M.-A., and Staniloae, D. Mica dogmatica vorbita, dialoguri la Cernica (Sibiu: Deisis, 20002).

[8] Felmy, K. C. Dogmatica experientei ecleziale. Innoirea teologiei ortodoxe contemporane (Sibiu: Deisis, 20052).

[9] Henkel, J. Indumnezeire si etica a iubirii in opera parintelui Dumitru Staniloae (Sibiu: Deisis, 2003).

[10] ,F , MU HG 3HUVRDQ VL FRPXQLXQH 3ULQRV GH FLQVWLUH 3ULQWHOXLProfHVRU$FDGHPLFLDQ'XPLWUX6WQLORDH OD vPSOLQLUHDYvUVWHLGHGHani (Sibiu, 1993).

[11] Ica, I. jr. Canonul Ortodoxiei I, Canonul Apostolic al primelor veacuri (Sibiu: Deisis/Stavropoleos, 2008).

[12] ,FD , VQ 0RGXULOH SUH]HQWHL SHUVRQDOH D OXL ,LVXV +ULVWRV VL ale FRPXQLXQLLFX(OLQ6I/LWXUJKLHVLLQ6SLULWXDOLWDWHD2UWRGR[D,Q,F,MUHG3HUVRDQVLFRPXQLXQH3ULQRVGHFLQVWLUH3ULQWHOXL3URIHVRU$FDGHPLFLDQ'XPLWUX6WQLORDHODvPSOLQLUHDYvUVWHLGHGHDQL6LELX1993).

[13] ,HUXQFD97HRORJLD 'RJPDWLFD2UWRGR[DDSDULQWHOXL'6WDQLORDH,QI. Ica jr. (ed.) Persoana si Comuniune. Prinos de cinstire preotului professor academician Dumitru Staniloae 1903-1993 (Sibiu: Arhiepiscopia Ortodoxa, 1993).

[14] Lossky, Vl. In the Image and Likeness of God (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1974.)

[15] /RVVN\ 9O 2UWKRGR[ 7KHRORJ\ $Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6W 9ODGLPLUVSeminary Press: 2001).

[16] 1HDPWX0 %HWZHHQ WKH*RVSHO DQG WKH1DWLRQ'XPLWUX6WDQLORDHVEthno-7KHRORJ\$UFKDHYVSS-44.

[17] 3RSRYLWFK - /KRPPH Ht le Dieu-Homme (Editions L'age D'homme, 1991).

[18] Popovitch, J. Philosophie Orthodoxe De La Verite, Dogmatique De L'glise Orthodoxe (Editions L'age D'homme, 1993).

[19] 5RJREHWH 6 2 RQWRORJLH D LXELULL 6XELHFW VL 5HDOLWDWH SHUVRQDOVXSUHPvQJvQGLUHD3ULQWHOXL'XPLWUX6WQLORDH,DVL3ROLURP

[20] Russell, N. The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

[21] Schmemann, A. Introduction to Liturgical Theology (London, 1966). [22] 6WDQLORDH'6LQWH]D(FOH]LRORJLFD6WXGLL7HRORJLFH-7/Anul 7, 1955,

pp. 267-284. [23] Staniloae, D. Ascetica si Mistica Bisericii Ortodoxe (Bucuresti: Editura

Institutului Biblic si de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, 2002). [24] Staniloae, D. Iisus Hristos sau restaurarea omului (Craiova: Omniscop,

19932). [25] Staniloae, D. Orthodoxe Dogmatik 3 vols. (Zrich: Gtersloh,

1984/1990/1995). [26] Staniloae, D. Teologia Dogmatica Ortodoxa 3 vols. (Bucuresti: Editura

Institutului Biblic si de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, 2003). [27] Staniloae, D9LDDLvQYWXUD6I*ULJRULH3DODPDFXWUHLWUDWDWH

traduse (Cluj: Dacia, 1995). [28] Zizioulas, J. D. Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in

the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop during the First Three Centuries (Brookline MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2001).




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ARSA 2012 ProceedingsFirst PageProceedings InfoScientific Committee, SectionsPartnersConference Sponsors and PartnersInformation Partners

PrefaceTable of ContentsLast Page

SECTION 1. Business ManagementIT Outsourcing Risks: Empirical Evidence from Bulgarian Service ProvidersThe model of a catholic CSR in comparison with the model of a laic CSRCompany Cooperation to Retain and Develop the Knowledge of Women on Child-Care Leave (Based on Hungarian Studies)Evidence of Shareholder Activism and Information Deficiency in the Listed Property Sector in South AfricaDeterminants of Spanish purse seine fleet survival: effects of fisheries subsidiesStrategic Factor Analysis Summary- Applicability in the Case of City Tourism in Novi Sad (Serbia)An Epistemological Challenge of Psychological Traps Presence in Financial ReportingDifferences in interests of inhabitants and business sector: case study of airing in Liepaja, LatviaCorporate Social Responsibility contra Green WashingA Survey of the Talent Management Practices in Bulgarian Restaurants

Management of autonomous employees groups Strategic Management of Companies as a Model for Social EnterprisesSocial Entrepreneurship in PolandImpact of the change of human resources on customer satisfaction in a hospital dialysis unitEcotourism Management in Kazakhstan Critiques About Shared Service Model Firm level heterogeneity: Main research topicsIndustry analysis and strategic groups: A theoretical and empirical reviewTheoretical and Practical aspects of Performance Management in Poland and across the globeMOTIVATION OF WORK AS AN ELEMENT OF MANAGERIAL PROCESS BY THE BANK PERSONNELLogistics and Supply Chain Management as a Field of InterdisciplinarityCriticism of transnational corporations on the example of developing countriesTheoretical frameworks on supplier relationship management in entreprise economy The role of human resource management in the period of recessionSupply Chain Management in renewable energy networksKnowledge and absorptive capability: Are they relevant for achieving above average performance?(e)-Entrepreneurship, digital competences and employability

SECTION 2. MarketingPhysical Experiment for The influence of The Human Bio field on The use-value of The product in The new Marketing ParadigmONLINE MARKETING TOOLS AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMAGE OF ORGANIZATIONNext Green PortsCognitive MarketingMarketing Activities of Polish BanksFacebook: A new weapon for Greek Politicians? An investigative study in the Greek political era

Cognitive dissonance in healthcare: A conceptual frameworkUsage of the Multidimensional Scaling in Exploring a Firm's Image and Competitiveness Co-creation and ethical issues: the case of Altromercato communityWord-Of-Mouth Marketing Usage with Comparison of Turkish Culture in TurkeySkills, users, and communities in value creation processAssessment of Validity of Data Regulated by the Communication-Law - an Example Based on the Austrian Print Media Market

SECTION 3. Economy and Business EconomicsThe Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Community: Analysis of Regional IntegrationHuman resources development and growth of SMEs: key facts and figures for RomaniaForecasting the Care Expenditures of the Dependent Elderly PopulationStature and life-time labor market outcomes: Accounting for unobserved differencesValuing Real Estate as Contractual Cash-Flow with a Put-OptionProblems of Linear Least Square RegressionTheoretical Aspects of Shadow Economy StudyForeign Aid Flow and Real Exchange Rate in Albania The restructuring of the Spanish fishing sector after the end of the agreement between the European Union and Morocco and its consequences on employmentEVALUATION OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES EFFECTIVENESS IN THE FOREST INDUSTRY OF RUSSIAStatistical analysis of the factors which take effect on the new HUF credit volume in the SME sector Valuation Under Uncertainty Using Regression Techniques The Objective Necessity of Supporting Small and Medium Businesses in GeorgiaEthics and Economics: The Case of Food Safety in Spanish Meat Sector Impact of Government Financial Security on Economic GrowthNon-depository financial institutions and Shadow Banking SystemThe Analysis of Financial Conglomerates Development in the Czech Republic over the Last Five YearsFlat Tax and Progressive Tax in AlbaniaInitial public offerings in China and IndiaDoes really, the new international political situation has changed the role of economic instruments?Economic Crisis Impact upon Franchise Business in Romania Regional convergence in Spain, 1980-2003:Effects of the economic crisis on migrants' remittancesThe Evolution of Labor Market Institutions in Post-Socialist EconomiesDevelopment of the economic systems theory and the competitiveness concept based on self-organizationThe Impact on Economic Development and Employment of the Various Categories of Transport InfrastructureInnovations in Czech ICT companiesFacility Management and IT SupportProduction and consumption of biofuels in Castile and Leon regionTrade specialization of Central and Eastern European CountriesAccess to technology: an alternative strategy to reduce the size of the informal sectorCosting in Passenger Air Transport and the Use of Managerial Decision Making in the Tariff DestinationMonetary policy committees and the use of unconventional monetary policy instruments\PRICE WAR:WINNER AND LOSERS IN EXTRA-VIRGIN OLIVE OILFactors Affecting Investment Attractiveness of Regions: The Case of Latvia Aspects of the Institutional Economics in enhancing the Countrys CompetitivenessMedia and the StateMeasuring the Relationship Between Divisions of Medium-high-tech Sector in Opolskie VoivodshipDemographic and Financial Risk Measures of Implicit Pension DebtImpact of Universal Consumer Consciousness on Structure of Gross Domestic Product: Theoretical Discussion The role of Jnos Kdr in the Hungarian attempts to join the International Monetary FundEconomic growth, public expenditures and competitiveness of European economies under the impact of the economic crisissisfEvolutionary analogies in economics: development, structure, optimizationConcepts of polycentrism and its determination in urban system of Latvia

SECTION 4. Public service, LawThe main problems of interaction between authorities and small business in regional economy STAGES OF FORMATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF NECESSARY DEFENSE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTANPublic policy and the law defraud in the interntional private lawPPPs and new urban centralities activationLand Ownership Acquisition by Natural Persons and Legal Entities, under the Conditions of Romania's Accession to the European UnionThe role of the Internet In the Polish Parliamentary Elections in 2011Seasonality of the urban toll system in StockholmThe domicile of natural personsWORKING TIME AND INTERNAL FLEXIBILITY OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSProcedural Peculiarities in the Consideration of Matter of Natural persons InsolvencyThree-dimensional marks as community trade marksThe commitment to graduate employability in higher education institutions. Usefulness and Imperfections of the Small Claims Procedure, in the New Code of Civil Procedure Adopted in RomaniaThe position and the role of direct democracys institutions in the political system of Principality of AndorraEvolution of the voting system in the electoral process of the Roman PontiffChanging by knowledgeThe Principle of Material Publicity of the Land RegisterThe need for multi-stakeholder cooperation on road traffic safetyFORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF COMPUTER CRIME (CYBERCRIME)Undercover investigatorConsiderations on the reform in public administration in RomaniaThe approach and coverage of offences of narcotics in the Albanian Criminal Code Electoral Rights in the Romanian Political SystemDiffusion of law: Class action in the Polish Civil Procedure Importance of forensic investigation to identify unknown persons and bodiesVICTIMOLOGICAL PREVENTION ONE WAY OF HELPING VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN LATVIA

SECTION 5. Financing and AccountingThe accounting problem of heritage assetsUtilization of quantile risk measures in measuring financial risk of non-financial companiesMaximizing the Sharpe RatioAbout the relations between Management Accounting Systems, Intellectual Capital and PerformanceProduct design in profit sharing life annuity systemsInflation Risk Model in a Defined Contribution Pension Scheme The Structure and Funding of Current Needs of University Students Financial dimension of measurement and assessment in the model of performance card for the hospitalsACCOUNTING CONCEPTS OF INCOME: EVIDENCE FROM SERBIABusiness process of innovation creation and commercialization of knowledgeHow to prevent distress in local government: a new model applied in ItalyMethods and Forms of Social Security Funding2011 EBA Stress Testing in Europe A precautionary approach in standard setting due process. The case of Public-Private PartnershipFinancing the counteraction of natural disasters effects in the Silesian Voivodeship (NUTS 2)Accounting Policies and Options from Companys True and Fair View to Fiscal, Management Concerns Emission rights and the financial reportsBUSINESS AND FINANCIAL DECISIONS BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMSThe Application of Management Accounting (Controlling) Instruments in Small and Medium Size Enterprises in Nord-Western Croatia Determinants of capital structure: Evidence from Romanian manufacturing companiesFamily firms and corporate investment policy Accounting in the New Age

SECTION 6. Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy, Social ScienceGAZE TRACKING METHOD USE IN THE SATISFACTION EVALUATION (MATLAB ENVIRONMENT) IN MARINE EDUCATIONEnglish language learning in adult groups with people 21 years and older:The Icarus Didactics Group. A challenge of teaching method of Diplomatics, Palaeography and Medieval HistoryThe spread of the Internet and the sociology of marriage: proposals for a research agendaMathematical language as a means of forming the mathematical culture of a future teacher Ethnic political parties versus multicultural paradigm Does ability-based emotional intelligence contribute to school achievement of elementary school pupils?Does the medium influence the message?Is Bologna the new Guernica of education? Intergenerational solidarity in Latvia: solidarity against older generation, its justificationThe analysis of errors in the solution of ordinary differential equationsMethodological Issues in Involuntary Autobiographical Memory ResearchStrawberry arouses forever?Teachers dynamics in the process of implementation of multicultural educational systemHERMENEUTICAL APPROACHES TO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN RUSSIAOtherness and TogethernessBlending Theoretical Frameworks in the Analysis of Advertising Images of Europeanization Internet Addiction Disorder: Survey of a sample of University studentsJob-demands resources model and exhaustion: the role of flow-work enjoymentEvaluation of learning organized by employerLearning by Blogging: a Research on Educational Potential of BlogsSelected pathological inclinations in behavioral profile of serial killer LEISURE AND HIGH INTELLECTUAL ABILITIESInterpreters training peculiarities in polycultural environmentChanges of Values in Japanese people living in ItalyMASS MEDIA AND THE MANAGEMENT OF POLITICAL CRISIS DURING THE ELECTIONThe Food-Mediated Identity of Maghrebi Muslim Migrants in ItalyTHE HOSPITAL AS A PLACE OF MEMORY: THE REFUGE FOR INFANTILE PARALYSIS (OPORTO, PORTUGAL)The role of spirituality in the cessation of suicide ideation among the church-going youth in a rural community in the Limpopo Province, South AfricaModel of differentiated studies for securing an inclusive approach at the first stage of basic education in Latvia Social Work and migrant minors problems in Spain An investigation in to different dimensions of quality of life and factors related to it among cardiac patients after heart surgeryEducational Multimedia Space Factor in Reading Preparation for Children of Pre-school AgeOptimizing Methods and Technologies Used When Teaching Civil Engineering Students Mass Media Anthropology: a Post-modern Field of Research Andragogy Principles As Entry to University Instruction EnhancingDemocratization of global governance: from modern state to cosmopolitan governancePerspectives from Other PlacesAggressive behaviour phenomenon of our timePROBLEM OF PHENOMENON OF HAPPINESS IN PERSPECTIVE OF TODAY'S POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGYThe reception of social capital in the reality of challenges towards individual in XXI century Topicality of including work forms promoting self-understanding in the education process of visual art teachersThe Suffering Genie of GoetheManaging the cultural offering and guest spending in the hotelVirtual innovative environment of practices at Russian teacher-training university The social work as a professional perspective the students interest in social work as specialization of studyMemorials in citizenship education Bridges over troubled watersImpact of Comenius Assistantships in Choosing a Teaching CareerBiomaterials in the case study by on-line teachingRole of Practice in Developing International Cooperation Competence The origin of media education in Eastern Siberia and the Far EastSituational (in)consistency in learning strategiesHow to teach gender in a science-centered university course: de-constructing the identity paradigm of sexualityThe Social and Community MediationHope and Humor in Palliative Care Gender Differences in Self-Disclosure for the Unknown Person on the Internet CommunicationContextual learning as major technology in adult vocational trainingENVIRONMENT AND HOUSING MARKETUnderstanding the motivation for senior volunteeringCommon social problems among Street Children in India(Sporting) body language communicationThe role of relevant recent autobiographical events emotional valence on implicit measures of ethnic attitudes Cultivated personal potential - investment for happiness and healthTERRALABThe Endogenous Causes of TerrorismDistributed and Mobile Work in FinlandWithout ceremony and without papers Humor and Health Practitionaires StressA new approach: social logisticsA Teaching Innovation Project addressed to students of 2nd and 3rd Year of Primary Education Teaching Degree (Faculty of Sciences of Education. University of Lleida)Improving students ability to craft scientific explanationsThe relations between socio-demographical factors, irrational beliefs, adult insecure attachment style and marital satisfaction of Lithuanian married couplesBlended learning as a way to individualize English teaching to students of non-linguistic depatrments of higher educational institutionsKosovo and the Caucasus: A Domino EffectMeta-communication An Undesirable Circumstance JUNIOR SCIENCE - NURTURING CHILDRENS NATURAL INTEREST IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Entrepreneurship Education in Primary Education Departments. The case of the University of Western Macedonia in GreeceGreek families raising an adolescent with learning disabilities Children with mild intellectual disabilityrepresent their family About Applying Information Literacy Standardsin Bulgarian Higher EducationInfluences of subjective perception on critical incidents upon mental and physical healthTHE DISPLACED BLACK WOMEN IN THE ARMED CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA: SOME MEMOIRS OF THE VICTIMSBeyond Business Gamification ThinkingEmpathy of Music Teachers in Lithuania as a Problem of Her Professional Self-ActualizationBetween&Betwixt

SECTION 7. Art, Religion, History, PhilosophyEco-ethical Audit In the System Of the Environmental ManagementThe Lost Beauty of the Socio-Christian FellowshipMayan- qeqchireligious Syncretism. Between transculturality and cultural preservationAgeing cities Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Three Challenges to Rawlsian Difference PrincipleThe phenomenon of resonance in the Labyrinth of Ravne (Bosnia-Hezegovina)Representing cultural identity in art: Material Thinking through post-structuralist approachesSarduys Seguidillas: Alter-ing Poetic SpaceTransylvanian Traditional Housing Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and the Suicidal Behaviour of Politically Persecuted PersonsSocial security in Slovakia until the First World War The Art of Fostering a Dialogue with a Child in the Prose of Eduard UspenskyInformation literacy beyond information transferJawish Cemetery in Grigoriy Kanovichs WritingThe Akathistos hymn Rev. Dr. Dumitru Stniloae Background, context and development of an Orthodox ecclesiological synthesis Influences of the Council of Trent on the Seventeenth Century Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church by Peter Mogilas The ordination of the deaconess in the Barberini gr. 366 EuchologionTo be a wholeDialectics, but not reductiveEthnic Segregation at the Romanian-Hungarian Border at the Dawn of the Cold War Prison ArchitectureFrench translators of the Divine Comedy in the 18th 19th centuries and the obscene language: between foreignizing and ethnocentric censorshipEaster 1916 in the trenchesOrigins of Business Economics and AccountancyThe relationship between architectural detail and light in contemporary architectureHistory and organizational change within Italian parliamentary administrationsThe identity of a city. Modern conversion of Karol Scheiblers post-industrial empire in Lodz

SECTION 8. LinguisticsLife Insurance Lexicography: Three Case StudiesWhich language do interpreters use in Consecutive Interpreting?Theoretical Proposal of Hybrid Analysis of Lexical Unit: LightUsing the statistical textual analysis in the Italian university offering databaseA preliminary study of learning strategies in foreign language instruction: students beliefs about strategy useKiswahili and ki-english: divergences and convergences in the linguistic scenario of contemporary KenyaUncertainty: Peculiarities of CategorizationChallenges of writing and publishing in indigenous languages and impact on rural developmentMeans of manipulation in the war newsTelevision Interpreting and its playful macro-functionPolitical Speeches And Text StructureMusic and Simultaneous Interpreting

SECTION 9. EcologyDepollution Costs;Evolution,Actors,Influence Factors Effect of environmental Variables on the Growth of Cyathura carinataFlooding - natural Phenomenon. How can hedge against it?The experience of European countries - Technique vs. ecologyEvaluation Study of environmental pilot Projects of Thessaly Region in Greece, for the international Program Free-MED-Rivers Spaces of Balance for the Mediterranean, with use of multicriteria Models, Data bases and statistical AnalysisInvestigation of Resistance to vertical static Compression of three Layer corrugated Paperboard Recreational Potential of Danube Region (Slovakia) and Astrakhan Region (Russia)Microeconomic Aspects of the renewable Energy Sources in the Republic of Croatia Personal Values as an Antecedent of Environmental BehaviorInfluence of selected Work Parameters of fan Flat nozzles technical Conditions on spray QualityUrban Code - Cultural Ecology and Urban EnvironmentEnergy Efficiency of Zoos: An Interdisciplinary Challenge with Special Benefits in Urban EnvironmentsEffect of Organochlorine Pesticides Usage on Water Quality of Tano River in the Asunafo South District of Brong Ahafo Region of GhanaEco-Semiotic - Ecological Meanings of Watercourses in Small CommunitiesAssessment of Factors influencing Lignin Content in Energy crop PelletsAnother Solutions existPreliminary Assessment of the Potential CO2 Sources and Sinks of the Eastern UkraineEco-driving and the Environment: the Views of Trainees in a School of pedagogical and technological EducationA genomic approach for identification of fungal genes involved in pentachlorophenol degradation The Ecosystem of the Environmental News beat in GreecePromotion of Safety in Forest OperationsMicrobiological and physic-chemical Characterization during chestnut Composting for sustainable Fertilization

SECTION 10. Natural science (mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics)Extensibility of locally given Isometries of pseudoriemannian ManifoldsRegeneration of WD-extra activated Carbon spent in Acid Dyes adsorption Process by Fentons ReagentBiotechnologic Methods in the Oil and Gas IndustryOn differential Inequality |u(x)+a2u(x)|

– rev. dr. dumitru stă

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