The Nervous System

Reception, Transduction, Response

Ligand is the fancy word for signaling molecule.

Energy can be in the form of ions

Signal Transduction Pathway

Step 1: Reception…What 3 words must you say?

Step 2: Transduction

Step 3: Response…Which is usually?

Evolved from nerve net in Cnidarians Brain evolves giving greater control.

Includes a nerve cord. Cephalization occurs- development of other

sensory organs in the head.

Nervous System in Animals

A stimulus is a form of energy like light (electromagnetic) or pressure (mechanical), or sound waves.

Stimulus

Overview of the Nervous System

1. Sensory Input-Sensory receptors receive a stimulus and send it into the brain/ spinal cord.

2. Integration- the CNS integrates/interprets/thinks about the sensory input (stimulus).

3. Motor Output- Impulse sent from the brain to the muscles to respond. Effector cells in muscles and glands will respond.

Peripheral Nervous System-has sensory receptors and motor nerves.

Nervous System in Animals

CNS vs. PNS

Cell Body- receives stimuli from all dendrites, and creates one signal

Dendrites- carry stimuli into the cell body Axon- carries signal away from cell body

and towards next neuron. Myelin Sheath- lipid covering over axon for

insulation. Composed of Schwann cells (PNS)

Synaptic Terminal- end of axon Synapse- gap between neurons or neuron

and effector cell.

Neurons- nerve cells

Neuron structure

Neuron structure

Ganglia- bundle of neurons in the PNS

Nuclei- bundle of neurons in the CNS

Glial Cells- give neurons support (framework)

Oligodendrocytes- aka Schwann Cells of the CNS

Other Nerve Terms

Schwann Cells OR Oligiodendrocytes

Axon Nodes ofRanvier

Schwanncell

Myelin sheathNucleus ofSchwann cell

Schwanncell

Nodes of Ranvier

Layers of myelinAxon

0.1 µm

Multiple Sclerosis- MS- Schwann Cells die in CNS & PNS and causes the signal (electrical current) to burn muscles into permanent contractions.

Data Set Question 1 (U4, D1)

Ions can be considered ___________ Concentration gradients are

________________ and so they can be considered _____________

Active transport requires _______________ . Diagram a cell pump.

Remember…

Ability of the membrane to do work. Created by electrical gradient (difference)

on either side of the c.m. Anions inside Cations outside

Membrane Potential

Membrane Potential and ion

concentrationsCYTOSOL EXTRACELLULAR

FLUID

[Na+]15 mM

[K+]150 mM

[A–]100 mM

[Na+]150 mM

[K+]5 mM

[Cl–]120 mM

[Cl–]10 mM

Plasmamembrane

Resting Potential- Unstimulated neuron, need to establish the [gradient]

1. NaK Pump responsible for generating nerve impulse.

◦ NaK Pumps are either ligand gated or voltage gated, which helps create gradient faster.

Resting Potential

Na+/K+ pumps

Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump

CYTOPLASMNa+

[Na+] low[K+] high

Na+

Na+

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

[Na+] high[K+] low

Na+

Na+

Na+

ATP

ADP

P

Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.

Na+

Na+

Na+

K+

Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+

to the outside.

P

Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.

PP

Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.

K+ is released and Na+

sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

1. Depolarization- destroys membrane potential, Na floods into cell◦ Depolarization is “graded”◦ Threshold potential-minimum Na that must

enter to generate a nerve impulse◦ Action Potential- “Spike” electrical generated

impulse, ana ction will occur

2. Repolarization- neuron pumps out K to try and return to resting potential.

Action Potential Steps

3. Hyperpolarization- the cell will pull in some K to get back to resting potential.◦ Must Hyperpolarize so that the neuron can get

back to resting potential, and to recreate the [gradient]/ polarity

4. Refractory Period- neuron can’t make new impulse

Action Potential Steps

Resting Potential

Hyperpolarizations

Graded potential hyperpolarizations Graded potential depolarizations

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stimuli

+50

Depolarizations

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stimuli

+50

Action potential

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stronger depolarizing stimulus

+50Actionpotential

6

Nerve Impulse Animation

Propagation: Impulse traveling down the axon.

Saltatory Conduction: impulse “hopping” over Schwann Cells. Ions are only exposed at the nodes.◦ The jumping makes impulse travel really quick.

Propagation & Saltatory Conduction

Propagation

An action potential is generated as Na+ flows inward across the membrane at one location.

Na+

Action potential

Axon

Na+

Action potentialK+

The depolarization of the action potential spreads to the neighboring region of the membrane, re-initiating the action potential there. To the left of this region, the membrane is repolarizing as K+ flows outward.

K+

Na+

Action potentialK+

The depolarization-repolarization process is repeated in the next region of the membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon.

K+

Saltatory Conduction

Cell body

Schwann cell

Depolarized region(node of Ranvier)

Myelinsheath

Axon

1. Sensory Neuron- receive stimulus 2. Interneuron- in CNS (spinal cord) takes

sesory imput and gives signal to motor neuron

3. Motor Neuron- carries energy to effector cell. ( ________/__________)

This is why you don’t think about a reflex, the signal never made it to the brain for integration.

Reflex Arc-Simplest Neural Pathway

Reflex Arc

Data Set Question 2

Diffusion is _________ and uses no ________

Ligands bind to receptor proteins and cause a:

Do you think all ligands cause the same response?

Remember

Where are synapses located? ______&________

Draw 2 neurons & label the synapse

2 Types of Synapses◦ 1. Electrical- direct cell contact, in brain◦ 2. Chemical- most common in animals- requires a

neurotransmitter (chemical ligand)

Synapses and Nerve Impulses

The impulse is Electrical energy chemical energy electrical energy

Nerve Impulse Conversion in Chemical Impulses:1. Depolarization- down to the axon terminal of

presynaptic neuron.

2. Ca rushes into presynaptic cell due to impulse hitting the axon terminal.

3. Neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with pre-syn. cell membrane.

Chemical Synapses

4. Neurotransmitter released into synapse

5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor protein on post syn cell and causes a CSC

6. Na floods into post syn. Cell and causes depolarization.

Nerve Impulse cont.

Synapse at the axon terminal

Postsynaptic cellPresynaptic cell

Synaptic vesiclescontainingneurotransmitter

Presynaptic membrane

Voltage-gatedCa2+ channel

Ca2+Postsynaptic membrane

Postsynaptic membrane

Neuro-transmitter

Ligand-gatedion channel

Na+

K+

Ligand-gatedion channels

Synaptic cleft

IPSP & EPSP

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential- causes Post syn. Cell to do act or keep impulse going

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential- causes Post syn. Cell to stop impulse transmission

Summation- adding of all dendrite stimuli to reach threshold potential

EPSP & IPSP

Neurotransmitters- chemical ligands produced by neuron to transmit the signal across the synapse.

Neurotransmitters are released from a pre-synaptic cell (neuron) and received by a postsynaptic cell (neuron or effector cell).

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine- (ACh)makes muscles contract in PNS, can be excitatory or inhibitory in CNS.

Cholinesterase breaks down ACh

Biogenic Amines◦ 1 & 2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine- fight

or flight, speeds up body functions◦ 3.Dopamine=happy◦ 4. Serotonin=sleep *both out of whack in

ADD/Schiz

Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids◦ 1. Substance P- relays pain stimulus◦ 2. Endorphins- block Substance P “second wind”

Gases- work by diffusion◦ 1. NO◦ 2. CO

*both inhibit nerve signaling and muscle contractions

Neurotransmitters

Data Set Question 3

Hyperpolarizations

Graded potential hyperpolarizations Graded potential depolarizations

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stimuli

+50

Depolarizations

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stimuli

+50

Action potential

5Time (msec)

Restingpotential

43210

Threshold

–100

–50

0

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(m

V)

Stronger depolarizing stimulus

+50Actionpotential

6

Can you explain these?

Where do you think a stimulus is converted and amplified in STP?

1. Sensation- action potential is at the brain, and senses a nerve impulse.

2. Perception- integration of sensation by brain

Sense Perception

Special neurons detect stimuli. Stimuli will be detected by their

____________.

Stimuli is defined as _________________ That will cause a _ _ _

Sensory Reception

1. Summation will cause Threshold potential to be reached.

2. Amplification can occur on the way to the CNS.

3. Saltatory conduction is responsible for signal propagation.

4. Integration by CNS for appropriate response.

Sensory Transduction Pathway

Decrease in continuous stimulus coming into the CNS.◦ CLOTHING DETECTED BY BODY, BUT IS NOT

RESPONDING.

Sensory Adaptation

1. Internorepectors- detect internal stimuli-pressure, balance, homeostasis

2. Externoreceptors- external stimuli Mechanoreceptors- detect bend/stretch of

membranes/hairs Nociceptors-detect pain using Substance P Thermoreceptors- detect cold Chemoreceptors-detect cheimicals: osmo-water,

gustatory-taste, olfactory-smell Electromagnetic receptors-detect photo-light,

electro- electrical, magno-magnetic

Types of Sensory Receptors

Stimulus receptorsLighttouch

Pain Cold HairHeat

Hairmovement

Strongpressure

Hypodermis

Nerve Connectivetissue

Dermis

Epidermis

Accomplished by mechanoreceptors in the inner ear.

Hairs bend, mechanoreceptors detect this, cause a depolarization of auditory nerves and create action potential.

Lateral lines in fish Tympanum in insects and amphibians

Sensation of Hearing

Accomplished by mechanoreceptors in the inner ear

Sensation of Balance and Motion

Accomplished by chemoreceptors in the nose (olfactory) and mouth (gustatory).

Or hairs if you’re a bug!

Taste is 80% smell and 20% tase

Five senses of taste:◦ Sweet◦ Sour◦ Bitter◦ Salty◦ Umami

Sensation of Taste

All animals have photoreceptors- detect colors

Some photoreceptors contain photopigments that detect color

Sensation of Sight

Second biggest consumer of ATP Must overcome friction and gravity

Animals move in/on: water, land, air

Locomotion

Muscles provide a pulling force

Motor Unit= muscle and corresponding motor nerve

Muscle Structure & Function

1. ACh attaches to receptor proteins on muscle cell.

2. Depolarization occurs (release of Na)

3. Na causes Ca to be released. Ca is a secondary messenger.

4. Ultimately it causes two different proteins actin and myosin to slide over one another.

Myosin pulls on actin.

Muscle Contraction Steps- Sliding Filament Theory

Sliding Filament

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh and actin and myosin slide back to original position.

How do muscles relax?

Synapse and Neurotransmitter