بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Presenting the paper:

Honesty–Humility and the HEXACO structure of religiosity and well-being

• Aghababaei, Błachnio, Arji, Chiniforoushan, Tekke, & Fazeli Mehrabadi. (in press). Honesty–Humility and the HEXACO structure of religiosity and well-being. Current Psychology. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-015-9310-5

Well-being & mental health

Religion

Personality

Personality

الگوهاي معين و متمايز تفکر، هيجان، و رفتار که •سبک شخصي( تعامل با محيط مادي و اجتماعي

شخص را رقم مي زند.• The set of psychological traits and mechanism

within individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.– Trait: a relatively stable tendency to think, feel, and act

in certain ways.

Previously known

• Personality = a strong predictor of subjective well-being (SWB)– Extraversion positive affects– Neuroticism negative affects

• the genetic link between SWB and personality

Previously known

• Major personality correlates of religiosity:–Within Eysenck’s model: Psychoticism– Within the Big Five/Five Factor model:

Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, & (to some extent) Extraversion

Previously shown

• Relations of well-being and mental heath with …– Religious orientation, attitude to religion, interest in religion,

attendance, prayers, rituals, religious belief, religious doubt, attachment to God, gratitude to God, importance of God, nearness to God, religious experience, Haj, etc.

• Much of the research: positive relations– A few: no association– A few: negative association

Current study

• Consists of 5 samples from Iran, Poland, & Malaysia

• Measured variables:– HEXACO model of personality– Religious orientation–Well-being:• SWB: happiness, life satisfaction, & self-esteem• Psychological well-being

Why sampling different cultures?

• Relations among religiosity, personality and well-being may vary …– by population

Why use HEXACO?

• HEXACO out-predicted the Big Five model with regard to a variety of variables including religiosity, & psychological well-being

HEXACO model of personality structure

• Honesty–Humility• Emotionality• eXtraversion• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Openness to experience

صداقت-فروتني•تهييج پذيري•برونگرائي•توافق•وظيفه شناسي•تجربه پذيري )گشودگي •

به تجربه(

Authors of the HEXACO

• Michael C. Ashton– Brock University

• Kibeom Lee– University of Calgary

Honesty–Humility

• Sincerity • Fairness • Greed Avoidance• Modesty

صداقت•انصاف •پرهيز از حرص•فروتني•

Emotionality

• Fearfulness • Anxiety • Dependence • Sentimentality

ترسوئي•اضطراب•وابستگي•احساساتي بودن•

eXtraversion

• Social Self-Esteem• Social Boldness • Sociability • Liveliness

عزت نفس اجتماعي•جسارت اجتماعي •مردم آميزي •سرزندگي •

Agreeableness

• Forgiveness • Gentleness • Flexibility • Patience

گذشت•مالطفت•انعطاف پذيري •بردباري •

• Organization • Diligence • Perfectionism • Prudence

سازمان يافتگي•احتياط •کمال گرائي •پشتکار•

Openness to experience

• Aesthetic Appreciation

• Inquisitiveness • Creativity • Unconventionality

تقدير از زيبائي•جستجوگري•خالقيت •غير عرفي بودن •

http://hexaco.org

Comparison of Honesty–Humility & Agreeableness

• These two correspond to two aspects of reciprocal altruism, the tendency to cooperate with another even when …– one could get away with defecting

توان از زير آن گرايش به همکاري با فردي ديگر حتي هنگامي که مي–(شانه خالي کرد )يعني الزامي براي همکاري نيست

– and reciprocation has not been forthcomingهنگامي که تضميني براي مقابله به مثل وجود ندارد )يعني معلوم نيست –

انجام يک کار نيک در حق فردي ديگر، عمل متقابل او را در پي داشته باشد(

• Honesty–Humility represents active cooperativeness (non-exploitation)

• Agreeableness represents reactive cooperativeness (non-retaliation)

Well-being

• Well-being = positive side of mental health• Two approaches in defining well-being:– hedonic• Hedonia involves seeking pleasure and enjoyment, and

avoiding pain.

– eudaimonic• Eudaimonia is focused on what is intrinsically

worthwhile to human beings and involves seeking to develop and use the best in oneself.

Assessing well-being

• Common indicators of hedonic well-being:– Happiness– Life satisfaction– Self-esteem

• Most frequently used measure of eudaimonic well-being:– Ryff’s Scales Psychological Well-being

• Self-acceptance• Positive relations with others• Autonomy• Environmental mastery• Purpose in life• Personal growth

Carol D. Ryff

Why use different indicators of well-being?

• Relations among religiosity, personality & well-being may vary …– by the manner in which these constructs are

operationalized

Measuring religiosity (not religion)

• Gordon W. Allport (1897-1967) theory; one of the most influential theories in the contemporary psychology of religion

Richard Gorsuch

Why use the religious orientation paradigm?

• “in predicting well-being, …– differences in religious involvement are less

important than differences in religious orientation”

The results

• Major personality correlates of religiosity:– Honesty–Humility– Agreeableness– Conscientiousness– (to some extent) Extraversion

So, higher levels of religiosity are associated with both aspects of reciprocal altruism.

The results

• The findings highlight two of religion’s broad functions: promoting …– personal stability (Conscientiousness)– social harmony and others’ welfare (Honesty–

Humility & Agreeableness)

• Religiosity-Extraversion links suggests: • Religion is also concerned with other key functions of

human personality (e.g., Social Self-Esteem and Liveliness).

The results

• Well-being’s link to personality factors:– strong positive relations with Extraversion– negative relations with Emotionality– positive relations with Honesty–Humility• Null or weak positive relations with SWB• Consistent positive relations with psychological well-being

The results: Cultural (in)differences

• Religiosity correlated positively with all three dimensions of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, & Honesty–Humility, across different religious populations:– Iran–Malaysia– Poland– & the United States

The finding reported elsewhere

• Polish Psychological Bulletin– Aghababaei, N., & Błachnio, A., Arji, A., Chiniforoushan, M., &

Mohammadtabar, S. (in press). The relations among well-being, religiosity, and personality. Polish Psychological Bulletin.

The question

• Religion–well-being relation affected by personality?– Personality and religion both predict well-being

• but the two predictors have not often been investigated together.

– “To be of ultimate value for science, numinous constructs need to show that they represent something new about individuals.• Piedmont et al. (2009): the Big Five paradigm = a base of

prediction against which the contribution of religiosity can be compared

The methods

• 7 surveys (total N = 1,530) from Iran & Poland– Adults, & university students,

• Measured variables:– HEXACO model of personality– The Big Five model of personality– Religious orientation–Well-being:• SWB: happiness, life satisfaction, & self-esteem• Psychological well-being

The findings

• Religiosity managed to explain variance in some aspects of positive functioning beyond personality factors. The null or week relationship of religiosity with well-being beyond personality was consistent across the HEXACO and the Big Five models of personality structure. It has been suggested that religion is relatively more important for eudaimonic than for hedonic way of living.

The final question

• how religion contributes to well-being and mental health?– Possible mediators:• Purpose in life• Social support• Compassion• Optimism/hope• Death anxiety• Self-control• Forgiveness

:براي مطالعه بيشتر

•( ن. و 1391آقابابYYائي، صYYداقت رابطYYه .)فروتYني بYا شخصYيت، دين، و بهزيسYتي فYاعلي.

.40-25، 19روان شناسي و دين، •( آ. بلچYنيو، رابطYه ميYان 1393آقابابYائي، ن. .)

بهزیسYتی و دینYداري هگزاکYو، مYدل شخصYیتی لهسYYتاني. و ایYYراني دانشYYجويان در فYYاعلي

معاصYر، روان شناسYي -17(، 1)9دوفصYلنامه 28.