- opioid analgesics

7/27/2019 - Opioid Analgesics

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Raw opium

Raw opium: is the air dried latex obtained

by the incisions from the unripe capsules

ofPapaver somniferum(Papaveraceae).

Latex is

Opium is the source of many alkaloids,

including morphine, thebaine, codeine,

papaverine, and noscapine.

Morphine is the predominant one.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaveraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaveraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papaver_April_2010-13.jpg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slaapbol_R0017601.JPG


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Overview

Opiates are constituents or derivatives ofconstituents found in opium.

Opiates are narcotic analgesic.

Narcotic refers to the pain-relieving andsleep-inducing properties of these highly-addictive alkaloids, including morphine,

codeine and thebaine. Morphine is named after Morpheus the

god of sleep, while (somniferum) means"to sleep" in Latin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium


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The major biologically active alkaloids found in

opium are morphine, codeine, thebaine,

papaverine and noscapine.

Papaverine and noscapine, have little to noeffect on the human central nervous system, and

are not usually considered to be narcotic.

They have have a different mechanism of action.

papaverine is smooth-muscle relaxant and

noscapine is antitussive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine


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Classification

Naturalopiates:are alkaloids contained inthe latex of opium as morphine, codeine, and

thebaine.

Semi-syntheticopioids: created from thenatural opiates, such as heroin, oxycodone,

and hydrocodone are derived from morphine,

codeine, and thebaine.

(heroin is diacetylmorphine)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin


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Fully syntheticopioids: such as pethidine,

methadone, tramadol.

Endogenousopioid peptides, produced

naturally in the body, such as endorphins,

enkephalins, dynorphins, and endomorphins.


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Opium alkaloids

Classification

Phenanthrene group

Benzylisoquinoline group,

Phenylethylamine group.

Bis-isoquinoline group.

Opium alkaloids occur naturally combined

with specific acid (meconic acid). Meconic acid test.


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Opium alkaloids (cont.)

Phenanthrene gp.

Benzylisoquinoline gp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Benzylisoquinoline_structure.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Benzylisoquinoline_structure.svg


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Phenylethylamine gp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Fenyloetyloamina.svg


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Pharmacology and uses

Opiates and Opioids bind to specific opioidreceptors in the central nervous system andother tissues.

They have long been used to treat acute pain

(such as post-operative pain). They have also been found to be valuable in

palliative care (cancer, and degenerativeconditions such as rheumatoid arthritis )

In palliative or painkilling care the goal is toprevent and relieve suffering and to improvequality of life for people with serious andcomplex illness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptor


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Adverse side effects

Common adverse reactions in patients taking

opiates and opioids for pain relief include:

nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itching,

dry mouth, miosis, and constipation.

These effects are overcome by medication

during the course of treatment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea


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Opiate poisoning

Opiate poisoning can range from

discomfort like constipation to death from

respiratory depression.

Alcohol and other sedatives enhance the

effect of opiates, especially respiratory

depression

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