northerners sent fugitives to canada, some use force in rescues personal liberty laws in 9 northern...
TRANSCRIPT
Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues
Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for fugitives & granted them jury trials
Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape- Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips- Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols- Some fugitives stayed in North; others went on to Canada
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a slave
Caused many Americans to begin supporting the abolitionist movement
Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the south’s problem, but the nation’s problem
Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral problem, not just political
Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California- It would have to cross the unorganized territory of the Great Plains
Act called for the creation of two new territories (Kansas and Nebraska)- Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line
Popular sovereignty would decide whether they were slave or free states
Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues
Act passed with support of the south
1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty on slavery
Pro and anti-slavery groups rushed to Kansas to create a voting majority, leading to violence between the groups
May 1856 – proslavery group attacked Lawrence, burned stores and homes (several died)
John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The Pottawatomie Massacre”
Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200
1861 – Kansas entered union as free state
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KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT, 1854
THIS ACT OVERTURNED THE SLAVERY RESTRICTIONS OF THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE BY INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. THIS MEANT THAT TERRITORIES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY RESTRICTED FROM SLAVERY COULD NOW VOTE ON WHETHER OR NOT TO
BE A SLAVE STATE.
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SCOTT v. SANFORD 1857
THIS SUPREME COURT DECISION STATED THAT BLACK PEOPLE, FREE OR SLAVE, COULD NOT BE CITIZENS OF THE U.S. THIS ANGERED
ABOLITIONISTS, THOSE WORKING TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.
DRED SCOTT, A SLAVE, HAD BEEN
TAKEN BY HIS MASTER DR.
EMERSON, AN ARMY SURGEON, TO A
FREE STATE AND A FREE TERRITORY
AND BACK TO MISSOURI, A SLAVE STATE. SCOTT AND HIS WIFE HARRIET
SUED SANFORD, THE EXECUTOR OF
EMERSON'S ESTATE, FOR THEIR FREEDOM
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR RESIDENCE
ON FREE SOIL.
JUSTICE TANEY DRED SCOTT
1857 – Dred Scott sued for freedom
Had lived in north with his master before returning to the south
Said that made him a free man after his master’s death
Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave- Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories- Also said that Congress couldn’t ban slavery- Only states could
Big victory for proslavery advocates
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JOHN BROWN’S RAID ON HARPERS FERRY
"If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and
mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and most unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done!" (Last speech to the
court at his trial, November 2, 1859)
JOHN BROWN ATTACKED THE FEDERAL ARSENAL AT
HARPERS FERRY, VA WITH THE INTENT OF STARTING A SLAVE
REVOLT. HE AND HIS FOLLOWERS WERE CAPTURED
AND JOHN BROWN WAS HANGED. THIS ENFLAMED THE
SOUTH AND WAS A DIRECT CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR.
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ELECTION OF 1860
THE ELECTION OF REPUBLICAN LINCOLN, WHO RAN ON THE PROMISE OF NO MORE SLAVE STATES, PROMPTED SOUTHERNERS TO SECEDE FROM THE UNION AND FORM THEIR OWN NATION, THE CONFEDERATE
STATES OF AMERICA.
Dec. 20 1860 – South Carolina seceded from the union› Said it voluntarily
joined the union it could voluntarily leave
› Other southern states leave the union in next 6 weeks states
› Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
February 1861 - the seceding states form a new nation (The Confederate States of America)
Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi unanimously elected president- Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture and the wants of the civilized man
Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice-president
Only 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Other 75 % fought battle to defend system
because they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks
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OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR: FORT SUMTER, 1861
THE FORT LOCATED IN
CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH
CAROLINA WAS THE UNION’S PROPERTY SO
WHEN THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY ATTACKED, IT
WAS AN ACT OF WAR
Lincoln called out the militia (northern states responded)
Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist
Angered southern states Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy
Robert E. Lee became leader of the Confederate army
Border states were the key to the war
North had to have Maryland to keep contact with Washington D.C.- Lincoln ordered the arrest of lawmakers who had supported the south- Federal troops helped a group of western counties break away from Virginia (West Virginia)
War caused many families in the border states to spilt
North- Had more people - Had most of the natural resources (iron, coal, copper)- 86% of the nation’s factories in the north- Union kept almost every ship in the navy- More extensive railroad system- Lincoln’s leadership
South- Had better generals- cotton profits- Fighting a defensive war (more of a will to fight)
North- Aimed to conquer south and bring it back into the Union- Didn’t have a strong enough army to invade the south a the beginning- Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South- blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in west- capture Richmond, Confederate capital
South- Only wanted to stay independent - Wanted to avoid major battles (hoped the north would get tired of fighting)- Invade North if opportunity arose- Beginning of the war south withheld cotton from Europe (hoped Europe would help south due to their need for cotton (BIG MISTAKE)- Europe found other places to get cotton
Union army found a copy of Lee’s battle plans
Bloodiest single-day battle of the war- 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war with Mexico combined)
Ended in a draw- Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue- Lincoln fired McClellan
Considered a political victory for the north- Caused Europe to delay plans to help the south
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ANTIETAM BATTLE MAP
CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE PLANNED TO
INVADE THE NORTH THROUGH MARYLAND FOR SUPPLIES. A
MAP WAS FOUND BY THE UNION ARMY THAT DETAILED
THE LOCATION OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCES.
UNION GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN PLANNED AN ATTACK FOR SEPTEMBER
1862. FOR TWO DAYS 60,000 UNION TROOPS ATTACKED
30,000 CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS. BOTH SIDES LOST
MORE THAN 50% WHICH MADE THIS THE BLOODIEST BATTLE OF THE ENTIRE CIVIL WAR. THE CONFEDERATES WERE FORCED TO RETREAT
WHICH RESULTED IN A UNION VICTORY.
Neither side was completely unified
Both sides had sympathizers
Lincoln suspended writ of habeas corpus:- order to bring accused to court & name charges
Seized telegraph offices to prevent them from being used for subversion Lincoln expands presidential
powers & sets precedent (War time)
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PROMPTED BY WIN AT ANTIETEM, LINCOLN ISSUED
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. IT WAS ANNOUNCED BY LINCOLN SEPTEMBER 22, 1862. IT
WENT INTO EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1863. THIS DECREE
FREED SLAVES IN CONFEDERATE STATES
ONLY.
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VICKSBURG JULY 1863:
THIS BATTLE SPLIT THE SOUTH IN HALF
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VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPIUNION MAJOR
GENERAL GRANT WANTED TO CAPTURE
VICKSBURG AS IT WAS LOCATED ON THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER AND WAS A MAJOR SUPPLY ROUTE
FOR THE SOUTH. FROM THE WINTER OF 1862 THROUGH THE
SUMMER OF 1863 THE UNION ARMY ATTACKED, AND
AFTER MANY CAUSALITIES
ULTIMATELY MADE THE CONFEDERATE ARMY SURRENDER ON JULY 4, 1863.
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GETTYSBURG, JULY 1863
THE CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED TO
INVADE THE NORTH AGAIN THIS TIME IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE TWO ARMIES MET IN THE SMALL TOWN OF
GETTYSBURG. DURING EARLY JULY OVER THE
COURSE OF THREE DAYS THE
CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED
UNSUCCESSFULLY TO FORCE THE UNION ARMY TO RETREAT. THE CONFEDERATE ARMY LOST 28,000
MEN.
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GETTYSBURG BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE
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LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
LINCOLN TRAVELED TO GETTYSBURG TO DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AND COMMEMORATE
THE VICTORY. HE GAVE HIS FAMOUS SPEECH ABOUT SACRIFICE SO THAT LIBERTY WOULD
EXIST FOR ALL.
FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS
BROUGHT FORTH, UPON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND
DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT “ALL MEN
ARE CREATED EQUAL”
DRAFT OF LINCOLN’S SPEECH
sherman & grant - march
July-Sept. 1864 General William Sherman fought for 6
weeks to capture Atlanta (center of Confederate manufacturing and railway traffic)
Atlanta burned to the ground; Sherman and his troops marched on towards Savannah and both sides knew the South would lose the war
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SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE
SEA
UNION GENERAL SHERMAN LED 62,000 SOLDIERS 285
MILES ACROSS GEORGIA TO CAPTURE SAVANNAH, THE MAJOR SEAPORT IN THE STATE. ALONG THE WAY THE SOLDIERS BURNED
AND LOOTED TO ERADICATE ALL FOOD AND SUPPLIES. THE CAMPAIGN LASTED FIVE WEEKS FROM
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1864. THE UNION VICTORY
WAS MAJOR TURNING POINT IN THE WAR, ENDING
ANY CHANCE OF A CONFEDERATE VICTORY.
Atlanta Before & After
The Election of 1864• Lincoln faced heavy opposition in
the election • Democrats wanted immediate
armistice- Nominated George McClellan
• Radical Republicans- wanted harsh conditions for readmission to Union
• Nominated John C. Fremont • Republicans changed name to
National Union Party • Andrew Johnson was chosen as
Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Democrat)
• Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances
• Northern victories & troops’ votes gave him the win
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ROBERT E. LEE SURRENDERED AT THE Mc LEAN HOUSE IN APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE ON APRIL 9, 1865. THIS ENDED
THE CIVIL WAR WITH A UNION VICTORY.
THE CIVIL WAR COST THE LIVES OF 600,000 AMERICANS. WHILE THE SOUTH WAS DEVASTATED AND IN RUINS THE NORTH EXPERIENCED
ECONOMIC GROWTH.
THE Mc LEAN HOUSE LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT
War ended threat of secession& increases power of federal government
Ended Slavery Changed the way Americans thought about their
nation- People accepted that the Union was more important than individual states
Helped the Federal Government Expand- Placed new demands on the Gov.- 1861 – establish the 1st income tax to pay for the war- Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to settlers
1865 - Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all states
National Bank Act of 1863 - Established federal system of chartered banks- Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected
Spurred industry- Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as petroleum, steel, food and processing- Government subsidized the construction of a national railroad system
Gap between North and South widened- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold- South: industry, farms destroyed
The war was a disaster for the South- Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South
April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre
1st president to be assassinated
Assassin John Wilkes Booth escaped but was trapped by Union cavalry 12 days later & shot in Virginia
7 million people paid respects to Lincoln’s funeral train (almost 1/3 of population)