Modernism

Bell Ringer 3/19NONE

I need to talk to people that werent here yesterday about taking their test (Ill call you up)

AND I need to take care of bonus points from last nightNext opportunity: TOMORROW 7pm

ModernismOverviewThis week: notes

Next week: project (work for 3 days, presentations other two)QUIZ Friday before break

Following week: Spring Break

ModernismWorld War 1The Great DepressionWorld War II

(some of you have studied these events intensely already, while others may not be familiar. I will briefly go over each so you understand and remember what life was like during this age.)ModernismThe age witnessed the worst and the best that humanity is capable ofQuest for originality and freshness led to good and bad

Societies believed they were approaching the best that science and invention could offer and that competitive struggle would produce positive resultsThe war changed thatConflict in the Modern WorldEurope was suffering from times of tension

The tension had caused all the powers to increase their armed forces and to align themselves in such a way that any confrontation would lead to an irreversible chain reactionGermany was allied with Austria-Hungary and ItalyGreat Britain, France, and Russia were alliesConflict ExampleJune 28, 1914 an Austrian archduke was assassinated in Sarajevo, and Austria-Hungary held the Serbs responsible

One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

On August 1, Germany declared war on Serbias ally, Russia

On August 3, Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium

On August 4, Britain declared war on GermanyThe Great War - WWIIn 1917, what had been a European conflict took on global dimensions

Britain mounted offensives in Egypt, Iraq, and elsewhere in the Arab world

Japan and China entered the conflict

On April 6, 1917, the US was brought into the war through Germanys submarine attacksThe Great War - WWIIn 1917, things started to go very badly for Germany and her partners

By 1918, the Germans realized they could no longer hope to turn things in their favor

The first armistices were signed at the end of October and November of 1918The AftermathA series of agreements called the Treaty of Versailles formally ended the war

These agreements were immediately contested, and after 20 years it was totally repudiated

This will lead to WWIIBetween the WarsThe Great DepressionBegan in the United States

Inflation ruined people everywhere

International currencies were extremely fragile and the power of banks increased

A wave of speculation on Wall Street caused the stock market to crash in 1929 stocks and shares plummeted until 1932The Great DepressionThe economy had grown fluidly for most of the Roaring Twenties. Innovations just as the radio, automobile, aviation, telephone and power grid helped companies like RCA and General Motors soar!

The stock exchange reached an all-time high in Sep of 1929. A few price declines caused unsettling and investor anxiety so people sold their stocks and tried to get out of the market.That caused the stock market to fall significantly, which led to more fear and panic, which caused the crash.The Great DepressionBankruptcies exploded in any country whose credit system had ties to the US

The crisis in business and banking caused an industrial crisis, which, in turn, affected agriculture

Agricultural prices fell by 50% in the US

In 1932, 40 million people were out of workThe Great DepressionSocial and political unrest increased

Around the world, there were protest marches and uprisings by people who could not understand the systemFor example: corn was burned to maintain prices while children starved

New political forces came to power, and government intervention was demanded by businessmen, farmers, and workersThe Great DepressionSpurred by violence in the streets, different countries adopted different solutionsPublic works in the US, increased wages in France, closer links with colonies in Britain, Nazism in Germany

Some countries and people prepared for war they saw it as the only logical way out of the crisisHitler & World War IIHitlers ConquestsOn January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany

Supposedly disarmed, Germany was militarily superior to the rest of Europe

He sought annexation of lands inhabited by GermansIt was the invasion of Poland on Sep. 1, 1939, that engulfed Europe in war once againWorld War IIAt the end of 1942, fortunes began to change

D-Day: June 6, 1944

Germanys Fortress fell and many of its allies were forced to sign armistices

On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide

Unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945The PacificThe Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

Their rulers fell to Germany in 1940

The US bombed Tokyo as early as 1942

In the beginning of 1945, American forces had inched their way to Iwo Jima and Okinawa where they won strategic victoriesBombers could reach Japan for bombing and ships could intercept supplies headed to JapanThe PacificResolution came when President Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs: one on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and the other on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

The surrender document was signed on September 2, 1945

World War II was overScience and WarScience and WarPhysicists worked separately, but aware of each others progress, to find ways to split the atom and create large quantities of energy

Germany and the United States both developed an atomic bomb during World War IIScience and WarIn 1939, three physicists (including Albert Einstein) wrote to President Roosevelt and warned him of Germanys progress toward developing a nuclear reactor

The US created the first nuclear reactor in 1942ComputersEarly in the 1930s, a German engineer named Konrad Zuse made a computer that operated binary mode.

It could perform a multiplication in 3-4 seconds

He was hindered by the slowness of his machines, and needed more fundingHitler was caught up in winning the war, and cut his fundingComputersIn 1939, Bell Laboratories in the US created the Model 1

It was nicknamed the Complex Number Calculator

The data output consisted of the sum of all data enteredComputersThe first fully automatic calculator was the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

Developed by IBM at Harvard University

It weighed 5 metric tons and contained 500 miles of wire

It included a clock to synchronize sequences and registers- a device used by the computer to store information for high-speed accessIBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

PhilosophyPhilosophy - PragmatismPragmatism emerged in America, championed by John Dewey (1859-1952)

Abandoned the search for final answers to great problems, such as the existence of immortality, and instead contented itself with more modest goals

It pursued such issues as what moral and aesthetic values might be in an industrialized society and how one might achieve the highest personal fulfillment through education

PragmatismExperience is fundamental to Deweys philosophy in all areas

Believed that aesthetics was the crown of philosophy and art is an experience worth being a part of

Philosophy - ExistentialismThe central doctrine of existentialism is that human beings are what they make of themselves

They are not predestined by God, society, or biology

People have free will and the responsibility that goes with itExistentialismHuman life is a series of consecutive movements

Insist on the concrete rather than the abstract

With freedom comes the responsibility for giving meaning to human endeavor, which otherwise remains meaningless10 minutes short