-non-native approach- - hiroshima...

ANALYTICAL SYNTAX FOR TEACHING

ENGI.lISH (9)

-non-native approach-，

Kan ，KATAYANAGI

Septem ber 1979

9.7 Sa~ple lexicon for verbs

- 29-

The complexity of the nature of the actual Engli~h verbs difies any simplerendit~on

of theclass into such a two-dimensional lexicon-format as the ones ipto which weput

adj~ctives and adverbs (9.5 and 9.6 respectively.) The Il)odern linguistics，especial1y

with its semantic obsessions， has provided us with infinitely sub-divided lexicons whose

verh，、classifications，among others， do outnumber the membership qf the verbsthem-

seh;es.， For .thepurpose of describing and discovering linguistic facts， a11 t，his is

indeed quite relevant， but .if it is for the ，purpose of teaching ，a foreign languag~

cal1edEnglish to linguistic adults， it will not serve the purpose.

Instead of giving the schematic total view of， the lexicon for English verbs， as such，

w;e shall here first present a si~able corpus of English verbs spread over，，mOre o，r less，

an.empirically designated two-dimensional field (Table 1.) The general observation' of

the verhal lexicon as a ，whole， including the auxiliary verbs， may be 、1aterpr.，esentec:l

as.~ lund of after~thought to this section.

The lexicon contains some 2，500 verbs， selected more on a pedagogical ，than on a

scientific basis (such as， frequency count， etc.) These words are again、the，.ones . .found

in Prof. Gunji's Pocket Inverted English Dictionaryl) which enlists some 12，000 items of

English vocabulary consider，ed sufficient for toughestof English ，examinations for uni-

versity entrance in this country. Those words that are in bold face， amounting to

some 500， are the ones quoted by Prof. Torii et a12) as those found in ten authorized

continuation since Vol. 21， 1971 of tIle present pu bliれation1) ibid.

2) Jiko Torii et al， Hisshll-Bllnkei nQ Kenkyu， Kairyu・do，1969

加 (Kan KATAYANAGI)

series of English text books for junior high schools some years ago.

The inventory of verbs here are horizontally arranged from left to right in five

columns， the left-most are those that are supposed to be used only as intransitive，

whi1e the two right-most columns are for those that are used exclusively as transitive.

The second from the left contains those verbs that are used more as intransitive than

as transitive， while the third contains those used less as intransitive than as transitive.

the distinction being made according to the indications of Webster' s Student Dictionary3¥

The words beginning with a capital letter are those that can be used as nouns as

they are， while those su伍xedby a wedge (>) are those used as adjectives elsewhere

without form-changes. The minus marks (ー)at the head indicates that the verb can

be used as incomplete intransitive while the same at the end indicates that it can be

used as incomplete transitive. Plus marks (+) at the end indicate that the verb can

take double objects. These indications are halfway pedagogical. Those italicized

are irregular verbs whose past and past part iciples are relegated from the surface of

the lexicon.

Vertically the words are arranged experimentally in the manner we adopted for ad-

jectives， i. e. according to the way the words phonetically (rather than orthographically)

end， the policy being， though not fully consistent，“priority on the consonants"， as the

majority of English words， especially verbs， end i n consonants. We consider that this

arrangement gives grammatical insight to the verbs beyond their phonetics.

Stress is generally on the last (or the only) syllable of the words unless indicated

otherwise by (/). We could， however， re-arrange the whole collection if we could find

any better sequence for retrieval than by ending sounds， or even by any other gram-

matical terms that will reveal a more practical and grammatical fascet of English verbs

as a whole.

The proposed table is a sample， or a basis， from which many words can be sup-

pressed or to which more may be added at the proper addresses to suit the purpose

of teaching and to satisfy the level of the mastery desired.

3) Webster's Studellt Dictiollαry， G. & c， Merriam Co川 1945

Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 31-

Table 1 Lexicon for V er bs 一-一-一4 時一←dー干一日一一・一4一一一一一『一一一四一一・一一，一

ending Intransitive Transitive Transitive

& transitive & intransitive

-rst burst

-st -Taste Paste

Waste

Last Blast cast

Contrast broadcast overcast

Feast Forcast

roast Toast

Jest conJest manifest suggest

digest molest> fnterest

Rest Nest arrest wrest

Protest Test detest

Contest Request

attest

invest

Harvest

list(2) enlist List(l) hoist

twist

consist assist resist

insist subsist

pursist

exist

coexist

desist

Cost+ accost Frost

Post

Rust bust Disgust adjust

Trust Dust Thrust entrust+

-ct I react transact Act enact counteract

interact distract refract

protract attract

subtract Extract

exact> affect(1)(2) Effect

infect perfect> object inJect reJect-ト

Project Subject>

eleet- Neglect

collect

recollect

select

reflect

connect Respect inspect

Pr6spect expect+

direct> erect> correct>

resurrect detect protect

- 32ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)

contradict

predict Conflict affiiCt inflict十

depict

restrict

Convict

Co.nduct abduct deduct

Abstruct> instruct

construct ， reconstuct -ft Drift Shift sift rift

Lift Draft -mpt Attempt exempt prompt>

tempt except mtercept aeeept

il~opt adapt e~upt corrupt> bankrupt interrupt

-nt Chant enchant

slant> implant Plant Pant Want Grant+

Warrant

relent scent

dent

indent

Lament Cement

Experiment Comment Torment ferment Segment

augment

consent absent> assent Present>十 represent dissent Content pr~vent repent Rent i:nvent

frequent>

faint> Taint Paint- aquaint feint Squint

Hint Mint Dint Point appomt- disappoint Print imprint Tint

flaunt haunt daunt taunt Count Account

mount Discount recount Amount dismount surmount

Grunt Hunt confront stunt -lt halt exalt

melt tilt assault Salt jolt

Revolt

Result eonsult Insult -rt ， depart dart impart thwart

Start Part

Cnrt

Concert disconcert


stimulate

stipulate accumulate p6pulate

incubate inn6culate congraturate むtimate annimate> appr6ximate

underestimate

overestimate intimate>

amalgamate

stagnate fascinate alienate designate culminate co6rdinate Sub6rdinate

ab6minate

discriminate

predominate germinate dominate n6minate- denominate

ruminate terminate exterminate illuminate

donate assassinate

alternate> impersonate

participate dissipate ant1cipate

celebrate

separate> vibrate

deli berate >

federate

confederate consacrate liberate

accelerate

degenerate> exaggerate t61erate generate

co6perate 6perate venerate

enumerate

emigrate exasperate reiterate

immigrate integrate> obliterate

migrate

colla borate Pirate deteriorate commemorate

evaporate decorate P6st'lrate

elaborate> inc6rporate

penetrate dem6nstrate

concentrate pr6strate

rem6nstrate illustrate frustrate

perpeturate saturate

inaugurate

pulsate compensate

vegitate Dictate

hesitate agitate facilitate

precipitate imitate irritate

necessitate devastate

reinstate

evacuate extenuate evaluate

fluctuate Gr'duate habituate accentuate

innovate punctuate perpetuate

excavate aggravate

cultivate elevate

captivate m6tivate

8ft quit

自t> befit Slit


kit

Split> Spit remit emit omit Permit commit十 transmit

submit卜 admit

knit vomit Limit

Exhibit inhabit inhibit

solicit prohibit

inherit十 Merit十

Visit Deposit dispirit

revlslt aquit

Exploit

Bet Net

-get十一 beget forget

let .Fret Regret十

Set- beset

upset> revet

oJJset covet

Sweat wet> Market Trumpet Bracket Pocket

eat Defeat

υvereat

Heat

cheat

beat Retreat Treat entreat ill.treat

repeat greet compete

meet Seat

Sleet bleat complete Hoot Root Skoot uproot

Dispute Salute Repute refute

compute impute Pr6stitute

Substitute c6nstitute Ir凶 itute

contribute distribute Attribute

pr6secute persecute execute

Chat C6mbat Bat

Pat

squat rot Blot allot十

Trot Plot

Jot Spot

Strut jut Cut undercut glut

put

skut> Riot Pivot Pilot Parrot

B6ycott


dote Float Note denote

Vote devote quote

shout Spout

Sprout Rout

Doubt Bite

recite cite excite

Sight

SfJl1tc

unite

ignite

right> write卜

rewnte

Fight typcwntc invite

Delight Slight> Plight

Light(2)二〉-nd light(l) End

Bend

。百end defend send-j

condescend ascend transcend apprehend comprehend

descend reprehend befriend lend-j

Blend

mend

amend commend recommend卜

rend-

depend spend 十 expend

impend suspend

contend attend

tcnd extend intend

pretend

despond Second> respond

correspond

abound resound Sound confound Compound

r-ound> expound surround

Wound astound

Band hand+

Command Repremand

Demand Brand

expand Land

Strand

-Stand understand

misunderstand

withstand

bind Blind> 。fiiid-ト

Wind

grind

Mind

remind

Analytical SyntaX' f¥)r Teaching English (9) - 37ー

-ld Shield wield yield

build十 gild Fold bUnd.fold

uIIIold

Hold behold 8cold withhold uphold Mold

scald -rd discard bombard

Regardー disregard

Guard retard

Accord+ afford

Record Ward Reward Award

Board gird Word -d bide Hide-ト

coincide abide decide

collide confide Glide Slide Guide Side Ride deride Pride suhside Stride provide preside chide Divide

subdivide {orebode ex.plode

corrode erode Aid raid Braid

fade Shade upbraid Blockade wade lade evade invade pervade

Masquarade Grade degrade

Parade Trade persuade desuade

allude conclude exclude include extrude intrude elude delude

protrude seclude wed

ohed Shred Thread

Spread

Head

Dread

Tread avoid

Bid+ forbid rid read-ト

Breed

bleed Heed

plead Lead mislead Feed

acceed 間 cceed Seed cede Speed Weed impede

-38- (Kan KATA Y ANAGI)

intercede precede

recede(l)

recede(2) Need

Nod p10d add

Promenade un1Qad Load 6ver1oad

app1aud 1aud

Crowd Shroud

overcrowd

brood F100d stud

一k8 ! Wax re1ax coax vex

Perp1ex

Mix A伍x PrefIx

五x Su伍x

-ps I 1apse e1apse elips

collapse -n8 Danee enhance Lance

G1ance Chance tEnxfpelurieennece e

Silence

commence

wlnce mmce convmce nnse

Bounee announee denounce

pronounce renounce

condense License despence

recompense Sense

-18 repu1se

-r8 plerce Force enforce

Discourse reinforce Divorce

rehearse endorce

disperse lmmerse

Curse Purse

reverse> traverse

-8 confess 十 profess十 bleBB Mess

Pr6gress Dress Adress

undress

transgress

Press depress expre8s

compress lmpress

Destress opress

suppress Stress

Guess obsess assess

Witness Pr6cess

PaBB C1ass amass C6mpass

trespass surpass

embarass harass

Grimace Menace S61ace Purchace十

Faee efface


Pace Race Place Space

Brace displaee replace

Embrace Disgrace erase

Trace debase

Chaee encase

Conduce induce deduce

reduce

produee introduee

reproduce

T088 gloss> Cros8 engross

cease

Decrease release

Increase

His8 Kis8

Mi88

Promiss 十

su伍ce Slice entice Price

Sacrifice

Pr'etiee Notiee

reJolce Voice

loose

Fuss Focus diseuss -nz cleanse -rz Parse -z Bi8e advertise compnse Surpri8e

anse Advise Disguise dispise

Devise supervise revlse

Surmise

capsize Prize slze -izρap610gize criticise standardize scandalize

re6rganize 6rganize individ ualize

tyranize scrutinize revolutionize idolize

harmonize c610nize lionize jeopadize

t白・rorize emphasize

patronize satirize

authorize stigmatize

theorize vaporize victimize

visualize equalize actualize

m6bilize stabilize sterilize

crystalize fertilize utilize

Americanize civilize individualize

militarize humanize

s61emnize m6dernize

familiarize p6pularize

regularize 16calize

realize idealize legalize

specialize s6cialize n6rmalize

materialize nationalize interna tionalize

ra tionalize centralize mentalize

generalize capitalize vitalize

- 40- (Kan KATAYANAGI)

moralize

naturalize totalize imm6rtalize

C6mpromise recognize antagonize

Exercize mechanize memorize

summarize synthesize dramatize

tantalize systematize dem6cratize

baptize analyze

paralize

Sneeze freeze Squeeze

Seize

Ease please displease

tease appease

Gaze Craze amaze Daze

graze

Phrase

Paraphrase raise

Praise appralse

COO08e

l08B

Use Disuse Abuse

Misuse

fuse accuse Exeuse

defuse> amuse

refuse寸 eonfuse

Cruise Bruise ; peruse

elooe enclose disclose

doze Pose lmpose

Repose

eompose oppose expose

propose→

suppose

interpose

dispose

decompose

Pause Cause+

rouse arouse

browse

Buzz Poise

-sh Clash Dash abash

Flash Lash Cash

Splash

81ash

gnash Smash

squash

wash

thresh afresh refresh

Fish Wish十

gush hush

Blush 自ush

Rush Brush

-'-42ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)

forge -dj I Age Cage engage

disengage enrage Outrage Stage Wage Gauge Edge Pledge十

Wedge al1ege Pillage Damage manage ravage Salvage enc6urage

disc6urage envisage ackn6wledge Bridge abridge

dodge Lodge trudge Judge grudge

oblige beseige

一nk think blink Link shrink Drink sink stink

Wink

Rank Spank 官lank

ーlk Mi1k -sk Mask Task ask+

Risk whisk ーrk bark embark Mark Remark

hark Park Earmark Spark Fork Cork lurk Work Jerk

-k I Quake Shake bake Cake Break make+←

Wake Rake forsake

awake take-ト partake undertake

overtake ache Mistake Stake

slack Lack smack(l) Crack Smack(2) Rack

Baek unpack Paek Stack Attack

click Kiek liek piek

Trick prick tick Stick

fr6lic Mfmic Flock Shock Loek

Knoek Rock mock Stock Leak sneak

speak

creak squeak seek

Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 43ー

shriek eke

Joke choke evoke devoke

poke provoke soak

stalk Talk Balk

Walk

Look Cook+ Book Hook

overlook

Buck tuck

pluck

Suck

like dislike

Strike

rebuke -g I Lag brag drag Tag

sag nag

wag

Peg

Zigzag

dig ng

Intrigue Fatigue

Flog

Plug hug

shrug

Tug -mf Triumph Dwarf engulf -lf Lαugh

一rf Cough snuff -f Puff Bluff

Sni百

Scoff -lv resolve solve involve

shelve delve

一rV carve

observe

deserve Reserve

serve preserve conserve

swerve Curve -v I cleave(l) celave(2)

believe- leave十 relieve

heave breave

weave sheave

interweave

achieve

gneve retrieve

deeefve

recefve

concelve

ロl1SCOnCelve

percelve

dive

CQnmv<<; I)rive

← 44 - (Kan KATAYANAGI)

thrive derive nve deprive contrive

arrive

strive reVlve

survlve

rave crave brave>

Slave Wave save+ enslave welve

shave pave stave

behave engrave grave

behoove

Move

remove

approve

lmprove reprove disprove

live glVe十 outlive

mlsg1ve forgive十

rove shove

Love have十一 halve

-th Mouth smooth>

bequeeth+

-the bathe

breathe wreathe

seethc loathe soothe

clothe

writhe tithe

-sp Gasp Clasp

Grasp

-mp I Camp Tramp Swamp encamp damp>

Stamp

Jump bump

Slump -clump Lump Pump

thump

limp

romp

ーlp yelp Help-

Gulp

-rp Chirp usurp

warp

-p Skip Dip Ship+ Whip

Chip

Slip(1) clip(l) Clip(2) slip(2)

Tip mp eqUlp

Slp

np

frip drip

Gtip

strip

G6ssip

elap Fla:p overlap slap

Nap snap rap Trap Strap

wrap Scrap

Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) -45ー

swap tap Sap

Garrop Crop Prop Drop

川 pop Stop Hop Chop

Mop Envelop Flop develop

Leat Heap

'1. oversleep Sleep Sweep peep keep+-Creep reap

U1eep gape Eseape scrape Ape Shape

Tape Pipe wfpe

Type

Hope cope

Slope grope droop Group stoop Scoop

Sup

Hiccouph -rb absorb Curb

purturb disturb

-b Bribe ascribe subscribe describe

prescribe inscribe

throb bob Mob rob

Sob snub stub

grub scrub rub

Jab grab stab

Ebb

-rm Farm Harm

Arm Charm Alarm

unarm disarm

Swarm warm> Storm Form Reform

conform deform inform

transform

perform a伍rm con五rm

-m I seam(2) gleam Beam Seam(l)

Scream Drea.m Stream

-seem beseem deemー redeem+

teem Steam Scheme esteem

Aim Claim- acclaim

declaim reclaim proclaim

excla.im disclaim

E--EE園臨UV罰躍。

vbJ


Blame

tame> Shame Loom Boom Doom bloom presume resume

consume assume succumb Hum Sum Plumb

Drum numb> come Welcome overcome become B16ssom Ransome accustom

Fathom slam Jam damn cram

owim skim tnm hem(l) Stem hem(2)

condemn roam Comb climb Bomb Rhyme

ーrn earn learn yearn unlearn

Burn Concern descern Turn

Return

spurn

overturn mourn

warn scorn adorn

Sojourn govern Pattern -n Pain ordain Disdain

Gain regam -remain Chain explain refrain Rain Drain

Train

Strain restrain constram overstrain

obtain(2) obtain(l) detain retain maintain

partain attain contain abstain Stain sustain Reign deign faign

Sign Design asslgn reslgn

Whine ohine Decline

incline recline dine fine define

refine C6oUndhine e

Underline

Mine undennint; pme destine


Twine entwine Function Fashion Cushion

Petition Section Sanction M6tion Partition Mention Question Caution lean clean> mean wean convene glean intervene Screen Reason Season

Poison imprfson

bekon+ rekon

summon Iノron

Pardon Button 即 in十 Spin Skin Pin din

Grin -begin Bun overrun shun stun

Fan Ban

Can

scan Span Plan Tan

atone Stone (tele)phone+ drolle postpone

Dawn ロlOan Loan yawn

swoon Tune maroon Lampoon Harpoon

ex'mine cross-exa mme

determine Descipline

imagineー

join Coin adjoin Ruin

Bargain ascertain Frown Crown drown own十 disown

Pen h'ppen open> Burden over-burden

-en lighten(1) re・6pen enlighten glisten liven enliven even> 1isten leven

deafen hearken blacken

lengthen strengthen threaten

dishearten hearten whiten frighten brfghten redden

br・oaden deaden

gladden

madden


sadden

widen

harden

stiffen :"waken weaken

awaken

sIacken

thicken

sicken

quicken

liken ripen cheapen

shai'pen

160sen

lessen

sweeten

s6ften straighten straiten heighten lighten(2) tighten

sh6rten 'smarten fasten chasten hasten moisten christen flatten

-ng ! r.ling fling Sling Spring String Ring(2) Wrillg bring

Ring(l) Sting 81，ng Swing

belong prolong Wrong overhang h，ang Bang clang

一tl nest1e

Bustle Ruotle Hustle Whistle

wrestle

startle

Rattle

Battle settle Bottle beHttle dwindle Hurdle swindle Handle dandle fondle

kindle -ndl Paddle straddle Saddle -dl meddle

toddle huddle muddle idle riddle dawdle

-11 Drizzle

dazzle Puzzle Muzzle -nkl twinkle sprinkle

Analytical Syntax' for Teaching: English (9) - 49ー

tinkle

sparkle

-kl crackle tackle

trickle tickle Buckle

suckle

-ngl wrangle dangle spangle

tangle entangle

，tingle .zingle mingle mangle

single>

-rgl gargle

-gl Struggle juggle

snuggle smugle

giggle

wriggle

straggle

-fl ba銅e

snuffie Shuffie muffle ruffie

stifle

-mpl ripple crumple cripple

-pl scrupple crapple

topple

-mbl Gamble

ramble Scramble assemble resemble

fumble jumble

、mumble

rumble grumble crumble

stumble tumble

-rbl warble

-bl bable gabble

disable enable

scribble

Bubhle Double> Trouble

hobble Curl

furl

hurl

twirl snarl

-1 Shell knell f.ell -Smell Spell selJ.+ undersell

tell+ dwell swell {oretell-ト

yell repel .cc.mpel expel

impel dispel

excel Lfbel

Y“el

(Kan KATAYANAGI) - 50ー

Parallel

M6del

C6unsel十

Chisel

Level

Quarrel

Sh6vel

Jail Blackmail derail curtail

Revel

l

i

l

卜

jiu-------

1.UHaa日

-M凶

au抽

出

航

hMNmmV

ail

Hail

Trail

retail

Travel

Smi1e

Fail

Sai1 avail

Marvel

conceal+

Seol reveal+

M

M

U

U

--‘A

，E-v'

q'oi

〆

E

T

R

unveil

wail

Regale

inhale

exhale

-Feel Heel

heal

Peel

Appeal

Deal steal

Dial

Pedal Signal十

prevail

kneel reel

klll fulfill flll spill Thrill

still<

chill

Drill

till

imperil

011 8poil

Poll extoll

shri1l distill

cavil

Toil

recoil foil Soil boi1

Roll

Toll

enroll

troll

Stroll

Patrol Control gambol

condole

appall

forestall

recall

install

scowl

cull

console

gall Call stall

haul

lull

befall

叫

wwJ川

a明

M

m

M

H

F

HU

酌

Fm・-m

brawl

sprawl

crawl

Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 51ー

dull> Pull

cool> Pool Fool

Rule overrule Ridicule -r I Care

Fare Share scare dare Flare Glare declare-

compare ensnare stare forbare bare beware spare十 prepare sware

Despair Pair Repare Chair Tear lmpalr

interfere Fear endear revere adhere hear- overhear

-appear shear Smear disappear clear

rear

sear $wear卜 Wear

Jeer steer Cheer sneer volunteer resplre Fire hire admire conspue expue aspue mspue perspue Desire

retire tire Attire mqutre acqutre requue

soar Roar pour abhore War bore十 adore pore Score deplore implore Shore explore 19nore

Store restore scour devour

Tour Moor

Cure procure

secure> endure

mature> lure allure ensure msure assure

mar Bar

stir -er Cluster muster

bluster administer f6ster

Plaster Master Register

-ntr enter

Enc6unter ーltr falter alter

Shelter ーrtr barter

一tr W'ter better>

一位一 (KanKATAYANAGI

chatter batter

Matter scatter

patter(2) patter(l) shatter

clatter flatter

gl1tter twitter

t6tter 自白tter clutier utter

mutter

8t也tter

Tutor

-ndr wander squander bewilder Slander

engender render-

Surrender十 tender

Wonder ponder

hinder

blunder Plunder

-rdr Order

murder

-dr Shudder consider reconsider

Powder

-sr Aノ nswer 1- censor Sponsore

Censure

一tur Lecture Conjecture Feature capture

Venture Picture十 Puncture

T6rture

-dir conJure -..Measure injur endanger

Treasure

-kr ()Ccur lncur

recur

concur Ae白町Eql王uOer flicker nCKor succor

Masscre

-gr l.inger s:tAgger Trigger

Figure disfigure -司fr Transfer decipher

infer

eonfer

differ Offer十 pr6ffer

suffer-

defer prefer

refer

-vr shiver quaver sever cover

quiver rec6ver dfscover

unc6ver

Endeavor Maneuver Favor Flavor

h6ver

ーthr wither

gather further> tether

sm6ther

Weather

-spr pr6sper

-mpr scamper Whisper Temper hamper

Ana lytica 1 Syntax for TeachingEng lish (9) - 53-

taper

-mbr slumber rem~mber

lumber(l) Luntber(2)

Number outnumber

Harbor

一br Labor

一日lr Murmur

glimmer stammer Hammer

demur> clammer Rumor

Honor dish6nor

一lr Color

Blur Slur

-r err

-wr Tower Fl6wer Sh6wer emp6wer

-al Tie

untie

die Dye deny-t-

pr・6phesy Sigh defy

-ify solidify edify c6dify

qualify m6dify deify

magnify amplify nunify

signify dignify exemplify

simplify

unify pers6nify terrify

elatify verify g16rify

purify h61ify electrify

falsify

versify intensify diversify classify

ratify gratify

sanctify identify

notify certify

testify mortify fortify justify

beautify mistify satisfy

dissatiffy

crusify pacify

stupify

vle buyト

Spy occupy pre6ccupy

reply apply

comply Supply十

lie(1)(2)

rely mutiply

ally underlie

Cry try decry

dry

Fry Eye

-ei -stay(2) StaY(l)

say unsay

Decay PαU

repay convey Survey

Bay obey


disobey dismay Play lay display

Delay Relay inlay slay

waylay underlay stray pray array betray Prey spray portray

sway -weigh Convey -01 ! Toy enjoy

annoy employ

destury -1 empty>

Pity

tidy> st匂dy> ready> Remedy Study

C6urtsy Fb〆aEnvcyy -ト

Copy

Mutiny acc6mpany

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sally Rally

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marry

vary

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disagree agree Decree free< Ski 8ee- foresee Qrlel'see f/ee gurantee+

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do卜 outdo undo ensue sue subdue

persue

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chew

argue hew Rescue

Shampoo

mew(1) mew(2)

eontinue discontinue

renew

Review View 〆Interview

Value undervalue

Glue brew strew Rue

woo

saw -:>I thaw gnaw

Claw

Analytical Syntax fOI・TeachingEnglish (9)

-au bOW(l)

ーou

go

Snow

blow(l) Flow

Glow

Bellow

Crow -grow

'hu

draw withdraw

Vow

al10 w

Plough

avow

tow

Veto

Shadow overshadow

sow

sew Showl

Echo

forego forgo

Bow(2) mow

know wlnnow

blow(2)

overflow

slow>

swal10w

mel1ow>

follow hallow

row

borrow

harrow>

outgrow

Throw+ owe十

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2，583

note: accent shift due to nomi泊nalizat“ionnot indicated， e. g. Record.

-non-native approach- - hiroshima...

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