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Ali Foudazi 1 , Iman Mehdipour 2 , Kristen M. Donnell 1 , and Kamal Khayat 2 ! " #" $ #$ % & " $ %

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Page 1: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Ali Foudazi1, Iman Mehdipour2,

Kristen M. Donnell1, and Kamal Khayat2

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14th Int. Symp. on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials (NDCM 2015) - www.ndt.net/app.NDCM2015

Page 2: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� '- & mm-Wave NDT

� Thermography

� Active Microwave Thermography (AMT)

� Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials

� Objective – Evaluation of Fiber Orientation

� Mechanical Strength of SFRC materials

� AMT measurement of SFRC materials

� Concluding Remarks

Page 3: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Page 4: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Thickness of dielectric sheets, coatings, etc.

� Thickness variation/quality control.

� Disbond, delamination, voids & porosity.

� Defect/inhomogeneity in dielectrics.

� Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings.

� Composition of dielectric materials.

� Excess moisture in composites.

� Cure state evaluation and monitoring.

Page 5: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Thick sandwich composite inspection.

� Defect size, properties & image.

� Surface cracks, anomalies & perturbations in metals

and graphite composites.

� Relating microwave properties to physical &

mechanical attributes of materials.

� Conductor & dielectric sheet surface profiling.

� …

� '- & mm-Wave NDT may result in lengthy inspection

times for inspection of SFRC materials.

Page 6: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

������������� Advantages:

� Fast and real time inspection

� Well-established

� Easy to use

� Disadvantages:� Risk of heat damage

� Non-uniform heating

� Localized heating not possible

Page 7: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Object Under Test

Microwave Energy(heat source)

Thermal Camera

Page 8: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Interaction between '-wave and materials

causes heating due to Dielectric Propertiesof materials (lossy materials).

� Describes the ability of a material to store (real part) and absorb (imaginary part) microwave energy.

' ''jε ε ε= −

Page 9: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Heating due to Induced Surface Current distributed on conductive materials irradiated by '-wave energy.

� Example of conductive materials:

� CFRP

� Steel bar (Rebar)

� Steel-Fibers

Page 10: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

"������������� Availability of fast and sensitive commercial IR cameras -

thermography is readily deployable.� Application of microwave energy can be tailored to the

inspection need.� Design the incident signal to heat specific dielectric.

� Localized heating.

� May also reduce risk of heat damage to structure.

� Other electromagnetic factors – frequency, antenna design, polarization, etc.

� Thermography is well established – can capitalize on the legacy of thermography for new applications.� Advanced signal processing techniques already well established

(including for other hybrid thermography methods).

Page 11: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Pieper, D., K.M. Donnell, M.T. Ghasr, and E.C. Kinzel. "Integration of Microwave and Thermographic NDT Methods for Corrosion Detection." 40TH Annual Review of

Progress in Qualitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Incorporating the 10th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing, vol. 1581, no. 1, pp.

1560-1567. AIP Publishing, 2014.

Page 12: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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A. Foudazi., K.M. Donnell, and M.T. Ghasr. "Application of Active Microwave Thermography to Delamination Detection." 2014 Proceedings IEEE International

Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), pp. 1567-1571, 2014.

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Page 13: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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A. Foudazi, M.T. Ghasr, and K.M. Donnell, "Application of Active Microwave Thermography to inspection of carbon fiber reinforced composites," 2014 Proceedings IEEE AutotestCon, pp. 318-322, 2014.

Page 14: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

Uniform Distribution Non-Uniform Distribution

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� Fiber distribution and orientation significantly

affects the mechanical performance of SFRC.

Boulekbache et al.

(2010)

Page 15: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Addition of Steel-fibers:

� Enhances post-cracking response

� Improves energy absorption capacity

� Increases crack resistance

Maccaferri, Inc.

Page 16: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Uniform fiber distribution is desired.

� In practice, non-uniform fiber distribution occurs:

� Introducing voids and entrapment of air

� Causing little or no reinforcement in some regions

� Reduced performanceIncrease Fibers

Page 17: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Destructive

� X-ray tomography

� Electrical resistivity

Ferrara et al. (2012)

Bordelon and Roesler (2014)

Barnett et al. (2010)

Page 18: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Four mortar samples with fiber dosages from

0% to 3%

� Sample dimensions: 200 × 200 × 200 mm3

� Water-to-cement ratio (w/c) = 0.45

� Sand-to-cement ratio (s/c) = 2.5

0%

1%

2%

3%

Steel Fibers shape

Page 19: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� Higher dosage of steel-fibers is not always

better.

Page 20: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Page 21: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

��������-����������.�/0������ 123�4'5

SFRC

sample

Page 22: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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Page 24: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

�������������*������%123�4'5�����/20�4'5&

Mean of

Temperature riseStandard Deviation of

Temperature riseCooling Rate

2.4

GH

z3.0

GH

z

Page 25: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

������������������������ ��������� ���������123�4'5

t = 10 sec t = 20 sect = 30 sec

(End of heating)

t = 60 sec

(30 sec cooling)

Page 26: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

������������������������ ��������� ���������/20�4'5

t = 10 sec t = 20 sect = 30 sec

(End of heating)

t = 60 sec

(30 sec cooling)

Page 27: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

�����������"������123�4'5�����/20�4'5

�����.�/0����

Mean of

Temperature riseStandard Deviation of

Temperature rise

Page 28: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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� AMT is in the exploratory stage of development,

with future areas of application yet to come.

� AMT shows the potential for evaluation of steel-

fiber distribution in SFRC materials.

� AMT can be used for further study of SFRC

materials including depth and size extraction of

fibers.

Page 29: ˘ ˇ ˘ - NDT Database & NDT Journal of Nondestructive ... · Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement-based (SFRC) materials ... Corrosion detection under paint and other coatings. ... AMT

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