naturally occurring liquid found in rock

8/14/2019 Naturally Occurring Liquid Found in Rock

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Naturally occurring liquid found in rock formation

Consist of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of variousmolecular weights and other organic compound

Formed from fossilized remains of dead Plants and Animals byexposure to heat and pressure in earths crust over millions of yearsand preserved there gradually transforming into Oil reservoirs

Vital to the maintenance of Industrialized Civilization

Extracted in the form of CRUDE OIL


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Oil forms from dead organisms inancient seas


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PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

UPSTREAMDOWNSTREA

M

ExplorationExtraction

Refining

Transportation


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Includes the global process of Exploration, Extraction, Refining andTransportation.

Industry is usually divided into three major componentsUpstream Midstream (Included in the downstream category) Downstream

Has been in existence over a period of several centuries. Manyhistorical references which shows wide use of petroleum in China andJapan in ancient times

Over the period of time, the industry has grown drastically. Is theone industry which is closely watched by everyone in world. Itsimportance can be gauged from the fact that many wars in recenttimes are fought over petroleum

Over 90% of worlds transportation system energy requirement isfulfilled by petroleum industry


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The upstream oil sector commonly used to refer to the Searching forand the Recovery of crude oil or natural gas

Also known as the exploration and production(E&P) sector

Sector includes searching for potential Underground or Underwater oiland gas fields

Drilling of exploratory wells that recover and bring crude oil/naturalgas to the surface


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Oil/Natural gas exploration is the search by petroleum geologists for

deposits underneath the earths surface

Geologists interprets surface feature for further in-depth analysis

Visible surface features such as oil seeps, natural gas seeps,pockmarks(underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provides basic

evidence of hydrocarbon generation

Most exploration depends upon highly sophisticated technology

Modern Techniques involve GRAVITY METERS and MAGNETOMETERS tomeasure tiny changes in earths gravitational/magnetic field caused by

flowing oil


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Most common modern technology is the SEISMOLOGY in which shockwaves are created that pass through hidden rock layers and reflectedwaves are interoperated.

Shock waves are created by the following

Compressed-Air gun:- shoots pulses of air under water (forunderwater exploration)

Thumper Truck:- slams heavy plates into ground (for exploration

overland)

Explosives:- drilled into ground(for exploration overland) or thrownoverboard (for overwater exploration) and detonated


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Searching for oil over waterusing seismology


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OIL RESERVES

Measure of probability of Oil existing and being Producible under

current economic situation using available technologyThree types of oil reserves

Proven Reserves:- defined as oil/gas Reasonably Certain andrefers to as P90 i.e. 90% certainty of being produced

Probable Reserves:- defined as oil/gas Reasonably Probableand refer to as P50 i.e. 50% certainty of being produced

Possible Reserves:- Having a chance of being developed andrefer to as P10 i.e. 10% certainty of being produced


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The process by which useable petroleum is extracted and removed

from earths surface

The oil extraction/recovery is of three typesPrimary recovery Secondary recovery Tertiary recovery

PRIMARY RECOVERY Underground pressure is sufficient to force the oil to surface In this stage, recovery comes from natural mechanisms whichincludes: Natural oil displacing oil upward into the well Expansion of natural gas at top of reservoir Expansion of gas initially dissolved in crude oil


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SECONDARY RECOVERY Over the time, well pressure will diminish External energy is supplied to increase well pressure

Pumps (beam or electrical submersible) are used Pressure is also increased by Air injection, Water injection and GasRe-injection

TERTIARY RECOVERY

Reduces oil viscosity to increase production by injecting Steam Mostly done in a Co-generation plant Extra 5% - 15% is recovered
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/The_extraction_of_Oil_using_steam.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/The_extraction_of_Oil_using_steam.jpg


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OIL WELL

Created by drilling/boring hole in earths crust Drilling is done by setting up Oil rig Consists of pipe cemented into the drilled hole Earliest oil well dug in china was about 800 feet deep


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OIL RIG

Two types of oil rigs

Drilling Rig ( for on-land oil drilling) Oil Platform ( for off-shore oil drilling)

Drilling rig

OilPlatform


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CHRISTMAS TREE

Assembly of valves, spool and fittings

Named for crude resemblance to decorated tree Primary function is to control flow In and Out of the well Additional functions include Pressure relief, chemical injection, etc The control System attached to the tree helps controlling via satellite


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The crude oil is processed and refined to useful Petroleum products

(gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc) Refineries are typically large sprawling industry with complex pipingnetwork Oldest and common method of separating crude is by FRACTIONALDISTILLATION Various Components(fractions) are separated at different boiling

temperatures. Major products of refineries are:-

Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) Gasoline (petrol) Naphtha

Kerosene (related jet fuels) Diesel fuel Lubricating oils Fuel oils Paraffin wax Asphalt and Tar

Petroleum coke


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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION


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Pre-heated raw/unprocessed crude oil is fed into the distillationcolumn

The long column is filled with trays or plates operating at differenttemperatures

The vapor enters the bottom of column and rises

As the vapors passes through trays, it cools

When a substance in vapor reaches the height where its boilingpoint is equal to the operating temperature at that position, itCondensate

Tray collects various liquid fractions.

They collected liquid may pass through condenser for furthercooling to be stored

Or it proceed to other areas for further chemical processing


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TRANSPORTATION

PIPELINEOIL TANKER

VEHICULAR

GATHERINGPIPELINE

TRANSPORTPIPELINE

DISTRIBUTION

PIPELINE


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COMPONENTS OF PIPELINE

Composed of several equipments that operates together to moveproducts via different locations. The main elements are:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pipeline-Diagram.jpg


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Initial Injection Station:- Supply or Inlet station, is thebeginning of the system

Compressor/Pump Stations:- Pumps for liquid pipelines andCompressors for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move theproduct through the pipeline. The location of these stations is definedby the topography of the terrain, the type of product beingtransported, or operational conditions of the network.

Partial Delivery Station:- Known also as IntermediateStations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part ofthe product being transported.

Block Valve Station:- These are the first line of protection forpipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of

the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valvestations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), dependingon the type of pipeline

Regulator Station:- This is a special type of valve station, wherethe operator can release some of the pressure from the line.

Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumps


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OPERATION

Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usuallyknown as The Main Control Room

Field measurement is consolidated in one central database

RTUs are installed at every station along pipeline, which iscontrolled by Main Control Room

The advance technology provides functionality such as leak

detection, leak location, batch tracking (liquid lines), pig tracking,com osition trackin , etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pipeline-Scada.jpg


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VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designedfor the bulk transport ofoil.

There are two basic types: crude tanker and the product tanker

Crude tankersmove large quantities of unrefined crude oil from itspoint of extraction to refineries

Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to movepetrochemicals from refineries to points near consuming markets.

Are classified according to their weight. Ranging from few thousandmetric tons of dead weight (DWT) to mammoth supertanker of

550,000 DWT

Tankers move approximately 2 billion metric tons of oil every year

Second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship


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naturally occurring liquid found in rock

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