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In the spirit of the saying “Sacred Cows Make the Best Burgers”, I’ve puttogether my favorite boneheaded notions from the world of diet andnutrition. These notions help conspire to keep us sick, fat, tired anddepressed. All of them are directly related to the kind of dietary advice we’vebeen getting (or, quite possibly, been giving).

Once you understand how wrongheaded they are you’ll also understand thatmuch of the dietary advice Americans are getting is built on a foundationthat’s about as sturdy as quicksand.

Myth #1: You Must Count Calories to Lose Weight

Back in the 1800’s there was a very fat man named William Banting who was sorotund he couldn’t tie his own shoelaces. At 5’5” and 202 pounds (!) he was so fat hehad to walk downstairs backwards. In August of 1862 Banting took himself to see adoctor named William Harvey who took a look at Banting’s diet-- which was heavilyladen with bread, sugar, pastries and beer-- and put him on a diet of meat.

Instead of starting the day with sugared tea and toast, Banting now started the daywith 5 or 6 ounces of beef, mutton, kidneys, bacon or broiled fish. He stoppedeating potatoes and pastry. He still consumed some carbs, but only a fraction of theamount he had been consuming previously.

The calorie as a unit of measurement hadn’t been invented yet, but we know nowthat on the meat-centered diet Banting was consuming close to 2,800 calories,which is a lot-- especially for a man who stands under 5 ½ feet tall!

He lost over 50 pounds in 6 months.

Postscript: He kept the weight off and lived comfortably till the age of 81.Fast forward to 2002, when an overweight pediatrician named Stephen Sondikefinally decided to do something about his weight. Bucking conventional medicalwisdom and risking the disapproval of his conservative colleagues, Sondike tried ahigh-protein, high-fat, low-carb diet much like the one Banting tried 150 yearsearlier.

The weight melted off.

Sondike ran every possible blood test on himself and found—quite contrary to theexpectations of his colleagues—that everything had improved.

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Encouraged, he decided to design a study to test scientifically what he had ob-served in his own life. He took a group of overweight adolescent boys and assignedthem to one of two dietary conditions. Group one was put on the traditional low-fatdiet. Group two went on a low-carb diet much like the one that worked forSondike.(1)

Here’s what happened …

After 12 weeks, the group eating the conventional, low-fat diet had lost an averageof 8.5 pounds. However, the group eating the low-carb diet lost 19 pounds!

Moreover, the low-fat group had consumed an average of 1,100 calories day whilethe low-carb group had consumed … are you sitting down? … 1,803!

No responsible nutritionist would ever say that “calories don’t count”, and I’mcertainly not saying any such thing. But it might be time to consider that caloriesaren’t the whole story—food has a hormonal effect in he body, a fact we ignore atour own peril.

It’s time for the calorie-is-all theory to be, if not retired, modified. Calories count,but they’re not the whole picture. And if people are eating the “right” number ofcalories for weight loss but those calories are composed primarily of foods thatdrive insulin--- your fat storing hormone--- to the ceiling, while at the same timemaking leptin--- the hormone that tells your brain you’re full--- less effective, wellthen guess what? It’s going to be devilishly difficult to lose weight even if you’reeating the “right” number of calories!

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Myth #2: Exercise is the Best Way to Lose WeightUnless you’ve been away visiting another planet for the last decade, you’veundoubtedly heard that the reason we’re all so fat is that we don’t exercise enough.You’ve also heard that the magic ticket to weight loss is through exercise.

Well, I’ve got news for you.

Exercise is a pretty ineffective way to lose weight.

Now I realize that’s an incredible statement to make, but I’m hardly the only onemaking it. A few years ago, New York magazine published a controversial butbrilliantly researched article by Gary Taubes, entitled “The Scientist and the Stairmaster ”,(2) the subheading of which was “Why most of us believe that exercisemakes us thinner— and why we’re wrong”.

Taubes, one of the best science reporters of our time, digs deeply into the researchinvestigating the effect of exercise on weight loss and comes to the conclusion thatit’s pretty weak. “Despite half a century of efforts to prove otherwise, scientists stillcan’t say that exercise will help keep off the pounds”, he writes.

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A few years after the Taubes article, Time magazine did a cover story thatcreated quite a stir when it was published but then seemed to be forgottenjust as quickly. The title? “Why Exercise Won’t Make You Thin”. (3)

The gist of the argument made by both Taubes and Time magazine is twofold.

First, most exercise doesn’t burn all that many calories, certainly nowherenear the number of calories those machines in the gym tell you you’reburning. For example, a half hour of low-impact aerobics burns all of 206calories. Walking at a brisk pace for a full hour burns 351 calories. Comparethat to the number of calories you can consume in about four minutesscarfing down a Starbucks Mocha Latte with soy milk (360) or a Big Mac(560), or even an Egg McMuffin (330).

Second, exercise makes you hungry. “Vigorous muscle exercise usuallyresults in immediate demand for a large meal” noted Hugo Rony ofNorthwestern University in his 1940 textbook, Obesity and Leanness.(Interestingly, up until about the 1950’s, the prevailing opinion was thatexercise played little role at all in weight control.)

If we eat more on days that we exercise—which we generally do—that extrafood can easily make up for whatever meager number of calories we burnedat the gym and then some, explaining why in some studies, exercise wasactually associated with a little bit of weight gain! “Burn more calories andthe odds are very good that we’ll consume more as well”, writes Taubes.

The point is when it comes to losing weight, diet trumps exercise every time.There’s more than a little truth in the old maxim—a favorite of personaltrainers—“You can’t out train a bad diet.”

Now does this mean you shouldn’t exercise? Hardly. There are a zillionreasons to exercise, starting with heart health and extending to a reductionin the risk for diabetes, depression and even cancer. Exercise can make youstrong and it can make you feel good. According to recent research byArthur Kramer at the University of Michigan, it can even stimulate thegrowth of new brain cells!

But if you’re looking to those 20 minutes 3 times a week on the treadmill tohelp shed pounds, forget about it. It’s not going to happen.

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Myth #3: Eating Fat Makes You Fat

On the face of it, this concept seems logical. It’s almost in our nature to believe thatwe take on the qualities of the things we eat—much as the ancients thought thateating the heart of a lion made them braver and stronger. The 21st century versionof this is “eat fat, get fat”.

The problem is it’s a complete lie. Having trouble believing me? Consider this …

Walter Willet, MD, PhD is the head of Nutrition at the Harvard School of PublicHealth, and the lead author on two of the longest running epidemiological studiesof diet and health outcomes ever undertaken: the Nurse’s Health Study and theHealth Professionals Follow-Up Study. Together, those two studies have examinedthe dietary habits of well over 100,000 people over the course of 30 years.

This is what Willet told Harvard Health News in an interview in 2000:

“The relationship of fat intake to health is one of the areas that we have examined indetail over the last 20 years in our two large cohort studies: the Nurses Health Study andthe Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We have found virtually no relationshipbetween the percentage of calories from fat and any important health outcome.”[Emphasis mine.]

Now I want to make sure you get that loud and clear, so let me spell it out for you.Percentage of fat in the diet is related to … exactly nothing. Not the risk for diabetes,not the risk for cancer, not the risk for heart disease and not even the risk for obesity!

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This may seem amazing to you, but when you understand more about thehormonal effect of food it all makes perfect sense. What’s important to know is thatfat has zero effect on your fat storing hormones and enzymes. Zero. So if you’retrying to turn on your body’s “fat burning switch”, dietary fat is far from being yourenemy—in fact, it just might be your best friend.

Much, if not all, of the conventional bad rap on saturated fat comes from the factthat it often raises cholesterol. But, as you’ll learn in this program, dietarycholesterol is turning out to be a pretty poor predictor of heart disease. (More onthat in myth number 7.)

We now know that the olddistinction between “good”cholesterol (HDL) and “bad”cholesterol (LDL) is completely out of date. There are at leastfive different “subtypes” of LDLcholesterol, and not all of thembehave the same way. The “bigfluffy molecule” LDL (sometimescalled LDL-a) is pretty harmless.The “small dense molecule” LDL(sometimes called LDL-b) is morelikely to contribute to heartdisease.

Why does this matter?

Glad you asked

Saturated fat often does raise overall cholesterol in the body. But here’s the thing…while saturated fat may indeed raise total cholesterol, it doesn’t raise LDL and HDLequally. Saturated fat raises HDL (“good”) cholesterol even more than it does LDL,resulting in an overall improved lipid ratio. Not only that, saturated fat tends toraise the amount of harmless LDL (big, fluffy particles) and lower the amount of dangerous LDL (small, dense particles). So while your overall cholesterol might goup a bit when you eat saturated fat, who cares? Your overall risk for heart diseaseactually goes down!

How many doctors do you think know about that?

Not too many.

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There’s now a “particle” test for LDL cholesterol that allows your doctor to see howmuch “bad” LDL is really bad (LDL-b) and how much is harmless (LDL-a). A particletest gives you a much better indicator of what’s going on than just a plain oldout-of-date cholesterol panel.

Michael Eades, MD—a doc who has been fighting the good fight against themedical establishment’s view of cholesterol and saturated fat for as long as I canremember—points out quite a few other reasons that we have nothing to fear fromsaturated fat, despite what the “diet dictocrats” have been preaching for decades.

1. Saturated fat reduces a substance called called lipoprotein (a)—pronounced “lipoprotein little a” and abbreviated Lp(a)—that correlates strongly with risk for heart disease. Currently there are no medications to lower this substance and the only dietary means of lowering Lp(a) is eating saturated fat. Bet you didn’t hear that on the nightly news.

2. Saturated fat is required for calcium to be incorporated into the bones! “Is it any wonder that the vast majority of women told to avoid saturated fat and to selectively use vegetable oils instead would begin to lose bone mass, develop osteoporosis, and get put on expensive prescription medications plus calcium to try to recover the loss in middle age?”, asks Eades.

3. Saturated fat has been shown to protect the liver from the toxic insults of alcohol and medications, including acetaminophen and other drugs commonly used for pain and arthritis. It even reverses the damageonce it has occurred. “Since the liver is the lynchpin of a healthy metabolism, anything that is good for the liver is good for getting rid of fat in the middle,” says Eades.

4. Saturated fats found in butter and coconut oil (myristic acid and lauric acid) play key roles in immune health. “Loss of sufficient saturated fatty acids in the white blood cells hampers their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi,” writes Dr. Eades.

So if eating fat doesn’t make you fat, if saturated fat was never so terrible in the firstplace, and if we actually require it for many important biological functions, why theheck are we avoiding it?

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Myth #4: The Key to Losing Weight is Having Tremendous Willpower

Oh really? Well let me channel Dr. Phil: “And how’s that working for you?”

Sure, if you’re made of steel and don’t mind clinging from a ledge by your fingertipsyou can probably use willpower to navigate the endless temptations of addictivefood that’s put before us every day, but is that really what you want to spend yourtime doing even if you could?

How long does willpower really last when you’re stressed, tired, hungry, angry orfrustrated?

You all know the answer ...

Wouldn’t it be better to have an eating plan that didn’t require you to have so muchwillpower in the first place?

The truth is that it’s not easy to turn down the foods that make us fat, sick and tired.(Doubt me? Read former FDA commissioner David Kessler’s highly recommendedbook, “The End of Overeating”.) These foods have been as brilliantly engineered ascigarettes-- and they are equally difficult to refuse once you’re hooked. Rememberthe brilliant marketing slogan, “Betcha can’t eat just one”?

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A certain amount of determination and, yes, willpower, certainly can help you injust about anything. But one of the reasons people need so much willpower on alow-fat, low-calorie diet is that they’re hungry all the time.

Not only that, the low-fat diet is by definition high in carbs, and carbs are preciselythe food group that causes the greatest swings in blood sugar and are most respon-sible for weight gain. (Not all carbs mind you—but the majority of the ones we eat,unless you’re one of the few folks who limits carbs to vegetables and fruits.)

When blood sugar goes up high and fast, it’s inevitable that it drops down low andhard. That’s when cravings hit. You feel lightheaded, foggy, and anxious and atthose times would probably sell your soul for a nice sweet jelly donut.

The eating plans in Dr. Masley’s and my book Smart Fat: Eat More Fat, Lose MoreWeight, Get Healthy Now!, in our Smart Fat online program, and in another popularprogram of mine-- The Metabolic Factor Program--- are all high in healthy fat and willkeep you full and satisfied. High fat programs like these keep cravings at bayprecisely because fat is so effective at controlling and preventing the blood sugarswings that create cravings in the first place!

Lowering carbs in the diet will smooth out blood sugar swings and make cravingsmuch less likely to happen and much less severe when they do. All of a sudden,willpower doesn’t seem quite so important because it’s not so desperately neededall the time.

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Myth #5: The Government Guidelines for Eating Are Worth Following

Let’s not mince words: The USDA Food Pyramid was one of the most boneheadedthings the US government ever came up with. And it’s successor—“My Plate”, is onlymarginally better. Both are triumphs of politics and special interests over science,and as dietary prescriptions for health, generally useless.1

1 Recently the USDA replaced the Pyramid with the (slightly) better “Food Plate” but the mandate to

include grains and dairy in your daily diet and to avoid saturated fat at all costs remains the same.

The politics of designing the Food Pyramid (and nutritional policy in general) hasbeen detailed thoroughly elsewhere, notably in Marion Nestle’s book, Food Politics.Even though the USDA revises their dietary guidelines every five years, they only getslightly less horrible. And there’s a very good reason for this.

The USDA has a double mandate. On the one hand, it is supposed to promotegood science-based information about healthy eating. But on the other hand, itsmandate is to protect the economic interests of American food producers, and toexpand the market for their products.

If this kind of intellectual “double dipping” occurred in business, it would be called“moral hazard”. The government can’t give us objective information about healthwhen it’s charged with selling the very same foods that make us fat, sick, tired anddepressed!

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Our farm bill basically subsidizes five crops—corn, wheat, sugar, cotton andsoy—four of which make up a large portion of our junk food diet. Do you reallythink you’re going to ever see a USDA Food Pyramid telling you to eat less of thosethings?

If you do, I’ve got a nice bridge to sell you, right in the middle of Brooklyn. (It’s verypretty. Really. It is.)

You’re told that the foods at the base of the pyramid—the grains and starches (likecereal, potatoes, pasta and rice)-- should constitute the lion’s share of your calories.But these are precisely the foods that turn your body into a fat making machine andturn off your “fat burning switch”. The same foods that are at the foundation of thefood pyramid are exactly what farmers use to fatten up cattle and pigs: grains.

Meanwhile, foods that have negligible effect on your fat storing hormones—thosethat keep you full, satiated and skinny—are exactly the ones we’re told to avoid!

What’s wrong with this picture?

Everything.

In fact, the quickest way to fix the current food pyramid is to turn it completelyupside down! Eat primarily from the Jonny Bowden Four Food Groups: Food youcould hunt, fish, gather or pluck. Grains and dairy optional, and only if you cantolerate them. (You don’t need either one.)

And stop worrying so much about fat!

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Myth #6: You Need Carbs for Energy

Actually, you don’t need carbs for energy. You don’t even need them to stay alive.It may surprise you to know that the number of grams of required dietarycarbohydrate for the human body is … zero.

I know this uncomfortable fact may come as a shock to most conventional healthpractitioners. Sorry. I didn’t make it up, though. Here’s what the esteemed Instituteof Medicine of the National Academies has to say about this in their referencemanual, Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty acids,Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids.(4) In case you don’t want to bother looking itup, here’s what it says on page 275:

“The lower limit of dietary carbohydrate compatible with life apparently is zero, providedthat adequate amounts of protein and fat are consumed”. The Institute goes on to say:“There are traditional populations that ingested a high fat, high protein diet containingonly a minimal amount of carbohydrate for extended periods of time (Masai), and insome cases for a lifetime after infancy (Alaska and Greenland Natives, Inuits andPampas indigenous people). There was no effect on health or longevity. Caucasianseating an essentially carbohydrate-free diet resembling that of Greenland natives, for ayear tolerated the diet quite well (DuBois, 1928)”.

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Look up “essential protein” and you’ll get a list of the 20 or so essential amino acidsthat you absolutely must get from your diet or your body will break down. Look up“essential fat” and you’ll find the two fatty acids that you absolutely must get fromthe diet or your body won’t function. Now look up “essential carbohydrates.”

Go on, look it up. Google it or check Wikipedia. I’ll wait.

Shocking, right? There is no such thing as an essential carbohydrate.

When I lecture around the country, I often make the following statement to theaudience: “If I divided this group in half and gave the group on my left absolutelynothing to eat but protein and fat for a year, and I gave the group on my rightnothing to eat but carbohydrates, in one year’s time, the group on my left would bejust fine but the group on my right would all be dead.”

Your muscles, bones, and cells are all made of protein and fat. You need thesesubstances. And for energy you need glucose.

But glucose does not always have to come from carbohydrates.

Confused? Let me explain.

What I’m about to tell you is something most doctors don’t understand, so whenyou “get it,” you’ll know a lot more than the average MD when it comes to basiccarbohydrate metabolism.

Your brain requires about 120-130 grams of glucose a day to operate. But it’s anutter myth that you need to get that glucose from dietary carbohydrates, eventhough most people think you do. The body makes glucose perfectly well from fat(using the glycerol backbone of a fatty acid). and from certain amino acids.

How does your body perform the feat of making glucose from fat? Simple.Remember that 95% of the fat in your body, in your bloodstream, and in your dietis in the form of something called triglycerides. A triglyceride is three (tri-) fatty acidsbound to a glycerol backbone. That glycerol backbone is easily converted intoglucose by the liver. Boom.

So even on a diet of zero carbs—which no one is advocating— your body wouldproduce more than enough glucose to meet the brain’s needs.

It’s also a total myth that glucose is the only fuel the brain can use. It does perfectlywell—by some accounts even better—running on ketones, which are produced bythe body on very very low carbohydrate diets (like the first stage of Atkins).

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You may have heard that ketones (and the ultra-low carb diets that produce them)are dangerous. Poppycock. Drs. Donald and Judith Voet, authors of a popularmedical biochemistry textbook, say that ketones “serve as important metabolic fuelsfor many peripheral tissues, particularly heart and skeletal muscle.” (5) And a recentpaper coauthored by a number of distinguished researchers including one fromHarvard Medical School, stated that ketones provide an efficient source of energy forthe brain and that mild ketosis—the kind you achieve on a very low-carb diet—couldactually have a wide range of benefits for conditions ranging from Alzheimer’s toParkinson’s. (6)

For weight loss purposes, most of you will not have to reduce carbs enough toproduce the state known as ketosis, but you should rest assured that if you do,there is absolutely no danger to your health or well-being. Quite the contrary-there may even be some benefits.

Facts like these do make you wonder about why every major mainstreamorganization promotes diets that are about 60% composed of the one type of foodfor which we have no physiological need.

Despite all of the evidence and the basic nutritional truth about carbs, understandthat I’m not advocating a carbohydrate-free diet. Even though you don’t needcarbohydrates to survive, there are terrific, health promoting substances found infruits, vegetables, beans and legumes, and there’s no reason to live without them.Just eat the kind of carbohydrates that allow you to keep losing fat instead of storingit (such as the plentiful carbohydrates found in the Smart Fat programs).

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Myth #7: Cholesterol Causes Heart DiseaseThis might seem like a strange “myth” to include in a list of myths that make us fatand sick, but hear me out and you’ll see why I included it.

There is only one reason we avoid saturated fat like the plague: Saturated fat raisescholesterol.

But what if that wasn’t the whole story?

What if it turned out that saturated fat actually has a beneficial effect on cholesterol?

And- get ready for a double whammy here- what if it turns out that cholesterol isn’tall that important as we thought anyway?

I know, you’re thinking this is madness. Everyone “knows” that saturated fat is bad,that it raises cholesterol and that high cholesterol is a major factor in heart disease.Right?

Well, umm, not exactly.

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Let’s review what we touched on above, in myth number three (“Eating fat makesyou fat”). We’ve known since the 80’s that LDL- the so-called (and badly named)“bad” cholesterol- is not a single molecule. There are at least five different types (orparticles) of LDL, but two of them are the most important: LDLa and LDLb. And theybehave very, very differently in the body. There is a test readily available right nowcalled a “particle test” that can tell you how much of your LDL is the real bad kind(LDLb) and how much is the pretty harmless kind (LDLa). You can ask for it. Yourdoctor may tell you it’s not needed. Change doctors. It is.

LDLa is a big fluffy molecule that looks like a ball of cotton and is just about asdangerous as the cotton ball it resembles. LDLb, on the other hand, is a hard, smallmolecule that looks like a BB gun pellet and is very athrogenic.

Saturated fat indeed does (usually) raise overall cholesterol. But it raises LDLa(harmless) and lowers LDLb (dangerous). In addition, saturated fat raises HDL(“good”) cholesterol. So although your overall cholesterol number may go up, acloser look at the particle distribution shows that your overall lipid profile hasactually improved. You have higher LDLa, lower LDLb and higher HDL.

In view of decades of conditioningabout how important cholesterol is,it’s easy to understand why youmight be overly worried about yourcholesterol numbers, but pleaseconsider this: Fully half of the peo-ple with heart disease have per-fectly “normal” cholesterol levelsand half the people who havewhat’s considered “elevated” cholesterol levels have perfectlynormal hearts.

So how does the myth that high cholesterol causes heart disease keep us fat and sick?

Because it is the major (actually the only) justification for avoiding all saturated fatin the diet!

Saturated fat is- like all fats- filling and satiating. And, like all fats, saturated fat hasvirtually zero effect on the fat storing hormone, insulin. Three major meta-analysessince 2010 have absolved saturated fat from any causal role in heart disease. Fromthe Smart Fat point of view, most saturated fat is neutral (meaning it wont hurt you)and some saturated fat (such as the saturated fat in coconut oil and the saturatedfat in Malaysian red palm oil) is actually beneficial. So avoiding it at all costs—theway we’ve done out of fear of cholesterol--- makes no sense whatsoever.

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It means we wind up avoiding perfectly healthy foods that could help smoothblood sugar fluctuations, keep insulin levels in a healthy zone (instead of constantlyelevated) and conribute to a feeling of satiety and fullness that can help keepcravings at bay.

So we’ve replaced healthy saturated fats from whole, natural foods like eggs andcoconut, with highly refined vegetable oils which damage much more easily inheating and are highly pro-inflammatory to boot.

This wholesale swap-out (of inferior, refined vegetable oils) for perfectly finesaturated fats has also contributed to the documented imbalance between ouromega-6 intake and our omega-3intake. Research going back toBoyd Eaton’s seminal paper inthe New England Journal ofMedicine (7) suggests that theideal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3in the human diet is somewherebetween 4:1 and 1:1. Currentresearch shows we are getting aminimum of 16:1 in favor of omega-6 (8), and possibly evenhigher (as much as 25:1).

This has huge consequences for human health, and is largely traceable to thecomplete demonization of saturated fat and its replacement with the supposedly“healthier” omega-6 loaded vegetable oils.

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So there you have it. My candidates for seven of the dumbest notions in nutrition,all past their expiration dates, all refusing to die their much-deserved death.

If you’d like more detailed information on cholesterol—how the myth got startedand why it persists to this day, please check out my best-selling book (co-writtenwith noted cardiologist Stephen Sinatra, MD), The Great Cholesterol Myth: WhyLowering Cholesterol Doesn’t Prevent Heart Disease and the Statin-Free Plan that Will.

And for more information on Smart Fat and our 30 day program to slim down,increase energy and reclaim your health, please check out the Smart Fat OnlineProgram, at www.smartfat.com.

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REFERENCES

1. Sondike study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/126403712. The Scientist and the Stairmaster: http://nymag.com/news/sports/38001/3. Why Exercise Won’t Make You Thin:

http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1914857,00.html4. Dietary Reference Intakes:

http://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/15. Donald Voet and Judith Voet, “Biochemistry” (New York: John Wiley and Sons,

1998)6. Richard L. Veech, et al., “Ketone Bodies: Potential Therapeutic Uses”, IUBMB Life

51 (2001): 241-2477. Eaton, S. Boyd; & Konner, Melvin (1985). "Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of

its nature and current implications". The New England Journal of Medicine 312 (5): 283–89.

8. F. de Meester and A. P. Simopoulos, eds., “A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease,” World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 100 (2009): 1-21

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