Monomers of proteins. Link together via condensation reactions to

form polypeptides. Happens on ribosomes. We have 20 different amino acids.

Amino Acids

Special name for the bonds between two amino acids.

Happens between the N of one a.a. and the CO of another.

Peptide Bonds

1 polypeptide can be as short as 20 amino acids or as long as 10,000.

Amino acids can create infinite combinations.

Proteins can be made of one polypeptide, or multiple polypeptides.

Polypeptide Diversity

Contain the genetic directions to make proteins.

Most genes code for protein. It takes 3 bases, a codon, to code for one

amino acid.

Genes

The sequence of bases determines the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.

The sequence of bases is called an open reading frame.

The sequence of amino acids determines the conformation, or 3-D structure, of a protein.

The same protein is always made the same way.

Heating up a protein or placing it in pH extremes can cause a protein to denature.

Protein Conformations

Proteins have a vast array of functions in living things.

1. Catalysis- Speed up chemical reactions.2. Muscle Contractions3. Cytoskeletons- Help form cell structure.4. Tensile strengthening- Help give strength

to skin, tendons, and ligaments.5. Blood Clotting- Turn blood from liquid to a

gel.

Protein Functions

6. Transport Gases- Hemoglobin helps transport O2 and CO2 throughout blood.

7. Cell Adhesion- Membrane proteins cause adjacent animal cells to stick together.

8. Membrane Transport- Used in facilitated diffusion, active transport, and electron transport chain.

9. Hormones

10) Receptors- Binding site for hormones.11) Packing DNA- Histone proteins help pack

DNA tightly.12) Immunity- Proteins help form anitbodies.

All the proteins made by a cell. Can differ between cells. Outside of identical twins, no one’s

proteomes are the same.

Proteome