matured and ripened ovaries. holds and protects the seeds until they mature. helps in the...
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Matured and ripened ovaries.
Holds and protects the seeds until they mature.
Helps in the dissemination or dispersal of the seeds.
Does not only apply to those that have edible portions, but also to those which are commonly referred to as vegetable.
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Part of a Fruit
ExocarpOutermost layer of the fruit wall
MesocarpMiddle layer
EndocarpInnermost layer
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Classification of Fruits
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As to the composition or number of flowers involved in their formation
1. Simple Fruits develops from one ovary
2. Aggregate Fruit develops from several ovaries of a single flower
3. Collective or Multiple Fruit derived from several ovaries
of several flowers or from the ovaries of a compact inflorescence.
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As to structure, consistency & dehiscence (includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit)
1. Fleshy when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy) or succulent
2. Dry when the pericarp is dry or papery upon maturity
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Dichotomous Key
1 Simple Fruits
2 Fleshy Fruits
3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary
4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds .….. berry
5 Leathery rind …………………………………… hespiridium
5 Hard rind ………………………………………..pepo
6 Outer part of ovary fleshy, inner part stony
usually enclosing one seed ………………………. drupe
6 Mesocarp fleshy ………………………………. fleshy drupe
6 Mesocarp fibrous ………………………………fibrous drupe
3 Fleshy part derived mainly from the torus …………..pome
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Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing several seeds. Has thick leathery skin containing oil.
Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Hespiridium
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata)Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa)
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peel/exocarp
albedo/mesocarp
carpels sections with fluid-filled sacs called vesicles
endocarp
seed
flavedo/epicarp
Hespiridium Anatomy
septum
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Simple-Fleshy-Berry-PepoDerived from a fleshy ovary enclosing many seeds.
Pepo has hard, thick rind.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Water melon (Citrullus lanatus)
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Pepo Anatomy
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Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fleshy
Peach (Prunus persica) Mango (Mangifera Indica)
Fleshy mesocarp and ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit).
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Fleshy Drupe Anatomy
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endocarp
seed
seed
endocarp
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Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fibrous
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)
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Fibrous Drupe Anatomy
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Simple-Fleshy-PomeFleshy part derived mainly from torus. Ovary
surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.
Apple (Malus domestica) Pears (Pyrus sp.)
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Pome Anatomy
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2 Dry Fruits
7 Dehiscent
8 Fruit derived from one carpel
9 Splitting along 1 seam (1 suture) .……..……… follicle
9 Splitting along 2 seams (2 sutures) ...…..…….. legume/pod
8 Fruit derived from 2 or more carpel
10 Carpels 2, persistent partition wall
after splitting …..………………………………… silique
10 Carpels 2 or more, splitting in one
of four different ways …………………………… capsule
11 Splitting along the locule ……….…………..loculicidal
11 Splitting along the septa ……………………septicidal
11 Splitting along the terminal pore ………….. poricidal
11 Splitting along a circular horizontal line ….. circumscissile
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Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Follicle
Kalachuchi (Plumeria rubra) Star anise (Illicium verum)
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along one seam
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Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Legume/Pod
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)Chicharo (Pisum sativum)
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along two seam
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Narrowleaf bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Bluepod Rockcress (Boechera glaucovalvula)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-SiliqueDry fruit derived from two or more carpel with
persistent partition wall after splitting
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Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Calico Flower (Aristolochia littoralis) Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)
Loculicidal (Splitting along the locule)
Septicidal(Splitting along the septum)
Derived from two or more carpel splitting in one or four ways
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Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Twinberry (Menodora scabra)Opium (Papaver somniferum)
Circumscissile(Splitting along a circular horizontal line)
Poricidal(Splitting along the terminal pore)
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7 Indehiscent Fruits
12 Seed inseparable from the fruit wall …………………… grain/caryopsis
12 Seed separable from the fruit wall
13 Fruit with wings ……………………………………….. samara/key
13 Fruit without wings
14 Fruit wall very hard, one seeded ….……………. nut
14 Fruit wall thin, one seed attached
to ovary wall at one point ………………………… achene
12 Seeds not coming out of fruit although united
carpels split apart at maturity .……………………………
schizocarp
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Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Grain/Caryopsis
Rice (Oriza sativa) Corn (Zea mays)
Seed inseparable from the fruit wall.
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Rice Grain Anatomy
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Corn Kernel Anatomy
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Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Samara/Key
Mahogany (Shorea negrosensis) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
Seed separable from the fruit wall. Fruit with wings
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Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Nut
Pili nut (Canarium ovatum)
Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale)
Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit wall. Has only one seed.
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Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Achene
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall. One seed attached to ovary wall at one point.
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Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-SchizocarpSeed not coming out of fruit although united
carpels split apart at maturity
Little mallow (Malva parviflora) Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)
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1 Compound Fruits
15 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed
on a common receptacle .……………………………….... aggregate
15 Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers
of compact inflorescence …………………………………. collective/multiple
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Compound-Aggregate
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
Many ovaries derived from a single flower
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Compound-Multiple/CollectiveFrom several ovaries of several flowers of a
compact inflorescence
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
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Seed Dispersal
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insects — insects much less important for dispersal than pollination, but ants often involved in dispersal
birds, mammals, reptiles, and even fish — much more important for dispersal than pollination
wind — important in both pollination and dispersal
water — minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater in dispersal
self dispersal — just like some plants carry out self pollination, some plants have mechanisms for self dispersal.
Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic forces such as wind, to accomplish both of these.
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Avoid competition with parent and siblings
Colonize new habitats
Avoid pathogens and predators
Minimize inbreeding
Why is dispersal important?
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Wind — prairie/grasslands, mountains, forest trees, weedy areas
External attachment to animals — forest plants relatively low to ground
Ingestion by animals — forest plants
Water — plants that grow in wetlands and along streams
Ballistic — various; some parasitic plants, some forest plants, some weedy plants
Methods of dispersal are often tied to certain habitats