‘ infertility
DESCRIPTION
‘ INFERTILITY. Definitions. Fecundity= Physiological capacity to conceive Infecundity(sterility) = Inability of a woman to conceive - Primary sterility = Never able to conceive - Secondary sterility = Inability to conceive, having conceived in the past. INFERTILITY :Definitions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DR KS KUPOLATI MB,BS (IB.); (F.MAS) OB-GYN India PGDip. IVF/ICSI/IUI/ANDROLOGY (UP-IND) Cert. in Advanced Clinical Sonography (Nig. & India) Cert. in Upper & Lower GI Endoscopy (New Delhi) Fellow, Institute of Industrial Administration of Nig. FIIA Life Member, European Society for Human Reproduction & Embryology (ESHRE) Life Member, European Association for Endoscopic surgery (E.A.E.S) Life Member, World Association of Laparoscopic Surgeons. Infertility Specialist & Laparoscopic Surgeon Director, Iye IVF unit.
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INFERTILITY
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Definitions
Fecundity= PHYSIOLOGICAL CAPACITY TO CONCEIVE
Infecundity(sterility) = INABILITY OF A WOMAN TO CONCEIVE-Primary sterility = NEVER ABLE TO CONCEIVE-Secondary sterility= INABILITY TO CONCEIVE, HAVING CONCEIVED IN THE PAST
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INFERTILITY :Definitions
Infertility: FAILURE TO ACHIEVE CONCEPTION OVER A 12-MONTH PERIOD OF UNPROTECTED INTERCOURSEPrimary infertility: NEVER HAVING HAD A LIVE BIRTHSecondary infertility: FAILURE TO ACHIEVE A LIVE BIRTH AFTER HAVING HAD A LIVE BIRTH PREVIOUSLY
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TYPES OF INFERTILITY
PRIMARY INFERTILITY SECONDARY
INFERTILITY
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Male Reproductive System
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Normal Female Reproductive System
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EFFECT ON OUR EMOTIONS
SADNESS
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Number of infertile couples globally - >100 million. Associated with : - Female factor - 40% - Male factor-30-40% - Common to both partners 15-20% . - Unexplained 5-10%
Infertility: facts
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INFERTILITY: HEALTH IMPORTANCE
AFFECTS WOMEN STATUS: THE SOCIAL STIGMA OF INFERTILITY WEIGHS ESPECIALLY HEAVILY ON WOMEN, AND MANY WOMEN FACE DIVORCE AS A RESULT
BURDEN ON LIMITED HEALTH CARE RESOURCES AS INFERTILE COUPLES REPEATEDLY SEEK HELP OUTSIDE NORMAL HEALTH FACILITIES
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Cultural Interpretation of InfertilityPUNISHMENT BY GODS OR THE ANCESTORS
PUNISHMENT FOR ADULTERY
CONCEPTIONS TAKE PLACE ALMOST AUTOMATICALLY AS SOULS SEEK REINCARNATION
WITCHCRAFT/WICKEDNESS BY EVIL MEN
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CAUSES OF INFERTILITYVAGINAL CERVICAL UTERINEPELVICOVARIANOTHER CAUSES UNEXPLAINED
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Coital difficulty a) VAGINISMUSb) VAGINAL
OBSTRUCTIONc) IMPERFORATE HYMENd) ABSENCE OF THE
VAGINAe) VAGINAL SEPTUMf) GYNETRESIAg) POOR ERECTIONh) IMPOTENCEi) PREMATURE
EJACULATION
VAGINAL CAUSES:
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CERVICAL INFERTILITY: IT INVOLVES INABILITY OF THE
SPERM TO PASS THROUGH THE MOUTH OF THE UTERUS DUE TO DAMAGE OF THE CERVIX.
CAUSES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
A) INADEQUATE OR INHOSPITABLE CERVICAL MUCOUS
B) CERVICAL NARROWING OR "STENOSIS"
C) INFECTIONS OF THE CERVIX WITH COMMON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (CHLAMYDIA, GONORRHOEA, OR TRICHOMONAS, AS WELL AS MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS AND UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM)
D)IMMUNE ATTACK OF SPERM OR "SPERM ALLERGY" (ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES)
CERVICAL CAUSES:
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ANATOMIC
PROBLEMS (POLYPS, UTERINE FIBROIDS, ABNORMAL SHAPE OF THE UTERUS, SEPTUM OR "DIVIDING WALL" WITHIN THE UTERUS)
THIN OR ABNORMAL UTERINE LINING
ASHERMAN’S SYNDROME
UTERINE CAUSES:
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MULTIPLE FIBROIDS
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PELVIC CAUSES: INCLUDE ANY DISRUPTION OF THE NORMAL PELVIC ANATOMY:
SCAR TISSUE OR "ADHESIONS"
ENDOMETRIOSIS BLOCKED,
SCARRED, OR DISTORTED FALLOPIAN TUBES, DYSFUNCTIONAL FT.
PELVIC CAUSES
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility
PID: INFECTION OF THE PELVIC ORGANS THAT CAUSE SEVERE ILLNESS AND MAY LEAD TO TUBAL BLOCKAGE AND PELVIC ADHESIONS LEADING TO INFERTILITY
A COMMON SEQUEL TO STDS, POST-PARTUM AND POST-ABORTAL INFECTIONS AND SOME SYSTEMATIC INFECTIONS E.G. TUBERCULOSIS, SCHISTOSOMIASIS
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Percent of women with tubal factor infertility following PID, by number of episodes
PID EPISODES
PERCENT
0 1%1 8%2 22%3+ 41%
THE RISK OF TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY INCREASES WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE EPISODE OF PID
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OVARIAN FAILURE PCOS ANOVULATION POOR OVARIAN
RESERVE PREMATURE
MENOPAUSE LUTEAL DYSFUNCTION GONADAL
DYSGENESIS OVARIAN CANCER
Ovarian Causes of Infertility
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AGE: AFTER 35YRS, MOST WOMEN MAY EXPERIENCE A DECLINE IN THE ABILITY TO OVULATE EFFECTIVELY.
MENOPAUSE: 49 – 56YRSABNORMALITIES OF THE THYROID
GLAND OVERPRODUCTION OF PROLACTIN (A
HORMONE LEADING TO BREAST MILK PRODUCTION)
PHYSICAL STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND EXTREME LIFESTYLE CHANGES
EXCESSIVE MALE HORMONE (ANDROGENS)
OTHER CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
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Cultural and social factorsFEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
EARLY AGE AT MARRIAGE OR SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS
RISK OF GENITAL INFECTION
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Preventable causes
INFECTIONS–STI:CHLAMYDIA, GONORRHOEA, SYPHILIS ETC.
INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES:TUBERCULOSIS,SCHISTOSOMIASIS, SICKLE CELL DISEASE.
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Preventable causes
HEALTH CARE PRACTICES AND POLICIESUNHYGIENIC OBSTETRIC PRACTICESSEPTIC ABORTION AND THEIR COMPLICATIONSPOSTPARTUM AND POSTABORTAL COMPLICATIONS
EXPOSURE TO POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN: ENVIRONMENT: ARSENIC, AFLATOXINS, PESTICIDESDIET: CAFFEINE, TOBACCO, ALCOHOL ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RADIATION GAMMA, X-RAYS ETC
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APPROXIMATELY 10% OF INFERTILE WOMEN SUFFER FROM UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY. THIS SIMPLY MEANS THAT THE COMMONLY PERFORMED TESTS TO DIAGNOSE THE CAUSE OF INFERTILTY ARE ALL NORMAL AND DO NOT DEFINE THE REASON FOR INFERTILITY. HOWEVER, WE PERFORM A MORE THOROUGH SEARCH FOR A CAUSE, SINCE MANY SUBTLE ABNORMALITIES MAY BE DISCOVERED TO EXPLAIN THE INFERTILITY. USUALLY SUCH PROBLEMS ARE DUE TO:
DIFFICULTY IN PICKING UP THE EGG BY FALLOPIAN TUBE
FAILURE OF IMPLANTATION OF THE EMBRYO INTO THE UTERUS
FAILURE OF THE SPERM TO FERTILIZE THE EGG WHEN IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER
UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITYWhy me syndrome ?
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Low sperm counts Abnormal sperm
morphology (shape)
A low sperm motility are usually asymptomatic conditions to most males. Most cases of low sperm counts are "idiopathic" or unexplained.
Some cases are associated with a swollen varicose vein in the scrotum, called a varicocele.
MALE CAUSES• Stress• Heat to the genitals (e.g.. tight clothing, saunas or hot tubs)• Harmful lifestyle habits ( tobacco, alcohol, or drugs such as marijuana).• Short term illnesses, significant stressful periods,• Medications may temporarily affect sperm counts.
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Exposure to hazardous toxins, chemicals, or radiation
Infections such as mumps, or venereal diseases
Testicular injury (sports or work injury)
Childhood illness (failure of a testicle to descend properly)
Blockage of one of the ducts allowing flow of sperm from the testicle Injury, infection or prior
vasectomy Genetic absence of these
ducts (cystic fibrosis) Immune reaction against
sperm (antisperm antibodies)
Testicular failure and other hormonal problems
Chronic medical illness (thyroid disease, diabetes, and hypertension)
Spinal cord injuries and paralysis
Varicocele
MALE CAUSES
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INVESTIGATIONS
SEMEN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (SQA)
BASAL TEMP. CHARTS
TUBAL PATENCY TESTS
HORMONAL TESTS ULTRASONOGRAPHY LAPAROSCOPY HYSTEROSCOPY
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Reducing the burden of infertility
CONTROLLING REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS: –EDUCATING PEOPLE ABOUT LINKS BETWEEN RTI AND INFERTILITY–PROMOTING USE OF CONDOM–COUNSELLING HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS–PROMPTLY TREATING INFECTED INDIVIDUALS AND PARTNER NOTIFICATION–INCREASING ACCESS TO RTI SERVICES
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Reducing the burden of infertility(cont.)
PREVENTING POSTPARTUM AND POST-ABORTION INFECTIONS–SAFER BIRTH PRACTICES–PROMOTE FAMILY PLANNING–ACCESS TO SAFE ABORTION SERVICESCONTROLLING ENDEMIC DISEASES-MALARIA, SCHISTOSOMIAISIS, TUBERCULOSIS
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Treating infertility
INSIST MEN BE EVALUATED AS WELL AS WOMENSENSITIVE COUNSELLING TO AVOID INAPPROPRIATE TREATMENT AND TO DISCOURAGE FROM SEEKING HELP AT MULTIPLE CLINICS
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Treating infertility
ADVISING ABOUT TIMING OF INTERCOURSE AND OTHER BEHAVIOURS -SMOKING AND ALCOHOLHELPING COUPLES TO COPE WITH SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDENS OF INFERTILITYHELPING COUPLES TO CONSIDER NON-MEDICAL OPTIONS SUCH AS ADOPTION
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Treating infertility: Other options
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: REPAIRING TUBAL SCARRING, CORRECTING OTHER ABNORMALITIES OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: USING HUSBAND’S OR DONOR’S SEMENIN VITRO FERTILIZATION TECHNIQUES: RECOVERING MATURE OVA, FERTILIZING THEM IN LAB, AND THEN REIMPLANTING IN THE UTERUS .ADVANCED TECHNIQUES: ICSI, TESA, TESE PESA ETC.
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IYE HOSP. REPRODUCTIVE CORRECTION CENTER (LAP./HYST. THEATRE)
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FRIENDLY SOLUTION CENTER
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LAPAROSCOPY TUBAL CANNULATION
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IVF/ICSI UNIT
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Infertility and Role Of FP Clinics
REASSURING CLIENTS THAT FP METHODS DO NOT CAUSE INFERTILITYDISPELLING LOCAL BELIEFS BLAMING INFERTILITY SOLELY ON WOMENPERSUADING INDIVIDUALS TO SEEK EARLY TREATMENT OF STDSOFFERING BASIC INFERTILITY EVALUATIONS AND TREATMENT
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INFERTILITY A MERE TEST OF
OUR RESILIENCE We do not play God We do not create
life We only help it’s expression.GOD IS ALWAYS THE
ANSWERTHROUGH OUR LORD
&SAVIOUR.
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YOU WILL SURELY CARRY YOUR OWN BABIES VERY SOON IN JESUS NAME
THANK YOU & REMAIN BLESSED