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Video
Family background - the key to academic excellence?
輸在起跑線上?中學生的家庭背景與成績之關係
Group 40Lin Wai Kwan (NURS/3)Mok Kun Sing(PACC/3)Choy Tsz Lam (PHPC/3)Ng Kar Long (IBBA/3)
• Hypothesis• Reasons for choosing the topic• Situation in Hong Kong
Background
• Methodology• Research overview• Data analysis
Data collection
and analysis
• Inference of current situation• Conclusion and suggestionsInference
A student born to a family of poor backgrounds will have poorer academic results compared with those coming from families of more decent backgrounds.
Hypothesis
Reasons for choosing the topic
中文大學研究發現,三成半受訪貧困學生期望入讀大學,低於富有學生的八成一比率
貧困學生深明資助大學學位不足,自己未能負擔自資學位或副學位課程,故不敢奢望讀大學。
調查結果反映家庭經濟能力對學生的教育及職業期望影響嚴重,不少貧困學生為免加重家庭經濟負擔,寧投身社會
人窮志短 ?
窮學生志短?僅 35% 望入大學 (2013,APRIL 25). Orientaldaily.
A- around $ 50000/ year
B- around $ 60000/ year
C- around $70000/ year
D- around $80000/ year
Cost of a self-financed degree
The answer is C.
adolescents’ perceptions of academic and family climates are significantly associated with reports of depression and suicide ideation
327 female students aged 13-18 : 47% (154) reported some suicide ideation
Higher test anxiety, lower academic self-concept and perceiving that their parents were dissatisfied with their academic performance are related to higher levels of depression and suicide ideation
Low levels of family cohesion and support and high levels of parent-adolescent conflict were found to be related to higher levels of depression and suicide ideation
Perceptions of Academic and Family Climates Predicts Suicide Ideation and Depression
in Hong Kong Adolescents
Situation in Hong Kong
Below poverty line VS 10% highest1991: 1.2 time 2011: 3.7 times
Relationship between family income and ratio of students
getting into university
The Hong Kong Institute of Education. (2013). Research on fairness to receive tertiary education in Hong Kong [Press release].
Public estate VS Private housing 1991: 2.1 times 2011: 3.3 times
Relationship between living environment and ratio of students getting into
university
The Hong Kong Institute of Education. (2013). Research on fairness to receive tertiary education in Hong Kong [Press release].
Family background – family income, parents educational level, housing type
Academic results – classified by students’ DSE results
Definition
• Hypothesis• Reasons for choosing the topic• Situation in Hong Kong
Background
• Methodology• Research overview• Data analysis
Data collection
and analysis
• Inference of current situation• Conclusion and suggestionsInference
Research overview Target population Measurement Plans for pretesting and control
Methodology
Cross-sectional quantitative study Online anonymous self-administered
questionnaire 100 participants Snowball sampling Linear regression for checking significance of
the associations Independent variable: Family background Dependent variable: Academic performance
Research overview
Candidates sitting for 2013 Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE)
Target population
Inclusive criterion Exclusive criterion
2013 HKDSE Candidates
Not 2013 HKDSE Candidates
Online anonymous self-administered questionnaire
1. HKDSE results (Standardized assessment) 2. Family background 3. Attendance and expenditure on any extra-
curriculum activities4. Demographic characteristics
Measurement
Opinions were seek from professionals in terms of content, wording and arrangements
Amendments were made accordingly
Plans for pretesting and control
Demographic characteristics
Data analysis
Demographic characteristics
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics
Data analysis
Relationship between household income and HKDSE results (4C + 1X)
Data analysis
POSITIVELY CORRELATED!
By simple linear regression, the correlation is valid and significant (Sig. < 0.05)
Data analysis
Associations between money spent on tuition and HKDSE results
Data analysis
Associations between money spent on tuition and DSE results
Data analysis
POSITIVELY CORRELATED!
By simple linear regression, the correlation is valid and significant (Sig. < 0.05)
Data analysis
↑ monthly household income ↑ chances of joining study tour/
exchange program
Data analysis
Living environment might have impact
Data analysis
No obvious relationships
Data analysis
No. of siblings shows no effect
Data analysis
Family background, in terms of household income and living environment, might be prerequisite for academic performance
More spent on tuition, the better is the academic performance
Living environment provides personal space for student to study
Other family background shows no significant effects
Summary
Sample size is not large enough when compared to no. of students sitting for HKDSE each year
Sampling method could be more systematic Some qualitative family background is
missing E.g. family harmony
Limitations
•Hypothesis•Reasons for choosing the topic•Situation in Hong Kong
Background
•Methodology•Research overview•Data analysis
Data collection and analysis
•Reasons and influences•Conclusion and suggestionsInference
wealthy families can provide more chances
cut-throat competition for university entrances
children from wealthy families can thus get a head start with their wider exposure
Reasons
1. Abundant chance of joining tutorial classes or related activities
a good family background can provide a healthy shelter
frequent family conflicts in poor families can cause mental trauma
less pressure
sufficient parental care http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSfAuiOn3vU
Reasons
2. A good study environment
children have to live up to parents’ expectations
greater incentive to achieve excellence in exams
Reasons
3. Higher cost
Famous secondary schools have parent-subsidiary relationship with primary schools
Primary school graduates normally can promote to parent schools
Reasons
4. Schools admission system favors wealthy students
Children of alumni can get a much higher marks in admission
Alumni of famous school - middle-class, professional
Inherit the higher quality education
Reasons
4. Schools admission system favors wealthy students (Con’t)
香港教育局 《申請二○一四年九月小一入學》單張
Good secondary schools put a heavy weighting on extra- curricular activities in admission
Poor families can not afford
Less chances to enter band one schools
Reasons
4. Schools admission system favors wealthy students (con’t)
Resources differences academic results differences
Comparison among peers depression and high pressure
No sense of achievement less confident
Academic results bad less promising future
Parents do not pave ways for them
Influences1. Students will have lower self-esteem
Education Higher social status ?
Starting point falls behind students with more resources
Personal achievement limited by your family background
Social inequality?
Influences
2. Decrease in social mobility
Industrialized city in 60s, 70s -> International financial center in 21 century
No education , qualification -> no promotion opportunities
Knowledge-based economy
Education is a prerequisite
Influences
2. Decrease in social mobility (con’t)
Jobs polarization income inequality
Cross generation poverty
social discontentment in long-term
Influences
2. Decrease in social mobility (con’t)
香港專業及資深行政人員協會 「困境與機遇:『第四代香港人』社會流動性研究計劃」 (2010)
Great consideration in having babies
Do not want their children left behind the starting point
Families have less incentive to have babies
Decrease the productivity of Hong Kong in long-run
Reflection
Low birth rate Low productivity
Increase the quota for bachelor ?
- Hong Kong - knowledge-based society
- Quality education important to their success
- New generation crucial to the future of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong’s core value - equality
- Inhumane to deprive children of a good future because of their family backgrounds
- a workforce of higher education level is conducive to our city’s growth
Conclusion
Advocate volunteers in university provide free tutorial class
Extra subsidies for children’s participation in extra-curricular activities
Counseling services to eliminate family conflicts
Sufficient amount and chance of scholarships
Special subsidies for schools with more students in grass root
Study rooms and computer rooms open after class
Cancel the bonus marks for alumni’s children
Suggestions
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
The Hong Kong Institute of Education. (2013). Research on fairness to receive tertiary education in Hong Kong [Press release].
Retrieved from http://www.ied.edu.hk/upload_main/manage/Press%20rele
ase%202013/130131%20Educational_Inequality.pdf香港教育局 《申請二○一四年九月小一入學》單張香港專業及資深行政人員協會 「困境與機遇:『第四代香港人』 社會流動性研究計劃」 (2010)窮學生志短僅 35% 望入大學 [Only 35% poor students expected to study in University]. (2013,APRIL 25). Oriental daily.
Reference
Thank you!
Q&A Session