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homofobia rogorc seqsizmis iaraRi

siuzan farri

homofobia – aris iracionaluri SiSi da siZulvili im adamianebisa, romlebsac

uyvarT da seqsualur ltolvas ganicdian sakuTari sqesis warmomadgenelTa mimarT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Sinaganad vicodi misi mniSvneloba, sityva “homofobia” CemTvis

ucnobi iyo gvian 1970-ian wlebamde, roca is pirvelad movismine. MmaSinve gamaogna

iman, Tu raoden rTuli iyo misi warmoTqma, ra saSineli sityvaa - iseTive saSineli,

rogorc misi mniSvneloba. igi rasizmisa da antisemitizmis msgavsad acocxlebs

Tavisuflebis dakargvis, sityvieri da fizikuri Zaladobisa da sikvdilis suraTebs.

avadmyofobis Teoriis Seswavlam mimiyvana imis Segnebamde, rom homoseqsualoba

ubralod seqsualuri identobis sakiTxia, romelic heteroseqsualur identobasTan

erTad, yalibdeba gzebiTa da xerxebiT, romlebic, saboloo jamSi, aravis esmis.

amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (The American Psychological Association) gancxadebiT, iyo homoseqsuali - iseTive normaluria, rogorc werde marcxena

xeliT. heteroseqsualoba an marjvena xeliT wera sulac ar aris ufro jansaRi.

saqme ubralod isaa, rom mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili aseTia. is, rac marTla

arajansaRia – da xandaxan imxela stresisa da avadmyofobis wyaro xdeba, rom

SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobamdec ki migviyvanos – aris homofobia, is socialuri

daavadeba, romelic avrcelebs uaryofiT informacias da gmobs geebsa da

lesboselebs ise, rom Cven mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gviwevs brZola TviTSefasebis

problemebTan.

qristianoba da krizisi - homoseqsualebis mimarT diskriminaciis didi nawili

bibliis Cveuli araswori kiTxviT aixsneba. bibliis bevr inglisurenovan TargmanSi

sityva “homoseqsuali” ukiduresad uaryofiT konteqstSi gamoiyeneba. magram faqti

isaa, rom Tavad sityva “homoseqsuali” bibliaSi arsad moiZebneba. arcerTi arsebuli

teqsti, arcerTi xelnaweri - ebrauli, berZnuli, siriuli Tu arameuli - ar

Seicavs am sityvas. terminebi homoseqsuali da heteroseqsuali arcerT enaSi ar gamoCenila 1890-ian wlebamde, rodesac pirvelad Camoyalibda cnobiereba imis

Taobaze, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze organulad

arian orientirebulni sakuTari sqesis warmomadgenlebze. aqedan gamomdinare, sityva

“homoseqsualobis” gamoyeneba bibliis zogierTi inglisurenovani mTargmnelis mier

im ukiduresad uaryofiTi gavlenis magaliTia, romelic safrTxis winaSe ayenebs

homoseqsualTa adamianur da samoqalaqo uflebebs.

feministuri

biblioTeka

H homofobia rogorc seqsizmis iaraRi

siuzan farri

2

homoseqsualoba, heteroseqsualoba da biseqsualoba moralurad neitraluri cnebebia. konkretuli seqsualuri identoba keTilis an borotis maCvenebeli ar

aris. mniSvnelovani ara urTierTobaSi myofi ori adamianis sqesi, aramed

urTierTobis Sinaarsia. Seicavs Tu ara urTierToba Zaladobas da erTi adamianis

mier meores kontrols? aZlevs Tu ara es urTierToba masSi myof adamianebs zrdis

saSualebas? cxadia, rom Cven yvela urTierToba, heteroseqsualuric da

erTsqesianic am standartebs unda mivusadagoT.

patriarqati – patriarqatis ideologia aris ZaldatanebiT damkvidrebuli rwmena

mamakacuri dominaciisa da kontrolisa, xolo seqsizmi is sistemaa, romelic mas

saZirkvels umagrebs. misi safuZvlebi Semdeg kiTxvaramde SeiZleba daviyvanoT: vis

emsaxureba genderuli rolebi? mamakacebsa da qalebs, romlebic maTSi Zalauflebas

eZeben. vin iCagreba genderuli rolebisgan? qalebi TiTqmis mTlianad da nawilobriv

mamakacebi. rogor narCundeba genderuli rolebi? seqsizmis iaraRebiT: ekonomika,

Zaladoba, homofobia.

Tu asea, ratom mgznebared ar vcdilobT genderuli rolebisa da, amgvarad,

seqsizmis ganadgurebas? Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, yvela adamianSi aris naperwkali,

romelic Tavisuflebisken iltvis da msoflio sisastikis istoria nacisturi

sakoncentracio banakebiT, samxreT afrikaSi TeTrkanianTa batonobiTa da qalebze

fizikuri ZaladobiT aris am naperwklis Caqrobis mcdelobaTa jaWvi. roca es

naperwkali alad ver viTardeba, es imis niSania, rom kontrolisa da

ganadgurebisTvis gankuTvnilma iaraRma iseTi Zlieri ziani miayenea mas, rom

naperwkali TiTqmis Caqra.

seqsizms, im sistemas, romliTac qalebs mamakacebs umorCileben, saZirkvels umagrebs

sami Zlevamosili iaraRi, gamiznuli imisTvis, rom qalebs tkiviliT daemuqros da

ziani miayenos. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es sami aris ekonomika, Zaladoba da

homofobia. ojaxuri Zaladobis - yvelaze saSineli seqsizmis - msxverplTa

istoriebi, gviCvenebs rom es sami Zala mudam erTmaneTs erTvis. rodesac ojaxuri

Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi xsnian, Tu ratom rCebodnen moZaladesTan an ratom

xdebodnen iZulebulebi, masTan kvlav dabrunebuliyvnen, mizezad xSirad imas

asaxeleben, rom maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis finansurad rCena,

aranairi samuSao kvalifikacia ar gaaCndaT, ar SeeZloT sakuTari Svilebis

sacxovrebeli adgiliT, transportiTa da samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa.

rogor xdeboda maTi marTva? Tavad Zaladobis, rogorc sityvieri ise fizikuri, da

Zaladobis muqaris meSveobiT, ris Sedegadac maT eSinodaT sakuTari da Svilebis

sicocxlis gamo da eWvi SehqondaT sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da sakuTari Tavis

fasSi. ratom scemdnen maT? imitom, rom isini ar iyvnen sakamrisad kargebi, ar iyvnen

”namdvili qalebi”, iyvnen “daiqebi”, an imitom, rom mamakacs ise ewinaaRmdegebodnen,

rogorc ”namdvili qali” ar izamda. moZalade mamakaci, romelsac sazogadoeba

umagrebs zurgs, gamarTlebulad da xSirad samarTlianadac ki Tvlis qalis misTvis

miCenil adgilze Sesakaveblad gamiznul Tavis saqciels.


siuzan farri

3

ekonomika pirvel rigSi unda ganvixiloT imitom, rom bevri feministi swored mas

miiCnevs seqsizmis fesvad. rasakvirvelia, gaerTianebuli erebis kvleva qalebze,

romelic gamoqveynda nairobiSi, keniaSi 1985 wels Catarebul saerTaSoriso

aTwleulis daskvniT konferenciaze, mxars uWers am mosazrebas: msoflios mTeli

mosaxleobidan qalebi asruleben samuSaos 75 %-s, iReben 10% anazRaurebas da

floben 1% sakuTrebas. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi amas emateba mTavrobis

winaaRmdegoba Tanabari anazRaurebis ideis mimrT, rac, magaliTad, imaSi gamoixata,

rom ronald reiganma anazRaurebis miukerZoebloba “xumrobad” moixsenia. aSkaraa,

rom es saxifaTo cnebad moiazreba. mamakacebi mogebas iReben ara mxolod saxlSi

qalTa aunazRaurebeli Sromidan, aramed, qalTa horizontaluri segregaciis

farglebSi moqceuli dabalanazRaurebadi Sromidan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saofiso

samuSao an uflebaTa marad mzardi simboluri miniWeba samuSao adgilebze, sadac

mcire raodenobiT pozitiuri diskriminaciis niSniT ganxorcielebulma waxalisebam

unda daakmayofilos yvela qalis ekonomikuri Tanasworobis saWiroeba. ufro metic,

mamakacebi sargebels naxuloben qalis sxeulisgan pornografiis, prostituciisa da

qalTa saerTaSoriso seqsualuri monobis meSveobiT. garda amisa, TeTrkaniani

mamakacebi iyeneben feradkaniani qalebisa da mamakacebis Sromas. iZulebiTi

ekonomikuri damokidebuleba aqcevs qals mamakacis kontrolqveS da mkacrad

zRudavs misi TviTgamorkvevisa da TviTkmarobis SesaZleblobebs.

saerTod, ekonomika unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc seqsizmis fesvi, aramed

rogorc misi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic Seviwrovebas uWers mxars.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur sistemas piramidis forma aqvs.

mwvervalze adamianTa mcirericxovani jgufia, ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani mamakacebi,

romlebsac arCens didi raodenobiT aunazRaurebeli Tu dabali anazRaurebis mqone

momuSave piramidis Zirze. roca Cven am piramidas vuyurebT, gasagebi xdeba ramxela

kavSiria seqsizmsa da rasizms Soris imitom, rom adamianTa jgufebi piramidis Zirze

Sedgeba qalebisa da feradkanianebisgan. amgvarad vxvdebiT mCagvreli sistemebis

(rasizmis da seqsizmis maTi nebismieri gamovleniT) da dabalanazRaurebadi Sromis

SenarCunebis Tavgamodebuli mcdelobis mizezs.

ra moxdeboda, qalebs rom moepovebinaT gamomuSavebis is SesaZleblobebi da

Zalaufleba, romelic mamakacebs aqvT xelT? ra moxdeboda, es SesaZleblobebi

samarTlianad da miukerZoeblad rom yofiliyo ganawilebuli sqesis, rasobrivi

kuTvnilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis miuxedavad? ra moxdeboda saganmanaTleblo

SesaZleblobebi Tanabari rom yofiliyo? gaatarebdnen qalebi axalgazrdobis umetes

nawils qorwinebisTvis mzadebaSi? iqneboda Tu ara qorwinebis mTavari safuZveli

qalis ekonomikuri gadarCena? ra mouvidoda Zalauflebisa da kontrolis

sakiTxebs? darCebodnen Tu ara qalebi moZaladeebTan? qals rom ekonomikuri

damoukidebloba hqonoda iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac qalebs Tanaswori

SesaZleblobebi eqnebodaT, aRiqmeboda Tu ara is kvlavac mamis an qmris sakuTrebad?


siuzan farri

4

ekonimika didi makontrolebeli Zalaa seqsizmSic da rasizmSic. Tu adamiani ver

iZens sakvebs, sacxovrebels, tansacmels da ar SeuZlia am yvelafriTY Svilebi

uzrunvelyos, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba, mas gadarCenis sababiT, bevri ramis gakeTeba

dasZaldes. farTod gamoyenebuli taqtika, msoflios masStabiT, aris

arakompensirebuli, an Seusabamod anazRaurebuli Sromis gamoyeneba im jgufebis

sasargeblod, romlebsac simdidris berketebi aqvT xelT. amitom Cven vxedavT

qalebs, romlebic asruleben aunazRaurebel samuSaos saxlSi an avseben

dabalanazRaurebad samuSao adgilebs. agreTve vxedavT feradkanianebs arsebulTagan

yvelaze dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi.

Zaladoba qalebis viwrod gansazRvrul CarCoSi marTvis meore saSualebaa. pirvel

adgilze dgas fizikuri Zaladoba: cema, gaupatiureba da incesti. xSirad, rodesac

ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi TavSesafarSi Tavis cxovrebaze yvebian, vigebT

rom cemis garda maT seqsualuri Zaladobac ganucdiaT, xolo maTi Svilebi xSirad

incestis msxverplni gamxdaran. qalTa anti-Zaladobis moZraobaSi ocwlianma

samuSaom sakmarisi samxilebi warmoaCina imis dasamtkiceblad, rom am qmedebaTagan

TiToeuli, seqsualuri Zaladobisa da incestis CaTvliT, aris meore adamianze

Zalauflebisa da kontrolis mopovebis mcdeloba. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi msxverpli

aRiqmeba rogorc nivTi, romelic moZaladis moTxovnilebebs emsaxureba. Zaladoba

gamoiyeneba sasjelis ganxorcielebisa da morCilebis moTxovnis mizniT.

qalebze Zaladoba pirdapir ukavSirdeba maT mdgomareobas

sazogadoebaSi, romelic uars gveubneba Tanabar anazRaurebaze, resursebis Tanaswor

gamoyenebasa da mamakacebTan mimarTebaSi Tanaswori statusis qonaze. swored am

mdgomareobidan Cndeba mamakacebis mier qalTa flobis SegrZnebis, qalebze

Zalauflebis qonisa da maTi sakuTari miznebis mixedviT marTvis uflebis

konfirmacia. mamakacebi fizikurad da emociurad Zaladoben qalebze imitom, rom

SeuZliaT. imitom, rom cxovroben iseT samyaroSi, romelic maT amis uflebas

aZlevs. mamakacur Zaladobas asazrdoebs dominanturobisa da kontrolis ufleba da

upiratesobis SegrZneba adamianTa im jgufTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sqesis gamo

dabal safexurze mdgomad miiCneva.

Cvens cxovrebas ara mxolod Zaladoba, aramed Zaladobis muqarac marTavs. vinaidan

pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi ase xSirad potenciur msxverpls awveba mxrebze, Cven,

rogorc qalebma Zaladobisgan Tavdasacavad SevkveceT sakuTari Tavisufleba.

seqsualuri Zaladobis SiSiT Cven vfrTxilobT, vcdilobT ar viaroTYukacriel

adgilebSi, yuradRebiT virCevT manqanis dasayenebel adgils da saxlSi

usafrTxoebis warmoudgenel zomebs viyenebT (masiuri saketebi, ganaTeba da gangaSis

sistema, Tuki amis saSualeba gvaqvs). vcdilobT moveridoT adgilebs, sadac

mowyvladebi an daucvelebi gamovCndebiT, moZalade ki am dros Tavisuflad dadis.

SiSi dResdReobiT imdenad gacveTilia, rom xSirad SeumCnevelic ki rCeba, formas

aZlevs Cvens cxovrebas da gvizRudavs Tavisuflebas.


siuzan farri

5

im faqts, rom seqsizmi Tavis adgils inarCunebs, nawilobriv xels uwyobs

sazogadoebrivi dapireba imisa (raoden yalbi da ganuxorcielebelic unda iyos),

rom qalebs Zaladobis gadatana ar mogviwevs da gadavrCebiT, Tuki Tavdacvis mizniT

mamakacs mivekedlebiT. mamakacis gareSe myof qals eubnebian, rom is daucvelia gare

Zaladobisgan da, uaresic, rom masSi raRac arasworia. rodesac moZalade mamakaci

qals lesbosels uwodebs, is mainc da mainc ar gulisxmobs masSi qals, romelsac

meore qali uyvars, aramed afrTxilebs, rom misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweviT qali

arCevs mamakacuri institutebisgan sazogadoebrivi dacvis farglebs gareT

aRmoCndes da amgvarad daucveli gaxdes farTomasStabiani, sayovelTao Zaladobisgan.

rodesac qali daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs mdedrobiTi sqesis megobrebs an ojaxuri

Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa TavSesafars, kaci cnobs Zalas qalTa erTianobaSi da

eSinia maTi monobisa da erTgulebis, anu Zalauflebis potenciuri dakargvisa.

problema ara emociuri da seqsualuri identobaa, aramed Ralati, romlis sapasuxo

muqarac Zaladobaa.

bevri qali ambobs, rom sityvieri Seuracxyofa ufro did zians iwvevs, vidre

fizikuri imitom, rom is daRs asvams adamianis TviTSefasebas. sxva qalebs ar surT

imis mosmena, rom sityvieri Seuracxyofa iseTive mtkivneulia, rogorc fizikuri:

simarTlis aRiareba imis aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda, rom virtualurad yvela qali Zaladobis msxverplia. rTulia, simSvide SeinarCuno, roca gabraleben, rom

xar Zukna, suleli, uvargisi da a.S.. gansakuTrebiT rTulia es, rodesac am

individualur Tavdasxmebs zurgs umagrebs sazogadoeba, romelic Cumad urigdeba

pornografiis arsebobas da romelic qals saxelmZRvaneloebSi, reklamaSi,

satelevizio gadacemebsa da kinofilmebSi warmoaCens, rogorc Camofasebul, sulel,

dabal safexurze mdgom, seqsualurad obieqtificirebul arsebas. am SetyobinebaTa

internalizebis Sedegad viRebT ”dabal TviTSefasebas” , rac individualizebuli

Terapiuli terminia. Tumca Cemis azriT, umjobesia metad politikuri gamoTqma

gamoviyenoT: am SetyobinebaTa internalizaciis Sedegad Cven ganvicdiT

”internalizebul seqsizms”, rac saerToa seqsistur samyaroSi mcxovrebi yvela

qalisTvis. Zaladobas Cvens mimarT mxars uWers sazogadoeba, romelSic Rrmadaa

gamjdari qalTmoZuleoba.

homofobia warmatebulad moqmedebs, rogorc seqsizmis iaraRi imitom, rom mas

kidev erTi Zlevamosili iaraRi – heteroseqsizmi – uerTdeba. heteroseqsizmi qmnis

klimats homofobiisTvis imis daSvebiT, rom msoflio aris da unda iyos

heteroseqsualuri da sakuTari Zalisa da privilegiis normad warmoaCeniT.

heteroseqsizmi aris homofobiis sistemuri gamovlena sazogadoebriv institutebSi.

heteroseqsizmi da homofobia erTad iRwvian, savaldebulo heteroseqsualobis,

patriarqaluri Zalauflebisa da nuklearuli ojaxis gansamtkiceblad. qalTa

ganTavisuflebis winaaRmdeg Setevis centraluri samizne aris idea imisa, rom qalTa

Tanasworoba, TviTgamorkveva, qalebis mier sakuTari sxeulisa da cxovrebis marTva

zians miayenebs nuklearul ojaxs, romelic gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone


siuzan farri

6

socialur institutad miiCneva. homoseqsualoba, abortTan erTad, gaxda

fundamentalisti mRvdlebis mTavari samizne mTeli qveynis masStabiT. maT risxviT

mihqondaT ieriSi qalTa klinikebze, da iTxovdnen homoseqsualebis eklesiidan

mokveTasa da SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebisTvis sakarantino banakebis Seqmnas.

SeewinaaRmdego qorwinebas da/an heteroseqsualobas niSnavs, mkacri sasjelisa da

danakargis riskis winaSe dadge.

SemTxveviToba araa, rom roca bavSvebi sqesobriv simwifesa da momatebul sqesobriv

codnas uaxlovdebian, isini erTmaneTis dacinvas iwyeben iseTi sityvebiT, rogoricaa

queer, faggot, pervert. swored sqesobrivi simwifisas iwyebs sazogadoebrivi zewola

mTeli ZaliT moqmedebas imisTvis, rom daumorCilos mozardebi heteroseqsualobas

da moamzados isini qorwinebisTvis. bavSvebma ician is, rac maT aswavles, maT ki

gasagebad auxsnes, rom isini, vinc gadauxveven standartul molodins, iZulebiT

unda davabrunoT CarCoSi. kontrolis saukeTeso taqtika seqsualuri simwifis

miRwevis periodSi aris, moeqce adamians rogorc auTsaiders, gariyo swored maSin,

rodesac mowonebasa da aRiarebas misTvis vitaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. maT, vinc

gansxvavdebian, safasuris gadaxda mouwevT. swored seqsualuri simwifis dros xdeba

mizoginia yvelaze aSkara. gogonebs ubiZgeben im sazogadoebrivi normebisadmi

morCilebisken, romlebic krZalaven maTi sruli potencialis ganxorcielebas.

swored am dros klebulobs maTi akademiuri miRwevebi, radgan maT uqvemdebareben

savaldebulo heteroseqsualobas da aCveven ekonomikuri gadarCenisTvis mamakacze

damokidebulebas.

iyo dro, roca ori yvelaze gamkicxavi braldeba, romelic emsaxureboda qalis

gariyvasa da dasustebas ”bozi” da ”lesboseli” gaxldaT. seqsualurma revoluciam

da heteroseqsualuri qcevis mimarT Secvlilma damokidebulebam, albaT, cota

Seasusta kidec sityva ”bozis” mniSvneloba, Tumca mas jer kidev SerCa seqsualuri

sakuTrebis muqaris datvirTva, rac meZavTa stigmatizaciasa da maTze Zaladobas

iwvevs.

rac Seexeba sityva ”lesbosels”, is jer kidev srulad aris datvirTuli da Tavis

TavSi atarebs Zalauflebisa da privilegiis sruli dakargvis, sazogadoebidan

mokveTis, uaryofisa da sazogadoebis dacvis gareT aRmoCenis muqaras.

iyo lesboseli niSnavs, aRiqmebode adamianad, romelmac zRvars gadaabija, dasZlia

mamakacze seqsualuri da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba, da romelic sakuTar Tavs

qalad gansazRvravs. lesboseli aRiqmeba adamianad, romelsac mamakacis gareSe

cxovreba SeuZlia, da aqedan gamomdinare (rac ar unda alogikuri iyos), mis

winaaRmdegaa. lesboseli aRiqmeba rogorc misaRebsa da dadgenil wesrigs gareT

myofi. is moiazreba, rogorc damcvel sazogadoebriv institutebsa da mamakacebis

dacvis privilegias moklebuli adamiani. bevri heteroseqsuali qali lesbosels

uyurebs rogorc adamians, romelic upirispirdeba maT mier savaldebulo

heteroseqsualobisadmi damorCilebisTvis gaRebul msxverpls. lesboseli iTvleba

muqarad nuklearuli ojaxis, mamakacuri dominaciisa da kontrolis, TviT seqsizmis

arsis winaaRmdeg.


siuzan farri

7

homoseqsuali mamakacebic aseTive muqarad aRiqmebian da maT mimarT gamoxatul

homofobias igive sawyisebi aqvs, rac lesboselebis siZulvils. xiluli geebi

ukiduresi siZulvilisa da SiSis obieqtebi xdebian heteroseqsuali mamakacebis

mxridan imitom, rom maTi gavardna mamakacTa heteroseqsualuri erTobidan

moizareba, rogorc zianis momtani ganxeTqileba seqsizmis struqturaSi. maT

uyureben rogorc moRalateebs, romlebic unda daisajon da ganadgurdnen. geebis

cema da kvla am siZulvilis naTeli samxilia. rodesac vxedavT geebis winaaRmdeg

gamoxatul mZvinvare homofobias, vxvdebiT, Tu rogor axdens seqsizmi maTze

zemoqmedebas dehumanizaciisa da mkacri genderuli rolebis Tavze moxveviT. ori

garemoeba, sadac legitimurad iTvleba mamakacebs Soris Ria fizikuri da emociuri

siaxlove, aris sporti da omis krizisi. bevri mamakacisTvis am saxis gamocdileba

cxovrebis RirsSesaniSnav moments warmoadgens da isini mas kvlav da kvlav

nostalgiiT ixseneben. omi da sporti uzrunvelyofs sruliad mamakacuri

usafrTxoebisa da dominanturobis safars, raTa ar iqnas daSvebuli maTi emociuri

gaxsnilobis gaigiveba homoseqsualobasTan. rodesac mamakacebi genderul rolebs

scdebian erTmaneTTan emociuri kavSiris damyarebis gziT sportul da saomar

arenebs miRma, isini ar aRiqmebian ”namdvil mamakacebad”, anu igivdebian qalebTan,

sust sqesTan, romelic daqvemdebarebisTvisaa gankuTvnili da saukuneebis manZilze

iyo mamakacTa mxridan siZulvilisa da Zaladobis obieqti. mizoginia SurisZiebis

saxiT vrceldeba geebze da Zlierdeba imis SiSiT, rom maTi seqsualuri identoba

da qceva daamxobs mamakacuri dominaciisa da savaldebulo heteroseqsualobis mTel

sistemas.

raxan lesboselebs miiCneven muqarad status qvos winaaRmdeg, gariyulebad,

romlebic unda daisajon, homofobias SeuZlia gaamyaros Tavisi Zalaufleba qalebze

[lesboselis] iarliyis mikerebiT. qalTa gakontrolebis es xerxi maSin gamoiyeneba,

roca Cveni saqcieli miuRebeli xdeba. anu, roca Cven damoukideblad vmoqmedebT,

sakuTari gziT mivdivarT, savse cxovrebiT vcxovrobT, Cveni uflebebisTvis

vibrZviT, viTxovT Tanabar anazRaurebas, vewinaaRmdegebiT Zaladobas, varT sakuTar

TavSi darwmunebulebi, gviyvars da gvsiamovnebs qalebis garemocvaSi yofna, viRebT

uflebebs sakuTar sxeulze, daJinebiT mivuTiTebT Cvens avtoritetze, vaxorcielebT

cvlilebebs, romlebic gulisxmobs Cvens monawileobas sazogadoebrivi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. msgavs SemTxvevebSi qals lesbosels imitom eZaxian, rom

is mamakacebis dominaciasa da kontrols ewinaaRmdegeba, rac arc ise did an

saerTod araviTar kavSirSia mis seqsualur identobasTan.


siuzan farri

8

gandevnili qalebi: lesbosuri gamocdileba

internalizebuli homofobia: homofobiuri samyaros ziani

lesboselebs iseve, rogorc adamianebs nebismier Seviwrovebul jgufSi, uxdebaT

TviTSefasebis sakiTxebze muSaoba imisTvis, rom gaaneitralon am jgufebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli, internalizebuli SeviwroebiT miyenebuli ziani. rwmena imisa, rom

Cven ar varT sakmarisad kargebi aris is, rasac internalizebul Seviwrovebas

eZaxian. magaliTad, rasizmis erT-erTi meTodia, CaubeWdos sazogadoebas TavSi, rom

feradkanianebi ar arian TeTrkanianebiviT Wkvianebi, niWierebi da ambiciurebi. aqedan

gamomdinare, feradkaniani lesboselebi mravalmxrivi Seviwrovebis winaSe dgebian da

gare da internalizebul homofobias, rasizmsa da seqsizms upirispirdebian.

Setyobinebebi, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi azri lesboselebsa da geebze avrcelebs,

gveubneba, rom Cven varT avadmyofebi, amoralurebi, ojaxis gamanadgureblebi,

aranormalurebi, gadaxrilebi, umwifrebi da a.S. Zalian rTulia, gaizardo mudmivi

Setevis garemoSi da Senamde ar miuSva amgvari gzavnilebi, romelime maTganis

internalizebis gareSe. amasTanave, roca Cven maT internalizebas vaxdenT, sakuTar

Tavs zians vayenebT da samyaroSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mixedviT raimes

miRwevis Cvens Tavisuflebas mkacr sazRvrebs vuwesebT.

es mxolod mcire, magram metyveli magaliTebia, romlebic gviCvenebs Cvens SiSs im

epoqis CarCoSi, sadac gare saSiSroeba araa xiluli. swored am dros unda

gadavavloT Tvali sakuTar saqciels rogorc erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, ise

sazogadoebaSi. ras vfiqrobT sakuTar Tavze, ramdenad vzRudavT sakuTar Tavs, roca

SedarebiT usafrTxo adgilebSi vimyofebiT (saxlSi, lesbosur sazogadoebaSi da

a.S.)? internalizebulma homofobiam SeiZleba daRi daasvas Cveni cxovrebis yvela

aspeqts da akrZalos Cveni zrda da moZraoba msoflioSi. mudam unda gvaxsovdes,

rom Cveni internalizebuli homofobiis TiToeuli nawili saTaves iRebs gare

homofobiidan da misi mizania gvaiZulos, sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg vimoqmedoT.

amitom, uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom sakuTari Tavi ar davadanaSauloT homofobiis

SeTvisebaSi - msgavsi qceva misTvis ulevi Zalis miniWebis tolfasia. amis nacvlad,

Zala unda movikriboT da siamovnebiT unda gamoviyenoT sakuTar cxovrebaze gavlenis

moxdenis unari homofobiis dasaZlevad.

aq mogvyavs ramdenime xerxi, romliTac internalizebuli homofobia vlindeba

calkeul individebsa da lesbosur sazogadoebebSi.

izolacia – rodesac homofobiis moqmedeba erTmaneTisgan gvacalkevebs, misi

warmateba absoluturia. mZimed Tavs moxveuli savaldebulo heteroseqsualobis

fonze, lesboselebi axalgazrdobidanve Tavs gansxvavebulad, misaRebs miRma myof

adamianebad aRviqvamT. vinaidan SiSi bevr Cvengans ”uxilavs” tovebs, xSirad

gansxvavebulobis am SegrZnebas uerTdeba sruli martoobis grZnobac, rac piradad

gvaiZulebs vieWvoT, rom Cvens Tavs raRac araswori xdeba imitom, rom sxva

Cvennairebs ver vxedavT. marTlac, axalgazrda lesboselebs misabaZ magaliTad arc


siuzan farri

9

ise bevri xiluli lesboseli yavT. gansxvavebulobisa da martoobis SegrZnebas

advilad mivyavarT sakuTari Tavis dadanaSaulebis safexuramde.

imitacia – Cven, rogorc wesi, am procesis, or saxeobasTan gvaqvs saqme. erTia, roca Tavs heteroseqsualebad vasaRebT imisTvis, rom sakuTari lesbosuri identoba

mTlianad davmaloT da xandaxan ise Sorsac ki mivdivarT, rom vTxovdebiT da

heteroseqsualuri ojaxis nawili vxdebiT. meore isaa, roca ramdenadme sajarod

vaRiarebT lesboselobas, magram viTvisebT ”heteroseqsualur Cacmulobasa da

qcevas” imisTvis, rom socialurad ufro misaRebebi, anu ”kargi lesboselebi”,

viyoT. imis gamo, rom bevr Cvengans ar unaxavs sakmarisi raodenobiT Zlieri,

avtonomiuri da warmatebuli lesboseli, isini bevr samuSaos hkideben xels, raTa

moaxdinon auTsaiderobis SegrZnebis kompensireba da heteroseqsualobis mier

mowonebuli qcevis meSveobiT miRebulobas miaRwion. Semdeg, roca vxvdebiT sxva

lesboselebs, sakuTar Tavs maTTan aRar vaigivebT da maTTan kavSiris damyarebas

veridebiT, gansakuTrebiT, roca isini ar miekuTvnebian heteroseqsualebisTvis

misaReb kategorias, radgan gveSinia, rom Cvenc maTnairebad CagvTvlian an, rom ufro

xilul lesboselebTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni seqsualuri identoba sajarod gaxdeba

cnobili da mZime SromiT mopovebul privilegiebs davkargavT. igive SiSi gviSlis

xels, monawileoba miviRoT lesbosur socialur Tu politikur movlenebSi da

iseTi raRaceebis keTebaSi, rac erTobas qmnis da homofobiasTan brZolisTvisaa

gamiznuli.

Cvens mcdelobaSi - Tavi heteroseqsualebad gavasaRoT, Cven Tavs vikveTavT sxva

lesboselebisgan da vzrdiT Cvens izolacias. vgrZnobT, rom heteroseqsualebi

marto imitom gviReben Tavis wreSi, rom Cvenc heteroseqsualebi vgonivarT da,

Sesabamisad, bolomde arasodes gvjera maTi mowonebis. Cvens TviTSefasebas azianebs

yvela is tyuili, romlis Tqmac gviwevs sakuTari identobis saidumlod

SenaxvisTvis, radgan Sedegad Tavs arakeTilsindisier adamianebad vafasebT, amaSi ki

Rirseuls verafers vpoulobT.

sakuTari Tavis siZulvili – sakuTari Tavis siZulvili izolaciis erT-erTi

Sedegia. Tu Cven davijerebT imas, rom varT avadmyofebi, borotebi, normidan

gadaxrilebi da sxvebs zians vayenebT Cveni arsebobiT, bolos da bolos, daviwyebT

imaze fiqrs, rom ar varT Rirsni, sxvebTan, rogroc heteroseqsualebTan ise

homoseqsualebTan, Tanaswor bazisze vurTierTobdeT. sakuTari Tavis dadanaSaulebiT

vnergavT sakuTar TavSi meorexarisxovnebis SegrZnebas. dabali TviTSefaseba Zlieri

Seferxebaa Cveni potencialisTvis: Cven an simarTled vcnobT imas, rom ar varT

keTilganwyobis, siyvarulisa da uflebebis qonis Rirsni da rac ar unda

SemogvTavazon (raoden araadeqvaturic ar unda iyos) imas unda davjerdeT, an

mudmivad unda vumtkicoT sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebs sapirispiro. TviTSefasebis

problemebi xSirad gvaiZulebs mcirediT davkmayofildeT maSin, roca SegveZlo

raRac srulad mogveTxova.


siuzan farri

10

arasakmarisi Sesruleba – SegrZneba imisa, rom raRacis Rirsni ar varT, xSirad zRudavs moTxovnebs, romlebsac cxovrebas vuyenebT. Cven vxedavT, rom zogi

lesboseli muSaobs iseT samsaxurSi, romelic cotas moiTxovs misgan, radgan

miaCnia, rom misTvis sxva araferia SesaZlebeli. Cven vTanxmdebiT dabal

anazRaurebaze da dawinaurebis mcire SesaZleblobebze imitom, rom vTvliT,

sakmarisad misaRebni ar varT raRac ufro didis mosaTxovad. misaRebobis

standartebis mcdarad cnobisa da maT winaaRmdeg brZolis nacvlad, Cven vurigdebiT

samsaxureobriv da Cveni zrdis SezRudvebs. Tavdacvis mizniT, xSirad virCevT iseT

samsaxurebs, romlebSic bevris Cadeba ar dagvWirdeba, raTa tkivili ar

ganvicadoT,Y Tuki Cveni seqsualuri identobis gamo am samsaxuris dakargva

mogviwevs.

gadaWarbebuli Sesruleba - Cven aseve xSirad vxedavT lesboselebs, romlebic,

lamis Tavs aklaven samuSaos, cdiloben ra daamtkicon, rom kargi adamianebi arian.

igive motivacia ubiZgebs maT iseTi profesiebisken, sadac maT SeuZliaT

gamoamJRavnon sakuTari sikeTe, erTguleba da Tavdadeba kacobriobisadmi - TiTqos

im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maT devnas farTo masStabebi mieniWa, adamianebi, romlebic maTi

gamoxatuli sikeTis momswreni gaxdnen, win gamovlen, maT sasargeblod miscemen

Cvenebas da gadaarCenen. Tumca Cven gvaqvs nacistur germaniaSi mcxovrebi ebraelebis

magaliTi imis saCveneblad, rom Seviwroeba sxvagvarad moqmedebs, mas ar anaRvlebs

adamianis arsebiTi sikeTe da kargi qmedebebi; Seviwroeba brmaa yvelafrisadmi garda

adamianebze kontrolis Tavisi saWiroebisa.

fizikuri janmrTeloba – imisaTvis, rom sakuTari fizikuri janmrTelobis sakiTxebs

saTanado yuradReba miaqcios, adamiani Tavs amis Rirsad unda Tvlides. lesboselebi

xSirad mainc da mainc kargad ar epyrobian sakuTar sxeulsa da fizikur

janmrTelobas, SesaZloa imitom, rom internalizebuli homofobiis gamo eCvenebaT,

rom sxeulma maT uRalata Tavisi socialurad moZulebuli seqsualuri identobiT.

Cven an metismetad bevrs vWamT, an vaSimSilebT sakuTar sxeulebs. xandaxan isini

gvZuls kidec da yvela SesaZlebeli xerxiT vmalavT maT gare samyarosgan. vicvamT

ise, rom WurWelma, sadac Cvens suls daudia bude, yuradReba ar miiqcios. dabali

TviTSefasebis niSnebi gamokrTis imaSic Tu rogor uWiravs Tavi zogierT Cvengans –

daWimuloba, simkacre, yurebamde aziduli mxrebi, daZabuli siarulis manera,

Tavdacvis mizniT SigniT Seweuli mkerdi. yvelani stresulad aRviqvamT homofobiur

samyaroSi cxovrebas, xolo isini, vinc ”uxilavad” darCenas amjobinebs, sakuTari

identobis gasaidumloebis mcdelobis Sedegad damatebiT stress ganicdian. Cveni

didi, mdinare energia sxeulSi rCeba gamoketili da fizikuri xarki, romlis

gadaxdac gviwevs maRalia.


siuzan farri

11

gonebrivi janmrTeloba – homofobiur samyaroSi identobasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis mqone lesboselebs xandaxan qronikuli depresia uviTardebaT, radgan

isini ver xedaven xerxs, romlis meSveobiTac samyaro mTlianad Seurigdeboda maT

raobas. maxeSi moqcevis SegrZnebam da rwmenam imisa, rom cudi, uvargisi adamianebi

varT, SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobamdec ki migviyvanos. axali kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom

bevri mozardis TviTmkvleloba swored seqsualuri identobis sakiTxebs

ukavSirdeba. isRa rCeba vimarCieloT mozardTa TviTSefasebis doneze im samyaroSi,

sadac amdeni mSobeli ambobs ”mirCevnia mokvde, vidre lesboseli iyo”. gariyulobisa

da ostrakizmis ukiduresobebTan Sejaxebuli sxva mozardi gei da lesboselebi

saxlidan garbian (an maT ojaxebi agdeben) da arCeven mZime cxovrebiT icxovron

quCaSi, sadac maTi raoba naklebad ganisjeba.

alkoholisa da narkotikebis gadaWarbebuli moxmareba – lesbosur da gei

sazogadoebaSi bevri diskusia imarTeba Cvens mier alkoholisa da narkotikuli

nivTierebebis moxmarebis maRal maCvenebelTan dakavSirebiT. iseve, rogorc stresi da

dabali TviTSefaseba SeiZleba sxeulTan avad mopyrobis mizezi gaxdes, alkoholisa

da narkotikuli saSualebebis gadaWarbebuli moxmarebac internalizebuli

homofobiis mZime Sedegia. alkoholis, narkotikebisa da internalizebuli

homofobiis kombinacia qmnis TviTganadgurebisTvis xelsayrel klimats. bevrisTvis

alkoholi da narkotikebi sakuTar TavTan da samyarosTan brZolisgan dasaRwev

saSualebad aRiqmeba. qalebi, romlebic alkoholizmisken arian midrekilebi, mxolod

mcire mxardaWeras iReben socialuri sistemisgan, radgan bevrisTvis es sistema

koncentrirebulia swored lesbosuri barebis irgvliv, romlebic erT-erTi im

mcirericxovan adgilTagania, sadac lesboselebs usafrTxod SeuZliaT Sekreba.

urTierToba partniorebTan – mtrulad ganwyobil samyaroSi, izolirebulobis

SegrZnebis gamo, xSirad araadekvatur imedebs vamyarebT Cvens sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebze, imis daSvebiT,Yrom meore adamiani Cvens yvela moTxovnilebas

Seasrulebs da Cven ”viqnebiT orni msoflios winaaRmdeg”. zogadad realuri

usafrTxoebis naklebobis gamo Cvens urTierTobebs metismetad didi masStabebis

siwmindesa da mniSvnelobas vaniWebT. partniori ara mxolod wminda taZari xdeba,

aramed fari msoflio Zaladobisgan da malamo, romelic yvela Wrilobas

umkurnalebs. urTierTobisTvis miniWebuli amxela mniSvnelobis fonze, TiToeuli

yvelaze mcire Secdoma da imedgacruebac ki gadaWarbebulad da dauZlevelad

aRiqmeba. imedgacrueba Ralatisa da didi tkivilis wyaro xdeba. Tu urTierToba

izolirebulia, msgavsad bevri urTierTobisa, gansakuTrebiT ”uxilav” lesboselebs

Soris, is rac farTo perspeqtivaSi mcire problemad unda ganixilebodes, zviaddeba

da iseT zRvars aRwevs, rom urTierToba iSleba.

lesbosuri sazogadoebis erT-erTi problematuri sakiTxi urTierTobaTa

xanmokleobaa. sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos

arastabilur da xanmokle urTierTobebs, aris maTi umniSvnelod cnoba. vinaidan


siuzan farri

12

heteroseqsualuri samyaro ar wyalobs lesbosur urTierTobebs da ar

uzrunvelyofs maT instituciuri an piradi mxardaWeriT, amas arc bevri Cvengani

akeTebs. Cvens urTierTobebs xSirad rTul pirobebSi uwevT arseboba: isini

sazogadoebisa da bevri sxva lesboselis mier ganixileba rogorc droebiTi da

heteroseqsualur urTierTobebTan SedarebiT naklebad Sedegiani; maT mxars ar

uWers lesbosuri an heteroseqsualuri institutebi; maTi arseboba izolaciaSi da

arc ise bevri warmatebuli sajaro magaliTis fonze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove

popularuli literaturis umetesoba, dResdReobiT, heteroseqsualur

urTierTobebs exeba (Tundac qalTa JurnalebSi rom CavixedoT) da lesbosur

literaturaSic lesbosuri urTierTobis sakiTxebis nacvlad sxva Temebi Warbobs.

saiTac ar unda gavixedoT, yvelgan gviTiTeben, rom Cveni urTierTobebi araa

mniSvnelovani.

fizikuri Zaladoba lesboselebs Soris – roca ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplma da

sxva lesboselebma, romlebic ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa moZraobaSi

muSaoben, isaubres lesboselTa Soris Zaladobaze 1983 wlis NCADV (erovnuli

koalicia ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg) konferenciaze, romlis Temac gaxldaT

Zaladoba lesbosur sazogadoebaSi, aRiniSna, rom msgavseba heteroseqsualur da

lesbosur ojaxur Zaladobas Soris aris is, rom igi xorcieldeba im SemTxvevaSi,

roca erTi adamiani cdilobs Zala ixmaros da kontroli daamyaros meores

cxovrebaze. Cvenma analizma aseve gamoavlina, rom es msgavseba arsebobs ara imitom,

rom, rogorc zogs miaCnia, lesboselebi rolebs inawileben da moZalade isaa, vinc

mamakacis rols iRebs Tavis Tavze, aramed imitom, rom lesboselebi Zaladobas da

mis meTodebs im samyarodan swavloben, romelSic gaizardnen da, romelic

heteroseqsual mamakacTa mier aris dominirebuli. garda amisa aRiniSna, rom

udidesi gansxvaveba heteroseqsualur da lesbosur ojaxur Zaladobas Soris aris

homofobiis gavlena or individze lesbosur urTierTobaSi da igive gavlena Tavad

urTierTobaze.

Cven jer kidev srulad unda gaviazroT internalizebuli homofobiis zemoqmedeba

lesbosur ojaxur Zaladobaze, magram ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa

moZraobaSi gaweuli samuSaodan viciT, rom TviTSefasebis sakiTxebi aqac did rols

TamaSobs. ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa TavSesafarSi myofi qalebi pirvel

rigSi TviTSefasebis sakiTxebze iwyeben xolme muSaobas, rac gamiznulia im rwmenis

danergvisTvis, rom aravin imsaxurebs fizikur Seuracxyofas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

imas, rom lesboselebs heteroseqsual qalebTan SedarebiT kidev ufro meti mizezi

aqvT dabali TviTSefasebisTvis (isini xom seqsizmTan erTad homofobiasac

upirispirdebian), SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom internalizebul homofobias didi

zegavlena aqvs lesboselTa reaqciaze Zaladobis mimarT.

urTierToba ojaxTan da heteroseqsual megobrebTan – Cveni ojaxebisa da

megobrebis mier dakavebuli homofobiuri poziciebis gamo da Cveni mxridan


siuzan farri

13

internalizebuli homofobiis mizeziT, bevr Cvengans ar aqvs namdvili urTierTobebi

heteroseqsualad identificirebul adamianebTan. yvelaze didi Seferxeba

Caketilobaa. xSirad vgrZnobT, rom mowoneba da siyvaruli, romelsac ojaxisgan da

megobrebisgan viRebT pirobiTia, rom is efuZvneba gamowerili normebis mixedviT

Cvens saqciels da rom is wagverTmeva, Tuki Cvenze damyarebul molodins ar

gavamarTlebT. bevri Cvengani cxovrobda da axlac cxovrobs imis SiSiT, rom

romelime sayvareli adamiani aRmoaCens Cvens seqsualur identobas da xels gvkravs.

vinaidan Cven vTvliT, rom ver gadavitanT mSoblebis, da-Zmisa an saukeTeso megobris

siyvarulis dakargvas, vibrZviT imisTvis, rom Cveni cxovreba maTgan saidumlod

SevinaxoT. uaryofis es SiSi, yovelTvis riskis qveS ayenebs urTierTobebs da

asustebs maT.

horizontaluri Seviwroveba/mtruli ganwyoba – erT-erTi adgili, sadac

internalizebuli homofobiiT gamowveul yvelaze didi zianis mowmeni vxdebiT,

Cvenive lesbosuri sazogadoebaa. swored aq, Seviwrovebul adamianebs Soris, aRwevs

yvelaze did warmatebas internalizebuli homofobia da aferxebs erTianobasa da

zrdas socialuri Tu politikuri urTierTmoqmedebisas. gare siZulviliT

gamowveuli Cveni tkivili risxvaSi gadadis da imis magivrad, rom Seviwroebis

wyaros vebrZoloT, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg vilaSqrebT. imis nacvlad, rom am

risxvasa da energias erTad movuyaroT Tavi da dominant kulturaSi, sadac ufro

sarisko da saxifaToa SeewinaaRmdego Cagvras, saWiro cvlilebebis misaRwevad

mivmarToT, TavgamodebiT vesxmiT Tavs da vzRudavT erTmaneTs. Cven vxdebiT

lesbosuri cxovrebis yvelaze mkacri da momTxovni kritikosebi.

iqneb imitom, rom gare samyaroSi usafrTxoebis deficits ganvicdiT, viswrafviT

miRebulobisken sakuTar erTobebSi. es ltolva deformacias ganicdis da

gansxvavebulobis SiSad gardaiqmneba, ris gamoc naklebad Semwynareblebi vxdebiT maT

mimarT, visac gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebi aqvs da sxvanairi cxovrebiT

cxovrobs. raoden ironiulic unda iyos, gamodis, rom Cvenive ltolva

usafrTxoebisken gvibiZgebs SevqmnaT adgili, romelic usafrTxo mxolod im viwro

wrisTvis aris, romlis wevrebic erTnairad gamoiyurebian da fiqroben. amgvarad Cven

danawevrebulebi varT politikuri koreqtulobis, klasobrivi sakiTxebis, rasis,

miRebulobisa da Tavis moCvenebis, separatizmis, inkluziurobisa da sxva mravali

niSniT.

inglisuridan Targmna

naTia gvianiSvilma

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