, hobbie flahhbie o rii6enn flenbcfcwhob pe3yxibtateintranet.vef.hr/dolphins/radovi/odessa...
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CnHcoK Hcnojib30BaHHbix hctohhhkob / References
Kennedy S., Kuiken T., Jepson P.D., Deaville R., Forsyth M., Barrett T., van de Bildt M.W., Osterhaus A.D., Eybatov T., Duck C , Kydyrmanov A., Mitrofanov I., Wilson S., 2000. Mass die-off of Caspian seals caused by canine distemper virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6: 637-639.
Gauthier J.M., Dubeau H., Rassart E. 1998. Mercury-induced micronuclei in skin fibroblasts of beluga whales. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 2487-2493.
Graham J.A., Gardner D.E., Waters M.D., Coffin D.L. 1975. Effect of Trace metals on phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. Infection and Immunity 11: 1278-1283.
Sengupta M., Bishayi B. 2002. Effect of lead and arsenic on murine macrophage response. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 25:459-472.
Hughes M.F. 2002. Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms o f action. Toxicology Letters 133: 1-16 Watson R.R., Moriguchi S., McRae B., Tobin L., Mayberry J.C., Lucas D. 1986. Effects of selenium in vitro on human
T-lymphocyte functions and K562 tumor cell growth. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 39: 447-456. Soto-Pena G.A., Luna A.L., Acosta-Saavedra L., Conde-Moo P., Lopez-Carrillo L., Cebrian M.E., Bastida M., Calde-
ron-Aranda E.S., Vega L. 2006. Assessment of lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine secretion in children exposed to arsenic. FASEB J.: 05-4860fje.
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Galov A., Gomercic M.D., Gomercic T., Lucie H., Skrtic D., Curkovic S., Vukovic S., Gomercic H. Newly documented consequence of dolphin depredation: larynx stran gulation with gillnet parts
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Interactions of dolphins with fishing gear have been regularly reported and they occur because of the cetacean strategy to increase the rate of feeding while decreasing the energy expenditure associated with foraging (Fertl and Leatherwood 1997). The most frequently reported form of cetacean interactions with fishing gear involves entanglement in fishing nets. Limited records exist related to depredation resulting in fishing gear ingestion. Ingestion of fishing hook and lure were documented by Gorzelany (1998). However, there are no documented cases of fishing gear ingestion resulting in larynx strangulation. Here we present bottlenose dolphins {Tursiops truncatus) from the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea that have been affected with larynx strangulation with gillnet parts. The bottlenose dolphin is the only resident marine mammal species in Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea with the total number of individuals estimated at between 220 to 250 (Gomercic et al. 2002). It is endangered and legally protected species in Croatia. Croatia has a long tradition of small-scale coastal fishing, which exploits near-shore biological resources. Small-scale commercial and private fisheries use gillnets throughout the year. The level of exploitation is unknown because the catches of the coastal fishing gears are not recorded. However, the total amount of small-scale, artisanal fishers is estimated at around 18.000, of which only 8.500 are licensed (Dulcic et al. 2003). Fish entangled in gillnets
Galov et al. Newly documented consequence of dolphin depredation: larynx strangulation with gillnet parts
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present a source of concentrated prey all year round and are probably the only feeding source for animals with reduced hunting ability. The position of larynx in toothed whales makes it vulnerable to foreign bodies during deglutition. Their larynx is elongated into a tubular extension, the laryngeal spout, also commonly referred to as the "epiglottal beak" or "goose beak" (Gorzelany 1998) that transverses the digestive tract into the nasal cavity, where it remains in the erect position during deglutition. 120 bottlenose dolphins found dead throughout Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea were examined from 1990 till today. Age was estimated using annual growth layer groups (GLGs) from extracted teeth and based on modified methods described in Slooten (1991). Twelve bottlenose dolphins out of 120 examined (10%) had larynx strangulated with a gillnet part. In the majority of affected animals a fishing net part was hanging from the mouth and was the first indication of larynx strangulation. The gillnet part causing larynx strangulation was in form of a weaved cord encircling the dorsolateral wall of the laryngeal spout. Larynx strangulations most probably occur when dolphins feed on entangled fish from gillnets and accidentally tear off a part of the fishing net. The torn gillnet part might only partly pass into the esophagus during the swallowing of the prey and the rest of it hangs through the pharynx and the oral cavity out of the mouth. Partially swallowed gillnet part causes muscular actions of the pharynx advancing regurgitation. This muscular action brings the swallowed part of gillnet out of the esophagus and into the pharynx. If the swallowed part is directed into the opposite food channel of the food channel where the hanging part lies, it will encircle the laryngeal spout and larynx strangulation occurs. All animals affected by larynx strangulation were older than 7 years and the majority were older than 17 years, indicating that the animals acquired the feeding behavior of taking fish from gillnets from other conspecifics. The examined carcasses of other cetacean species did not show signs of larynx strangulation. Gillnet strangulations could impact the population dynamics of bottlenose dolphin population in the Adriatic Sea as much as 10% of examined bottlenose dolphin carcasses were affected. There are different measures proposed to reduce dolphin interactions with gillnets, e.g. reducing fishing seasons or regions (Murray et al. 2000), establishing marine protected areas free of gillnet fishing (Dawson and Slooten, 1993) and gear modifications (Dawson, 1991). The legislative regulation that would ensure avoiding spatio-temporal overlap of dolphin foraging and human gillnet fishing activities along the Eastern Adriatic Sea would not be feasible since the affected animals were found throughout the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea during all seasons. Additionally, both fishing ground closures and creation of MPAs can have deleterious social and economic effects on fishing-based communities (Mooney et al. 2007). Future investigations should focus on investigating pathological changes of larynxes affected by strangulation and their influence on the overall health of the individuals affected, since larynx strangulation seems to be a chronic condition. We also propose assessing further
190 Marine Mammals of the Holarctic. 2008
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>KecTKOCTb >Ka6epHbix ceTeH. impact of larynx strangulations on the population dynamics of bottlenose dolphin in the Adriatic Sea and considering net alterations that would improve stiffness properties of the gillnets.
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Dawson S. 1991. Modifying gillnets to reduce entanglement of cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science, 7: 274-282. Dawson S., Slooten E. 1993. Conservation of Hector's dolphin: the case and process which led to establishment of the
Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 3: 207-221. Dulcic J., Soldo A., Jardas I. 2003. Small-scale fisheries in Croatia. Adriatic Sea Small-Scale Fisheries, Report of the
AdriaMed Technical Consultation on Adriatic Sea Small-Scale Fisheries, Split, Croatia, 14th-15th October 2003. (http://www.faoadriamed.org)
Fertl D., Leatherwood S. 1997. Cetacean interactions with trawls: a preliminary review. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 22: 219-248.
Gomercic H., Huber C , Mihelic D., Lucie H., Gomercic T., Curas M. 2002. Estimation of the bottlenose dolphin (Tur-siops truncatus) population in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. 9th International Congress on the Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions, Abstracts, p. 43. The Hellenic Zoological Society. Thessaloniki, 2002
Gorzelany J.F. 1998. Unusual deaths of two free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) related to ingestion of recreational fishing gear. Marine Mammal Science, 14: 614-617.
Mooney T.A., Au W.W.L., Nachtigall P.E., Trippel E.A. 2007. Acoustic and stiffness properties of gillnets as they relate to small cetacean bycatch. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1324-1332.
Murray K.T., Read A., Solow A. 2000. The use of time/area closures to reduce bycatches of harbour porpoises: lessons from the Gulf of Maine sink gillnet fishery. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 2: 135-141.
Slooten E. 1991. Age, growth, and reproduction in Hector's dolphins. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69: 1689-1700.
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Observation of Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the East-Siberian Sea during 2007 season with record-low ice cover Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Data on the westernmost distribution of the Bowhead Whales of Bering-Chukchi- Beaufort stock are scarce and sometimes contradictory (Braham et al. 1984, Belikov et al. 1998, Tomilin 2001). Waters of the Russian Eastern Arctic are visited in summer by whales wintering in the Bering Sea. Most records are known from the Herald Bank and Wrangel Island as well as from inshore waters of the Chukotka Peninsula during late summer/autumn.
Bowhead Whales were sighted and video recorded by one of the authors (Victor Tretiakov) during continuous visual hydrological observations from the pilot bridge of RV Akademik Fedorov in the course of the AARI Arctic-2008 Expedition. Observation was made on August 30th, noth off Cape Berezh-nykh, New-Siberian Islands. Whale were observing during two hours during which the vessel sailed ca. 40 km. Whales were recorded within the coordinates
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Odecca, YKpaima 14-18 OKmnopn 2008 2.
Marine Mammal Council (Russia) P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS (Russia)
«The Black Sea Marine Mammal Council» Odessa Center of the Southern Research Institute for Fishery and Oceanography (Ukraine)
Ushinskiy State Pedagogical University (Ukraine) Mechnikov Odessa National University (Ukraine)
Interdepartmental Ichthyological Commission (Russia) Odessa branch of the Research Institute for Southern Seas of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Ukrainian Branch of International Academy of Sciences of Ecology, Security of People and Nature
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