ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · higher education letter vol. 9, no. 34, summer 2016...

36
Higher Education Letter ! 1395 &’ 120 - 85 Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 ! " # $# %&’( )* %+ , # -+ ./01 "! 1 Comparative study of the missions, prospects, general features, and method of student admission in the system of higher education in the selective Asian countries : 3# 4 11 / 03 / 95 : %&’( 4 16 / 06 / 95 < =>& #&3 * Marjan Masoomifard :?@ ,-. /-0 1.2-3 4-5 -6 7.8 9:! . ;<=0 >. >. 0 ;<=0 ? @A >.=B ?3 46? ) 7D = . E2 .00 ;-F -GB >-. A-HI 1.2-3 .7-0 (L-=0 AM3 4-NO >0 60 > 70 4B 4 8O! ? 5 - GF! ? G -L0 - . >-- 4-N 4--. ;< -=0 -- >--. 0 >.=B " >P-0 B3 6. /? /30Q 0A0 " ;<-=0 -? 0 .70 -. > .-=B /-0 ;<=0 ;<=0 /30Q 0A-60 ;<-=0 /?- 4R ;<=0 6. >E 0 -B3 8ST0 ;<-= ;<-=0 >P0 BA! - -?3 4- 4- >A?E 6U. .- V-W0 -? - 9-RX0 1.23 V Y0 60 4NO - 7 ;<--=0 --. Z-- > .-- [-- 0 --= ;<=0 >. 4NO 9-:! -\ ] ^0 _ 0 >. \ A-B -L0 ; -0 AL! 0 ;:0 4 >. .=B /0 ‘U >- =B A- 7?:?B 7UA=?3 a8 0! _ 0 . Abstract: The main aim of this study is to identify and compare similarities and differences of universities in the East Asian countries offering distance learning with Payame Noor University in terms of missions, prospects, general features and method of student admission. The present research is a documentary study conducted by a comparative-analytic method. Statistical population for the study included all of the universities in Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran. Among them, The Open University of Japan, The Open University of China, Indira Gandhi national Open University of India, Allama Iqbal Open University of Pakistan, Terbuka University of Indonesia, and Payame Noor University were selected by a purposeful sampling. Data required for the research were collected by study of documents and formal websites of the universities. Results indicated that the universities under study made fundamental changes in their educational systems by their own initiatives. Thus using their successful experiences and localizing them in our country could lead to development and better quality of distance learning in our country. =A ! " : 0 _ 5?8O! 4NO ?3 ;<=0 ? @A >.=B Keywords: Comparative study, distance learning, East Asian countries, Payame Noor University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــ1 . 06 =.23 bAX 0 cAW 45 /0 " ;<=0 _ 5?8O! 4NO . @A 0 > ? " 70 ;? L0 4 ?3 ;<=0 0 ;^=.23 4B 70 . * :e ;6) 0A0 0A! ?3 ;<=0 ?A! G ;AE 0 [email protected] (

Upload: hakhanh

Post on 07-Mar-2019

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

���� ���� �� ����� ���� Higher Education Letter ��� ������� � ����� � �� ����� �! 1395 &' �120 - 85 Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016

������ ���� ��������� �������� �������� ���� � � ! "��

�# �$���# %&�'( )�*�%���+ ���, ��# �� ���-+ ./01� "�����!1

Comparative study of the missions, prospects, general features, and method of student admission in the system of higher

education in the selective Asian countries :���� 3���# 4����11/03/95 :���� %&�'( 4����16/06/95

���<�� =�>&�#&3∗ Marjan Masoomifard :��??@� ,�--. /--�01.�2--3� 4--���5� � ���--��6�

7.�8�9��:! � �.;�<=�0 >�.���� ����� >�. �0 ;�<=�0 � �?� @A� >�.��=B �� ��� ��?3 46?�� �

)7����D��=� ��.�E2�� ��.�0��0 ;�-F� � �-GB >�-. A-H�I 1.�2-3 .7-�0 (�L-=�0 �A�M3 4-N��O�>0

�6�0 >7�0 4B 4 ��� 8O!?5�-GF!?G � ��-L�0 �-�. >��--� 4--N���4--�. ;�<--=�0 ���--� >�--. �0 ��

>�.��=B" >P���-�0 �����B�3 �������6. �/?� �/30Q�0A�0 �" ;�<-=�0 ��-?� �0 .7�0 �-.> ��.��-=B /-�0;�<=�0 �� �� ;�<=�0 �/30Q 0A��-6�0 ;�<-=�0 �/?-�

4�R� ;�<=�0 ��6. >���E �0 ����-�B�3 ��8ST0 ;�<-= ;�<-=�0 � >P����0 �B� A! ��-� ��-?3 4- 4-���� ���

>A?E�6�U�. .���-� V�-W��0 ��-?� ��-� 9�-�RX0 1.�23 � V� � Y�0�� � �6�0 4N��O� ��-�� 7���

;�<--=�0 �--. Z---����> .�--� [��--�� � 0 ��---=�;�<=�0 >�.� 4N��O� ��� 9��-:! �-\ ]�� ��^� 0

���� ��_� � ����0 >�. �\ � A-B �-L�0; �-�0 � AL! �0 ; �:��04>�. ��� � �.��=B /�0 `U�� >��-�

�� �� ��=B � � A-�� 7?:?B � 7UA=?3 a8� ��0�!���� ��_� �0 . �� ��

Abstract: The main aim of this study is to identify and compare similarities and differences of universities in the East Asian countries offering distance learning with Payame Noor University in terms of missions, prospects, general features and method of student admission. The present research is a documentary study conducted by a comparative-analytic method. Statistical population for the study included all of the universities in Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran. Among them, The Open University of Japan, The Open University of China, Indira Gandhi national Open University of India, Allama Iqbal Open University of Pakistan, Terbuka University of Indonesia, and Payame Noor University were selected by a purposeful sampling. Data required for the research were collected by study of documents and formal websites of the universities. Results indicated that the universities under study made fundamental changes in their educational systems by their own initiatives. Thus using their successful experiences and localizing them in our country could lead to development and better quality of distance learning in our country.

=��A��� !": ��� �0 ���� ��_� ��5?8O! 4N��O���� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ��?� @A� >�.��=B

Keywords: Comparative study, distance learning, East Asian countries, Payame Noor University

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1 . �0�6� � �=.�23 bAX �0 cAW��� 4��5� /�0";�<=�0 ����� ��_� �5?8O! 4N��O��. @A� �� �0 � �� >

�?�" 7�0 ;�?�� ��L�0 4 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 �� �0 � �� ���� ;�^=.�23 � 4B 7�0.

∗ :��e�� ;�6����) �0A�0 ��0A�! ���� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ��? A! ��G� ;�AE ��� ���0 [email protected](

Page 2: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 86

���� ��� ;�0P. f�A� � ;A� �0 9�X�8!�0 � 9��RX0 >���6U �0 >A?E���/�A! >�.�0P 0

����� � g?F' ;�0 0 � 7�A��� >0A h�2!0A��04�. � �!���\ �������0 >�. ����� V��F� �?� � �<6.AU �� �0��^�. � /?G^�)1 �2012 :8( a8� >���6U /�0 .

;�� 4���?3 �. 4 ����� 4N��� �L�0� � 7F! >A= �E��� `� �i� 4�. �D! 4�UAE �0AS A?j 7�0 ���4N�; 0 ]^� 0� 4���?3 �. 4 >0 >�. ��� � � 4B

���. A<��^� � P?� kG�W�;����0 ���l���)2 �2008 :3(. �� ��. ��� /�0 �0 �^� �4 ���A3 � ����7�0 ��� ��X � �0 4Bm n6.AU 4N��! � �L�0 `� �i� /�A!Aj

7�0 >A= . ����0 � ��� /�0 4B �L� �0�. � � �0 ��B�A� P?� �����0 4N��� ]o��7�0 A<��^� 4 �=� 1? ��B �0��^�. � n���)3 �2010 :104( 0M��N��O� ���� �

���A3 A. 4N��� � 4���5� � � ��_� ���� � ���A3 �Z�0� A<� �0 �A_� A. ����0�! ��T 0� >0A ]I 9R^=� � ]o��� 4 �=� ��PU0A! �� ���q��0 /�0 A .

���0�! >0A ]I >�0�� ����� >�. ]I ;0� >�68� AA<� >�.��=B >�. ��E��E>�. >A!Ajm� 7�0 A 0 r/� ������ 7�0 4B�� � ��0�!�N��O� �5?8O! ���� �

���A3 4 ��L�0 .��� �� �� ABs 4t� 4 4��! � e � 4B 7�0 � AH�I 1.�23 �G'0 4G��� � A��>�.

A?\0�� �0 ���� ��_� 4N��!4 ��=B � 4GIA� � �� /?� � � ����0 � ��� >07�0 4�UAE �0AS `?S � q��I ��I. �G'0 ����� 4B ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 A ;�R�

�����=B � �� �0 ����7�0 �4�. ;�<=�0 >�.4 P?� ��=B ��6B � [���!���� � 4 �\ >��uI >�.; �� >����0 � ��?�) �0��^�.5 �2015 :605(. ���� � � � �3�� ]?� 4 �� �0 ���� ��_� 4B 7�01���>�. ��0�0AU4 ����

7�0. �� /�0 �04 90�0�� 4N��! /�0���� ��_�� ��_� �5?8O! 9�N��O� 4 ��� >�.�.��=B �� �0 ����A<� > 7\0 A3r 0A��0�/4��E � ��5��0 >0A 0� 46?�� 9�N��O�

.0AU ����� ��_� 9R^=� ZU��� � �� � 4 ;�0 0 /?6� ��E�66B��_����. k=B � ! ]o��� ]?GF! � ��? A�� h�B.�6B A<� /W� 4 �0 �.�E7����D��=� ��. ��.�0��0

�E2��� �L=�0 �A�M3 ;�F� � �GB >�. ��_����� ���� �.��=B A��� �� �0 � � ���6�����. \ 9R^=� ZU� >0A ��� 4B >A? 0�! �; A ��B 4 ��� ���0 �� ��0�!

7��H� ]iU � ]I >0A 4����� A? 0�! s�W!0 � ����� ]o��� �����6� � 0� 1W ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

1. Maclean et al 2. Sampaio 3. Sang et al

4O'0 4��5� /�0 � . ;0� ;Q0� � 7�0 4�U� ��B 4 �� ;0� �0 ���� ��0��� bRO'0 >�� 4 �� �0 ���� bR

� �N� 4Bway .7�0 ;�� ,MI bRO'0 /�0 �0 7�0 ��?G<�0 �� � � 5. Simoa et al

Page 3: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

87 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

����4��_� 4N��! 4=���0 � 4B ����� w�i\ /��� >�.�?��. ������ �. >��� .A �6 �� ABs 4t�>0A�0 1.�23 /?6� ���.! 4 4��! � D ��G� �A�F� A��� �?B �68�

� ���� ���� 1��� bAX A 7����D�;�<=�0 ��� 0AE /���! � �.4���A >�. �RB� 4���� V�W��0 7� �=� >0�0 � `U�� >�.�� A_� 4 >��AH > AB��B � 4:?x����. 1�A3 �q��0 /�0 A>�. 1.�23 /�09��8���0 �0:

1- 7����D��=� � �.;�<=�0 >�.�0��0 4N��O� ��� >�. A<��^� � 4���5� � y7�0 4��<�

2- �E2����_� �GB >�. ;�<=�0 � �� �0 ���� 4���5� � 4N��O� ��� >�.y7�0 4��<� A<��^� �

3- ;�� � �L=�0 �A�M3 ;�F�;�� � �.�<=�0 Y��� 4 AL6� >�. >�.�L=�0 ��� 78j ;�F� ��L=�0 �A�M3 ���� � 0� ���� � ��G� 0�N!z���! 9

;�<=�0 � y7�0 4��<� A<��^� � 4���5� � 4N��O� ��� >�.

�1�( E���( ;�<=�0 7?��NU >0A �?� >�.4N��! ����>�. �0 >��u-IA?{ �. ��� �AS A\0�0

.�� ��{ 4���A 4 �� �0 ���� ;Q0��� @RX0 ����� >�. ;�6. �� ��?� 4B ������ 4G'�U �;��A?E �� � ��� ���^� � �4��0 �A?E �� � >A?E �� �6�0AU �A�6B � ;�

1��\ 7�0 ���W�)|A8���.1 b1989:9�( �� /�0 �0;�<=�0 >�.�� �0 ���� �3��� ;���> ����) 7�0?0� �0��^�. �2� 2003( �L�0 ��N6' VR5�0 �0 z3 4B

7�0 ;��. 46?=?3;�<=�0 >�. 4B 7�0 � �0 �B�I 4N��O� ���) /30Q �� ;�<=�0 3OUJ (

��� � 1983 /30Q 7? A! � �?GN! 9�0�� 9��_� 7F!z?�D! ��. ;�<=�0 /�0 4BZS0�� |�P /�A! m�7�0 /30Q � A� 4�. >0A �� �0 � �� ���� 4��� �

;A� E?A> �04�����.�� � ���P��G! ��� 0� �6������}6U>�.> /���>0A �L�07'AU>�. ���� k?X >�.��?� 4 ���<W��3 � ����; A��E>0 >0A � A� �0

>A?E ���0 ��A�N�0 �R!���6B )V����7 /30Q �� ;�<=�0 ����4(. /?� �� ;�<=�0 5 P?��.���� � �9�X�8!�0 � 9��RX0 >���6U VR5�0 4N��! [��A! 4

1�0PU0 ����� ���� ��_� � >����7?UAx>�. �� � ������ 7�0 � ���� 4 Y0A��0>�0ME ����� Z �6�B� ?:?7 .7�0 4�\0 A3 h� 4B ;�<=�0 /�0 ���� ;�<=�0

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1. Holemberg 2. Georgieva, Todorov, Smrikarov 3. The Open University Of Japan 4. http://www.ouj.ac.jp/eng/ 5. The Open University Of China

Page 4: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 88

q��0 A �7�0 /���>���6U>�. 4�. >0A ��0�� ��� � �� �0 ;�?� 4 0� ���� �/���

4 ;�<=�0 /�0 7��S .7�0 ; �� �.0AU ������� � >A�� `X�6� ���! � /?� � A��D!z? � >PBA� ����P��G! � �� 0� ;�<=�0 ;�<=�0 >�. � ` �� �GF� ����P��G! � �� 0�

��� � /?� ��=B1979 ��A AE )V����7 /?� �� ;�<=�0 ����1.( /?6t�. ������6. >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 ��� � 1985 �� �G. � z?�D! .�� /�0

;�<=�0 ZS0�� m� �� ���� A8�N� 4�� � � 7�0 ������6. � A� 4�. >0A �� �0 �;A� >A?E �0>���6U>�. �L�0 � �� �0 ���� [��A! 7?��e�� �/���7'AU>�.

k?X >�.��?� 4 ���<W��3 � ���� ����; A��E>0 ;��� A 0� ������6. � � A� �0 .7�0 4�UAE 4B ;�<=�0 /�0 � |�P /�A! 4��m� �� �0 ���� ���� ������6. �

�7�0����>�. �:G�W�4 ��_6� ��6. 7?N�� 4�. 4 �����0 Z �6� 7��5!4 ��;2 4o0�0 4N��� ��AF� 1W �� �� )V�7��� >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 ����2(.

P?� ����B�3 � ��� � 4B 7�0 ���� �.�<=�0 �����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 1974 4 ��_6� ���� 4o0�0 A�� � �� �0�R�0 � ����B�3z?�D! .��;�<=�0 /�0 qRB>�.

�0PEA � �0 �� � 4 0� �\ �� �0 ������6B� ���F��0 � 0� �� 48!� ��L=�0 0�N!�0 ���� 4 4��! � ;�<=�0 /�0 .���>�. 4�4��E � �I0AX4 >A?E��B >A?E ��

�uI ;�?� 4 ���� ��^?��A� �0 �>�����>�. �\A �.���� �����>�. �\A �.������ 4o0�0 ����L=�0 4 ���. PB0A� � >��uI ���� .45O6�>0 ��uI � �.����

0 ��^�0 ZU� >0A �L=�0 � ��� �0PEA ���� .qRB>�. �����\A �.���� 0� �0 ���0 � ��? >0A � � 1�A3 bAX � a��O� V�������3>�. �.���� 0A�0���66B .�0 ���0 �

���� ��T�F �. ����L=�0 4 � 7�A��� 0�����6.0�>�. 4o0�0 0� ��T ��6B�6 )V�7��� ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 ����3(.

0 P?� >P����0 ��=B � �B� A! �� ;�<=�4 ��� � 1984 � �?GN! 9�0�� 9��_� 7F! A! >P����0 �G� n6.AU � 7??�D!z .�� ;�<=�0 /�0� h�4��m� �0 � �� ���� A8�N�

� � 7�0 >P����0 � A� 4�. >0A �� ;A� >A?E � 9�X�8!�0 � 9��RX0 >���6U �0>���}6U>�. �/���>0A �L�07'AU>�. k?X >�.��?� 4 ���<W��3 � ���� ����; A��E>0 R! ��=B /�0 ��5� �iS0 � >A?E �� >0A � A� �0 ����6B . ;�<=�0 /�0 � ���� � AB �.0AU � �!���^�0 �����P��G! � ���� 0� 1W3 �0 ; �:��0 �6��� �� >�.>

�^?��A� �0 >A?E �� � ������ /�A!�� � ;�� �L�0 >�.0��F� 4o0�0��=B ��5� P?� 7�0 �.0AU )V�7��� �B� A! ;�<=�0 ����5(.

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1. http://en.ouchn.edu.cn 2. http://www.ignou.ac.in 3. http://www.aiou.edu.pk 4. Universitas Terbuka 5.http://www.ut.ac.id/en

Page 5: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

89 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 �0A�0 � � 0 � 7�0 �.�<=� ��R�0 7��. - >�:�0 >0A 4B ��0A�0

;�<=�0 ��?� � �=.�23 � ��G� ;�<��� �?^F! 7�� � �\ 7?��e�� � 15� �� >�. � ��G� ��5!�0 ������0 ]o�uU � >�5! ���N! � ��� �A��E 4 �?� �� �0 ���� �

186� `?�N! ��=.�23�A��0PU0>46�0 �A��E � ��?=W �?�0 � 4�. � >A?E �� �1�0 7��?� >���0� � 7�0�� A �6�8� � /��0 �O?F� � 4�. >0A � 7S� 4�. ��� >�.

�� ����.0 ����� � �}G� gO� � �0A�0 ��R�0 >����� �RB ���. ��� � ;�<=�0 /�01367 ����A? ��F��� 0 � �0A�0 0� ;�<=�0 9���^�0 Z?�L! �0 z34 �0�6� �0 ��6! ;�<=

�0A�0 ��R�0 >����� � �� �0 � �� ����z?�D! AH�I ��I � ;�<=�0 /�0 .��� 549 ��=B A�0A� � �I0� � PBA�/? PBA� > 0�N! P?� � �GG��0 �0 )V�7��� ����

��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 1(.

:E���( %�� 1.�23 �AH�I 4N��O�>0 �6�0 >7�0 4B 4 ��� 8O!?5�- GF!?G ���L�0 �� A?E .

1.�23 /�0 >��� 4N���4�. ;�<=�0 >�. >�.��=B �� �0 ����" �/?� �/30Q�0A�0 � >P����0 �����B�3 �������6." .7�0��� ,�. �1.�23 4���5�7.�8��.

�9��:!>�. ;�<=�0 >�. 46?�� � �� �0 � �� ����7����D��. ��=��.�0��0 ��E2��>�. �F� /?6t�. � �GB � �L=�0 �A�M3 ;r ��� /�0A �6 ;�<=�0 ���.

V�W��0���� 4B4 ��X 7?��NU �� �0 ���� 46?�� � w�\� �66B � 9��RX0��0PE>�. /�0 � �8!A�;�<=�0 �. ��� qA�� ] �S �.. 7?.�� q��0 A z3

��� �0 �1.�234����>A?E ,�.�0 ��=B A. �0 � �� ; �:��0� =�0 h� ;�< �� V�W��0 4B4 ��X .7�0 �� �0 ���� ����� w�\ ��?� �0;�<=�0 >�.��� �

;�<=�0 ��.��=B /�0 �� �0 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 �/?� �� ;�<=�0 �/30Q �� ��6. >���E ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 �����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 4 �0�6�

�� V�W��0 4����.�� 9��RX0 1.�23 ��?� ���4 4N�0A� � ;�<��3>�. fRX0����� ����� Y�0�� � �6�04��W ��B>0 ���0PE>�. �5?5F!� � �L���V�7���>�.

� 4N��O� ��� >�.��=B ���� ���� � 9�5?5F! 9�0��V�7���>�. ;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ��� 4?�! ��^! �?] h��?��� N 0 q��0 A kG�W� � 1.�23

�� >�� AE. >0A ]?GF! � 4�PL!; 0 �. P?� �L� �0 4B >�.��?N� 458X>�6 �:?B �7�0 ����0�! �0 ����. >��B� ; �:��0 >��� AB �>�B)1981�6�� 4��A! �

�� �\A� >�� 1384(r �/�0A �6 ��� /�0 1.�23 �5?8O! 7�0 >�68� � 458X>�6 A q��0 &\��>�. ?B�: 9��' 4�UAE 4�PL! �7�0 � ]?GF! ; 0 �. A >�68�

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1.http://www.pnu.ac.ir

Page 6: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 90

]I0A� ��� > A 1 �A?�:! �k?'�! 4GIA� ���� � �.>�0�� 4���5� �2 ��L�0 ��.

r7�0 ; AB &W=� 0� 4GIA� ���� ���A3 � ���� �5?8O! 4N��O� ���A� � > A ]I0A� /�09��8���0 :�01 - 4GIA�) k?'�! 4GIA��7�0 ��0 A > � 9��RX0 Y�0�!

k?'�! >0A �U�B;���3>�. .(7�0 >�N 4GIA� � ��� ���A � ��? A!2 - 4GIA� 4�\0 A3 � k?'�! 4 A<=.�23 ��0 4GIA� � 4B 7�0 �!��RX0 ���0� ]���) A?�:!

.(7�03 - 4GIA��.>�0�� ���A ]8S 4GIA� � 4B �!��RX0 �4GIA� /�0 �X);����0� 458X>�6 ������ �0AS �. ��6B �����A?E �.0AU � ������ ��� �� >0A ;0� �!

� 9�� �=! 4���5� �6N� �>�N 4GIA�9��:!>�. .( �� �0��. `?5F! ��� ��? A! ;���34 - �4GIA� /�0 � ) 4���5� 4GIA�"4Ge�� `?5F!" ��G8S ]I0A� � 4B4 � w�i\

4GIA��.>�0�� ME � �0 �T���0 `5F�P� 4 4��! � ��5?S �7�0 4��o q��0 A 9�? � 9�� �=!9��:!�. 4���5� � ���A �� �� 4 ���<W��3 ��0m�>�. � �� � 1.�23

4GIA� /�0 � `?5F! 4?HAU ��8S ���^�0M3�A �� ��; 0��S) (�GNGuU � A5I0 �; 0� �1391.(

��03���" :E���( 1- �������� ����������� "���#��G "�� �H �I��� �# ������ #���

J -� ���G� &G��@� K��- �I��� ��������3

L��>)1( �I��� ������ ��G���# "�������� #���

���H �# ��O P�&/0-� #���� ������ ��G���# "�������� #���

��H

��G��

�#Q(

�A

��H

��G��

�#Q

� ��

G���#

"��

���&�

�1��

�1�

��R

, ��G

���# �

=�0I

!�( L

��ST

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

� )�(

��G�

��#��

�L�0 >0A ���� ���� 4 ��A�� 7'AU� A� 4�.

� � � � � �

��=B > �i�S0 � ������0 4N��! 4 4��! - � - � - - >A?E �� 4 4��!�0 ��A�N�0 � � � - � -

��=B >�A� �I0�� 4 4��! - - � - - � ��uI 4 4��!����� 46F' � - � � - � �

� 7?:?B 1�0PU0 4 4��!=W ��8��0� - - � - � - � �G� 9�I� 4 4��!���0�.> �<6.AU - - - - � �

�. �� (�G� PB0A�) �G� Z �6� 4 4��!- >A?E ��

- - � - - -

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1. Brody 2. Description, Interperation, Juxtaposition, Comparison 3. Missions

Page 7: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

91 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

� ;�� c� 9��RX0 ����)1( �� ��=��. :4B

k�0 - 7����D� ����! �G'0;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ��� �L�0 ��_� 4 ��A�� 7'AU ��^� � ���� �0 ���U � A� 4�. >0A ���� ����7�0.

V- ;�<=�0 >�. �^� >P����0 � �6. �/?� �/30Q >�.��=B � 4N��O� ��� �� �07����D��. >A?E �� 4 4��! 0� �\ >�0 ��A�N�0 ��? AB; ��0 ��I� �4B ;�<=�0

ST0 4�R� /?6� ���� ��?3 � ��8�����D� ABs 0� �; A^���0. c- �0 �^�7����D��. >0A ;�� ��? >;�<=�0 >�. � 4N��O� ��� ��

��0A�0 �>P����0 ��6. �/?� >�.��=B �7�0 ����� 46F' � ��uI 4 4��!��I� �4B ;�<=�0 >�. �� >�.��=B 46F' � ��uI 4 ����! ����B�3 � /30Q���� �4��0����0. - ;�<=�0 >�. 4?��? � �����B�3 � /?� ��=B � 4N��O� ���7����D� �\

4 ��X w�\ 4��! �\ ��=B > �i�S0 � ������0 4N��! 4 AB; ��0 ���I� �4B � 4?��? 7����D� ��� /�0 �.��=B A���4 ��X .7�0 ;�=� �R�0 w�\ s- ;�<=�0 >�.� �0 � �� ���� >P����0 � �6. >�.��=B � 4N��O� ��� �

4?��? � 7����D� �R�0 0� 7?:?B 1�0PU0 4 4��! � �\AB; ��0���I� � 4 4��! 4B 4?��? � 7?:?B 1�0PU07����D� .7�0 ;���� ��:�� 4N��O� ��� A<� >�.��=B

�- 4?��? � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 � �0A�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 D�7���� 4 �\ � �G� 9�I����0>�. 4��! �\ ��=B �<6.AUAB; ��0 ���I� �4B 4 ��� /�0

A��� � ;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���;�=� 4��! .7�0 � - /?6t�.� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 4?��? � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 7����D� �\� 4��!

>�A� �I0�� � �� �0 ���� ��_� 4N��! 4 0� �0AS �\ ��B ���� � ; 0 ��0. ;�R� >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 � A �. �� �G� PB0A�) �G� Z �6� 4N��! 4 - 4��! P?� (>A?E ��

; AB .7�0 V- �I�������������1

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1.visions

Page 8: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 92

L��>)2( �I����������� ��G���# "�������� #���

�# ��O P�&/0-� #������������ ��G���# "��������� #��

Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

��G�

��#�1

� "

����

�&��1

��

��R

, ��G

���#

=�0I

!�( L

��ST�

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

�� �0 ���� ��_� � >��A� 4 4��! � - - - - -

4N��� >�.��?� 4 ���<W��3 � - - � - - gO� � 7 �S� � 7?��NU/? �0�GG� � � � � � �

�G� gO� � 7?��NU 46�0 �A��E - - � - - -

����� ��_� ]��^! � 4N��! 4 4��! - - - � - -

7?:?B 4N��! 4 4��! � - - � - -

����0 � �<6.AU 9�?u�5� 4 4��! - - - - - �

9��RX0 ����)2( ��=�;�6. :4B 7�0 � k�0 - � �=��0��0 ����!;�<=�0 >�.4N��O� ���� gO� � 7 �S� � 7?��NU/? �GG��0

.7�0 ;�� ��? /�0 A �6 A_� 4 ����� ����!��_�>�. /��0 � �� �0 �����E2����. � �6���4�.����� 4�. � � � ���^�4 9��' ,�ON�0M3�A!A ���6�0�! gO� � 7?��NU 4

/? �GG��0 .���0 Al V- � �� ;�<=�0 �0 �^� ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � /?�=��.�0��0 �\ >

0� ��? 4N��� >�.��?� 4 ���<W��3AB; ��0. c- �0 �^��=��.�0��0 ��8ST0 4�R� � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 >0A ;�� ��? >

����B�3� � 4B 7�0 7?:?B 4N��! 4 4��!�=��0��0 ;�<=�0 >�. 4 ����! A<� ;�=� �.7�0

s - � ������6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 �=��0��0 �\ �G� gO� � 7?��NU 46�0 �A��E ��? 0�; AB 7�0r ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 4B 7�0 ���I � /�0 ]�� ! � 4N��! 4 4��!

� 0� ����0 � �<6.AU 9�?u�5� 4 4��! P?� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � ����� ��_��=��0��0 �\ �UAN�AB; ��0. 2- �����"�� )�*� � ! �# ��# �� %���+��G���# "�� �# ������ #���

J -� ���G� &G��@� �H �I���

Page 9: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

93 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)3( �I�����G���# "�� L�- &*� �� ������ #���X-�� E/H ���G��> ���G���# ���O �

� ���3 #���V� ��- =�@� �X-�� =���$���# #���� � �����"�� � !)�*� �� %���+

�# ��#��G���# "�� #���

������ Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

"��

���&�

�1��

��G��

�#�1

L��S

T� �

�R,

��G��

�#=�

0I!�

( �!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

L�-X-�� 1981 1979 1985 1974 1984 1988

���3 �H�- 35 ��� 37 ��� 31 ��� 42 ��� 32 ��� 28 ���

��G���# ���O Whenever, Wherever, Whoever

to be open

to people

The People's

University Education

for All

Making Higher

Education Open to All

Education for all, anywher

e and anytime

�&0I� /��G��>

|�P /�A! 4��m�

���� ���� �� �0 �/30Q

�S���A!�/

;�<=�0 ���� �� �0/?� �

|�P /�A! �� ;�<=�0 �

��=B �� �0������6.

;�<=�0 /?�� 4 ���� �� 0�N! ��F�

�L=�0

;�<=�0 ��6!>P����0 ��

� /?��0|�P /�A!

;�<=�0 �0 �����0A�0 � ��

�� �0��# E/H�Y�<Z

�'�i\ ���� ���� ���� ��� � ����

V� ��- http://www.ouj.ac.jp/eng/

http://en.ouchn.ed

u.cn/ http://www.ig

nou.ac.in/ tp://www.aiohtu.edu.pk/

http://www.ut.ac.id/en

www.pnu.ac.ir

=�@�"U!&� #�0- ��G���#

�8?� A��40 �?B�! �! A���G?B

/^3 �G. �R�0 � 0��� ;A�P� �0A�! A��

#����=���$���#

��� A

1�400�000 A:�

A ��� 3�590�0

00 A:�

A ��� 3,500,000

A:�

A ��� 1,806,214

A:�

A ��� 640�000 A:�

A ��� 700�000

A:�

���.4��E ���� 4B)3( ��=����. � ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 45 ��0> ��I

42 7��S � �7?��NU ����0 1.�23 /�0 � ;�<=�0 /�A! ��?� � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � 7;�<=�0 >�. ��I � 4N��O� ���28 �B �7?��NU ���7��S /?<��?� � 7�0 ;�<=�0 /�A!

7?��NU 45 ��4�. ;�<=�0 >�. ���1.�23 /�0 � ���A 34 ���7�0.

Page 10: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 94

��#�\�)1 ( �# �$���# #���� �I�����G���# "�������� #���

���.4��E ���� 4B)3( �0 ��� �)1( ��=����6. � 4�.;�<=�0 >�. �0 4N��O� ���

q��0 A �L=�0 0�N! A_�458X>�6 ]?�0 ���1 )1999 ;A�� � (�0A ;�<=�0 �.2 .�6��. � ��?�;�<=�0 >�. ��I � /?� �� ;�<=�0 �4N��O� ���3�590�000 0�N! /�A�=? �L=�0

� A! ;�<=�0 � �L=�0 ��I � >P����0 �B 000/640 0� �L=�0 /�A��B ��L=�0 ���0 . A q��0 �0 ���)3( 48!�>�6 ;�<=�0 >�. 4 /�A�=? �0 �L=�0 0�N! ��F� 4 4N��O� ���

�B7�0 bA� /�� 0�N! /�A��� 48!� r/?� �� ;�<=�0 ���0 48!� :� >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 6.r� ��� 48!� ;�<=�0 �r/30Q �� ;�<=�0 ������ 48!� r����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ��L63 48!�

.7�0 >P����0 �B� A! �� ;�<=�0 4 �� A� �=� 48!� � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1. Daniel 2. Mega university

Page 11: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

95 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)4( �I�����G���# "�� )�� � #���� &*� �� ������ #�����@���#�� ��E/H"�� #��� �\ ,

������ ����� #���

I��� �# ���G���# "��

#���������

Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

�&��1�

� ��G�

��#

�1� "

����

L��S

T� �

�R,

��G��

�#=�

0I!�

( �!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

#������@���#��

��E/H"�� �\ ,

� >0�0 ) (;�^=�0

:]��� ;�^=�0

��G������0 �

;�^=�0 9R?iF!

^!.�G?�

>0�0 )6 (;�^=�0

:]��� ;�^=�0 � A6.@�5I �

;�^=�0 � �i�S07�A��� �

;�^=�0 ���6�� �

;�^=�0 ��G���? A! �

;�^=�0 �� �>�.

����\ � ;�^=�0

��G� ��^�P3 ;�^=�0

��G������0

>0�0 )21 (;�^=�0 :]��� ��G� ;�^=�0

;�^=�0 ������0 �������0 ��G�

�G� ;�^=�0 �4��3 � ��G� ;�^=�0

;�^=�0 ���? A! >A?E ���0 ��A�N�0 �

� ���6�� ;�^=�0 ;�^=�0 �>���6U �7�A��� 9�N��O�

��G� ;�^=�0 ;�^=�0 ����0��

�A!�?l��B ��G� �>����=B ;�^=�0 �@�5I ;�^=�0 ��G� ;�^=�0

;�^=�0 �9�X�8!�0 � 4N��! 9�N��O� ;�^=�0 �7?�6�

� >A<� AE\ �>�0�G�. 9���

9�N��O� ;�^=�0 �?��4���0> �

9���\ ;�^=�0 ;�^=�0 �������0

� �6U ����4UAI0> ;�^=�0 �

� ��� 9�N��O� ;�^=�0 �4N��!

�� �>�. �����\ 9�N��O� ;�^=�0 ;�^=�0 �4��A!���L! >�.A6.

>0�0 )4 (;�^=�0

:]��� ;�^=�0 9�N��O� � � A���R�0 �

;�^=�0 ��G���? A! �

;�^=�0 4��3 ��G� � ;�^=�0

��G� � ������0

�����0

>0�0 )5 (;�^=�0

:]��� ��G� ;�^=�0

� ��? A!�GN� 7? A! �

��G� ;�^=�0 � ������0

���?� � ;�^=�0

�i�S0 � ��G� ;�^=�0

� �H����N?8X �

;�^=�0 9R?iF!

�G?�^!

>0�0 )9 ;�^=�0 -

(��G� 1W :]���

? 0 9� � ����U

�� �>�. ����\ �

� 9�?��0 ��G���R�0 � ��G�������0 �4��3 ��G� �

��? A! ��G��0�� ����6� � ��G�

>����=B � � �6U���6�� �

�7�A��� � �i�S0

�0� ��I> � A6.>���N�

Page 12: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 96

���.4��E ���� 4B)4( ��=����. � � 0�0 � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 �21 �;�^=�0

A�=? ��?� � ;�^=�0 0�N! /�;�<=�0 >�. ������A � 7�0 ; 0 w�i�\0 �\ 4 0� ��?� � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 ;�<=�0 >�. 4 ��UA' � 7�0 ;�^=�0 � >0�0 �5U 4N��O� ���

4o0�0����>�. � �� �04���>�. �����0 ��G� � �8!A��� �0 A3.

) ��#�\�2��@���# #���� �I��� (E/H �� ���\ , "��

���. 4B ��X �0 ���)2( ��=����. �48!�>�6 ;�<=�0 >�. ��F� 4 4N��O� ��� :7�0 bA� /�� 0�N! /�A��B 4 /�A�=? �0 ;�^=�0 0�N! ;�<=�0 ���0 48!�

�6. >���E0A��6�0 48!� r�� � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 r /?� �� ;�<=�0 ���� 48!�r ������ 48!�>P����0 �B� A! �� ;�<=�0 r �=� 48!� � ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 ��L63 48!�� ;�<=�0

.7�0 /30Q ��

) ��#�\�3��@���# Q���1, �I��� (��G���# �# #�>�� "�������� #��� "��

Page 13: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

97 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

�0 ���)3( ��=����. 4B ���!;�<=�0 >�. ������A >0�0 9�N��O� ;�^=�0

������0 � �����0 ��G��6��. . �a?!A! 4 ������0 ��G� ;�^=�0 �0 z3 /?6t�.;�^=�0 �. ��0�0AU /�A�=? >0�0 4��3 ��G� � �i�S0 � 7�A��� ���? A! ��G� >7�0.

L��>)5( �I�����G���# "�� �� ������ #��� U!�&� #���� &*�QH� \�� �H "��@\� =�U� �

��G���# "���>��Z ���#������"�� � !)�*�

%���+ �� �# ��#

��G���# "�������� #���

Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

�&��1

�� ��G

���#

�1

� "

����

L��S

T� �

�R,

��G��

�#=�

0I!�

( �!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

� ��

)�(

��G��

�#�

U!�&� #����QH� \��

�0�� �0�� 29 � PBA�

15 ��=B �0�� �0��

>0�0 ;�<--=�0 /--�0 >�.��=B � >PB0A�

� � �������U07�0 � /?--6t�.����E�--6�

�-----.�� � P-----?� ���L�� �s >�.��=B ����--�^?��! ��--?����0 >P��-� � 0 ���B �����

. �0

�H "��@\���G���# "��

�>��Z

�65U0�! >��--^�. 4--� � 11 ���� ;�<=�0

�^--�� �! ;�<--=�0 ) ��- ;�<-=�0 �0 ���B ��- ;�<=�0 ��0���! ��- ;�<-=�0 �/?� ��-- ;�<--=�0 �;A--B ;�<-=�0 �>��<��� ��--^�A� �--6� >A--� ��-6G��! ��- ;�<=�0 ��---- ;�<----=�0 ;�<--=�0 ����--�G<�0 ��?��l-�0 �-�� �� �� � ��-!� �� ;�<=�0

�� ;�<=�0 (�?��l-�0 �0

>��^�. �------- ;�<-=�0 n6. �� � h--6B ;�<-=�0 �---���

�^��

�- >��^�. >�.��---=B �7------��B ���-------�� �z���----� ��3�------?!0 �c�� ]I�� ���--l� ��--?6B ��^�R�A---� 90��------�0 ;�------F�� �AOS �� A� �/�A-----F ���----� A� �> �N----� �4--------6?E ���3�<6----�

�������U0

>��--^�. �--------- >�.��=B ���--� A� �> �N--� �7----��B

------OS �A 90��----�0 ;�----F�� ��---- A� � ��---��

/�AF

�0�� ��^�.>�.�� �- 0�

�0 T� >�.��=B

Page 14: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 98

9��RX0 ����)5( ;�� � 4���5�;�<=�0 >�. PB0A� 0�N! A_� �0 4N��O� ���/? �GG��0 � � >�� �. �0P?�;�<=�0 >�.����\ � 7�0 ��=����. 4B ;�<=�0 � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0

�?3 gO� � >PB0A� >0�0 ��� �/? �GG��0 �6��. �/?� �� ;�<=�0 �/30Q �� ;�<=�0 /?6t�. . �0 �\A � ���� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � ��8ST0 4�R� ��6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 ;�<=�0 >�. ����\

�.�:!4����.> �\ ��=B >�.�A� �0 c��\ � 7?��NU 4 � 4��0 >�� �.�����0 A3.

Page 15: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

99 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)6( �I�����G���# "�� ]��$� �# ��^, &*� �� ������ #���QH� \�� � � <�� L�- _�&O �

#����)&�"�� � <�� �����"��

�# � !��G���# "��

������ #��� Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

��G�

��#�1

� "

����

�&��1

��

��R

, ��G

���# T�

=�0I

!�( L

��S

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

�# ��^, ]��$�

QH� \��

- /�L�0 �u�;�<=�0 >�.

���?� � �� Asian

Association of Open

Universities (AAOU)

- >0��� �u�/? �GG��0

�A��E�� �0 ���� Council for Open and Distance

Education (ICDE)

u� /�L�0 �;�<=�0 >�.

���?� � �� Asian

Association of Open

Universities (AAOU)

�u�0���> /? �GG��0

�� �0 ���� (ICDE)

International Council of

Distance Education

/�L�0 �u�;�<=�0 >�.

���?� � �� Asian

Association of Open Universiti

es )(AAOU

�u� /�L�0;�<=�0 >�.

���?� � �� Asian

Association of Open

Universities

(AAOU)

- �u� /�L�0

;�<=�0 >�.���?� � ��

Asian Association of Open Universiti

es (AAOU)

- �u� >0���

/? �GG��0 �A��E

�0 ������

Council for Open and Distance Education

)(ICDE

u� /�L�0 �;�<=�0 >�.

���?� � �� Asian

Association of Open Universiti

es )(AAOU

L�- _�&O� <��

�G?iF! ��� �0 /30Q � ;�� ��0�0

f�A� ]��� A\ �! � ;�� ��X q���

�� �=B

� �G?iF! ���/?� �0 ]�0�0

A8���l� f�A� ;�� ;�� �! �

��X /o�Q���=B

�G?iF! ��� � .������6 �00�0���� �! ]�

� ;�� f�A� �! �! ���� �!

�� ��X�=B

����G?iF! � ����B�3 P?�

��{ ��� �� �� �

��� ��� �! 4�0 0 ;�6�

��� ��

��� �0 �G?iF! 4���0Q A\0�0

A8�0�� �!7�0

��� �0 �G?iF! ;��A�� ]�0�0

A\0�0 �! 0 A\7�0

#����)&�"��

�# � <�� `�L�-

�A! 4� h� � :�G?iF! ���

��0 �A! �0 �! ]���>T�� �� �A! �0

�! A8���l� A8��� ��� �A! �0

.q��� �! 4���0Q

h� � �A! � �G?iF! ���:

��0 �A! f�A� ]�0�0 �0 A8���l�

�� �A! f�A� ��0�0 �0

.4���U

h� � �A! � :�G?iF! ���

�0 ��0 �A! ���� �! ]�0�0

��0�0 �!P?��3 �0 �� �A!

P?��3 ��0�0 ]�0�0 �!

��� ���� �!�N

� �A! � ��� h�:�G?iF! �0 �^�

�0 ��� �A! �! 4���Uq���

�0 P?o�3 �A! �! >T��

9�0

h� � �A! � :�G?iF! ��� �A! f�A�

A\0�0 �0 ��0 4���0Q

�A! f�A� A\0�0 �0 ��

>T��

h� � �A! � :�G?iF! ���

A! �0 ��0 �

A\0�0 �! ���A��

;�� > /�� �� �A!

0 A\ �!

Page 16: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 100

����)6( ��=����. ����! 4B;�<=�0 >�. /�L�0 �u� 4N��O� ���;�<=�0 >�. ���?� � �� .�6��. �B� A! �� ;�<=�0 � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 � A ;�R�

>0��� � >P����0/? �GG��0 �u� P?� �� �0 ���� �A��E.���0 7� /?6t�. 0�N!�A!>�. ����! � �G?iF!;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���4 P� 4B) /30Q �� ;�<=�0

�A! � � �( �0 �A! 4�4���A ��P> �� �� ���! � /?6t�. �;�<=�0 �. �!R?ON! ���� �! ]iU >0A � A_� .7�0 ;�� 4�UAE

Page 17: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

101 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)7( �� �I���G���# "���-�1O��! ]�� �# &��# �0O� #���� &*� �� ������ #���

�����"�� �# � !

��G���# "�� #���������

Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

�&��1

�� ��G

���#

�1

� "

����

L��S

T� �

�R,

��G��

�#=�

0I!�

( �!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

]��

� <����!�-�1O

�0 �0 �0 �0 �0 �0

�0O�"�� �# &��# ]��

�-�1O��!

;�� ���6���B

]���6 � 4��� ;�AE ��G������0

0�N!17 4���

���6���B :]���

;�^=�0 � A6.) @�5I4 �(4��� ;�^=�0 � �i�S0 7�A���

)1 �(4��� ;�^=�0 ���6��

)4 (4��� ;�^=�0 ��G�) ��? A!3

� �(4�� ;�^=�0

�� �>�. ����\

)2 �(4��� ;�^=�0 ��G�

�^�P3)1 �(4���

;�^=�0 ��G�) �����02 (4���

0�N!14 4���

���6���B 4�) ]��� � 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� �(������0

� 4��� h�) ;�^=�0

�(4��3 ��G� � 4��� h�)

;�^=�0 �(��? A! ��G� 4��� ����) ;�^=�0 � 9�N��O� �(7�A���

� 4��� h�) ;�^=�0

��G� �(���0��

� 4��� h�) ;�^=�0

��G� �(A!�?l��B

� 4��� � ) ;�^=�0

� >A<� AE 9���\�(>�0�G�.

) � 4��� h� ;�^=�0 9���\.(������0

0�N!13 � 4��� ZO5�

���6���B :]��� h�)

� 4��� ;�^=�0 9�N��O� � � A� �(��R�0 7=.)� 4���

;�^=�0 ��G� �(4��3 ����)

� 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� ������0 ��G� �(�����0

0�N!25 � 4��� ZO5�

���6���B ; ) :]��� � 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� � ��? A! 7? A! �(�GN� 7:.)

� 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� ������0

� �(���?�

4�) � 4��� ;�^=�0 �( �i�S0

[63) � 4��� ;�^=�0

��G�� � �H��

.(�N?8X

0�N!72 4���

���6���B) :]���5

1W � 4��� ����U 9�? 0

��� �>�. ) �(����\8

1W � 4��� ��G� � 9�?��0

) �(��R�05 1W � 4���

��G�) �(������08

1W � 4���) �(4��3 ��G�6

1W � 4��� � ��? A! ��G�

�0�� �(���6�)10 � 4���

��G� 1W ����=B �(>

)15 � 4��� � �6U 1W ) �(���6��3

1W � 4��� �7�A��� � �i�S0

� (>�0� ��I)12 � 4���

� A6. 1W (>���N�

Page 18: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 102

����)7( ��=����. ����! � 4B;�<=�0 >�.4N��O� ���� ���6���B ZO5�7�0 A�0 . 4���5� /?6t�.;�<=�0 >�. ��=� kG�W����. ����! � 4B /�0

=�0 ;�<�. � � 0�0 � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 �72 ���6���B ZO5� � 4���� ?A�=�/ f�6! 4���! �G?iF �0 0� � � 0�0 � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 /?6t�. .1� /�A��B 4���

�0 0� ���6���B 4��� 0�N! .

) ��#�\�4�0O� #���� �I��� ( �-�1O��! ]�� �# &��# "���# ��G���# #��� "��������

) �0 ���4( ��=����. ��F� 4 4B48!�>�6 � f�6! /�A�=? �04���>�.

a?!A! 4 f�6! /�A��B �! ���6���B9��8���0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ���0 48!� :�0r 48!��� � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 r ��� 48!�� /?� �� ;�<=�0 r ;�<=�0 ������ 48!�

�6. >���E0A��6�0r !�����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 ��L63 48 � ;�<=�0 ��=� 48!� /30Q7�0.

Page 19: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

103 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)8( �I�����G���# "������� #���]�� �# &��# �0O� #���� &*� �� � �O�� �-�1O��!

�����"�� � !��G���# "��

������ #��� Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

�&��1

�� ��G

���#

���

�1�

"�

��R

, ��G

���#

=�0I

!�( L

��ST�

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

]�� � <��

�-�1O��!�O��

�0 �0�� �0 �0 �0 �0

�0O�"�� �# &��# ]��

�-�1O��!�O��

0�N!7 4���

���6���B � ���0

;�AE�.> ��G�

� �����0 �������0

�A6. 7�0�� �?F� �

�� � 7�A!�?l��B

-

0�N! 29 4���) :���0 ���6���B9

��G� ;� =�0 � 4���) �(������01 � 4���

;� =�0 ) �(4��3 ��G�4 � 4���;� =�0 ��G�

) �(��? A!3 � 4��� >A?E �� ;� =�0

�0 ��A�N�0) �(2 � 4��� 9�N��O� ;� =�0

) �(7�A���1 � 4��� �(A!�?l��B ��G� ;� =�0

)2 ;� =�0 � 4��� � 4N��! 9�N��O�

) �(7?�6�2 � 4��� � >A<� AE ;� =�0

) �(>�0�G�. 9���\1 ;� =�0 � 4���

9�N��O��?��4���0> �()2 ;� =�0 � 4���

) �(������0 9���\1 ;� =�0 � 4��� � ��� 9�N��O�

) �(4N��!1 � 4��� 9�N��O� ;� =�0

(4��A!

0�N!29 4���

�B ���6�� ���0

� ) :]��� � 4��� ;�^=�0 9�N��O� � � A� �(��R�0 ����)

� 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� �(��? A! ; �0� ) � 4��� ;�^=�0

�(4��3 ��G� ; ���)

� 4��� ;�^=�0

��G� � ������0

��G�(�����0

0�N!4 4���

���6���B � ���0 ;�^=�0

9R?iF!.�G?�^!

0�N!189 4��� ���0 ���6���B

) :]���12 � 4��� ����U 9�? 0 1W

��� �>�. �(����\ )15

1W � 4��� ��G� � 9�?��0

) �(��R�022 1W � 4��� �(������0 ��G�

)41 � 4��� �(4��3 ��G� 1W

)32 1W � 4����0�� � ��? A! ��G�

) �(���6�10 1W � 4���

�(>����=B ��G�)24 � 4���

1W � �6U) �(���6��30

1W � 4��� � �i�S0 �7�A���

) �(>�0� ��I3 1W � 4���(>���N� � A6.

� ����)8( ;�<=�0 >�. ���0 ���6���B ZO5� � A�0 4��� 0�N! A_� �0 4N��O� ���

;�� 4���5� 7�0 � ��=����. ����! � 4B;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���4 P� �� ;�<=�0 ?� ����! � /?6t�. .7�0 A�0 ���0 ���6���B ZO5� �/;�<=�0 �. � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 �

Page 20: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 104

>�0PEA 189 4o0�0 � f�6! /�A�=? >0�0 ����0 ���6���B ZO5� � ;�� 4���>�.

�7�0 ���0 ���6���B��I� �4B >�0PEA � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 4 ZO5� � 4���/�A��B ����0 ���6���B f�6! 0� � 4���>�. �0 ZO5� /�0 �G?iF! .

��#�\�)5( #���� �I����0O�"�� �O�� �-�1O��! ]�� �# &��#�# ��G���# "�������� #���

�0 ���)5( ��=����. ��F� 4 4B48!�>�6 � f�6! /�A�=? �04���>�.

a?!A! 4 f�6! /�A��B �! ���0 ���6���B9��8���0 :�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ���0 48!�r B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 ��BA�=� �� 48!�r�6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 � ���� 48!�

/30Q �� ;�<=�0 ���� � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 ����� 48!�. �7�0 ABs 4 ��T ���0 ���6���B ZO5� � /?� �� ;�<=�0 ;�� >0 � �0PEA ��6B�.

Page 21: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

105 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

L��>)9( �I�����G���# "��"&0!# �-�1O��! ]�� �# &��# �0O� #���� &*� �� ������ #��� �����"��

� !��G���# "��

������ #��� Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

�&��1

�� ��G

���#

�1

� "

����

��R

, ��G

���#

=�0I

!�( L

��ST�

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

� ��

)�(

��G��

�#�

ZO5� �G?iF!

>A�B �0 �0�� �0 �0 �0�� �0

0�------N!4��� >�-.

� A----�0 Z------O5� �G?---iF!

>A�B

5 4�---�� � 0A--�B ;�A-----E ��-----G� � ���--��0 �������0 �A------6. 7--�0�� �?--F� �

7���

-

0�N!33 ) ]��� 4���8 4�-��) �(������0 ��G� ;� =�0 � 3 ) �(4��3 ��G� ;� =�0 � 4���1

� �(�-�? A! ��G� ;� =�0 � 4��)2 >A?E �-� ;� -=�0 � 4���

�0 ��A�N�0) �(2 ;� =�0 � 4���) �( ���6��2 ;� =�0 � 4���) �(7�A���1 ;� -=�0 � 4���) �(7�0�� 1 ;� =�0 � 4���

!�?l��B) �(A2 ;� -=�0 � 4���) �(>����----=B1 � 4�----��

) �(@�-5I ;� =�0 2 � 4�-��) �(7?�6� 9�N��O� ;� =�0 1

� >A<� AE ;� =�0 � 4����(>�0�G�. 9���\ )1 � 4�-�� 9�N��O� ;� =�0 �?��4���0> �(

)1 9���-\ ;� -=�0 � 4���) �(������01 ;� =�0 � 4���

�6U ����4UAI>0) �(1 4��� �(4N-��! 9�N��O� ;� =�0 �

)2 ;� =�0 � 4��� ��- � >�-. ) �(����\1 ;� -=�0 � 4���

(���L! >�.A6.

0�----N!19 � 4�-----�� >A�B ZO5� :]��-------� 4��� ����) ;�^-=�0 � 9�----N��O� � �------ A� �(��R----�0 4�--�� [6--3) ;�^-=�0 � ��--------G� �(�-----�? A!

) 4�-�� 1� ;�^-=�0 � �(4-��3 ��G�

����) 4��� ;�^-=�0 � ��--------G� � ���--���0 ��--------G�

.(�����0

-

0�----N!12 >A�B 4��� A---_� A---�� ;�^-----=�0 9R?---iF! �------G?�^! 4---------o0�0

�� ��.

� ����)9( ;�<=�0 >�. >A�B ZO5� � A�0 4��� 0�N! A_� �0 4N��O� ���

�iiW!;�� 4���5� 7�0 � ��=����. A! ;�<=�0 � /?� �� ;�<=�0 4B >P����0 �B� ZO5� � >A�B ;�� >0 � �0PEA ��.�66B ZO5� ��iiW�� 7? A! � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0

) � >A�B 33 f�6! /�A�=? (4���>�. �G?iF! 0� /�0 � ZO5� �0 . ;�<=�0 � �0 z3) � ��iiW�� 7? A! 4 ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R�19 �iiW! >0A�B ZO5� � 4��� (

Page 22: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 106

�\0 A3) ��8ST0 ;�<=�0 �0 z3 P?� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � 412 �iiW! >A�B ZO5� � 4��� (

�0PEA ��6B� �5U �/30Q �� ;�<=�0 4B 7�0 ABs ] �S /?6t�. . [63 � 4 �G?iF! 4��� >A�B ZO5� � ��iiW�� 7? A!�� �0 A3 >�0PEA f�6! /�A��B >0�0 A_6� /�0 �0 4B

;�� �.> � 0A�B ��?�;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���7�0.

��#�\�)6( #���� �I����0O�"�� �# &��# ZO5� "&0!#�# ��G���# "�������� #���

�0 ���)6( ��=����. ��F� 4 4B48!�>�6 � f�6! /�A�=? �04���>�.

a?!A! 4 f�6! /�A��B �! >A�B 9��8���0 �6�0 ;�<=�0 ���0 48!� :�0�6. >���E 0A�r ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 �� 48!�r ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ���� 48!� ������ 48!��

� >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 � /?� �� ;�<=�0 �7�0 ABs 4 ��T ./30Q �� ;�<=�0 >A�B ZO5�;�� >0 � �0PEA ���66B.

\� ��#�)7( #���� �I����0O�"�� �# &��# � �O�� �-�1O��! ��-�1O��!) K 0/� ]a��

("&0!#�# ��G���# "�������� #���

Page 23: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

107 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

�0 ���)7( 4���5� 4 4���>�. � ���0 ���6���B ����6���B kG�W� ZX�5� � A�0

7�0 4�\0 A3 >A�B � ��=����. >�0PEA � 0� f�6! /�A�=? ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ;�� �.> �0 ���6���B � ���6���B ��?� � ��;�<=�0 >�. ��� �0 ���A /?6t�. .

4o0�0 � f�6! /�A�=? >0�0 P?� >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 ;�� >�. ��?� � �iiW! >A�B ;�<=�0 >�..7�0 4N��O� ���

L��>)10( �I�����G���# "�� #���� &*� �� ������ #������#"�� #��+ %���+

�����"�� � !��G���# "�������� #���

Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

��G�

��#�1

� "

����

�&��1

��

��R

, ��G

���#

=�0I

!�( L

��ST�

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

#�������#"�� #��+ %���+ 33 360 228 282 36 53

� ����)10( ;�<=�0 >�. 0�N! A_� �0 4N��O� ���;�� >�. � 0� ��� � 7�0 ;�� 4���5� ��=����. ����! 4B;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���;�� >�. �0PEA 0� 0� ������6B�6. ���?� /�0 �

��I >�0PEA � /?� �� ;�<=�0 360 ! /�A�=? >0�0 ;�� f�6� >�0PEA � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 36 4o0�0 � f�6! /�A��B >0�0 �;�� ;��>�. 0� ����7�0.

��#�\�)8( #���� �I������#"�� �# #��+ %���+��G���# "�������� #���

�0 ���)8( ��=����. ��F� 4 4B48!�>�6 >�0PEA � f�6! /�A�=? �0

;�� >�. a?!A! 4 f�6! /�A��B �! 0� ����9��8���0 �� ;�<=�0 ���0 48!� :�0

Page 24: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 108

/?�r ��� 48!r����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 ���� 48!��6.r ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ����� 48!�r �L63 48!�� �=� 48!� � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 �

.���0 �0AS /30Q �� ;�<=�0 3- �# �$���# %&�'( �������#"�� � ���G���# b��� �H &$1����#"��

�+ %���+��$���# )�� �c ���� ��$���# %&�'( =��� �#� d�I > #����X���� �#��G���# "��J -� ���G� &G��@� �H �I��� �# ������ #���

L��>)11( �I�����G���# "�� %&�'( e��&O &*� �� ������ #������#"�� ��G���#� &$1� b��� �H �����"��

� !��G���# "��

������ #���

���#

��H

��G Q(�A

��H

��G��

�#Q

� ��

G���#

"��

���&�

�1��

�1�

��G�

��# L

��ST�

��R

,=�

0I!�

( ��

G���#

�!�H&

� "

U����

� )�(

��G�

��#��

e��&O %&�'(

���#"�� ��G���#�

�H &$1�b���

�0 �A�M---3 `-------�AX �A-U ]?�^! 7--�0�\� 7��----� � � ;�<---=�0 4---o0�0 �--- ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. 4 ��?�

�0�------� Y ���----��6�

� �.0�\

f�� 4 4��! � Z--O5� � ;�� ��G?-----iF! �A�M3 ��0A� ��� �!��:��

. �0

>0A-------- ;�� >�----.

:�--��6���B /�-------�0 Y��-------�

4O����

;�� >0A--- �---��6���B

4 4��! � 0�N! �� �

���?--H�5���M3 � �A

;�<----=�0 `---�AX �0 ��-----��

>A---�0A�.7�0

���

P--?� >A--<� �A�M3 >0A ;�<---=�0 � � �0 ���

��A�M---3 q�--�0 A-- �<�----���� � 4-B 7�0 ��� /---�0 0�------� �G?----iF! � ��?--H�5�� ���-----�A? �------��A

�� ��.

/--------�0 ;�<----=�0

�0 �A�M----3 ]-?�^! `�AX �A-----------U � 7�0�\� 7��--------� � ;�<-----=�0

�0 z3 a�B ��-?��0 ]S0�I >0A----- ��T

4 ��� ZO5��G?---iF! �

��--------�� > ���

;�<-----=�0 � ��0A� /��0 >0A----- ��T ]?-iF! 4�0 0 4�--�� A--. � �---��! 4---B �R�0 ;�<=�0

�� �� 07�. f�-� 4- 4��! � Z----O5� � ;�� ��G?------iF! �A�M-3 ��0A� �--�� �!��--:��

. �0 >0A----------

;�� >�-----.

�AX �0 �A�M3 �A---U ]---?� ! � 7---�0�\� � ;�<=�0 7��� ��-�� ���0�ME

.7�0 > ��� >A--<� ��� �A�M3 >0A P?� ;�<-----=�0 � � � �0 ���

�A�M---3 A--- q�---------�0 7�0 �<����� /---�0 � 4---B 0�---� ��� �G?-------iF! � ��?----H�5�� ���-------�A?

���A �� ��. f�-� 4 4��! �

;�� Z---O5� � ��G?------iF! �A�M-3 ��0A� �-�� �!��:��

. �0 >0A-- ;�� >�--.

/��0 :���6���B 4O--���� Y��--� q��0 A ���8S ��

�M3 �0 �A `------�AX �AU ]?�^! 7�0�\� 7��--� � � ;�<=�0 4---o0�0 �--- Y�0�----� ��-?� ��� ;0A--�. 4-- Y�0�----� ���---��6� �----.0�\

� 4- 4-��! � � ;�� f�--� Z-------O5� ��G?---iF! ��0A------� �A�M-----3 �!��-----:��

. �0 ���

>0A------ ;�� >�--.

:���6���B /�-----�0 Y��-----�

4O����

�6� 4 �A�M3 :]��� ���

�0 :��0 ��� � ���8S �AX ��--------- 6B

.>A�0A� �0 :�� ��� � ���8S �AX

.A?E0AU ���� :��� ��� 7-8j

��-�� ���- ��� A----- � > ��� �<�-���� q��0 /-�0 � 4-B 7�0 0�-----� ��� ��?H�5�� �G?iF! ���A ����A? �

�� ��. f�-� 4 4��! �

5� � ;�� Z---O ��G?------iF! �A�M-3 ��0A� �-�� �!��:��

. �0 >0A ;�� >�-.

:�-----��6���B Y��--� /�--�0

3?1 .�<-=�0 � � ���-----8S �

Page 25: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

109 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

�����"��

� !��G���# "��

������ #���

���#

��H

��G Q(�A

��H

��G��

�#Q

� ��

G���#

"��

���&�

�1��

�1�

��G�

��# L

��ST�

��R

,=�

0I!�

( ��

G���#

�!�H&

� "

U����

� )�(

��G�

��#��

:�-------��0 /�-------�0 Y�0�------�

���6���B

;�� >0A--- :>A------�B /�-------�0 Y�0�------� �---��6���B

���0

ZO5� �5U z��----�?� 0M----� �0 /�-----�0 Y��-----� � 4O--���� � ���---8S ��-----��

� �) > �� ���-8S (�-� q�--�0 A-- a------�B �<�--���� ��-?� ���

7�0.

:�----��6���B Y��� /��0

4O���� ;�� >0A---- �----��6���B /�-�0 :���0 Y�0�-------� � �--��6���B ��0A--------� �----'�i�\0 � c��-----6� 4-------�A�U

��6.0� ;�� >0A---- :>A-------�B Y�0�� /��0 �----��6���B � �-------��0 ��0A--------� �----'�i�\0 � c��-----6� 4-------�A�U

��6.0�

V��-L! �-��A �G8S

;�� >0A------ �-----��6���B /�--�0 :�--��0 Y�0�--------�

���6���B ;�� >0A------ /�-�0 :>A�B Y�0�--------� ���0 ���6���B ��0A-------� � �-----'�i�\0 � c��------6�

��6.0� 4�A�U

;�� >0A ���6���B :�-----��0 /�-----�0 Y�0�----�

��B ���6�

> ��� ��--�� �--��A �--� �

�G8S V��L! ;�� >0A------ �-----��6���B /�--�0 :�--��0 Y�0�--------� � �----��6���B ���� � ���8S �----� � > ��� V��L! ���A

�G8S ;�� >0A------ /�--�0 :>A--�B Y�0�---------� �-��0 ���6���B � ���------8S � � > ��� ����

��G� 48I�i�

Page 26: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 110

L��>)12( �I�����G���# "�� %&�'( e��&O &*� �� ������ #������#"�� %&�'( =��� � #��+ %���+

�$���# �����"��

� !��G���# "��

������ #��� Q(�A

��H �

�G��

�# Q

� ��

H ��G

���#

��G�

��#��

���&�

�1��

�1�

"

��R

, ��G

���#

=�0I

!�( L

��ST�

�!�H&

� ��G

���#

"

U����

��� )

�( ��

G���#

e��&O %&�'(

���#"�� %���+

#��+

�0 �A�M---3 ]?� ! �AX �A--------U 7--�0�\� 7��---� � � ;�<---=�0 4---o0�0 �--- ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. 4 ��?� Y�0�-----� ���----��6�

� �.0�\ 4--------?GB �0���A�---� �-------630Q

--���--6�0�! --. ���-- �?

��� ��--F� � ;�� >�.

0� ����� 7BA-----�

.�6����

�0 �A�M---3 `-------�AX �A-U ]?�^! 7---�0�\� 7��----� � � ;�<---=�0 4----o0�0 �--- ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. 4 ��?� Y�0�------� ���-----��6�

� �.0�\ �0���A�-� 4?GB �---------6?�

���6�0�! ���- ��� ��F� �?.

�---��---6�0�! �0 ��-� 7-8j �AX P-------BA� � ;�<=�0 �A�M3

� ;�� >�----. 0� �---����

.�6���� 7BA�

�0 �A�M---3 `-------�AX �A-U ]?�^! 7---�0�\� 7��----� � � ;�<---=�0 4----o0�0 �--- ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. 4 ��?� Y�0�------� ���-----��6�

� �.0�\ �0���A�-� 4?GB

���6�0�! ���- �?---------. ��� ��----F�

�--� �--6�0�! �0 ��-� 78j �AX 7��-----� � � ;�<-----=�0

;�� >�------. 0� �---����

BA�.�6���� 7

�0 �A�M----3 ]?�^! `�AX �A----------U 7---�0�\� 7��----� � �- � ;�<=�0 Y�0�-� 4o0�0 4- ��?� ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. ���-----��6�

� �.0�\ �0���A�-� 4?GB

���6�0�! ���- �?---------. ��� ��----F�

�--� �--6�0�! �0 ��-� 78j �AX 7��-----� � � ;�<-----=�0

;�� >�------. 0� �---����

.�6���� 7BA�

�0 �A�M------3! `--�AX ]--?�^

7�0�\� �AU 7��-------� � �-- � ;�<--=�0 Y�0�--� 4--o0�0 4-- ��--?� ��--� Y�0�--� ;0A--�. ���-------��6�

� �.0�\ �0���A�� 4?GB

���6�0�! ��� �?-----------. ��� ��-----F�

�--��--6�0�! �0 ��-� 78j `�AX 7��------� � � ;�<----=�0

;�� >�------. 0� �---����.�6���� 7BA�

`--�AX �0 �A�M--3 �A-----U ]-----?�^! � 7------�0�\�

7��--� � ;�<--=�0 Y�0�--� 4--o0�0 �-- ;0A-�. 4 ��?� ��� ���--��6� Y�0�--�

� �.0�\ �0���A�---� 4---?GB

�--��--6�0�! ���-- ��� ��--F� �?--.

���6�0�! `-�AX �0 7��-� � ��� 78j � ;�<--------=�0

;�� >�. �-����.�6���� 7BA� 0�

=��� %&�'(�$���#

�A--! >0A-- ;�-� �0 P?��3 �---! ��---� >T�-----� �A�M-----3 9��----'

�� A?E �A--! >0A-- ;�--� �0 ��--� �--! 4--���0Q 4------���U �A�M-----3 9��-----'

�� A?E

�0 z-------3 � ���----8S ��-------�� �A�M------3 ��--------L�0

�--� �--� � �A--! f�A--� ]�0�0 �0 ��0 � A8���l----� �A--! f�A--� �0 �� �-------�0�0

4���U7�0.

� �A�M---3 ;�<--=�0 �

�� ��-� � � ;�--�>�--.

�-� � A8�0�� 9��------'

�� A?E.

��-3 �A! >0A P? �-! A8�0�� ;�� �0 �A�M3 A8��� 9��------'

�� A?E �A--! >0A-- ;�--� �0 ��--� ��-� �! �� �A�M------3 9��------'

�� A?E

� �A�M-----3 �� � ;�<=�0 ��--------� � 9��--------'

�� A?E � >0A- �0 ��0 �A-----! �----! A8�0�----�

A8��� � >0A �� �A! �0 ��

>T�---� �---! �A�M--------3 9��--------'

�� A?E

�L--=�0 �A�M--3 ��---� � ��--- �

' 9���� A?E. �0 P?��-3 �A-! >0A �-! ���-� �! ��0�0 � ���--� �! >�--���0 �-! ��-� �A-! >0A �-! ���-��� ��0�0 �A�M3 ��A! f�A�

9��'�� A?E

Page 27: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

111 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

� f�H�$0�"&� L�g- :L�� �������� ����������� "��G���# "�� �I��� �# ������ #���

J -� ���G� &G��@� �H 4?��? 7����D� <=�0 ;� >�.�� ��=� �;�� ���A �. 4B7����D� �G'0 /�0 4�.

�0 ;�<=�. ���� ���� ��_� 4 ��A�� 7'AU �L�04 �0�6� 4�. >0A �� z���� A�� ��^� � ���� �0 ���U7�0. ) � 0A! 1.�23 [���� � 4�U�� /�01375 4^6�0 A �68� (

7����D� ���� ���� �A��E ��� �0 ���� ��_� 9���^�0 �L�0 � 0AU0 4�. >0A > 0AU0 >0A 7�0 �0 ��0�W�. ����0�� 0� ��6� ���� ���� 4 ��A�� ��^�0 4B . /�0 A ;�R� � 7����D� �/?� �/30Q �6��� �.��=B �0 >��?� �� �0 ���� ��_� �G'0

>A?E �� 7�� 4 �� �0 ���� ��_� 7BAI >P����0 � �6.�0 ��A�N�0 P?� ;�� �� �� ./?6t�. ;�<=�0 >�. /�0 �0 >��?� 4B 0 ��=� 1.�23 4����;�<=�0 �. �6���;�<=�0 >�. >�.��=B � 4N��O� ��� 4 4��! A ;�R� ��0A�0 � >P����0 ��6. �/?�

4 ��G� gO� � 7?��NU � ��uI4'A��.> �����/? �GG��0 ���0 4��! P?�. �/?6t�. 4N��O���=�0��0 ;�<=�0 >�. ������A �?o�! 0� aGO� /�0���6B

4�. 4B;�<=�0 >�.;�� ���A gO� � 7 �S� >0A �R! ��I � 1.�23 /�0 � /? �GG��0 ��6B � 7 �S� /�0 � �6��. 4o0�0����>�. B� ?:?7A! 45O6� � a8��� �� �� �S� >�?� � 4B ���� �������6B� �<=�0 �. ��0�� � �A�M3 ���

Z�0�� gO�/? �GG��0 4B ��� B� ?:?7A! �6B ]��r �� /�0 �0B?:?7=W � ��_� 4 ��B 4I��A� ����� �� �0 �����?7���0�0ME A?E �0AS ����� ��_�. �����

� 7?:?B 4 4��! 4B 7�0 ABs�=��0��0 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � /?� �� ;�<=�0 ���4�UAE �0AS 4��! 7�0. /�0�4�U��. �0��^�. � �GNGuU 9�5?5F! [���� �

)1139) �A��\ � (1383. �0 ��0�W�. ( L�g- :)�#�����"�� )�*� � ! �# ��# �� %���+��G���# "�� ������ #���

J -� ���G� &G��@� �H �I��� �# ���.4��E ���� 4B)3( ��=����. ����! �;�<=�0 >�. @A� � 4N��O� ���

�?�4 ��X /?<��?�34 ���0 7��S ���� >�.��=B 4B 7�0 � A<��? f�H�� /�0 � �?� @A�\D!?A> �0 ;�<=�0 /?��0 ��B 4 f�A� 4 78�� ��� ; �0 1? �0 ��I

4B ����G<�0 �� ;�<=�0 ) ���� �� � ��� 1969 z?�D! ��I � ��47 ��� �( �0 7��S 4o0�0 4'A� 4 �3����>�. �� �0 � �� ; �0ME��0 /�0 ��?� � .

;�<=�0 �. � ����G<�0 �� ;�<=�0 4 78�� >A��B ����� 4G'�U � ����B�3 ��=B � ��I42 ��B 4 f�A� ����G<�0 �� ;�<=�0 �0 z3 ��� [63 ��8�A5! �7��S ���; AB

��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 4B ���I � �7�04 �0�6� ��?� � �;�<=�0 /�A! 7��S �B;�<=�0 >�. �0 ��I ����� 4G'�U � 4N��O� ���19 4��0ME 7?��NU 4'A� 4 �3 4���

Page 28: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 112

7�0. �0A�0 � �� �0 ���� ��_� 4B 7�0 ABs ����� 4�8�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 a��S �

;�^=�0 ��{ 0 � 48!�^�0> �0 0� ;�<=�0 � ��F��� 0 ;�<=�0 �0A ��� �01971 )1350 ( AB ��{ 0� �\ 7?��NU. ;�^=�0 48!�^�0> ��_� /�0 ;�� � ��{ ��� �!

�0P. ; ����� ]^� � �����1�0 4�\�� � 7�0 4��0 �G?iF! 4��� 7=. � . � 4�UA�M3 �L=�0 �0P. h� 4 h� P� P?� �0A�0 0� ;�<=�0

��N� ���A � /?6t�.;�<=�0 �. > 4N��O� ������0�! ����! 4B 7U��� ;�<=�0 �. 4 0� ����� ��_� 4B �6��. � ��8� 4 ;�?�>0 4�T ��A! qA�� �

9��GB 0M� ��6. �0AS ���� A. � � �LBA. � � A� 4�."Education for all "� "Anywhere & everywhere" ;Q0�>�. /�0 ��N� � >�0A^! � >�?GB�<=�0 ;�.

.7�0 /�0 ����! P?� ;A��E � ;�<��� 46?�� � ;�<=�0 �. >0�0 �E2��>�. � ����

�\ ��=Br�6��. ���.4��E cAU 1.�23 [���� 4B) �0��^�. � ���01389 ��=� P?� (� 0 /30Q �� �0 ���� ;�<=�0 /30Q ��=B � � |�P /�A! 4��m� �0 ���� ����

4B 7�0 ��=B /�0 �� 4 9��' ;�0 0 �'�i\�� �� � /�0 >PBA� ������ /?6t�. .7�0 �?B�! A�� V�6� >A���G?B ]�� ��I � �8?� A�� � ;�<=�0

�P?� /?� �� ;�<=�0 ����S/�A! 4 4B 7�0 /?� ��=B � �� �0 ���� ;�<=�0 ;�0 0 ���� ;�?��� �� � /^3 A�� � ;�<=�0 /�0 >PBA� ������7�0� . ��=B

P?� ������6.|�P /�A! 4B 7�0 >���EA��6�0 ;�<=�0 ���=B �� �0 � �� ;�<=�0 7?��NU ���� 1W � P?� ;�<=�0 /�0��6B� � A�� � ;�<=�0 /�0 >PBA� ������

7�0 �G. . 4 ����� � �� ;�<=�0 /?�� ���8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 �����B�3 ��=B � L=�0 0�N! ��F� 7?��NU ���� 1W � 4B 7�0 ���6B� >PBA� ������ � /�0 A�� � ;�<=�0 �R�0 � >P����0 ��=B � .7�0 �� ;�<=�0 ��6! ��B� A! ;�<=�0 �

;�0 0 ���� ;�?� 4 4B 7�0 >P����0�� �� � ;�<=�0 /�0 >PBA� ������ � � /?��0 P?� �0A�0 � . �0 �0AS 0��� ;A�P�|�P /�A! � �� �0 ���� ;�<=�0

7?��NU ���� 1W � 4B 7�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 ��0A�0��B�6 /�0 >PBA� ������ �.7�0 �0A�! A�� � ;�<=�0

���.4B ��X ����)3( �0 ��� �)1( ��=����6. ��?� � �;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ��� �/?� ��=B �� ;�<=�0 ��?� @A� >�.��=B � ��I �3�590�000 /�A�=? �L=�0

0�N!.7�0 ; 0 w�i�\0 �\ 4 0� �L=�0 �T �0 �^� ���� � 0 �0AS 1��3 7F! ] ��� 0�N! ;�<=�0 /�0 � �L=�0 � 7�0 /?� 7?N�� ��� �A. ;�� a8� 4B �0 ����

�� ��0�� � ��� ���� ���� ��_� ��?H�5�� �?_� ]?\ 4 �8��6� ���3��46? >0A 0� ]?iF! 4�0 04B �� A� �0 4�� � � ]?iF! >���� ����� ��_� 7BA� >0A �6��.

� qRB>�. ��� �.0AU�6B.

Page 29: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

113 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

;�<=�0 4 �� A� 4N��O� ��� ���?� >�.��=B ��?� � �L=�0 0�N! ��F� 4 �� 48!�

����6. >���E0A��6�0 �� ��I � ��3,500,000 .7�0 �L=�0 � P?� ������6. 4^6�0 4 4��! A_� 4 �7�0 �?� 7?N��A3 ��=B /?�� �/?� ��=B �0 �N ����� ��_� P?� ��=B /�0 �

��� 0�N! ]?iF! 4�0 0 >0A �8��6� 46�PE 7�0 4���0�! /?� ��=B �6���. �� �0 ������� ���� ���� ��_� � ]?iF! 4�0 0 �H�5�� 0AU0.

?� ����B�3 ��=B 0�N! �A�M3 � �7�0 ���� 7?N��A3 ��=B /?�=� 4B �L� �0 P1,806,214 ��=B � �6��� 0� �� �0 ���� ��_� ���8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � �L=�0 � /?�

�6. ,AXA >0A �8��6� 46�PE �� AB >0A �H�5! � �\ ��?N�� 9R^=� �0 �=W ���� ����; AB A�0 7�0.

� ��?3 ;�<=�0 �A��E 4 4��! � P?� �� �45 �� ��?H�5�� >0A ��_� 4 ��� 0� ��=B ��5� �iS0 � � A� >�.�H�5! �0 ���� 1W 7��0�! ���� ���� >0A

�� ;0� �0 ;�?� 4 ���� ���� ��_� 4 ��A�� �D!?/ �6B . >�.��=B ��?� � /?6t�.0 � ;�� ���A 1.�23 /� ��=B �B� A! ;�<=�0 �

�0 >P����3?�/A!�/ �L=�0 0�N! �0 0� ��I� �4B ��=B /?����� ���=B /�0 �0 �^� ���� .7�0 ;�F�� 9T��0 � �6. �/?� �0 z3 ����� 7?N��A3���/�A! �G�T

�L=�0 ��B 0�N! �B� A! ;�<=�0 �! 7�0 ;�� a8� 4B A�Ml �!R^=� 4 �� A� ��=B /�0 4B 7�0� 4N��!��7\��A.�> �0 �0��.��r >��=B >P����0 0A��

Z�L�0PL�0�A � 7�0>�0��.��>�. �0 ���?U0A��|�P /�A! 4N��! Z�0��7\��A���. 4 �6�0��� ������� � ; ��U0�� `X�6� � A� �! ;�� a8� 4B 7�0 ��=B /�0 �

7\��A���. >0A ��T a��6� >����>�. ���6B �� �0 ��A�� �6�� 4��0 . f�6! � 0�N! ���A ;�^=�0 �. > kG�W�;�<=�0 >�. ������A 4B 0 ��=�

;�^=�0 f�6! � 0�N! /�A�=? �6. >���E0A��6�0 �� ;�<=�0 �0 0� � � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 � /�0 4B 7�0 ;�^=�0 � >0�0 �5U PBA�! �����0 ��G� A �5U P?� ;�^=�0 ; AB

r7�0 �<=�0 �6N� �����L=�0 7? A! 4 �5U /30Q �� ;�� �0 A3 �H�5�� 4B4���>�. ;�<=�0 /�0 � A�0 �����0 ��G��6��. A��� � 7�� /�0 �0 �;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���

. �0 9��:! 4 ��X �GB9��RX0 ����)4( � w�i\ 0�N! ���A ;�^=�0 �. 4B 0 ��=�

4 �=! 4��;�<=�0 >�. ��� 4N��O�9��8���0 :�0 - ����! � ;�<=�0 >�. �������A ������0 � �����0 ��G� 9�N��O� ;�^=�0

4 9��' A�0 YA�=�7�0. - ����! � P?� ��? A! ��G� ;�^=�0 ;�<=�0 �. 4 P� /30Q �� ;�<=�0 4 9��'

. �0 ��� YA�=�

Page 30: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 114

- � P?� �i�S0 � 7�A��� ;�^=�0 ;�<=�0 . >� �B� A! ��6. >���E0A��6�0 �/?� ��

��� ��?3 � >P����04 9��' . �0 ��� YA�=� - � ;�<=�0 >�. ���� ��?3 � /?� �� �>���E0A��6�0 ��� ���6�� � �6U ;�^=�0 . �0 - A�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � �6. �� ;�<=�0 �/?� �� ;�<=�0 � P?� A6. ;�^=�0 7�0. - ;�<=�0 >�. 0A��6�0 B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ��6. >���E ���� ��?3 � >P����0 �B� A! �����

�0 4��3 ��G� ;�^=�0 �.� - ;�^=�0 ���� ��?3 � �6. >���E0A��6�0 �/?� �� ;�<=�0 �� �>�. �0 ����\�.� - �?��0 ;�^=�0 �7�0 �R�0 /� ��0A�0 � ����B�3 ��=B ���� /� 4^6�0 4 4��! � 9

/�0 � ��R�0 ,��N� �;�<=�0 �. 0 �A .7�0 - >����=B ;�^=�0 ��0A�0 ��� ��?3 � �6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 � 0 �A .7�0

�0�� A ;�R��;�� �� 9��:! 4��;�<=�0 >�. 4N��O� ���9��8���0 :�0 - 4 ��X A�0 0� �^�P3 ;�^=�0 /?� �� ;�<=�0 w�\; AB .7�0 - 4 ��X �6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 w�\;�^=�0 �. >A?E �� >�0 ��A�N�0 9�N��O� �

9�N��O� �>�0�G�. � >A<� AE ���?�6��?��4���0> � �6U ���� �4UAI>0 A�0 0�; AB 7�0� � ��F� /�0 �0;�^=�0 �. ��� >���A ���� �?� @A� � 1.�23 /�07�0.

���.4B ��X ����)5( ��� ��=�. >0�0 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � �6. >���E0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 PB0A�/? �GG��0 ����� 7?��NU P?� A<� >�.��=B � � ; � ���0 /?6t�. .;�<=�0 >�. ��

/?� �� � /30Q ��� � A<� >�.��=B � 4 6�0 PB0A�/? �GG��0 �5� � ����0���.�:!4����.�� >�.��=B � �L=�0 � ���0 � �8! 46?�� � 0� �\ 7?��NU gO� �A<�

; 0 �A��E��0. ����! �T� �0�� A ;�R�;�<=�0 >�. /�L�0 � 4N��O� ���;�<=�0 >�. � ��

���0 7��u� ���?�. � >P����0 �B� A! �� ;�<=�0 � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 ��?� /�0 � Z��L�/? �GG��0 A�=? ]��N! � 4��0 >�.���� >0��� � /? �GG��0 �A��E

.���0 7��u� P?� �� �0 ���� ����)7( �� ��=��. � 4B;�<=�0 >�. ��?� @A� >�.��=B 4N��O� ���

��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � f�6��A!�/ 4���>�. �G?iF! 0�) ���6���B ZO5� � 72 (4��� �0 � >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 /?6t�. . 4o0�025 ��5� � ����6���B ZO5� � 4��� �� A_� �0 f�6!4���>�. 7�0 �G?iF!. 4o0�0 � /?� �� ;�<=�0 17 �G?iF! 4���

;�<=�0 /?��� ���6���B ZO5� � .7�0 �6. >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 14 � 4��� ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � ���6���B ZO5�13 ���6���B ZO5� � 4����0�� 4o0 .�6.

Page 31: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

115 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

4o0�0 � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 1� 4��� /�A��B ����6���B ZO5� � 4��� 0� ��?� �

;�<=�0 >�.�� 4o0�0 ����A ���.�. ����)8( �� ��=� �. ����! 4B;�<=�0 >�. ������A 4 P� �� ;�<=�0

�����0 >�A?� 7? A! 4 ���0 ���6���B ZO5� � �/?������0 A3 A_� 4 .����� ���� 4 ��� >0A �I �0 1? >�H�5! � �\ ��?N�� �A. ]?� 4 /?� ��=B

� ;�� 7? A! ����6���B /��0 >0A 4N��� >�H�5! P?� � ����4���>�. �kG�W� � 7�0 ; 0 �0AS �\ ��B ���� � 0� ���6���B ZO5� >0A ]?iF! 4�0 0 ��UA'

4���A ��P>�.> �<=�0 ; ����6���B 7? A! 4���� /?� �� .7�0 &iW�� 0 ��=� 1.�23 [���� ��� ABs 4t� A ;�R� 4B ���0 ���6���B ;�� /�A�=?

� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � 189 4���7�0 ;�<=�0 ����� 4o0�0 � P?� >P����0 �B� A! �� 0�N! /�A��B ���0 ���6���B ZO5� � 4���;�� >�. ���6���B �0PEA 0� ���0

���6B 4B 7�0 ���I � /�0 .;�<=�0 >�. � A. �����B�3 ��8ST0 � �6. >���E0A��6�029 �0PEA ���0 ���6���B ZO5� � 4�����66B� /30Q �� ;�<=�0 .� 7:. � P?� 4��

���0 ���6���B ZO5��� 7? A! &iW�� >�A?��6B. ����)9( �� ��=��. 4B ����!�<=�0 ; >�. ������A 4 P� �� ;�<=�0 �

&iW�� �����0 >�A?� 7? A! 4 >A�B ZO5� � �>P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 � /?������0 A3 A_� 4 P?� ��� /�0 � .����� � �\ ��?N�� �A. ]?� 4 /?� ��=B

4 ��� >0A �I �0 1? >�H�5!;�� >�. � �\ PBA�! ����� ���� ��0�� 0 0 A!T� ZX�5� 4����; A^� 7�0. ����6���B 4 ��?� ]?� 4 >P����0 ��=B /?6t�.

A.��� c��\ �\ ��B ���� �0 0� >A�B ZO5� >0A ]?iF! 4�0 0; AB .7�0 � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 4B 7�0 � �0 �B�I [���� ;�� ABs 4t� A ;�R� 7? A!

� >A�B ZO5� ��iiW��33 F! 4��� f�6! /�A�=? >0�0 �G?i4���>�. ZO5� �G?iF! � ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 � �0 z3 � 7�0 >A�B 19 >0A�B ZO5� � �G?iF! 4���

�� ;�<��� � �iiW!� � ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 4o0�012 �iiW! >A�B ZO5� � 4���� ��� ;�<���. �0 �0AS /30Q �� ;�<=�0 � � [63 � �4�� f�6! /�A��B4���>�. �iiW! >0A�B

�0 0�. ����)10( �� ��=� �. 4B ����!;�<=�0 >�. >�0PEA ��6B � 4N��O� ���

;�� >�. .�<=�0 � ��.�<=�0 Y��� 4 AL6�;�� >�. 0� ��0�� �� � 0� ���� �0PEA ���66B /�0 �0 �;0� �\ 4N��� n6.AU >R��0 >0A ����B�6 4N��O� 4L?�� .;�<=�0 >�. � �\ ��?N�� �A. ]?� 4 /?� �� ;�<=�0 4B 0 ��=� kG�W�

� ;�� 7? A! ����6���B >0A 4N��� >�H�5!4���>�. P?� � kG�W�7� ��F�>�. ��6B � �;�<=�0 � �L=�0 /�UA�M3;�� >�. .�<=�0 � � �\

) 0� ���� ;�� /�A�=? 360 � (;�� �0PEA 0��B6� 4�R� ;�<=�0 /?6t�. .

Page 32: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 116

) >�0PEA � P?� ����B�3 ��8ST0282 � 4��0 �0AS �� ;�<��� � 0� ���� ;�� (

��6B � ;�� >�. .�<=�0 � `�AX �0 ��iiW�� 7? A! 4 ����>�. 4�\0 A3 0�7�0. � >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 � �0 z3228 � ��� ;�<��� � 4��� f�6!;�� >�. �0 �0AS 0� ����. � P?� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 53 � 0� ���� ;�� 4 �3'A� 4o0�0 4;�� >�. ��6B � �.�<=�0 A?{;�� >�. .�<=�0 �7�0 4�\0 A3 �.

� >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 36 �L63 ;�<��� � 0� ���� ;�� . �0 �0AS ;�<=�0 0�N! � /30Q �� 33 /�A��B 0� ���� ;�� ;�� >�. � 0� ����;�<=�0 >�. 0� 4N��O� ��� �0 � >�� A /30Q �� ;�<=�0 PBA�! �� ]�T �0 �^� ����

4���>�. a8� 4B 7�0 �����0 ��G��� �� f�6! �0;�� >�. /�0 0� ����. �� 4���B ;�<=�0 cAU) �0��^�. � ���01389 (��? ; AB ��0 � �630Q n6.AU 4B

>��F� AE�� 4 0� >��F� �GN� n6.AU ��� � 7�0 k��W� �� �0 ���� � ]B�� g?�A! �6. q��0 /�0 A ��L�0 4 ��NU?7�.> �. ��- ���� ��_� � >A?E ��

.���0�� �G���! �� �0 L�g- �# �$���# %&�'( ���� :)�-���#"�� �G���# b��� �H &$1� � ��

���#"�� �$���# )�� �c ���� ��$���# %&�'( =��� �#��+ %���+ � #����X���� d�I > �#��G���# "��J -� ���G� &G��@� �H �I��� �# ������ #���

[����4���5�>0 ;�<=�0 >�.���� � 4N��O� ���>�. )11 � 12( � �0 �B�I:4B 7�0

k�0 - w�i\ � %&�'( e��&O���#��" ��G���#� :b��� �H &$1� � ���O��: - 4�. ��8�A5!;�<=�0 �. � 4���>�. kG�W�� �L=�0 �A�M3���0 . - ����! � ;�<=�0 >�. ������A ��?3 ;�<=�0 � /?� �� ;�<=�0 �0 A?{ 4

;�<=�0 7��� � 7�0�\� �AU ]?�^! �0 z3 �A�M3 ]I0A� �X ������^�0A�M3 .7�0 - 4�.;�<=�0 �. .���0 �L=�0 �A�M3 ���6���B ZO5� � � d��h���: - � �A�M3 >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 � /30Q �� ;�<=�0 �

� > ��� ���� ��� ;�<=�0 7�0�\� �AU ]?�^! `�AX �0 ��UA' 7��� � ��?� ��� Y�0�� ;0A�. 4 ;�<=�0 7�0 .

- � �A�M3;�<=�0 >�.?� �� � ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� ��6. >���E 0A��6�0 �/ ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � 7BA� � ;�<=�0 > ��� ������^�0A�M3 .7�0

- /�0 �0 �\A ;�<=�0 �. � ��� ��?3 � ��8ST0 4�R� ;�<=�0 �/?� �� ;�<=�0 �6���;�<=�0 �A�M3 ���� ,�ON�0>A�M3 �L=�0 �A�M3 � 4��0 >A�=? q��0 A

���<����.> ��L�0 P?� 0� �G8S ZX�5� � �G?iF!���6. . - �L=�0 ���6���B ZX�5� � �5U /?� �� ;�<=�0 �� A�M3.

Page 33: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

117 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

- 4 �0�S0 ���0 ���6���B � ���6���B ZO5� � �5U P?� >P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0

�L=�0 �A�M3��6B�. - A���;�<=�0 >�.4� A. � 4N��O� ��� ����6���B ZO5���6���B� � ���0

�L=�0 >A�B ��A�M3��. - �A�M3 >0A ���� ��?3 � ����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R� � �6. >���E 0A��6�0 ;�<=�0 �

;�<=�0 � ZX�5� ���! � ��G?iF! ZO5� � ;�� f�� 4 4��! � � ��� �!��:�� �A�M3 ��0A�. �0 V- w�i\ � %&�'( e��&O���#��" :#��+ %���+

� ���O��: - � 4�.;�<=�0 �.� ;�� >�. 0� ���� �0PEA �� ��. - ����! � ;�<=�0 >�. �4N��O� ���4�. �0���A�����6�0�! � ��� ��F� �?. ��� ;�� >�. ��� 78j 0� �����66B.

�d��h��� :� ;�� �'�\ 9��:!�� ��. c- w�i\� �# %&�'( =��� :�$��

� ���O��: - ����! � ;�<=�0 >�. ]8S ;�<=�0 � �A�M3 ���� 4N��O� ��� �G?iF! �A! f�A� �07�0.

- ���! � ;�<=�0 >�. ��L�0 �A�M3 ��� ��X � �� � 4N��O� ����� ��. �d��h��� : - � ;�� �'�\ 9��:!�� ��.

c- w�i\ � :��G���# �# )�� �c ���� � �O ����: - 4�. � ;�<=�0 �. ��� 78j �4 9��' � ; � ����?� �R��B� �0 �

��L�0 �A! f�A� �0 ]8S � ;�<=�0 ��� 78j 4����� `�AX�� A�M3. - 4�. ;�<=�0 >�. 7U��� 4�A�� �\ ����L=�0 �0 4N��O� �����6B�6. �d��h��� : - � ;�� �'�\ 9��:!�� ��.

#- i�<Z �# ��� "�&H X���� d�I > #����#"�� :b��� �H �j01� � ���O��: - � A�=? ;�<=�0 >�. �/?� �� ;�<=�0 �/30Q �� ;�<=�0 ) 4N��O� ���;�<=�0 �0�����0 ��RB 9��G� 0�N! (>P����0 �B� A! ;�<=�0 �����B�3 ��8ST0 4�R�16

�� 4 ;A�� 9��G� /�0 ���! 4�8�0 4B 7�0 4�G�7�?� ;A;�?� 4 9��G� /�0 .>�. �6��� �:G�W�qRB>�. �> �� q� qRB>�. �����P��G! � �� 0�qRB>�.

0A�. /:G! ��^?��A�^�0; �;�E��B>�. V�i��I 4 ... � ����������. � d��h���: - 9��G� 0�N! ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 � qRB�. A��� 4 78��

;�<=�0 >�. ������A 7�0 A��Br � >�.�I0� 9��G� �0 �\A >A_�qRB�. 4 ���� ������� �� � 4���� � 4�G� 7=. ���6� 4���� � 4�G��� �� ��I� �4B

4B ��RB �0�����0 9��G� 4 78�� 9��G� �8�B /�016 P?� 7�0 4�G���6B�! 4 ;�?�>0 7�0 ;�=� �0A8�. A_� 4 7 � /�0 �0����� � ��_� �L=�0 � ����

Page 34: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 118

�Au���� ��0M� � �i����� 0�N! >A�B �0A8� >0A ����� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0

9��G�;���>0 �6=��6? . A_� 4 ����� 4t�����0�! � ��� a��6� �0A8� >0A 9��G� 4?5 4B 7�0� 4���A >�. ����P��G! ��� 0�qRB>�. �� � >��L�

��� >�.� ;�� �0A8� A<� 4 16 .��A 4�G�

"��#�j1�( :E���( k��0� �� k01� - [���� q��0 A 7� 4 �0 ;���0m� �� ��6=?3 ���0 ��4 ��_6� >R��0���0>�. ��G�<6.AU� �4N��� ��G� � 7�� 4 ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 7��?�>�. �6�8�

>A?E �� A �0 ��A�N�0 P?� �\ ��G� 7?��NU ��6B � 7BAI6B�. - [���� q��0 A 7� 4 �0 ;���0m� �� ��6=?3 ���� ��4 ��_6� >A�B �0A8�

A��� 4 78�� ��� ��?3 ;�<=�0 9��G� 0�N!;�<=�0 �. >�0PEA �qRB>�. 16 4�G�0> �7��?���. q� qRB 9��G� 0�N! 1�0PU0 >0A �4 9��' >A?E ��

��?3 ;�<=�0 ��B ���� � �8?BA! A?E �0AS ���.

Page 35: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

119 ������ ������ ���� �������� �������� ��� � ! "��...

]H�1� ��I0 �; 0��S r���S �A5I0 � �GNGuU�H� �; 0� )1391 �5?8O! ���A .(��E2�

�.> ��� 4���A 9���m� � ����G<�0 ��0A�0 >�.��=B �� ;0� �0 ���� ���� .�6. 9�N��O� 4��6GiU�?��4���0> �����0 ��G� � .4 )4�( 75-105.

/�F� �� 0A! )1375 .(;�<=�0 �5?8O! ���A �����B�3 ����� �� ;0� �0 >�.�0A�0 � �6G��! �/30Q .����34��� q��� 7? A! ;�<=�0 ����0 ���6���B.

) �HA?G� ��A��\1383 .(��� � ,0�.0 �5?8O! ���A ��_� � ����� >�.�0A�0 � ����G<�0 �/30Q �� ;0� �0 ���� ����. ����34��� ���B ;�<=�0 ����0 ���6

.���8X�8X 4�R� cAU�G�0� �0A��r ����� � 0A�� ��?�� �?N� )1389.( ./30Q � �� �0 ����

�.�<=�0 4GL��E �?A> �^?��A�^�0� 1 )1�( 38-41. �GNGuU; 0�� �H�r ; 0��S� ��I0 � A5I0� ���S )1391 .( � �5?8O! ���A

�0A�0 � �6. �����G<�0 >�.��=B � �� ;0� �0 ���� ���� ��_� �G?GF!. � 1.�23��? A! ��G� � 1.�23 � 1�0 ) ��� >P�� 4���A -��� >P�� 4���A (� 9 )32�(

28-48. >�B� ) ��!��1981(. ���� � A3��� �5?8O!r 4��A! ��F� �6��>��

) � �\A�1384:�0A�! �( 90��=��0 7��. - ����� :�� � ��� ����� �http://www.ouj.ac.jp/eng/

- ����� :��� ��� ����� �http://en.ouchn.edu.cn/

- ����� :����� ����� ����� �http://www.ignou.ac.in/

- ����� :���� �� !�"#$ %&'( ����� �http://www.aiou.edu.pk/

- ����� :�)���� � ���* ����� �http://www.ut.ac.id/en

- ����� :+,� -��� ����� �www.pnu.ac.ir

Daniel, S. Johan (1999). Mega Universities and Knowledge

Media, Routledge, Abingdon- "Profile of IGNOU - Preamble". Ignou.ac.in. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

Georgieva, G.; Todorov, G. & Smrikarov, A. (2003). A model of virtual university: some problems during its development. International conference on computer system and technology-CompSystech.

Holemberg, B. (1989b). Theory and practice of distance education. Rutledge: London.

Page 36: ˇ ! ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙ - journal.sanjesh.org · Higher Education Letter Vol. 9, No. 34, Summer 2016 85 - 120 &’ 1395 ˛˚˜ ! ˙ ˘˝ ˇˆ ˘ ˚ ˜˛ ˇ ! " ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝˛˙

� ������, %���+ 120

Maclean, Rupert; Jagannathan, Shanti & Sarvi, Jouko (2012).

Skills Development for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Developing Asia-Pacific. New York & London: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.

Sampaio, R. (2008). Educar, ensinar e aprender a distậncia na era digital: principios bảsicos, proceedings of the X simpỏsio International de Informảtica Educativa, 03-05 October 2008. Salamanca, pp: 145-150.

Sang, G. M.; Valcke, M.; Braak, J. V. & Tondeur, J. (2010). Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT Integration: Predicators of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology. Computers and Education, 54, 103-112.

Simoa, A.; Barbulescua, C. & Kilyenia, S. (2015). Current Practices in Elearning: A Case Study for Electrical Power Engineering in Higher Education- Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 605 – 610.