Government of Andhra PradeshRural Water Supply and SanitationDepartment

Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance

Social Assessment

Final Report

July 2008

Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation www.san~ajvikas.orgTheWorld Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment-Final Report -July 2008

Table of Contents

Table of Contents .............................................................................1-2List of Acronyms ..............................................................................1-71 Introduction ................................................................................1-9 1.1 Background............................................................................................................. 1.9 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project.................................. 1-9 1.2.1 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 1-9 1.3 Scope of the Project ................................................................................................ 1-9 1.4 Social Assessment................................................................................................. 1.10 1.5 Need for Social Assessment.................................................................................. 1.11 . . 1.5.1 Social Assessment Objectives...................................................................... 1 1 1 1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks.............................................................................. 1-11 1.6.1 Beneficiary Assessment ................................................................................ 1-11 1.6.2 StakeholderAnalyses .................................................................................... 1. 11 1.6.3 Impact Assessment ........................................................................................ 1. 12 1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks ................................................................ 1.12 1.6.5 Rules for securing lands ................................................................................ .1 12 1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan .............................................................................. 1.12 1.7 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................. 1-12 1.7.1 Sampling Rationale ....................................................................................... 1. 13 1.7.2 Research Tools .............................................................................................. . . 1. 14 1.8 Organization of the Report.................................................................................... 1.152 Beneficiary Assessment ...........................................................2-16 2.1 Socio-EconomicProfile of Andhra Pradesh ......................................................... 2. 16 2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile ..................................................................2.16 2.1.2 Physiographic Profile ....................................................................................2. 16 2.1.3 Water Resources ...........................................................................................2-16 2.1.4 Demographic Profile .....................................................................................2-17 2.2 Demographic and Socio-EconomicVariables in the Three Regions....................2-19 2.2.1 Population .....................................................................................................2-19 2.2.2 Households ....................................................................................................2-19 2.2.3 Literacy .........................................................................................................2-19 2.2.4 Main Workers ...............................................................................................2.20 2.2.5 Population by Religion .................................................................................2.20 2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates ...................................................................................2-21 2.3 Primary Data .........................................................................................................2-21 2.3.1 Sex Ratio. Family Type and Size.................................................................2-21 2.3.2 Region. Caste and Religious Composition ...................................................2-22 2.3.3 Ration Cards ..................................................................................................2-23 2.3.4 Literacy .........................................................................................................2.23 2.3.5 Occupation ....................................................................................................2.24 2.3.6 Land and Assets ............................................................................................2-25 2.3.7 Dwelling ........................................................................................................ 2-26 2.4 Salient Features and Issues for the Project ...........................................................2-273 Rural Water and Sanitation Status ........................................3-29 3.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................3-29 3.2 Sanitation .............................................................................................................-3-30 3.3 Water Supply-Primary Information ...................................................................3-31

Samaj Vikas (info~samajvikas.org) Page 1-2The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSocialAssessment . July Final Report . 2008

3.3.1 Type of Schemes........................................................................................... 3-31 3.3.2 Scheme Sources ............................................................................................ 3-31 3.3.3 Major Sources of Water Supply.................................................................... 3-31 3.3.4 Distance from Water Point............................................................................ 3-32 3.3.5 Treatment at Source...................................................................................... 3-32 3.3.6 Water Quality................................................................................................ 3-33 3.3.7 User Treatment and Handling....................................................................... 3-34 3.3.8 Time Spent in CollectingWater ................................................................... 3-34 3.3.9 Persons Engaged in Collecting Water........................................................... 3-34 3.3.10 Satisfaction and Grievances.......................................................................... 3-35 3.4 Sanitation -Primary Data..................................................................................... 3-37 3.4.1 Latrine Usage................................................................................................ 3-37 3.4.2 Drainage........................................................................................................ 3-39 3.4.3 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 3-40 3.4.4 Hygiene Practices.......................................................................................... 3-41 3.5 Issues..................................................................................................................... 3-424 Institutional and Implementation Structure .........................4-44 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 4-44 4.2 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E ................................................4-44 4.2.1 Secretary,RWSS........................................................................................... 4-44 4.2.2 SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC...........................................................4-44 4.2.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions............................................................................. 4-47 4.2.4 Tribal Related -ITDA and VTDA ............................................................... 4-49 4.3 Implementationand Operations - RWSS Department..........................................4-50 4.3.1 Engineer-in-Chief .........................................................................................4-50 4.3.2 Chief Engineers............................................................................................. 4-50 4.3.3 SEs and EEs .................................................................................................. 4-50 4.3.4 DEEs and AEEsIAEs.................................................................................... 4-51 4.3.5 Manpower ..................................................................................................... 4-51 4.4 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD .........................................................4-51 4.4.1 Key strengths ................................................................................................ 4-51 4.5 Issues for Consideration........................................................................................ 4-525 Stakeholder Analysis ...............................................................5-54 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 5-54 5.2 Stakeholders at Different Levels...........................................................................5-54 5.3 Beneficiaries1StakeholdersExpectations............................................................. 5-56 5.3.1 Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations..................................5-606 Impact Assessment ...................................................................6-62 6.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 6-62 6.2 Impacts..................................................................................................................6-627 Major Risks and Assumptions ........................................7-67 7.1 Risks...................................................................................................................... 7-67 7.2 Assumptions..........................................................................................................7-678 Issues of Significance and Design Elements ..........................8-68 8.1 Issues of significance........................................................................................... 3-68 8.2 Proposed Design Elements and Approach............................................................8-68 8.2.1 ManagementUnit.......................................................................................... 8-68 8.2.2 Inclusion and Equity ..................................................................................... 8-68

Samaj Vikas (info@.samaivikas.org) Page 1-3The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSocialAssessment . Final Report . 2008 July

8.2.3 Autonomy ..................................................................................................... 8-69 8.2.4 Decentralization and Subsidiarity................................................................. 8-69 8.2.5 Effective Governance and Management....................................................... 8-70 8.2.6 Transparency and Accountability ................................................................. 8-70 8.2.7 Capacity Support........................................................................................... 8-72 8.2.8 Capacity Building ......................................................................................... 8-72 8.2.9 Gender Issues ................................................................................................ 8-72 8.2.10 Convergence ................................................................................................. 8-739 Monitoring and Evaluation .....................................................9-74 9.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 9-74 9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks .............................................................. 9-74 9.2.1 Monitoring Framework................................................................................. 9-75 9.2.2 Impact Evaluation ......................................................................................... 9-77 9.3 Budget................................................................................................................... 9-79

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orn) Page 1-4TheWorld Bank SupportedAndhra PradeshRural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment. July Final Report . 2008

List of Tables

. .Table 1: Scope of Activlhes.................................................................................................. 1-10Table 2: Phases of Work ....................................................................................................... 1-13Table 3: Region wise sample details ..................................................................................... 1-13Table 4: Research Tools. ...................................................................................................... -1-14Table 5: AP Demographic Profile ......................................................................................... 2-17Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population............................................................2-19Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households...................2-19Table 8:Region wise Literate Population,2001................................................................... 2-20Table 9: Region wise Distributionof Main Workers Category, 2001.................................. 2-20Table 10:Region wise Populationby Religion, 2001 .......................................................... 2-20Table 11:Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates ...................................................2-21Table 12:Region wise Type of Family Structure................................................................. 2-22Table 13:Region wise Family Size ...................................................................................... 2-22Table 14:Religious Compositionby Region........................................................................ 2-22Table 15:Region wise Caste Composition........................................................................... 2-23Table 16:Region wise Ration Cards Details........................................................................ 2-23Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card ............................................................................... 2-23Table 18:Region wise Highest Education of Male Family Members.................................. 2-24Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members ..............................2-24Table 20: Region wise Major Occupation............................................................................ 2-24Table 21:HH possessing Wet Land...................................................................................... 2-25Table 22: Region wise HH possessing Dry Land ................................................................. 2-25Table 23: Region wise HH Assets ........................................................................................ 2-25Table 24: Region wise HH Livestock................................................................................... 2-26Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House ........................................................................2-26Table 26: Region wise Type of House Structure..................................................................2-26Table 27: Type of House Structureby Caste........................................................................ 2-26Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection..................................................2-27Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories....................................................................... 3-29Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP ...................................................................................3-29Table 31:District wise Water Supply Coverage................................................................... 3-29Table 32: Sanitation- Latrine Coverage..............................................................................3-30Table 33: Distribution of Villages by Type of Scheme........................................................3-31Table 34: Type of Water Supply Schemeby Source............................................................3-31Table 35: Region wise Major Sourcesof Water Supply.......................................................3-32Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point ..............................................................3-32Table 37: Region Wise Type of Water Treatment................................................................3-33Table 38: Type of Water Treatmentby Scheme...................................................................3-33Table 39: Region wise Quality of Drinking Water............................................................... 3-33Table 40: Gender by Quality of Water .................................................................................3-33Table 41: Region wise Treatmentgiven at household level to make Water Potable ...........3-34Table 42: Region wise HH Drinking Water Handling Practices..........................................3-34Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in CollectingWater .......................................3-34Table 44: Region wise Family Members Fetching Water ....................................................3-35Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction..............................................................3-35Table 46: Overall Satisfactionby Caste................................................................................ 3-35Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfactionof Water Supply ...............................................3-35Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint RegardingWater Supply.................................................3-36

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orq) Page 1-5The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSocial Assessment. Report -July 2008 Final

Table 49: Caste by Lodging Complaints .............................................................................. 3-36Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply................................................................ 3-36Table 51:Complaint Lodged ................................................................................................ 3-36Table 52: Caste by expectingbetter water supply ................................................................ 3-36Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply........................................................ 3.37Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine .......................................................................... 3-37Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region....................................................... 3-37Table 56: Latrine Usage by Region ...................................................................................... 3-38Table 57: Gender and Usage of Latrine................................................................................ 3-38Table 58: Family Type and Usage of Latrine ....................................................................... 3-38Table 59: Family Size and Usage of Latrine ........................................................................ 3-38Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine....................................................................................... 3-38Table 61:Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines.................................. 3-39Table 62: Children Defecation.............................................................................................. 3-39Table 63: HH Wastewater Disposal...................................................................................... 3-39Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater ....................................................................... 3-39Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater........................................................................ 3-40Table 66: HH Solid Waste Disposal.....................................................................................3-40Table 67: Washing Hands ..................................................................................................... 3-41Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands ................................................................................... 3-41Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits ...............................................................................3-41Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits ...................................................................................3-41Table 71:Caste and Bathing Habits...................................................................................... 3-42Table 72: Manpower of RWSS department..........................................................................4-51Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels ..........................................................................5-54Table 74: Beneficiaries/StakeholdersExpectations ..............................................................5-56Table 75: Project Impacts ..................................................................................................... 6-62Table 76: Monitoring Framework .........................................................................................9-76Table 77: Mid-Tern and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks ..............................................9-78Table 78: SA Budget.............................................................................................................9-79

Samaj Vikas (info~samaivikas.org) Page 1-6 .TheWorld BankSupportedAndhraPradeshRural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment -Final Report-July 2008

List of Acronyms

AP Andhra Pradesh APL Above Poverty Level APRWSSP Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project

BC Backward Class BCC Behaviour Change Communication BCM Billion Cubic Meters BPL Below Poverty Level CDD Community Driven Development CE Chief Engineer DEE Deputy Executive Engineer DRP District Resource Persons DPSU District Project Support Unit DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission EE Executive Engineer E-in-C Engineer-in-Chief FC Fully Covered FGD Focus Group Discussions GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh GP Gram Panchayat GPWSC Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee HH Household HNU Health and Nutrition Unit IEC Information, Education and Communication IHSL Individual Household Sanitary Latrines IKP Indira Kranti Patham ISL Individual Sanitary Latrines MP Mandal Parishad MRP Mandal Resource Persons MTP Medium Term Program

MVS Multi Village Schemes MWSC Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee NC Not Covered

NSS Not Safe Source O & M Operation and Management

PC Partially Covered PIP Project Implementation Plan PRI Panchayat Raj Institutions

RLA Rules for Land Acquisition RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-7The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment-FinalReport-July2008

RWSSD Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

SA Social Assessment SC Scheduled CasteSE SuperintendentEngineerSERF' Society for Elimination of Rural PovertySLWM Solid and Liquid Waste ManagementSO Support OrganizationsSPSU State Project SupportUnitSSC Secondary School Certificate ST Scheduled Tribe SVS Single Village SchemesSWOT Strengths,Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats SWSM State Water and SanitationMissionTDP Tribal Development Plan

TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet (Billion Cubic Feet)TSC Total Sanitation CampaignUGD Under Ground DrainageVWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-8TheWorld Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh RuralWater Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment-Final Report -July2008

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) formulated its (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation(RWSS) Sector vision and policy in 2006. Key features of the Vision are: Transfer of responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS services to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Communities; and Evolution of the role of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD- nodal agency) into that of a provider of technical assistance to the PRIs.

Similarly, key features of the policy are: Devolution of funds,,functions and functionaries to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs); Enforcement of full recovery of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost of sharing of capital cost (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and Improvement of the "accountability framework" by clarifying roles and responsibilities of various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance,

1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural water Supplyand Sanitation Project

Towards realizing the sector vision, GOAP is currently preparing a Rural Water Supply andSanitation Program (APRWSSP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. The projectforms a part of the RWSS sector investment program and implementation action plan-Medium Term Program (MTP). The Plan would serve as a financial action plan forchanneling investments and other resources for integrated rural water supply and sanitationdevelopment in the state during the program period.

1.2.1 Objectives

Key objective of APRWSSP is to increase rural communities' access to reliable, sustainableand affordable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. The project aims atcovering a total of 2,843 habitations over a period of five years, the breakup of which is asfollows: 1878Not Covered (NC) and 199No Safe Source (NSS) habitations. Apart from this,766 Partially Covered (PC) habitations will be covered with water supply during the fiveyears of MTP. This project will also carry out some augmentations and improvements toSingle Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Household latrine and/ orsullage drainage activities will be taken up in about 2843 habitations. Additionally, 55Mandal headquarters will be provided with Under Ground Drainage (UGD) and Solid andLiquid Waste Management (SLWM) and 55 major Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be providedwith pavements and drains.

1.3 Scope of the Project

The proposed scope of activities of the APRWSSP is given below:

Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-9 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supplyand SanitationProject SocialAssessment-Final Report -July 2008

Table 1:Scope of Activities Components 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-U 20U-l3 Tota:l svs SVS (PCto FC) 147 87 107 60 47 448 SVS (NCto FC) 200 210 300 285 320 1,315 SVS (NSS to FC) 7 14 19 40 Total 354 311 426 345 367 1,803 Mvs MVS (PCto FC) - common &intra village facilities 71 96 60 35 56 318 MVS (NCto FC) - common facilities &intra village facilities 113 87 110 125 128 5631MVS (NSS to FC) - common facilities &intra I I I I I 1 village'facilities' 29 43 43 18 26 159 Total ------2l3 226 2l3 178 210 1,040

Rain water harvesting 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 innovative technology 10 10 15 20 20 75

Environmental sanitation HHSL 8,505 8,055 9,585 7,845 8,655 42,645 Pavements, drains and SLWMin major GPs 10 10 11 12 12 55 Soak pits in GPs 567 537 639 523 577 2,843 UGD and SLWMin Mandal head quarters 10 10 11. 12 12 55

The APRWSSP will have the following four outcome indicators for monitoring:

percentage habitations with improved drinking water and sanitation services percentage rural households with access to safe and adequate water supply throughout the year percentage rural households adopting improved hygiene and sanitationpractices; and improvements in cost recovery, contributions to capital and O&M Costs, and collection efficiency

1.4 Social Assessment

As part of the Project preparation, the RWSSD (nodal agency) carried out a SocialAssessment (SA) study. The Key Objective of this study is to understand and address socialdevelopment issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion,equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are:

Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplishthe principles underpinningthe approach

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-10The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment -FinalReport -July 2008

1.5 Need for Social Assessment

The initial project inquiry reveals that project beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous,rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of theirdifferential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regionalfeatures. The Project needs to address the requirements of the all the sub-groups,with specialattention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups.Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to theproject, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities andoutcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation ofall key stakeholder groups and enable solicit their contributions towards project design anddelivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, the State ProjectSupportUnit (SPSU) of the APRWSSP conducted this Social Assessment.

1.5.1 Social Assessment Obiectives

The Key Objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to understand and address socialdevelopment issues, and ensure accomplishingthe outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion,equity, security and accountability.The Objectives of the study are:

Identifying and conductinga detailed stakeholderanalysis Assessingthe social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Examining the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach

This SA includes the following: Beneficiary assessment Stakeholder analysis Social impacts Risks analysis

1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks

The key tasks performed include beneficiary assessment, stakeholder analysis and impactassessment.

1.6.1 Beneficiaw Assessment

Beneficiary Assessment comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level The project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services The linkages thereof with governancemechanisms and PRI functioning

1.6.2 Stakeholder Analyses

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-11The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSocialAssessment -Final Report -July 2008

Identifying stakeholders at different levels Mapping Key Expectations, Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof

1.6.3 Impact Assessment

Identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub-groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions Assessing and prioritizing impacts based on their significance Suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum from positive impacts.

1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks

From ascertaining and analyzing the key social risks, internal and external, to the project,measures to address them were developed. From the analysis and assessment, the elementsfor a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach was built duly listing issues and thesuggestive measures towards building CDD approach. As a part of the assessment thefollowingrules/ plans were be prepared:

1.6.5 Rules for securing lands

The project would require land for rehabilitation/construction activities. Drawing up plans forsecuring lands included the following:

Documenting the practices currently commonly adopted in the state Conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice Identifjrlngissues that need to be taken into account, particularly, relative to the AP State Policy on Resettlement and the World Bank's OP 4.12.

Based on the above, a Resettlement Policy Framework for securing lands for the proposedproject was formulated. This essentially involves developing a generic framework by whichproject could secure lands. Generic principles including estimating replacement values forland and structures,rehabilitation measures for livelihoods, etc. were also drawn.

1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan

The project area includes Scheduled Areas, which predominantly inhabited by tribals. Theseareas are administered by the Integrated Tribal Development Authorities (ITDA). A separatestrategy for implementing the sub-project in these areas has been developed.

1.7 Approach and Methodology

The study was conducted using participatory approaches throughout. Some of theparticipatory tools used are PRA, women group interaction, SWOT Analysis, etc. The studyidentified all the stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations level.Consultation with the identified stakeholders was ensured during all stages of the assignment.Process of consultation continued till the end of study. The consultations with the RWSSDduring planning enabled the study to choose proper data collection methods. The

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-12 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProject Social Assessment -FinalReport -July 2008

consultations with beneficiaries and field level stakeholders during fieldwork gave authenticity to the study findings. The assignment was completed in two phases covering four distinct stages of work as below:

Table 2: Phases of Work/FieldwodtPhase 1 Assessment and Reporting Phase1 I I Inception Stage I Draft Reporting Stage

IField S w e p Stage Final Reporting Stage

1.7.1 SamplingRationale

During the study a multi stage stratified random sampling process was adopted to ensure participation of all groups of stakeholders and beneficiaries in providing inputs for the assessment. The following criteria are used by the RWSSD for selecting sample villages for field study.

Regional Representation: Andhra Pradesh has three distinct regions, namely Coastal Andhra region, Telangana region and Rayalaseema region. The sample represents all these regions. The sample has 14 habitations fiom Telangana Region, 11 habitations fiom Coastal Andhra regions and 9 habitations fioni Rayalaseema regions. In the three regions of the state 34 habitations were identified in 31 Mandals of 10 districts in consultationwith RWSSD.

Table 3: Region wise sample details Region District No. of Mandals No. of Habitations Andhra Region Srikakulam 3 3 West Godavan 3 3

RayalaseernaRegion Chttoor 3 3 Kadapa 3 3 Kurnool 2 3 Telangana Region -Karimnagar 33 Mahaboobnaear 2 3 V Rangareddy 3 3 Fluoride Affected Villages Nalgonda 5 5 Prakasam 14 5 I I I I - GRAND TOTAL I 3 1 134

Type of Schemes: Generally RWSSD constructs two types of water supply schemes, namely Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). SVS caters to villages within a GP whereas MVS caters villages beyond a GP. In case of MVS, villages are clustered for reasons of proximity of villages, scarcity of source, quality of source, etc. The samplehas both types of schemes; i.e., 30 SVS and 4 MVS.

Quality of Water: The state of Andhra Pradesh is facing water quality issues, the major issue being fluoride. Out of the sample of 34 habitations 10 are fluorideaffected. Thus the sample represents the qualityproblems of the state.

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-13TheWorld Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment-Final Report -Tulv2008

Type of Source: The water supply schemes in Andhra Pradesh have both surface water andgroundwateras sources. The sample covers both types of sources. In the sample there are 25schemeswith groundwater as source and 9 schemes with surface water as source.

Tribal Coverage: Andhra Pradesh has substantial tribal population and has scheduled areastoo. The sample covers the tribal areas too. There are 20 villages with tribals in the sample.

1.7.2 Research Tools

The details of tools and techniques used for the assessment study are presented in tablebelow.

Table 4: Research ToolsS. No. Techniques Tools/ Instmments Respondents

1 Social Checklist CommunityMembers from the

Mapping habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PFU Members, etc.

2 Household Household Interview CommunityMembers from the 1 Survey habitations to be benefited / affected by gc$tLaire the project

3 Focus Group Checklist CommunityMembers from the Discussions habitations to be benefited / affected by (FGDs) the project, PFU Members, etc. I4 1 Public Checklist CommunityMembers from the Consultations habitations to be benefited/ affectedby the project, PRI Members, etc.

District level and State level stakeholders in the final regional and state level consultations

Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed during theassessment study. Required software packages (Microsoft Access, SPSS etc.) were used forcarrying out the collation,data coding, analysis and generationof outputs.

1.7.2.1 One-to-one/ Household Survey Questionnaire

The research variables were finalized during the inception stage. The final modularquestionnairefor the One-to-one/ Household survey essentiallyhas the following modules: Identificationand Screening Demographic characteristics Socio-Economic Status Livelihoods Water Use Practice SanitationPractices Personal Hygiene Practices Health Related Issues

SamajVikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 1-14The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment -Final Report -July 2008

Water Distribution practices and issues Perception on Social Issues related to WSS Willingness and Capacity to Pay Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc. Coding Information

1.7.2.2 Focus Group Discussionsand StakeholderConsultations

Focus Group Discussions and stakeholder consultations were also held in all the villagesselected as the sample for this study. The FGDs provided some very useful information andfacts about the status of water supply and sanitation services and facilities available in thevillage. The FGDs also helped the study team to assess the potential impacts of the projectand issues and challenges related to the water supply facilities.

At the end of the study three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops were held atVijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad. After these one state level consultation/ disclosureworkshop was held at Hyderabad.

1.8 Organization of the Report

This report has 9 chapters. First chapter gives introduction to this report which includesbackground, objectives, scope of the physical activities, need for social assessment, scope ofwork and key tasks, and approach and methodology adopted for this study. Chapter twoprovides the socio-economic profile of the Andhra Pradesh that includes location,geographic, physiographic profile, and demographic profile of the state. It also presents thesocio-economic details the sample villages along with the salient features and issues for theproject. Third chapter deals with the rural water supply and sanitation status in AndhraPradesh. It presents water supply coverage, sanitation, water sources, quality of water, usertreatment and handling, persons engaged in collecting water, and satisfaction about the watersupply. It also covers the aspects of sanitation such as latrine usage, drainage, disposal of .

solid waste and issues related to water and sanitation.

Fourth chapter details governance and management of water and sanitation in the state. Itdiscusses the various state, district, Mandal and village level departments, missions,committees that deal with authority and responsibility on water supply and sanitation. Itprovides the institutional structures and various officials as stakeholders at different levels.Fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of stakeholders at different levels as direct and indirectbeneficiaries of the project. Further, it also enlists the expectations of these stakeholders andconcludes with the issues that emerged during the public consultations. Chapter six deals withthe impact assessment wherein the positive and negative impacts of the project are discussed.

Seventh chapter attempts to identify risks, involved in the project, which may be external orinternal. It also outlines certain assumptions under which the project is being prepared andimplemented. Eighth chapter deals with the significance and design elements. It discusses thematters relating to inclusion, equity, participation of stakeholders, sense of ownership,mitigation of adverse effects, tribal development, capacity building, gender issues,accountability, transparency, decentralization and coverage. The final chapter gives themonitoring and evaluation arrangements for the project.

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 1-15The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment -Final Report-July 2008

2 Beneficiary Assessment

2.1 Socio-EconomicProfile of Andhra Pradesh

2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile

Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest state in India both in geographical area (an area of 2,76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's temtory) and population wise (76.21 millionaccounting for 7.41 % of India's population of 1028million). Andhra Pradesh was formed on1st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. AP lies between 12'41' and 22"longitude and 77' and 84'40' latitude. It forms the major link between the north and the southof India and is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. It is bounded byMadhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, TamilNadu and Karnataka in the south and Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west. AP has thelongest coastline of 972 km in India. There are three main regions in the state of AP - (1)Coastal Andhra (2) Rayalaseema and (3) Telangana. AP has 22 districts, 1104 Mandals and21856 GPs. Telugu, the official language of Andhra Pradesh, is described by Sir C.P. Brownas the "Italian of the East".

2.1.2 Physiographic Profile

AP is endowed with a variety of physiographic features ranging from high hills, thick forests,undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. The state has the advantage of havingmost of the east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in abundant supplies ofsurface water fi-om the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau up to the Bay ofBengal. The major, medium and minor rivers that flow through the state number about 40.Of these, the most important rivers in AP are Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Thungabhadra,Vamsadhara and Nagavali. Like all the peninsular rivers, all these are rain fed rivers. Nearly75% of its area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and theirtributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada,Nagavali and Musi, as well as severalstreams. Godavari and Krishna are the two major perennial rivers, and with their extensivecanal system, provide assured irrigation.

The rainfall of AP is influenced by both the south-west, north-west and north-east monsoons.The average annual rainfall in the state is 925 mm. A majority of the rainfall in AP iscontributed by south-west monsoon (68.5%) during the months June to September, followedby north-east monsoon (22.3%) during the months October to December. The remaining(9.2%) of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months. The rainfalldistribution in the three regions of the state differs with the season and monsoon. Theinfluence of the south-west monsoon is predominant in the Telangana region (764.5 mm)followed by Coastal Andhra (602.26 mm) and Rayalaseema (378.5 mm). Where as, thenorth-east monsoon provides a high amount of rainfall (316.8 mm) to Coastal Andhra areafollowed by Rayalaseema (224.3) and Telangana (97.1 mm). There are no significantdifferences in the distribution of rainfall during the winter and hot weather periods among thethree regions.

2.1.3 Water Resources

The State's (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be 108.15 BCM (3820TMC), out of which about 62.29 BCM (2200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking,

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-16 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProject Social Assessment -Final Report -July 2008

agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1400Cu. m, and utilisation is about 800 Cu. m. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in Andhra Pradesh is 58%. (Source: Andhra Pradesh Water Vision, Water Conservation Mission, Government of Andhra Pradesh)

However, there has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years for groundwater-based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction in shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for the different districts was estimated at 8% to 11.0% of mean annual rainfall, while the groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only; this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable.

Regarding water quality, Fluoride is widespread in Andhra Pradesh. It has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In about six thousand habitations (out of a total of about 72 thousand habitations in the state), fluoride content in water is high. This affected several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from this fluorosis. In the recent past, new dimensions for fluorosis (like increasing concentration levels and spreading to new areas)have emerged, constitutingan enigma in the State.

2.1.4 DemographicProfile

AP is the most populous state in south India, though the decadal growth rate is far less than the all India average. Some of the important demographicsof AP are compared to all-India averages to ascertainthe state's relative performance, as captured in the table below.

Table 5: AP Demographic Profile1 Item / Andhra Pradesh I All-India 1 1Total population (Census2001) (ind o n ) 76.21 1028.61 1 P

14.59 21.54 1 24.10 1 Gude Death Rate (SRS2006) 7.00 7.50 0 2.90 Infant MortalityRate (SRS 2006) 59.00 58.00 MaternalMortalttyRatio (SRS 2001 - 2003) 195.00 301.00 Female Sex Ratio (Census2001) (per 1000males) 978.00 933.00 Population below p o v p 15.77 26.10 ScheduleCaste population (in d o n ) 12.34 166.64

0.609 0.621( Gender Development Index (GDI) 0.595 0.609 Planning Commission, Government of India, March 2002 * Sample RegistrationSystem (SRS), Registrar General of India, Ministryof Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

SamajVikas (i-) Page 2-17TheWorld Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectSocialAssessment-Final Report-July 2008

2.1.5 Socio-cultural variations in Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telanganaregions

These three regions vary in terms of history, geography, social and cultural aspects. While theTelangana was part of the princely Hyderabad State ruled by Qutub Shahis, Moghals andNizam before the Independence, the coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were under the Britishrule. Before the colonial days, Srikrishnadevaraya and his dynasty ruled the Rayalaseema,and Gajapathis and others ruled the Andhra region. Geographically, Andhra area is coastalregion endowed with fertile soils due to alluvial deposits of Godavari and Krishna rivers,whereas the Telangana region stands on Deccan plateau with large sections of stony terrain.The Rayalaseema is a dry region with patches of black-cotton soil, but not fertile. Asmentioned above, the Andhra region gets more rainfall due to monsoons, the Telangana andRayalaseema gets less rainfall. Linguistically, Telangana is heavily influenced by Urdu andMuslim culture, the official language of the government and the religion of the rulersrespectively. To some extent there is an influence of Maharashtrian culture also. InRayalaseema, the boarder districts of Chittoor and Ananthapur are influenced by Tamil andKannada. The Andhra region has very little influence of other languages. The extension ofEastern Ghats provides forest cover and hill-ranges in the state, and it is mostly found in theTelangana district (25.4%) and less in Andhra (17.4%) and Rayalaseema (10.2%). Theseforests and hills are abodes of tribal populations of the state. Andhra Pradesh state has 33scheduled tribes who contribute 6.60 percent to the total population. Their concentration ishigh in Telangana districts such as Adilabad (16.74 %), Nalgonda (10.55%), Warangal(14.10%), and Khammam (26.47 %). The tribal population is more only in Visakhapatnamdistrict (14.55%) in Andhra region. In Rayalaseema districts the percentage of tribalpopulations is low. All these tribal groups in most of the cases have their own dialect anddistinct cultural practices. They generally live in hill areas depending on the shiftingcultivation, collection of forest produce, hunting and so on. There are villages in all areasexclusively inhabited by tribes mostly in scheduled areas, and in some villages there is multi-ethnic population mostly in non-scheduled areas. Thus, these three regions are different inseveral ways: forests and hills, plain terrains, tribal and non-tribal composition, fertility ofsoils,wet and dry lands, distinctive cultural practices etc.

2.1.6 Villages in Andhra Pradesh

One distinction about the villages has already been mentioned above: tribal villages and non-tribal villages with tribal populations. Besides these two categories, there are more villageswithout tribal populations, multi-caste villages. The tribal villages are as generally located inhills, the population in those habitations is less compared to multi-caste village or a villagewhere tribes and non-tribes live together. Usually tribes like to be away from the non-tribeswith some exceptions. The multi-caste villages are composed of families belonging to anumber of castes. There can be exception in this case, where one caste may predominate afew others. In each village the number of castes ranges from 15 to 20 or more which followcertain social hierarchy. The interaction among the members of different castes is guided bythe principles of hierarchy which has been traditionally followed. Though they all livegenerally in peace and harmony, often conflicts arise on caste line for various reasons. Thehigher castes live in the centre of the village, surrounded by backward castes. The backwardcastes together are called as Other Backward Class in the administrative language. Thescheduled castes live away from the habitation of the higher and backward castes. There havebeen certain traditional restrictions for their living together in close proximity, which isslowly disappearing now. A village in the perception of the people is the place where they

Samaj ~ i k G(info~samajvikas.ora) Page 2-18The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProject SocialAssessment-Final Report -July 2008

live but this does not match with the administrative or government records. A village is a Panchayat, with a group of hamlets, as an administrative unit for the government. But, for the people, each hamlet is a village, and for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, in most cases, the village with which they are considered as part is their village. Thus, they are excluded in one sense, but included in another sense. This characterization of villages is applicable in all the three regions of Andhra Pradesh.

2.2 Demographic and Socio-EconomicVariables in the Three Regions

2.2.1 Population

The region wise analysis of demographic and socio-economic variables drawn from secondary source shows some variations which need to be considered. The sex ratio (number of females for 1000 males) across the regions shows that Andhra is better compared to Rayalaseema and Telangana regions.

Table 6:Regions wise Male and Female Population S.No Region Population (Totals) Females per 1000Males Males I Females / II1 ( Andhra 15,944,383 1 15,760,709 1 989.9 2 Rayalaseema 6,863,585 6,654,059 969.8 3 Telanpna 15,719,445 15,267,826 974.1 Total- AP 38,527,413 37,682,594 978 Source: Final Population Totals 2001, Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh

2.2.2 Households

The number of members per household shows that it is 4 in Andhra regions, but 5 both in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions.

Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households S.No Total Region Total - in AP CoastalAndhra 1Raplaseema I Telangana 1 No of occupied Residentialhouses 7,088,446 1 2,755,568 ( 6,154,960 15,998,974 ~. I 2 No. of House holds 1 7,566,924 2,912,837 6,524,544 17,004,305 1 3 Total Population 31,705,092 13,517,644 30,987,271 76,210,007 4 No. of persons per House hold 4 5 5 5 RIJRAI. ------ 5 No of occupied Residentialhouses 5,478,458 2,164,454 4,388,522 12,031,434 6 No. of House holds 5,773,718 2,263,499 4,569,950 12,607,167 7 Total Population 23,884,749 10,381,834 21,134,484 55,401,067 8 No. of pelsons per House hold 4 5 5 4 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001

2.2.3 Literacy

The literacy rates in the regions in the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana is given by gender in the below table:

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-19 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh RuralWater Supply and SanitationProject SocialAssessment -Final Report-July2008

Table 8: Reeion wise Literate Po~ulation.2001 No. of Literates in the Region Coastal Andhra IRavalaseerna ITelanma " Total in AP 1 Males 9,920,292 4,248,695 9,275,801 23,444,788 2 Females 7,614,646 2,715,307 6,159,582 16,489,535 3 Total 17,534,938 6,964,002 15,435,383 39,934,323 - Literacy Rate 4 Males 70.67 71.95 68.11 70.1 5 Females 53.55 47.15 46.03 50.4 Total 62.13 59.72 57.18 61.1 Literatesexclude children in the age group 0-6 years Source: Final Totals, Census of lidia, 2001 issued by Directorate of census Operations,Andhra Pradesh, 2001

2.2.4 Main Workers

The secondary data about the main workers shows that the percentage of cultivators high in Rayalaseema, followed by Telangana and Andhra region. However, the percentage of agricultural labourers follows the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. The order of industrial workers is yet different, the highest in Telangana followed by Rayalaseema and Andhra.

Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001 S.No Main Workers Category Region Total in AP Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana 1 TotalWorkers 14,378,432 6,441,301 14,074,126 34,893,859 2 TotalMain Workers 11,866,493 5,366,353 11,808,027 29,040,873 3 Gdtivators 2,475,683 1,592,205 3,329,800 7,397,6884 O/Oof Cultivators 20.86 29.67 29.19 25.47I I I I I I5 1AgriculturalLabourers 4,777,835 1 1,834,443 1 3,210,986 1 9,823,2646 I% AgriculturalLabourers " 40.26 1 34.18 1 27.19 1 33.83 7 House-hold Industries 391,024 242,423 719,258 1,352,705 8 %of Household industries 3.29 4.52 6.09 4.65 9 Others 4,221,951 1,697,282 4,547,983 10,467,216 10 %ofothers 35.57 31.62 38.51 36.04I I 1 I I I Source: Directorate of Census Operations,Andhra Pradesh, 2001 (all percentagesagainst main workers)

2.2.5 Population bv Religion

The secondary data on religious affiliation show that Hindu and Christian populations are more in Andhra, whereas Muslim and Buddhist populations are more in Telangana region.

Source: Directorate of Census Operations,Andhra Pradesh, 2001

--

Samaj Gkas (info@sam&ikas.org) Page 2-20 TheWorld Bank SupportedAndhra PradeshRural Water Supplyand SanitationProject SocialAssessment-Final Report-July2008

2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates

The available secondary source data provide the details that there is a difference of 11.3 between Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) (per 100populations for both CBR and CDR). The estimates for 2004 and 2005 show that while CDR remains the same, there is a decrease of 0.1 in 2005 in rural population. This indicates only a trend of decreasing birth rate. There is a trend of decrease in infant mortality rate also. The below Table provides the details.

Table 11: Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates S. No. Particulars 2004 2005 Rural I Urban ( Combined Rural ( Urban ( Combined 1. Crude Birth Rate 20.2 1 16.1 1 19.0 20.1 1 16.7 1 19.1I 1 per 1000population I/ 2. 1 Crude Dearth Rate 1 7.9 1 5.0 1 7.0 I 7.9 1 5.9 1 73

1 1 I I

3. 1 Infant mortalityRate / 65 1 39 1 59 1 63 1 39 ( 57 per 1,000Livebirths Total 93.1 60.1 85.0 91.0 61.6 83.4 Source:Data on Sample Registration System, Registrar General of India, Min. of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

2.3 Primary Data

This chapter gives the socio-economic profile, details such as family type and size, of the households in the sampled habitations. The data obtained through secondary resources as detailed above does not match at times with the primary data collected from the sample villages, an analysis of which has been presented in the following pages. Therefore, it needs an explanation. First, the sample villages are drawn keeping in view not only the three geographical areas which are distinct from one to another on several parameters as detailed above, but also the types of villages where the program will be implemented, viz., Not Covered Villages, No Safe Source Villages and Partially Covered Villages (in terms of water supply). Second, the sample should represent the villages of hills, valleys and plain areas, apart from coastal, plateau and other terrains, and the population distribution in terms of tribal and non-tribal or multi-ethnic compositions. It is because, these features would become various constraints for the implementation of the program. Third, it is necessary, to keep in mind the quality of water also as in some parts of the state there is presence of high degree of fluoride and other toxic materials in water. As such a representation of such villages has become important. Fourth, the component of coverage of water and sanitation schemes implanted earlier has to be considered in terms of the villages not covered, partially covered etc. Given these factors of purposive element in the selection, the sampling has not been based entirely on random selection of villages in the state. Therefore, these villages sampled for the survey do not represent the state in its entirety, but they do reflect the reality in great extent. The differences between the secondary data drawn from the state level sources and primary data collected from the sampled villages that one may find in some cases here and there does not really affect the analysis and the conclusions derived for the present need.

2.3.1 Sex Ratio, Family Type and Size

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-2 1TheWorld Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural WaterSupply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment -FinalReport-July 2008

The total number of males and females in the villages selected for the study consists 7,358and 7,080 respectively. Thus the male and female are in the ratio of 51:49 and there are 962females for 1000males. The overall state sex ratio is 978 females to 1000males. This pictureis better than 933 female for 1000males at all India levels.

Most (81%) families in the sampled habitations are of nuclear family type, while theremaining are of joint family type. Telangana (26%) has the highest joint families,while it isAndhra region which has the lowest (8%)joint families.

Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure

The average family size in the sampled habitations is about 5. About 49% of the householdshave 3 to 5 members in the family, while a good portion (19%) of the families have 5 to 7members. About 9% of the families have more than 7 members.

Table 13: Region wise Family Sizep m i l y Size 'Andhra Rayalaseema I I Telangana Fluoride Affected I Total % I YO % YO /Frea I % 1 - 3 44.99 20.38 16.20 22.31 712 23.73 3 - 5 46.27 46.64 47.94 53.32 1469 48.97 5 - 7 5.76 20.86 23.52 19.48 563 18.77 12.34 4.90 256 8.53I Total More Than 7 2.99 12.11 1 1 I 1 100 1 100 100 100 3000 100

From the above two tables, one may notice, the prosperous Andhra region has distinctly smallfamilies,whereas the backward areas of Telangana and Rayalaseema has bigger familieswithjoint families. This may imply that interdependency of people is higher among the poorregions.

2.3.2 Region. Caste and ReligiousComposition

About 91% of the interviewed households practice Hindu religion, about 6% belong to Islamand about 3% follow Christianity. This shows that the minorities total upto 9%, which issignificant. The project will have to bring them under the project hold by giving them duerepresentationand voice.

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-22TheWorld Bank SupportedAndhraPradeshRural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment-Final Report -July2008

About 42% of the interviewed households belong to backward classes, while 26% belong togeneral category. There are 23% Scheduled Castes and 9% Scheduled Tribes among theinterviewed households. With 32% SCs and STs and 42% backward castes, the project has tohave a good policy of inclusion and equity to cater to these people.

Table 15: Regionwise Caste Composition Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected 1 1 Total 1 P

Caste % Yo O/o Yo Freq % General 33.26 3621 14.01 22.52 77'4 25.80 SC 29.00 16.07 24.29 25.46 693 23.10 ST 9.17 12.11 14.40 2.29 277 923 BC 28.57 35.61 47.30 49.73 1256 41.87 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100

As the SCs and STs live a little away from the main village where higher and lower casteslive, and their population is sizable, there is a demand for an inclusivepolicy.

2.3.3 Ration Cards

Ration cards are intended to be an indication of the financial status of the household. Amonginterviewed households about 90% hold BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards, 7% have APLcards and 4% do not have any cards.

Table 16: Regionwise Ration Cards Details Category Andhra Rayalaseema I I I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total % I Yo O/o Yo

Table 17:Caste by Having Ration CardICaste I BPL I APL I I NoCard Total O/o O/o O/O OIO Freq 77.65 16.28 6.07 94.52 3.32 2.16 ST 98.56 1.08 0.36 100 -. 277 ~ ~ ~ ~

BC 92.68 - 3.50 3.82 ( 100 1256 Total 89.77 6.53 3.70 100 3000

In all the three regions above 90 percent of the households among the SC, ST and BC arehaving BPL ration card.

2.3.4 Literacy

Among the male members of the interviewed households, about 17% are illiterates. Thehighest male illiteracy is in Andhra region (23%). About 40% had high school education and20% have studied upto SSC. About 11% have studied upto Intermediate and 7% upto degreelevel. There postgraduates (I%), diploma holders (3%) and professionals (1%) among thesemales.

Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-23 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh RuralWater Supply and SanitationProject Social Assessment-Final Report -July 2008

0 1.32 0.39 2.07 36 1.20 Total 1 100 100 100 100 3000 100

Among the female members of the interviewed households, there are 36% illiterates. Femaleilliteracy is highest in Telangana (41%). About 42% of females have undergone high schooleducation and 11%upto SSC. About 6% studied up to Intermediate and about 3% studied upto degree level. Among these about 1%has diplomas and 1%postgraduate degrees.

Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family MembersI Education 1Andhra I Ravalaseema I Telaneana I Fluoride Affected 1 Total

Degree 1.49 3.12 3.21 3.05 86 2.87 PG 0.21 1.08 0 . 7 0.33 19 0.63 Professional 0.21 0.36 0.39 0.33 10 0.33 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100

2.3.5 Occupation

Among sample households, 26% practice agriculture and 19% are agricultural labourers,while 34% are doing labour work. There are 2% government employees and 4% privateemployees among these households. There are about 8% who are self employed, 3% who areinto business and trading activity, 2% run some kind of petty shops and 1%are artisans.

~ a m a~j i k a(info@samaivikas.org) s Page 2-24TheWorld Bank Supported Andhra PradeshRural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment-Final Report -July2008

It is interesting to note that the percentage of agricultural labour is high in Andhra regioncompared to the other two regions, which are backward areas. It means the affluence is notdistributed uniformly, and Telangana and Rayalaseema regions are better in this regard. Thisfact finds corroboration with the distribution of land.

2.3.6 Land and Assets

Among the interviewed households about 27% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telanganahas the highest (43%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (26%), fluorideaffected villages (22%) and Andhra region (11%).

Among the sample households about 17% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telangana hasthe highest (23%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (20%), Andhra (12%)and fluoride affected villages (11%).About 1%of the households have tenancy land too.

With regard to household assets, about 41% of the households have bicycles, followed by twowheelers (11%), tractors (I%), three wheelers (I%), four wheelers (1%) and carts (5%).About 41% of the households own televisions, followed by radio/ tape recorders (lo%),fridges (4%) and gas connections (20%). Among these households 21% have mobile phones,8% have land telephones and 31%have cable TV connections.

Gas Connection 33.05 8.63 21.98 20.46 586 19.53 Cans 2.35 10.07 1.93 4.03 147 4.90 Telephone 10.23 8.87 6.30 7.29 238 7.93Mobile Phone 14.50 15.83 28.53 21.33 618 '20.60

Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-25The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocial Assessment-Final Report -July 2008

Assets A n d h Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total Yo O/o Yo Yo Freq Yo Cable Connection 55.65 18.11 29.95 31.12 931. 31.03 N=3000

Only 14% of the interviewed households have milch animals and about 8% have bullocks.About 4% of the households tend sheep/ goats, while 6% have poultry.

2.3.7 Dwelling

About 88% of the interviewed households live in their own houses, while 7% live in rentedhouses (7%) and government allotted houses (5%).

Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House0 % 1 YO I Frea I O/O O/O O/O

Own 92.11 91.01 92.03 80.30 2645 88.17 Rented 6.18 3.60 5.01 11.86 207 6.90 Govt.A 3 Others 0.85 0.24 0.39 0.11 10 0.33 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100

Among the interviewed households 39% live in pucca houses and 47% live in semi-puccahouses while the remaining live in kutcha houses.

Table 27: Type of House Structure by CasteICaste (Kutcha 1Semi-pucca 1Pucca 1 Total I Yo Yo Yo O/o Freq General 28.13 21.62 29.97 25.80 774'SC 30.50 24.25 19.04 23.10 693 ST 10.64 11.66 5.81 9.23 277 BC 30.73 42.46 45.18 41.87 1256 1 100 100 100 3000

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-26The World BankSupported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment -Final Report -July2008

The above table makes it clear that SC, ST and BC households live in mostly in kutcha andsemi-pucca houses compared to the general population.

All most all the houses have electricity connection, but when asked about this only 85%answered in the affirmative and rest preferred to answer in the negative.

Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection Response Andhra 1Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected I 1 I Total 1 O/O .. % O/O O/O Frea I O/O

Yes 90.62 75.06 84.32 91.84 2551 85.03 No 938 24.94 15.68 8.16 449 14.97 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100

2.4 Salient Features and Issues for the Project

The following salient features emerge form the secondary socio-economic profile of the stateand primary data on the sample population given above:

Village Structure: These are heterogeneous in form and content. First, in some cases, thevillages are nucleated in the sense that there is close aggregation or crowding of the houses.In some other cases, the village is quite wide spread where the hamlets are spread out, one ofthem being the central or core village. The tribal villages are more scattered and the terrain ismost often undulated. This feature of physical distance has implication of coverage of thewater supply and sanitation provision. Hence the habitation has to be the management unitfor implementation. Second, the villagers are not only divided on caste basis (ForwardCastes, Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) but they also livemaintaining social distance and identity of the group. Often times, the social and physicaldistance go together, particularly in case of SCs and STs, who generally live away fromothers. The state has tribal concentrations in the Scheduled Areas. There are also tribals in thenon-scheduled areas. This feature has implication on not only physical coverage but alsoequity, participation in decision making by way of representation, articulating their fears andconcerns or their points of view and maintenance of the program. Hence where there areconcentrations of tribals, they need to be separately dealt with. Thirdly, there is the quality ofwater problem. Some of the villages have been suffering from chronic water quality problemslike fluoride. Two of the districts in the state (Nalgonda and Prakasam) have becomesynonymous with fluoride. These villages are categorized as No Safe Source Villages (NSS).Lastly, there is the problem of chronic shortage of water in some of the villages categorizedas Not Covered Villages (NC). These NC and NSS categories should be tackled on prioritybasis.

Inclusion and Equity: The project area has substantial number of minorities, SCs, STs andbackward castes population. The project should have a policy of inclusion and equity to bringthem under project fold by giving them due representation and voice while devising ways fortheir participation in the project.

Family size: The villages differ in terms of the type of family, as the percentage of jointfamilies is more than double in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions compared to Andhraregion, which implies the needs of water and sanitation for these regions, would not be thesame. The quantum of water per household required in Rayalaseema and Telangana would bemore.

Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-27The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjectSocialAssessment-Final Report -July 2008

Dry and Wet land :The wet lands in the three regions are not qualitatively and source wisethe same. In Andhra region the source is mainly surface1 canal1 tank water supply, but inRayalaseema and Telangana the source is mainly well - open or bore well - and tanks orreservoirs. Value of these wet land greatly differ between Andhra and the other regions; theyare three or four times more valuable in Andhra region. This has implication for availabilityand acquisition of land.

Literacy: The literacy rates are low in comparison with the national averages. It is pertinentto the project that the female literacy rate is lower than the national average. This will have abearing on the IEC campaigns and women participation in the project bearing in mind thatthe women are the primary mangers of the water and sanitation at household level.

Poverty: Though planning commission report says only 16% of the AP population is BPL,the actual poverty levels are quite high with nearly 90% possessing BPL cards. These cardsalso may not be a proper indicator as some of the families have more than one card. This is anissue for the project in terms of their affordability to contribute and pay for operation andmaintenance. Hence affordability surveys need to be taken up in the villages during projectpreparation.

Supply of Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricityin the villages. Ten to 25 percent of the villages are not covered by electricity. Even thevillages connected by electricity, there may not be supply of electricity regularly and often itbreaks down. Therefore