Руководство freebsd - coreit.rucoreit.ru/kb/freebsd_book/freebsd_book.doc · web...
TRANSCRIPT
FreeBSD
FreeBSD
FreeBSD
FreeBSD
FreeBSD
1999
Copyright1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 The FreeBSD Documentation Project
Copyright2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 FreeBSD
FreeBSD! FreeBSD 4.10-RELEASE FreeBSD 5.2.1-RELEASE. . , . , FreeBSD . Web FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org.ua) Web FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/index.html). Internet FTP FreeBSD (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/) . () , FreeBSD Mall (http://www.freebsdmall.com/). FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/search/index.html).
(SGML DocBook) '' (SGML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF ) , :
1. (SGML DocBook) copyright, .
2. ( DTD, PDF, PostScript, RTF ) copyright, / , .
: FREEBSD " " , , , . , , , , (, ; ; ), , , , ( ), , .
FreeBSD Wind River Systems, Inc. , .
3Com HomeConnect 3Com Corporation.
3ware Escalade 3ware Inc.
ARM ARM Limited.
Adaptec Adaptec, Inc.
Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, PostScript Adobe Systems Incorporated / .
Apple, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, TrueType Apple Computer, Inc., .
Corel WordPerfect Corel Corporation / , / .
Sound Blaster Creative Technology Ltd. / .
CVSup John D. Polstra.
Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, Times Roman , Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG .
IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, ThinkPad International Business Machines Corporation , , .
IEEE, POSIX, 802 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. .
Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, Xeon Intel Corporation .
Intuit Quicken / Intuit Inc., .
Linux Linus Torvalds.
LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID Mylex LSI Logic Corp.
M-Systems DiskOnChip M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.
Macromedia, Flash, Shockwave Macromedia, Inc. / .
Microsoft, FrontPage, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media Windows NT Microsoft Corporation / .
Netscape Netscape Navigator Netscape Communications Corporation .
GateD NextHop NextHop .
Motif, OSF/1, UNIX , IT DialTone The Open Group Open Group .
Oracle Oracle Corporation.
PowerQuest PartitionMagic PowerQuest Corporation / .
RealNetworks, RealPlayer, RealAudio RealNetworks, Inc.
Red Hat, RPM, Red Hat, Inc. .
SAP, R/3, mySAP SAP AG .
Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JavaServer Pages, JDK, JSP, JVM, Netra, Solaris, StarOffice, Sun Blade, Sun Enterprise, Sun Fire, SunOS, Ultra Sun Microsystems, Inc. .
Symantec Ghost Symantec Corporation .
MATLAB MathWorks, Inc.
SpeedTouch Thomson
U.S. Robotics Sportster U.S. Robotics Corporation.
VMware VMware, Inc.
Waterloo Maple Maple Waterloo Maple Inc.
Mathematica Wolfram Research, Inc.
XFree86 XFree86 Project, Inc.
Ogg Vorbis Xiph.Org Xiph.Org.
, , . , FreeBSD , .
000
I. 000
1. 000
1.1. 000
1.2. FreeBSD!000
1.3. FreeBSD000
2. FreeBSD000
2.1. 000
2.2. 000
2.3. 000
2.4. Sysinstall000
2.5. 000
2.6. 000
2.7. 000
2.8. 000
2.9. 000
2.10. 000
2.11. 000
2.12. 000
2.13. 000
3. UNIX000
3.1. 000
3.2. 000
3.3. 000
3.4. 000
3.5. 000
3.6. 000
3.7. 000
3.8. , , 000
3.9. 000
3.10. 000
3.11. 000
3.12. 000
3.13. 000
4. : 000
4.1. 000
4.2. 000
4.3. 000
4.4. 000
4.5. 000
4.6. 000
4.7. 000
5. X Window System000
5.1. 000
5.2. X000
5.3. X11000
5.4. X11000
5.5. X11000
5.6. (Display Managers) X000
5.7. 000
II. 000
6. 000
6.1. 000
6.2. 000
6.3. 000
6.4. 000
6.5. 000
6.6. 000
7. 000
7.1. 000
7.2. 000
7.3. MP3000
7.4. 000
7.5. 000
7.6. Image Scanners *000
8. FreeBSD000
8.1. 000
8.2. ?000
8.3. 000
8.4. 000
8.5. 000
8.6. - 000
9. 000
9.1. 000
9.2. 000
9.3. 000
9.4. 000
9.5. 000
9.6. 000
9.7. 000
10. , Linux000
10.1. 000
10.2. 000
10.3. Mathematica000
10.4. Installing Maple *000
10.5. Installing MATLAB *000
10.6. Oracle000
10.7. Installing SAPR/3 *000
10.8. 000
III. 000
11. 000
11.1. 000
11.2. 000
11.3. 000
11.4. 000
11.5. 000
11.6. cron000
11.7. rc FreeBSD 5.X000
11.8. 000
11.9. 000
11.10. 000
11.11. sysctl000
11.12. 000
11.13. , 000
11.14. 000
11.15. 000
11.16. FreeBSD ACPI000
12. FreeBSD000
12.1. 000
12.2. 000
12.3. MBR , 000
12.4. 000
12.5. 000
12.6. Init: 000
12.7. 000
13. 000
13.1. 000
13.2. 000
13.3. 000
13.4. 000
13.5. 000
13.6. 000
13.7. 000
13.8. 000
13.9. 000
14. 000
14.1. 000
14.2. 000
14.3. FreeBSD000
14.4. DES, MD5, 000
14.5. 000
14.6. KerberosIV000
14.7. Kerberos5000
14.8. 000
14.9. OpenSSL000
14.10. VPN IPsec000
14.11. OpenSSH000
14.12. (ACL)000
14.13. FreeBSD000
15. (MAC)000
15.1. 000
15.2. 000
15.3. MAC000
15.4. MAC000
15.5. 000
15.6. MAC bsdextended000
15.7. MAC ifoff000
15.8. MAC portacl000
15.9. MAC, 000
15.10. MAC partition000
15.11. MAC (MLS)000
15.12. MAC Biba000
15.13. MAC LOMAC000
15.14. MAC000
15.15. : MAC 000
15.16. MAC000
16. 000
16.1. 000
16.2. 000
16.3. 000
16.4. RAID000
16.5. USB 000
16.6. (CD)000
16.7. (DVD)000
16.8. 000
16.9. 000
16.10. 000
16.11. 000
16.12. , 000
16.13. 000
16.14. 000
16.15. 000
17. Vinum000
17.1. 000
17.2. 000
17.3. 000
17.4. 000
17.5. Vinum000
17.6. 000
17.7. 000
17.8. Vinum000
17.9. Vinum 000
18. - I18N/L10N 000
18.1. 000
18.2. 000
18.3. 000
18.4. I18N 000
18.5. FreeBSD 000
19. 000
19.1. 000
19.2. FreeBSD-CURRENT FreeBSD-STABLE000
19.3. 000
19.4. world000
19.5. 000
IV. 000
20. 000
20.1. 000
20.2. 000
20.3. 000
20.4. 000
20.5. 000
20.6. 000
21. PPP SLIP000
21.1. 000
21.2. PPP 000
21.3. PPP 000
21.4. PPP000
21.5. PPP Ethernet (PPPoE)000
21.6. PPP ATM (PPPoA)000
21.7. SLIP000
22. 000
22.1. 000
22.2. 000
22.3. sendmail000
22.4. 000
22.5. 000
22.6. 000
22.7. SMTP UUCP000
22.8. 000
22.9. 000
22.10. SMTP 000
22.11. 000
22.12. fetchmail000
22.13. procmail000
23. 000
23.1. 000
23.2. - inetd000
23.3. Network File System (NFS)000
23.4. Network Information System (NIS/YP)000
23.5. (DHCP)000
23.6. Domain Name System (DNS)000
23.7. Apache HTTP 000
23.8. MicrosoftWindows (Samba)000
23.9. (FTP)000
23.10. NTP000
24. 000
24.1. 000
24.2. 000
24.3. 000
24.4. Bluetooth000
24.5. 000
24.6. 000
24.7. ISDN000
24.8. (natd)000
24.9. IP (PLIP)000
24.10. IPv6000
24.11. (ATM) FreeBSD5.X000
V. 000
A. FreeBSD000
A.1. CDROM DVD000
A.2. FTP 000
A.3. CVS000
A.4. CTM000
A.5. CVSup000
A.6. CVS000
A.7. AFS 000
A.8. rsync 000
B. 000
B.1. , FreeBSD000
B.2. 000
B.3. 000
B.4. 000
B.5. 000
B.6. 000
B.7. 000
B.8. UNIX000
B.9. 000
C. 000
C.1. 000
C.2. Usenet000
C.3. World Wide Web000
C.4. Email000
C.5. Shell 000
D. PGP000
D.1. 000
D.2. Core000
D.3. 000
FreeBSD000
Colophon000
2-1. 000
2-2. 000
2-3. 000
2-4. 000
2-5. FreeBSD ISO 000
3-1. 000
16-1. 000
17-1. Vinum000
24-1. 000
24-2. IPv6000
2-1. 000
2-2. 000
2-3. 000
2-4. 000
2-5. Sysinstall000
2-6. Device Probe000
2-7. Sysinstall Exit000
2-8. Usage Sysinstall000
2-9. 000
2-10. Sysinstall000
2-11. 000
2-12. 000
2-13. 000
2-14. Sysinstall000
2-15. 000
2-16. FDisk000
2-17. fdisk 000
2-18. Fdisk 000
2-19. Sysinstall000
2-20. 000
2-21. Sysinstall Disklabel000
2-22. Sysinstall Disklabel 000
2-23. 000
2-24. 000
2-25. 000
2-26. 000
2-27. Sysinstall Disklabel000
2-28. 000
2-29. 000
2-30. 000
2-31. Ethernet 000
2-32. ed0000
2-33. inetd.conf000
2-34. FTP 000
2-35. FTP Welcome Message000
2-36. exports000
2-37. 000
2-38. 000
2-39. 000
2-40. 000
2-41. 000
2-42. 000
2-43. 000
2-44. 000
2-45. 000
2-46. 000
2-47. 000
2-48. 000
2-49. 000
2-50. 000
2-51. (Network Configuration)000
2-52. MTA 000
2-53. Ntpdate000
2-54. 000
2-55. 000
2-56. 000
2-57. 000
2-58. 000
2-59. 000
2-60. 000
2-61. User ()000
2-62. 000
2-63. 000
2-64. 000
17-1. 000
17-2. 000
17-3. RAID-5000
17-4. Vinum000
17-5. Vinum000
17-6. 000
17-7. 000
2-1. 000
2-2. 000
3-1. , , 000
3-2. 000
4-1. 000
11-1. FreeBSD 4.X000
11-2. FreeBSD 5.X000
12-1. boot0000
12-2. boot2000
12-3. /etc/ttys000
13-1. adduser FreeBSD4.X000
13-2. FreeBSD5.X000
13-3. rmuser000
13-4. chpass 000
13-5. chpass 000
13-6. 000
13-7. 000
13-8. pw(8)000
13-9. pw(8)000
13-10. id(1) 000
14-1. SSH SMTP000
16-1. dump ssh000
16-2. dump ssh RSH000
16-3. 000
16-4. vnconfig FreeBSD4.X000
16-5. vnconfig000
16-6. mdconfig FreeBSD5.X000
16-7. , , mdconfig000
16-8. , , mdmfs000
16-9. md FreeBSD4.X000
16-10. mdconfig000
16-11. mdmfs000
20-1. /etc/ttys000
22-1. sendmail000
22-2. Mail Aliases000
22-3. 000
23-1. HangUP inetd000
23-2. amd000
24-1. 000
24-2. 000
A-1. -CURRENT (ls(1)) :000
A-2. ls(1) 3.X-STABLE:000
A-3. ls(1) ( unified diff)000
A-4. :000
, FreeBSD , , FreeBSD , UNIX. , .
, , , FreeBSD. , .
: . B.
FreeBSD. :
. 11, , ACPI , cron .
. 14, , (VPN), (ACL), .
. 15, (MAC), . , MAC FreeBSD.
. 16, , USB, , , , .
. 17, Vinum, . Vinum, , RAID-0, RAID-1 RAID-5.
. 21, PPP SLIP, .
. 22, , , SMTP , UUCP, fetchmail, procmail, .
. 23, , . Apache HTTP Server, FTPd, Samba Microsoft Windows. . 24, .
. 24, , Bluetooth FreeBSD, , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
, , .
.
FreeBSD. , :
.
ASCII- .
, , .
: , .
. 2 ( FreeBSD) , , .
. 3 ( UNIX) , .
. 4 ( : ) .
. 5 (X Window System) , , KDE GNOME XFree86 4.X.
. 12 ( FreeBSD) .
. 16 ( ) , . , . RAID.
. 20 ( ) FreeBSD 4.X/5.X.
. 21 (PPP SLIP) .
. 24 ( ).
. 22 ( ) , sendmail.
. 10 ( , Linux) Oracle SAPR/3.
, , :
(. 11).
(. 7)
. , , FreeBSD. , , , . , , FreeBSD. . , , . , , . , , . , , , . .
. 1,
FreeBSD. FreeBSD, .
. 2,
. , , .
. 3, UNIX
FreeBSD. Linux UNIX- , , .
. 4, :
FreeBSD .
. 5, The X Window System
X Window System XFree86 FreeBSD . , KDE GNOME.
. 6,
, - FreeBSD.
. 7,
, . .
. 8, FreeBSD
, .
. 9,
FreeBSD, , .
. 10, , Linux
Linux- FreeBSD. Linux, : Oracle, SAPR/3 Mathematica.
. 11,
FreeBSD, . , FreeBSD .
. 12,
FreeBSD , .
. 13,
. .
. 14,
, FreeBSD , , Kerberos, IPsec, OpenSSH .
. 15, (MAC)
(Mandatory Access Control, MAC) FreeBSD.
. 16,
FreeBSD, , RAID, , .
. 17, Vinum
Vinum, , RAID-0, RAID-1 RAID-5.
. 18,
FreeBSD , . .
. 19,
FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT FreeBSD-RELEASE. , .
. 20,
FreeBSD , .
. 21, PPP SLIP
PPP, SLIP PPP Ethernet FreeBSD.
. 22,
: sendmail.
. 23,
FreeBSD (NFS), (DNS), (NIS), (ntpd).
. 24,
, Internet, , , bluetooth, ATM, IPv6 .
. A, FreeBSD
, FreeBSD CDROM DVD, Internet, FreeBSD.
. B,
, . , .
. C, Internet
, FreeBSD, FreeBSD.
. D, PGP
PGP FreeBSD.
,
.
, Internet (URL), .
, , , , , .
, .
, . , `+', :
Ctrl+Alt+Del
, Ctrl, Alt Del .
, , , :
Ctrl+X, Ctrl+S
, Ctrl X , Ctrl S.
, E:\> MS-DOS. , MS-DOS MicrosoftWindows.
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:
, # , FreeBSD. root , su(1) , .
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0
, % , . , C-shell .
% top
, . , , .
, , .. , BSDi ( Wind River Systems (http://www.windriver.com)) FreeBSD, 2000 (ISBN 1-57176-241-8). Wind River Systems . 2001 (ISBN 1-57176-303-1). 2003-2004 FreeBSD Mall, Inc (http://www.freebsdmall.com) Handbook .
I.
FreeBSD - FreeBSD. :
FreeBSD.
FreeBSD.
UNIX.
FreeBSD.
X Window, UNIX, .
, .
1.
, Jim Mock. : , .
1.1.
FreeBSD! FreeBSD, , , , .
:
FreeBSD .
FreeBSD.
FreeBSD.
FreeBSD .
, FreeBSD.
1.2. FreeBSD!
FreeBSD 4.4BSD-Lite Intel (x86 Itanium), AMD64, Alpha Sun UltraSPARC. . FreeBSD, . (, , ), FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/index.html).
1.2.1. FreeBSD?
FreeBSD . :
, .
FreeBSD . , , , , , , .
TCP/IP , SLIP, PPP, NFS, DHCP NIS. , FreeBSD , , NFS ( ) Internet WWW, FTP, ( ).
, ( ) . .
FreeBSD 32- (64 Alpha, Itanium, AMD64, UltraSPARC) .
X Window System (X11R6) (GUI) VGA .
, Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI NetBSD.
FreeBSD . - , ?
- Internet. FreeBSD UNIX , , ( ), .
VM/ , , , .
(SMP) .
: C, C++, Fortran Perl. .
, . , - ?
online .
- !
FreeBSD 4.4BSD-Lite Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) , , BSD-. CSRG, FreeBSD . , PC, FreeBSD !
FreeBSD . , ; UNIX , FreeBSD! FreeBSD , , . .
, FreeBSD , , , , . , FreeBSD:
Internet : TCP/IP FreeBSD Internet :
FTP
World Wide Web ( , [SSL])
NAT (IP )
USENET BBS
...
FreeBSD, 386 PC, Xeon RAID .
: ? , , FreeBSD. CAD, .
: , , FreeBSD , . FreeBSD , , , .
: ? (DNS)? , ? FreeBSD 386 486 PC .
X Window: FreeBSD , X-. XFree86 , Xi Graphics (http://www.xig.com). X , FreeBSD , , . FreeBSD , .
: FreeBSD , GNU C/C++ .
FreeBSD , CDROM, DVD FTP. . A .
1.2.2. FreeBSD?
FreeBSD , :
Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com/)
Apache (http://www.apache.org/)
Blue Mountain Arts (http://www.bluemountain.com/)
Pair Networks (http://www.pair.com/)
Sony Japan (http://www.sony.co.jp/)
Netcraft (http://www.netcraft.com/)
Weathernews (http://www.wni.com/)
Supervalu (http://www.supervalu.com/)
TELEHOUSE America (http://www.telehouse.com/)
Sophos Anti-Virus (http://www.sophos.com/)
JMA Wired (http://www.jmawired.com/)
.
1.3. FreeBSD
, , , .
1.3.1. FreeBSD
Jordan Hubbard.
FreeBSD 1993 , 386BSD (patchkit) , 3- : Nate Williams, Rod Grimes .
386BSD , , patchkit . : 386BSD 0.5 386BSD Interim.
386BSD , , . patchkit , , - . , , .
, , , FreeBSD . , , , , Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD CD, Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM , FreeBSD , .
, CDROM, , FreeBSD1.0, 1993 . 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2) , 386BSD . , FreeBSD 1.1 RELEASE 1994 .
, Novell , . - Net/2 . , Net/2 , Novell, , ( ) AT&T. Novell, 4.4BSD-Lite, Net/2 . FreeBSD, 1994 Net/2. , FreeBSD1.1.5.1.
FreeBSD 4.4BSD-Lite. Lite light () , CSRG Berkeley , ( ), 4.4BSD Intel . 1994 , FreeBSD2.0 CDROM ( ). , FreeBSD2.0.5, 1995 .
FreeBSD2.1.5 1996, ISP , 2.1-STABLE. FreeBSD2.1.7.1, 1997 2.1-STABLE. , (RELENG_2_1_0) .
FreeBSD2.2 (-CURRENT) 1996 RELENG_2_2, (2.2.1) 1997. 2.2 97 , (2.2.8) 1998. 3.0 1998, 2.2
20 1999 , 4.0-CURRENT 3.X-STABLE. 3.X-STABLE : 3.1 - 15 1999, 3.2 - 15 1999, 3.3 - 16 1999, 3.4 - 20 1999, 3.5 - 24 2000, 3.5.1, Kerberos. 3.X.
13 2000 , 4.X-STABLE, -stable . : 4.0-RELEASE 2000 , 4.10-RELEASE May 2004. 4.X-stable (RELENG_4) .
5.0-RELEASE 19 2003 . , FreeBSD , UltraSPARC ia64. 5.1 2003 . , 5.X . , , . , 5.X , 4.X . 5.X , , 6.0-CURRENT.
, 5.X-CURRENT, - 5.X CDROM (, , ), (ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/) .
1.3.2. FreeBSD
Jordan Hubbard.
FreeBSD , . ( ) - , . , , , , . , , .
, GNU (GPL) GNU (LGPL), , . , GPL , , BSD, .
1.3.3. FreeBSD
Satoshi Asami.
FreeBSD FreeBSD, , , , (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html). , , , freebsd-hackers (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers). FreeBSD , FreeBSD (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-announce).
FreeBSD , :
CVS
FreeBSD CVS (http://www.cvshome.org/) (Concurrent Versions System), , FreeBSD. CVS (http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi) , , (), . CVS, -CURRENT -STABLE, . .
, CVS, FreeBSD ( cvs(1) commit, CVS ). - send-pr(1). - , cvs-committers.
CORE FreeBSD
CORE FreeBSD , FreeBSD . CORE , . CORE , CORE , . 2004 . 2 .
CORE , , . FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html).
: CORE , . , , FreeBSD, !
, , , . FreeBSD, (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers), . . C FreeBSD.
FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html) , - FreeBSD ?
; - , FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/index.html).
, . FreeBSD, , ! , .
, FreeBSD, FreeBSD!
1.3.4. FreeBSD
FreeBSD - , 4.4BSD-Lite , Intel i386, i486, Pentium, PentiumPro, Celeron, PentiumII, PentiumIII, Pentium4 ( ), Xeon, DEC Alpha Sun UltraSPARC. CSRG, U.C. Berkley, NetBSD, OpenBSD, 386BSD Free Software Foundation.
FreeBSD 2.0 94, , , FreeBSD . VM/ , , , 5MB . NIS ( ), TCP, "--" PPP, DHCP, SCSI, ISDN, ATM, FDDI, Fast Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbit) , Adaptec .
, FreeBSD , . 10,500 ! http (WWW) , , , . 300MB , . , (1.0) . , , , make install . , , CDROM FTP , , . - , (pkg_add) , . : . 4.
, FreeBSD, /usr/share/doc , FreeBSD. , HTML, :
FreeBSD
/usr/share/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/handbook/index.html
FreeBSD FAQ ( )
/usr/share/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/index.html
( ) http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/ (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/index.html).
2. FreeBSD
, Jim Mock. sysinstall, Randy Pratt.
2.1.
FreeBSD sysinstall. FreeBSD, . sysinstall FreeBSD.
, :
FreeBSD.
FreeBSD .
sysinstall.
, sysinstall , , .
:
, FreeBSD, , .
: , i386 (PC ) . , , (, Alpha). , , , . , , .
2.2.
2.2.1.
FreeBSD . FreeBSD ( , , CDROM ..) . FreeBSD , IRQ -. - , FreeBSD .
, Windows Linux, . , . 3, 5 7, - , 0x330.
FreeBSD. :
2-1.
IRQ
-
40GB, Seagate, IDE master
CDROM
IDE slave
20GB, IBM, IDE master
IDE
14
0x1f0
Intel 10/100
3Com 56K -, COM1
2.2.2.
, FreeBSD, , FreeBSD. FreeBSD , , , , .
2.2.3. FreeBSD
, FreeBSD , .
, FreeBSD , .
2.2.3.1. i386
PC . . PC . . , , . . , , .
ID , . FreeBSD ID 165.
, , , . , DOS , Windows, , C:.
FreeBSD . FreeBSD , , . , , FreeBSD . FreeBSD . , , , .
, FreeBSD, , (, fdisk DOS Windows).
, . , .
FreeBSD 100MB. , , . 250MB , 350MB . , .
, PartitionMagic, FreeBSD. tools CDROM , , FIPS PResizer. . FIPS, PResizer, PartitionMagic FAT16 FAT32, MS-DOS Windows ME. PartitionMagic , NTFS.
: . .
2-1.
4GB , Windows, C: D:, 2GB. 1GB C:, 0.5GB D:.
, , . D: C:, FreeBSD.
2-2.
, 4GB , Windows. Windows , C: 4GB. 1.5GB, 2GB FreeBSD.
FreeBSD :
1. Windows, Windows, 2GB .
2. , PartitionMagic, , Windows.
2.2.3.2. Alpha
FreeBSD Alpha. . Alpha, SCSI IDE, , .
, Digital / Compaq, SRM . SRM .
SHOW DEVICE SRM :
>>>SHOW DEVICE
dka0.0.0.4.0 DKA0 TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 3476
dkc0.0.0.1009.0 DKC0 RZ1BB-BS 0658
dkc100.1.0.1009.0 DKC100 SEAGATE ST34501W 0015
dva0.0.0.0.1 DVA0
ewa0.0.0.3.0 EWA0 00-00-F8-75-6D-01
pkc0.7.0.1009.0 PKC0 SCSI Bus ID 7 5.27
pqa0.0.0.4.0 PQA0 PCI EIDE
pqb0.0.1.4.0 PQB0 PCI EIDE
Digital Personal Workstation 433au . CDROM DKA0, DKC0 DKC100 .
DKx SCSI . , DKA100 SCSI SCSI ID 1 SCSI (A), DKC300 SCSI SCSI ID 3 SCSI (C). PKx SCSI . SHOW DEVICE, SCSI CDROM SCSI.
IDE DQx, PQx IDE .
2.2.4.
FreeBSD (, FTP NFS ), . , FreeBSD .
2.2.4.1. Ethernet, /DSL
Ethernet, Ethernet DSL , :
1.IP
2.IP
3.
4.IP DNS
5.
, . , , DHCP. , .
2.2.4.2.
, FreeBSD , .
:
1.
2.COM ,
3.
2.2.5. FreeBSD
FreeBSD , FreeBSD , , . . , FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/5.2.1-R/errata.html), FreeBSD. , , , .
, , (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/releases/index.html) FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/index.html).
2.2.6. FreeBSD
FreeBSD FreeBSD , :
CDROM DVD
DOS
SCSI QIC
FTP ( HTTP , )
NFS
FreeBSD CD DVD, , , (. 2.2.7).
FreeBSD, . 2.13, , FreeBSD . , . 2.2.7.
2.2.7.
FreeBSD FreeBSD . , , . - CDROM.
: FreeBSD CDROM DVD ( ), CDROM DVD ( BIOS Boot Order - ), . FreeBSD CDROM DVD FreeBSD - .
:
1.
floppies/, floppies, ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases//-RELEASE/floppies/. , , . , FreeBSD5.2.1-RELEASE i386 ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/5.2.1-RELEASE/floppies/.
.flp. floppies/ , FreeBSD , , . , kern.flp mfsroot.flp. . drivers.flp. README.TXT .
: FTP . (ASCII) , .
2.
. . . . Windows , . .
: FreeBSD , , - , . .
3.
.flp , . . , . , .
MS-DOS/Windows, fdimage.
CDROM, CDROM E:, :
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:
.flp, , , . , , .flp. CDROM, fdimage tools (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/) FTP FreeBSD.
UNIX (, FreeBSD), dd(1) . FreeBSD :
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0
FreeBSD, /dev/fd0 ( A:). /dev/fd1 B:, . UNIX - , .
FreeBSD.
2.3.
: , , :
Last Chance: Are you SURE you want continue the installation?
If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!
We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!
- . , - , - .
2.3.1.
2.3.1.1. i386
1. .
2. . BIOS, F2, F10, Del, Alt+S. , . . , Esc .
3. , . Boot Order, , Floppy, CDROM, First Hard Disk, .
, , Floppy. CDROM, . , / .
, . .
4. , . 2.2.7, ; , kern.flp. .
CDROM, - .
, , :
1. . .
2. BIOS, , . , .
3.BIOS .
5. FreeBSD . CDROM, - ( ):
Verifying DMI Pool Data ........
Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM :
1. FD 2.88MB System Type-(00)
Uncompressing ... done
BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
Console: internal video/keyboard
BIOS drive A: is disk0
BIOS drive B: is disk1
BIOS drive C: is disk2
BIOS drive D: is disk3
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8
/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |
|
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _
, - ( ):
Verifying DMI Pool Data ........
BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
Console: internal video/keyboard
BIOS drive A: is disk0
BIOS drive C: is disk1
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8
/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |
Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:
, kern.flp, mfsroot.flp Enter.
6. CDROM, :
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _
Enter. .
2.3.1.2. Alpha
1. .
2. .
3. , . 2.2.7, ; , kern.flp. ( ):
>>>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''
CDROM, - ( CDROM ):
>>>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''
4. FreeBSD . , :
Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:
, kern.flp, mfsroot.flp Enter.
5. CDROM, :
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _
Enter. .
2.3.2. (kernel)
: FreeBSD 5.0 , userconfig device.hints(5). device.hints(5) . 12.5
kernel . , , , , , .. , FreeBSD . , sa SCSI, sio - ( COM ).
, . , .
. , . , . PC.
ISA PCI. ISA , , Interrupt Request Line (IRQ) -, . , DOS .
, IRQ .
PCI , , BIOS , IRQ - .
ISA, FreeBSD IRQ . (. 2.2.1).
, IRQ , , . , ISA IRQ . FreeBSD , , .
FreeBSD. , ( ).
FreeBSD , , , . , . , , , , FreeBSD.
, FreeBSD , . , . ( ) , , .
, .
. 2-1 . Start kernel configuration in full-screen visual mode, .
2-1.
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/userconfig.png"
(. 2-2) :
1. , active, , Storage, Network. , , IRQ . , - , CONF. .
2., . , . .
3. , IRQ .
4. , .
2-2.
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/userconfig2.png"
, ; , .
.
1. X. . .
. 2-3 X.
2-3.
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/hdwrconf.png"
2. , . , Del. Inactive Drivers.
, Tab Inactive Drivers, , Enter, .
: sc0. , , .
: atkbd0 USB . , atkbd0.
3. , . . allowed conflict , IRQ/ , IRQ/ .
IRQ - , Enter. . IRQ , . Q .
, , -1. FreeBSD , -1 .
. DIP . DOS , , . , , . , FreeBSD .
4. , . 2-4.
2-4.
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/probstart.png"
, , .
. Q . :
Save these parameters before exiting? ([Y]es/[N]o/[C]ancel)
Y ( ) . sysinstall (. 2-5).
2-5. Sysinstall
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/main1.png"
2.3.3.
, , .
Scroll Lock. . PageUp PageDown . Scroll Lock .
, , . . 2-6, , .
2-6. Device Probe
avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000.
Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084.
md0: Preloaded image 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4
md1: Malloc disk
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: on motherboard
npx0: INT 16 interface
pcib0: on motherboard
pci0: on pcib0
pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: on pcib1
pci1: at 0.0 irq 11
isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0
isa0: on isab0
atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
uhci0 port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci
0
usb0: on uhci0
usb0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
pci0: (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3
dc0: port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir
q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5
miibus0: on dc0
ukphy0: on miibus0
ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
ed0: port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10.
0 on pci0
ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
orm0: at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0
fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
fd0: on fdc0 drive 0
atkbdc0: at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0
atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0
vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: at flags 0x1 on isa0
sc0: VGA
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
sio1: type 16550A
ppc0: at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE
Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0:
plip0: on ppbus0
lpt0: on ppbus0
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port
ppi0: on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33
ad2: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33
acd0: CDROM at ata0-slave using PIO4
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a
swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device
Automatic boot in progress...
/dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Doing initial network setup: hostname.
ed0: flags=8843 mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1
ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b
lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES
routing daemons:.
additional daemons: syslogd.
Doing additional network setup:.
Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d [email protected]
creating ssh DSA host key
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 [email protected].
setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib
/usr/local/lib
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout
starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail.
Initial rc.i386 initialization:.
rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused.
Additional ABI support: linux.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.
FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0)
login: rpratt
Password:
RSA DSA . . .
X , startx.
2.9.18.2. FreeBSD Alpha
, FreeBSD SRM :
>>>BOOT DKC0
. FreeBSD , :
>>> SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A
>>> SET BOOT_FILE ''
>>> SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0
>>> SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT
( ) , FreeBSD i386.
2.9.19. FreeBSD (FreeBSD Shutdown)
. . , su root. wheel. root shutdown -h now.
The operating system has halted.
Please press any key to reboot.
, shutdown Please press any key to reboot. , .
Ctrl+Alt+Del , .
2.10.
FreeBSD PC, ISA, VLB, EISA, PCI x86 Intel, AMD, Cyrix, NexGen, Compaq Alpha. IDE ESDI , SCSI , PCMCIA, USB, . FreeBSD MCA IBM.
FreeBSD FreeBSD . HARDWARE.TXT CDROM, FTP sysinstall. , FreeBSD . (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/releases/index.html) FreeBSD.
2.11.
, . , FreeBSD MS-DOS.
2.11.1. -
PC, 100%, , , , .
FreeBSD, , .
, , , , . . , IRQ, - DMA . , , FreeBSD .
, , , . () .
: , , . BIOS , .
BIOS , . , BIOS.
: , , (sc0). , -, . .
:
, .
, .
IRQ, DRQ, , .
Q . , , , . , .
2.11.2. MS-DOS
FreeBSD PC Microsoft. FreeBSD , FIPS. tools CD-ROM FreeBSD.
FIPS MS-DOS , , . MS-DOS Windows Disk Defragmenter ( Explorer, ), Norton Disk Tools. FIPS. , . FreeBSD . Distributions .
PartitionMagic PowerQuest (http://www.powerquest.com (http://www.powerquest.com/)). , FIPS, , / . , FreeBSD , FIPS.
2.11.3. MS-DOS Windows
, FreeBSD , Double Space. , FreeBSD . Compression Agent, > > .
FreeBSD MS-DOS. mount_msdos(8) ( FreeBSD 5.X, mount_msdosfs(8)) . :
# mount_msdos /dev/ad0s1 /mnt
MS-DOS . , dmesg mount. .
: MS-DOS FreeBSD. , , FreeBSD. , MS-DOS /dev/ad0s1, FreeBSD /dev/ad0s2, MS-DOS /dev/ad0s3. .
NTFS , mount_ntfs(8).
2.11.4. Alpha
FreeBSD Alpha.
1. ARC Alpha BIOS?
. FreeBSD, Compaq Tru64 VMS, SRM.
2. , ! ?
, .
3. Compaq Tru64 VMS?
.
2.12.
Valentino Vaschetto.
FreeBSD.
2.12.1. FreeBSD
, , FreeBSD , VGA . , ? . , . , , . 2.2.7.
, :
1.
, FreeBSD . , FreeBSD . , kern.flp FreeBSD mount(8).
# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
, , /mnt:
# cd /mnt
. boot.config, /boot/loader -h. , .
# echo "/boot/loader -h" > boot.config
, , umount(8):
# cd /
# umount /mnt
.
2. -
- . . , - , .
3.
. kern.flp , .
4.
cu(1):
# cu -l /dev/cuaa0
! cu. mfsroot.flp, . FreeBSD !
2.13.
: , FreeBSD FreeBSD CDROM DVD .
, / FreeBSD. , , , sysinstall , FTP, MS-DOS.
:
, , FreeBSD. FTP, FreeBSD, FTP .
FreeBSD, FreeBSD CD/DVD , MS-DOS/Windows . FreeBSD DOS FreeBSD .
, , CD/DVD , Laplink- , .
, FreeBSD.
2.13.1. CDROM
FreeBSD CDROM (ISO images). () CD CD-, FreeBSD. CD- , FreeBSD.
1. ISO
ISO ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-/ . (Alpha i386) .
:
2-5. FreeBSD ISO
-mini.iso
FreeBSD.
-disc1.iso
FreeBSD, , .
-disc2.iso
live filesystem, Repair sysinstall. CVS FreeBSD. , .
mini ISO, . , , mini ISO.
mini ISO . FreeBSD, / ( . 4) .
, .
, , .
2. CD
CD . FreeBSD, . 16.6 ( , . 16.6.3 . 16.6.4).
, CD-, . ISO, .
2.13.2. FTP FreeBSD
FreeBSD , FTP. FTP, FreeBSD.
1. , FreeBSD, FTP, CDROM /cdrom.
# mount /cdrom
2. anonymous FTP /etc/passwd. , /etc/passwd vipw(8) :
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent
3. FTP /etc/inetd.conf.
, , FTP ftp:// Other FTP .
: , . FTP ( ) , . , .
2.13.3.
( ) , , , .
, 1.44MB 1.2MB , , bin (binary distribution). DOS, MS-DOS FORMAT. Windows, Explorer ( A: Format).
. , . , , , .
FreeBSD, , DOS . disklabel newfs UFS, ( 3.5" 1.44MB ):
# fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
# disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
# newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0
: fd0.1200 floppy5 5.25" 1.2MB .
.
. , 1.44MB . , , , . , a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, .
Media, Floppy .
2.13.4. MS-DOS
MS-DOS, freebsd . , c:\freebsd. CDROM FTP , DOS xcopy CD. , FreeBSD:
C:\> md c:\freebsd
C:\> xcopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s
C:\> xcopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s
, C: , E: CDROM.
CDROM, ftp.FreeBSD.org (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/5.2.1-RELEASE/). , base 5.2.1/base/ (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/5.2.1-RELEASE/base/).
: 4.X FreeBSD base bin. , .
, MS-DOS ( ), c:\freebsd BIN.
2.13.5.
, FTP CDROM. , tar. , , tar:
# cd /freebsd/distdir
# tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2
, ( ), . - , .
: . .
2.13.6.
. (SLIP PPP), (PLIP (laplink )), Ethernet ( Ethernet ( PCMCIA)).
SLIP , , . , SLIP ; PPP, SLIP .
, PPP . , .
PAP CHAP ( , Windows ), dial ppp. , AT , , PPP . user-ppp FAQ (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/ppp.html) . , set log local ....
FreeBSD (2.0-R ), laplink . , ( 50/), .
, Ethernet ! FreeBSD PC Ethernet ; ( ) FreeBSD. PCMCIA Ethernet , , ! , FreeBSD PCMCIA .
IP , , . PPP IP, , IP . . , IP , , , ( PPP, IP ), . FTP HTTP , . , ISP , .
2.13.6.1. NFS
NFS . FreeBSD, NFS , NFS.
( Sun), NFS Secure Options , .
Ethernet , NFS Slow Options.
NFS , , , FreeBSD5.2.1 : ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, ziggy /usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, /usr /usr/archive/stuff.
FreeBSD /etc/exports, -alldirs. NFS . permission denied, , .
3. UNIX
Chris Shumway. : , , .
3.1.
c FreeBSD. UNIX- . , , . , .
, :
FreeBSD.
UNIX.
FreeBSD.
FreeBSD.
.
, .
( ) .
.
.
FreeBSD.
.
3.2.
FreeBSD . . , UNIX . , FreeBSD.
3.2.1.
FreeBSD , . :
Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.
Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002
FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)
login:
, . . :
FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)
. FreeBSD, Intel x86 1. ( UNIX ) pc3.example.org, ttyv0.
, :
login:
, FreeBSD. , .
3.2.2. FreeBSD
FreeBSD , . , , .
. FreeBSD ( UNIX ), - . ( ) , (). , - , FreeBSD .
FreeBSD 2, :
login:
, john. john Enter. :
login: john
Password:
john Enter. ! . .
, FreeBSD .
(MOTD, message of the day) ( #, $, %). , FreeBSD.
3.2.3.
UNIX , FreeBSD , . .
FreeBSD . , . FreeBSD , .
3. Alt-F1, Alt-F2, Alt-F8 FreeBSD.
, FreeBSD . , FreeBSD. , , . , .
3.2.4. /etc/ttys
FreeBSD . , . /etc/ttys.
FreeBSD. (, #), . , FreeBSD, . , ttyv:
# name getty type status comments
#
ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
ttyv8 "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure
, , ttys(5).
3.2.5.
. 12.6.2. , FreeBSD . . /etc/ttys. , console:
# name getty type status comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none unknown off secure
: console, secure insecure. , FreeBSD root.
insecure. root, . , , FreeBSD .
3.3.
FreeBSD BSD UNIX UNIX. , , , FreeBSD . , , . , , .
. : , . , // // . :
0
---
1
,
--x
2
,
-w-
3
,
-wx
4
,
r--
5
,
r-x
6
,
rw-
7
rwx
-l ls(1) , , . , ls -l :
% ls -l
total 530
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 512 Sep 5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 512 Sep 5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 7680 Sep 5 12:31 email.txt
...
ls -l:
-rw-r--r--
( ) , , , . -, . ( rw-) . , (r--). (r--) . - (.. , , ). , , . , 644, .
. FreeBSD , , . /dev.
. , . , . , , ( cd, change directory). , , (, ).
, . , - , , .
, , , setuid- sticky- . chmod(1).
3.3.1.
Tom Rhodes.
, , . () () (), :
()
u
(User)
()
g
(Group)
()
o
(Other)
()
a
(All, world)
()
+
()
-
()
=
()
r
(Read)
()
w
(Write)
()
x
(Execute)
()
t
Sticky
()
s
SUID SGID
chmod(1) , . , FILE:
% chmod go= FILE
, . , FILE, :
% chmod go-w,a+x FILE
3.4.
FreeBSD . , , , /. , . .
, . /usr, /var, /mnt /cdrom. /etc/fstab, . , /etc/fstab rc(8), noauto. fstab(5) /etc/fstab .
hier(7). .
/
.
/bin/
, , .
/boot/
, .
/boot/defaults/
, (. loader.conf(5)).
/dev/
(. intro(4)).
/etc/
.
/etc/defaults/
(. rc(8)).
/etc/mail/
(, sendmail(8)).
/etc/namedb/
named (. named(8)).
/etc/periodic/
, , (. cron(8) periodic(8)).
/etc/ppp/
ppp (. ppp(8)).
/mnt/
, .
/proc/
, (. see procfs(5), mount_procfs(8)).
/root/
root.
/sbin/
, , .
/stand/
, (, ).
/tmp/
( mfs(8); ).
/usr/
.
/usr/bin/
.
/usr/include/
C.
/usr/lib/
.
/usr/libdata/
.
/usr/libexec/
( ).
/usr/local/
, , .. . /usr/local hier(7) /usr. man, /usr/local, /usr/local/share, , share/doc/port.
/usr/obj/
- , /usr/src.
/usr/ports/
FreeBSD ().
/usr/sbin/
( ).
/usr/share/
- .
/usr/src/
BSD / .
/usr/X11R6/
, X11R6 (X Window System; ).
/var/
, , .
/var/log/
.
/var/mail/
.
/var/spool/
, , .
/var/tmp/
, .
/var/yp/
(maps) NIS.
3.5.
, FreeBSD , . , readme.txt README.TXT . FreeBSD (.txt) , .
. , . , . .
, /, . foo, bar, readme.txt, , foo/bar/readme.txt.
. , . .
, . : , MS-DOS \ , MacOS :.
FreeBSD , . c:/foo/bar/readme.txt FreeBSD.
, . /. . FreeBSD, .
, : A, B, C. , , A1, A2 ( B1, B2 C1, C2).
A . ls , , A1 A2. :
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/example-dir1.png"
. , B A1. B A1, B :
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/example-dir2.png"
, B1 B2 /A1/B1 /A1/B2. , /A1, . , B A.
B A2, :
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/example-dir3.png"
/A2/B1 /A2/B2 .
. , C B1 B :
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/example-dir4.png"
C A, A1 :
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/example-dir5.png"
MS-DOS, , , join.
, . FreeBSD, , , .
. .
. , , . , , /home, nosuid; suid/ guid , , .
FreeBSD , . , , , . .
FreeBSD . , . , - .
. FreeBSD , . , .
: FreeBSD4.4 , growfs(8), , .
. , , - UNIX FreeBSD. a h. , , , .
FreeBSD (swap space). FreeBSD . , , . FreeBSD , , , ( - ), .
.
a
,
b
,
c
, , (slice). , (, ), c. .
d
d , . , d, sysinstall d.
--- , FreeBSD (slice). FreeBSD, , , - UNIX FreeBSD. 1 4.
, s, 1. da0s1 SCSI . , . 5, ad0s5 IDE . , .
, (dangerously dedicated) , a h. , da0a a da, . ad1s3e IDE .
, . , , , . , 0. , , . 3-1.
, FreeBSD , , . , s, , . . 3-1.
. 3-2 , .
FreeBSD , , FreeBSD, ( ) .
3-1.
ad
ATAPI (IDE)
da
SCSI direct access
acd
ATAPI (IDE) CDROM
cd
SCSI CDROM
fd
Floppy disk
3-1. , ,
ad0s1a
(a) (s1) IDE (ad0).
da1s2e
(e) (s2) SCSI (da1).
3-2.
IDE FreeBSD. , 4GB, 2GB (MS-DOS ). MS-DOS , C:, FreeBSD. FreeBSD .
. a , e /var, f /usr.
INCLUDEPICTURE "install/disk-layout.png"
3.6.
, /. , /dev, /usr , , , , (/usr/local), ..
. , /var, log/, spool/, . /var , /.
, (, CDROM), (, (Network File System, NFS)). .
3.6.1. fstab
, /etc/fstab, (, , noauto).
/etc/fstab ( ):
/-
( ), . 16.2.
(), .
, mount(8). FreeBSD ufs.
, rw - ro , . noauto, . mount(8).
dump(8) , . .
, ( , ). , . ( ) 1. 2 . passno, fsck(8) (, , ).
3.6.2. mount
mount(8) , , .
( ):
# mount -
, mount(8) ( ):
-a
, /etc/fstab. noauto, -t .
-d
mount. -v , mount(8).
-f
(!), - .
-r
. , rdonly -o.
-t fstype
, , -a, .
, ufs.
-u
.
-v
.
-w
-.
-o , :
nodev
( ). .
noexec
( ).
nosuid
suid- sgid- ( ).
3.6.3. umount
umount(8) - , , -a -A.
, -f , -v . , , .
-a -A ( -t). , -A .
3.7.
FreeBSD . , . , , . , , . , .
, process ID, PID, , , . , , . . , , . . , init(8). init , PID 1. init FreeBSD.
, ps(1) top(1). ps PID, , .. top , .
, ps . :
% ps
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
298 p0 Ss 0:01.10 tcsh
7078 p0 S 2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393 p0 I 0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630 p0 S 2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730 p0 IW 0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210 p0 R+ 0:00.00 ps
390 p1 Is 0:01.14 tcsh
7059 p2 Is+ 1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
6688 p3 IWs 0:00.00 tcsh
10735 p4 IWs 0:00.00 tcsh
20256 p5 IWs 0:00.00 tcsh
262 v0 IWs 0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
270 v0 IW+ 0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
280 v0 IW+ 0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
284 v0 IW 0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
285 v0 S 0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish
, ps(1) . PID . PID 1 99999 , . TT (tty), ( ). STAT . TIME , , , , . , COMMAND , .
ps(1) , . auxww. a , , . u , , . x - ww ps(1) , , , .
top(1) . :
% top
last pid: 72257; load averages: 0.13, 0.09, 0.03 up 0+13:38:33 22:39:10
47 processes: 1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user, 0.0% nice, 7.8% system, 0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse
PID USERNAME PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU CPU COMMAND
72257 nik 28 0 1960K 1044K RUN 0:00 14.86% 1.42% top
7078 nik 2 0 15280K 10960K select 2:54 0.88% 0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
281 nik 2 0 18636K 7112K select 5:36 0.73% 0.73% XF86_SVGA
296 nik 2 0 3240K 1644K select 0:12 0.05% 0.05% xterm
48630 nik 2 0 29816K 9148K select 3:18 0.00% 0.00% navigator-linu
175 root 2 0 924K 252K select 1:41 0.00% 0.00% syslogd
7059 nik 2 0 7260K 4644K poll 1:38 0.00% 0.00% mutt
...
. ( ) PID , ( ), . ( 47), , .
, ps(1) . , PID, , . top(1) . , , , , . , Netscape 30MB , 9MB.
top(1) ; s.
3.8. , ,
, , .. , , . , . , - , . , .
. ; , , , . - . , BSD .
, , , d. BIND Berkeley Internet Name Daemon ( named), Apache httpd, lpd . , ; , Sendmail sendmail, maild, .
. , .. ( ), . , , . , . - kill(1) kill(2), . root, .
FreeBSD . , , FreeBSD (SIGSEGV). alarm(3), , Alarm (SIGALRM) ..
, SIGTERM SIGKILL. SIGTERM ; , , , , , , . SIGTERM, , .
SIGKILL . . SIGKILL, FreeBSD 4.
, , SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2. , - .
, . httpd, , . , SIGHUP . httpd SIGHUP. , ; .
kill(1), .
inetd(8). inetd /etc/inetd.conf, inetd , SIGHUP.
1. PID , . ps(1) grep(1). grep(1) . , inetd(8) root, ps(1) ax.
% ps -ax | grep inetd
198 ?? IWs 0:00.00 inetd -wW
, PID inetd(8) 198. grep inetd. - , ps(1) .
2. kill(1) . inetd(8) root, su(1) root.
% su
Password:
# /bin/kill -s HUP 198
UNIX, kill(1) , . , , kill: PID: Operation not permitted. PID , , , , PID, kill: PID: No such process.
/bin/kill?: kill ; , /bin/kill . , -. , /bin/kill ... .
, TERM KILL .
: . , init(8), PID 1, . /bin/kill -s KILL 1 . kill(1) , Enter.
3.9.
FreeBSD, ( , shell). . , , , , . FreeBSD , , sh, Bourne Shell, tcsh, C-shell. FreeBSD, zsh bash.
? . C, , , tcsh. Linux, UNIX, bash. , , , , .
. , (TAB), . , , foobar foo.bar. , foo.bar. , rm fo[Tab].[Tab].
: rm foo[BEEP].bar.
[BEEP] , , , . , foobar foo.bar fo, TAB foo. (.) TAB, .
. =, . , , . :
USER
.
PATH
, , .
DISPLAY
X11, .
SHELL
.
TERM
() . , .
TERMCAP
escape- .
OSTYPE
() . , FreeBSD.
MACHTYPE
().
EDITOR
.
PAGER
.
MANPATH
, , .
. , C-, tcsh csh, setenv. Bourne, sh bash, export. , EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs csh tcsh, :
% setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs
Bourne:
% export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"
, , , $ . , echo $TERM $TERM.
, , . *, . , , echo * , ls, echo, , *.
, , . , (\). , echo $TERM , echo \$TERM $TERM, $TERM.
3.9.1.
, , chsh. EDITOR , , vi. Shell: .
-s chsh. , bash, :
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash
chsh .
: , , /etc/shells. , , . , .
, bash /usr/local/bin, :
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells
chsh.
3.10.
FreeBSD . , - . FreeBSD , .
, -, ee, easy editor, .. . - , ee filename, filename . , /etc/rc.conf, ee /etc/rc.conf. . (^) Ctrl, , ^e Ctrl+e. , Esc, Enter. - , , .
FreeBSD vi, emacs vim (editors/emacs editors/vim). , ! , .
3.11.
, , , , . FreeBSD . /var/run/dmesg.boot.
, acd0 IDE CDROM, kbd0 .
UNIX , /dev.
3.11.1.
, , .
3.11.1.1. MAKEDEV
DEVFS ( FreeBSD 5.0), MAKEDEV(8), :
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV ad1
IDE .
3.11.1.2. DEVFS (DEVice File System)
Device filesystem, DEVFS, . , DEVFS .
devfs(5) .
FreeBSD5.0 DEVFS .
3.12.
FreeBSD elf(5), UNIX:
a.out(5)
UNIX. , ( a.out(5) ). : .text, .data .bss .
COFF
SVR3. , .text, .data .bss.
elf(5)
COFF, 32- 64- . : ELF ABI . , SYSV ( ABI: SVR4, Solaris, SCO).
FreeBSD , ELF ABI . brandelf(1) .
FreeBSD a.out(5), BSD, 3.X. ELF ( ) FreeBSD , FreeBSD ELF . ? Linux ELF, a.out, - , , . ELF , , . FreeBSD SunOS Sun, .
, ?
, , . , . a.out (PDP-11). , UNIX , a.out , UNIX Motorola 68k, VAXen, etc.
- , CPU . ( RISC), a.out , , a.out. COFF, ECOFF , ELF.
, , ( ) , . VM . a.out, . , . . a.out . , a.out . ELF , . ELF a.out ELF.
, , FreeBSD ( ) . FreeBSD . GNU, , , . FreeBSD, , FreeBSD as ld . GNU (binutils) , ELF, , C++, .. , ELF FreeBSD.
ELF a.out . ELF , , . ELF a.out, . , , , , .. , . a.out GENERIC, a.out .
3.13.
3.13.1. (man)
, FreeBSD (man). ( ), , . man:
% man command
command , . , ls, :
% man ls
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
( ), , , . , cdmod chmod(). , man , :
% man 1 chmod
chmod. , , , chmod(1) chmod, chmod(2) .
, , , . , , -k man:
% man -k mail
, mail . apropos.
, /usr/bin, , ? :
% cd /usr/bin
% man -f *
% cd /usr/bin
% whatis *
.
3.13.2. GNU Info
FreeBSD , Free Software Foundation (FSF). , info , info, , emacs, info .
info(1), :
% info
h. ?.
1. i386. , FreeBSD Intel 386, i386. , .
2. , FreeBSD. , , .
3. FreeBSD syscons(4), atkbd(4), vidcontrol(1) kbdcontrol(1). , .
4. , . , , - ( , ), . , . , .
4. :
: .
4.1.
FreeBSD . - . FreeBSD : FreeBSD . .
:
.
.
.
, .
.
4.2.
UNIX- , , :
1. , .
2. ( tar-, compress(1), gzip(1) bzip2(1)).
3. (, INSTALL, README doc/) .
4. , . Makefile, configure .
5. .
. , FreeBSD, , .
, FreeBSD . FreeBSD , : . 10,500 .
FreeBSD , . , . FreeBSD, , pkg_add(1) pkg_delete(1), pkg_info(1) . .
FreeBSD , .
, , (, , , , ). , , , , . , , , , .
, , pkg_add , .
, . , , . , FreeBSD . pkg_add , , , .
, , , FreeBSD . , , .
tar- , tar-, .
. , Mozilla, KDE GNOME, , , .
FreeBSD.
, . , ( ) , Pentium IV Athlon.
, , . , Apache . , .
. , Ghostscript ghostscript ghostscript-nox11, , X11 . , , .
. .
. () .
, , .
, , (, ) .
, , FreeBSD (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-ports) , FreeBSD (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-ports-bugs).
: http://vuxml.freebsd.org/, .
security/portaudit, , - . portaudit -F -a .
, FreeBSD.
4.3.
, - , , .
FreeBSD . , , :
FreeBSD FreeBSD, , http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/ (../../../../ports/index.html). , ( ), , .
Dan Langille FreshPorts http://www.FreshPorts.org/. , , , .
, FreshMeat (http://www.freshmeat.net/) , FreeBSD, , .
, , , whereis(1). whereis file, file - , . , , :
# whereis lsof
lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
, lsof ( ) /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof.
. , /usr/ports. , make search name=program-name, program-name , . , lsof:
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=lsof
Port: lsof-4.56.4
Path: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
Info: Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
Maint: [email protected]
Index: sysutils
B-deps:
R-deps:
Path:, , . , .
make search key=string, string , . , , , , , , .
. LSOF , lsof.
4.4.
Chern Lee.
4.4.1.
FreeBSD pkg_add(1).
4-1.
# ftp -a ftp2.FreeBSD.org
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org.
220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password.
230-
230- This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio.
230- Questions? E-mail [email protected].
230-
230-
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz
local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'lsof-4.56.4.tgz' (92375 bytes).
100% |**************************************************| 92375 00:00 ETA
226 Transfer complete.
92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s)
ftp> exit
# pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz
(, CD-ROM FreeBSD), , , -r pkg_add(1). , , FTP.
# pkg_add -r lsof
. FreeBSD, PACKAGESITE. pkg_add(1) fetch(3), , FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY FTP_PASSWORD. FTP/HTTP , . fetch(3) . , lsof-4.56.4 lsof. . pkg_add(1) .
.tgz .tbz. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages FreeBSD CD-ROM. CD FreeBSD 4 ( PowerPak ) /packages. , /usr/ports. , All.
; /.
4.4.2.
pkg_info(1) .
# pkg_info
cvsup-16.1 A general network file distribution system optimized for CV
docbook-1.2 Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
...
pkg_version(1) . , .
# pkg_version
cvsup =
docbook =
...
, .
=
, .
p class="" , , ./p
p class="">
, . ( , .)
?
. ( , , .)
*
.
4.4.3.
pkg_delete(1).
# pkg_delete xchat-1.7.1
4.4.4.
/var/db/pkg. .
4.5.
.
4.5.1.
, , Makefile, , , /usr/ports.
FreeBSD sysinstall , . , :
Sysinstall
sysinstall .
1. root, /stand/sysinstall , :
# /stand/sysinstall
2. Configure, Enter
3. Distributions, Enter
4. ports,
5. Exit, Enter
6. , , CDROM, FTP .
7. Exit Enter.
8. X sysinstall.
CVSup. CVSup , /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile. CVSup (. A.5) CVSup .
CVSup
CVSup. , CVSup, .
1. net/cvsup. CVSup (. A.5.2) .
2. root, /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile , , /root .
3. ports-supfile.
4. CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org CVSup. CVSup (. A.5.7) .
5. cvsup
# cvsup -g -L 2 /root/ports-supfile
6. ( ) .
4.5.2.
, , . , FreeBSD, . :
Makefile. Makefile , , .
distinfo. , , , md5(1) , .
files. , FreeBSD. - , , , , - . 10 26 .... diff- , diff(1).
, .
pkg-descr. , .
pkg-plist. , . .
, , pkg-message. . , FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/porters-handbook/index.html).
, , . CD-ROM . , . tar-, gzip, - . , , (distfile). FreeBSD .
: root.
: http://vuxml.freebsd.org/, , .
portaudit . (security/portaudit). portaudit -F . . portaudit(1) periodic(8).
4.5.2.1. CD-ROM
CD-ROM FreeBSD . , . CD-ROM, , FreeBSD PowerPak, , , FreeBSD Mall (http://www.freebsdmall.com/). , CD-ROM FreeBSD.
CD-ROM FreeBSD . /cdrom. ( , .) , , :
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
lsof, . , (build) . make . , , :
# make
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/.
===> Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===> Patching for lsof-4.57
===> Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===> Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
===> Building for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
#
, , , . . , make, install:
# make install
===> Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
===> Generating temporary packing list
===> Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===> Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===> SECURITY NOTE:
This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
increased privileges.
#
, , . lsof , , . .
: , make install make make install .
: , , PATH. , rehash . , (, tcsh), , (, shells/zsh).
: , , CD-ROM. - , - . , CD-ROM, , ( ).
4.5.2.2.
, , . , CD-ROM /usr/ports/distfiles .
, CD-ROM. , , CD-ROM.
:
# make install
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/.
Receiving lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz (439860 bytes): 100%
439860 bytes transferred in 18.0 seconds (23.90 kBps)
===> Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===> Patching for lsof-4.57
===> Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===> Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
===> Building for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
===> Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[ ]
...
===> Generating temporary packing list
===> Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===> Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===> SECURITY NOTE:
This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
increased privileges.
#
, , , .
fetch(1), , FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY FTP_PASSWORD. FTP/HTTP , . fetch(3) .
, , make fetch. (/usr/ports), . , : /usr/ports/net. , , . fetch fetch-recursive, .
: , make , make fetch. , . .
tar- , MASTER_SITES ( , ). MASTER_SITES :
# cd /usr/ports/directory
# make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch
MASTER_SITES ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/.
: ( ) , , , , . , , www/mozilla, security/gpgme mail/sylpheed-claws. .
4.5.2.3.
( ) . , , PORTSDIR PREFIX. :
# make PORTSDIR=/usr/home/example/ports install
/usr/home/example/ports, /usr/local.
# make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install
/usr/ports, /usr/home/example/local.
, ,
# make PORTSDIR=../ports PREFIX=../local install
( , ).
. , .
4.5.2.4. imake
, imake ( X Window System) PREFIX, /usr/X11R6. Perl- PREFIX Perl. PREFIX .
4.5.3.
, , , , , , , , , . ( lsof, ). , , /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof. xchat. make deinstall:
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
# make deinstall
===> Deinstalling for lsof-4.57
. lsof . , , make reinstall /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof.
make deinstall make reinstall , make clean. , pkg_delete(1), .
4.5.4.
. make clean. work, . tar- distfiles, , .
, refuse . CVSup . , refuse, . A.5.3.1.
4.5.5.
: , , , /usr/ports/UPDATING. , .
. , , , , , , . , () ! , ? , , . , sysutils/portupgrade ! , , make install clean.
pkgdb -F. /var/db/pkg. portupgrade -a, INDEX. , portupgrade , , , , . portupgrade , .
, , portupgrade pkgname, -r, portupgrade , , -R , . , , -P, -F. portupgrade(1).
: pkgdb -F , portupgrade . portupgrade , .
, , ports/sysutils , .
4.6.
- , , , , ( ), .
, , , . , , ?, :
pkg_info(1) , . , FooPackage 1.0.0,
# pkg_info -L foopackage-1.0.0 | less
, . man/, , etc/, , doc/, .
, ,
# pkg_info | grep -i foopackage
, foopackage foopackage , .
, , man(1). , .
-, , . , -,
# pkg_info foopackage-1.0.0
WWW:, , URL Web- .
, (, Internet), , /usr/local/etc/rc.d. , . .
4.7.
, , , , :
1. ! (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/porters-handbook/index.html) , !
2. ! , . make maintainer Makefile, . ( $FreeBSD: Makefile) , . , send-pr(1) .
3. FTP-. ftp.FreeBSD.org (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/), ! , , , , , , . pkg_add(1) .
5. X Window System
X.Org's X11 Ken Tom, Marc Fonvieille. : .
5.1.
FreeBSD X11 , . X11 X Window System, Xorg XFree86. FreeBSD FreeBSD4.10-RELEASE FreeBSD5.2.1-RELEASE X11 XFree86, The XFree86 Project, Inc. FreeBSD5.3-RELEASE, X11 Xorg, X.Org Foundation.
X11 FreeBSD, Xorg.
, X11, Xorg (http://www.x.org/) XFree86 (http://www.XFree86.org/).
:
X11.
X Window System .
.
TrueType X11.
(XDM).
:
, (. 4).
: X11 Xorg XFree86. , . , , Xorg XFree86.
5.2. X
X - , , , MicrosoftWindows MacOS.
X , X.
5.2.1. X?
X UNIX, . X . W ( Window). X .
X X, X Window System, X11 . X Windows X11 ; X(7).
5.2.2. / X
X , , -.
X X- , . , . X- (, XTerm Netscape) . , , , , OK.
, X . X- , X () , , , . X- .
, X , . , X- , , X- , .
, X- , X- , .
, , . X- MicrosoftWindows MacOS Apple, , .
FreeBSD5.3-RELEASE, X-, FreeBSD, Xorg, , FreeBSD. X- FreeBSD.
5.2.3.
X UNIX, , . , X , . , , .
X , , , , ( Alt+Tab, MicrosoftWindows), , , .
X , Window Manager ( ). X: AfterStep, Blackbox, ctwm, Enlightenment, fvwm, Sawfish, twm, WindowMaker . ; ; , ; Start ; , , . , , x11-wm .
, KDE GNOME , .
; ; ; (Sawfish) , Lisp.
: , , . , , .
click-to-focus. MicrosoftWindows, .
X . , . . , .
:
focus-follows-mouse ( )
, . , . , .
sloppy-focus ( )
focus-follows-mouse ( ), , . , .
. . , .
, . .
5.2.4.
X, , , , .
(widget) , - ; , (radio buttons) (check boxes) , , . MicrosoftWindows (controls).
MicrosoftWindows MacOS Apple . , . X, , - .
X- . , Athena MIT, Motif ( MicrosoftWindows, ), OpenLook .
X , Qt, KDE, GTK+, GNOME. UNIX, .
5.3. X11
FreeBSD Xorg XFree86. FreeBSD5.3-RELEASE, Xorg FreeBSD X11 . Xorg X11 X11R6.7, X.Org Foundation. X11R6.7 XFree864.4RC2 X11R6.6. X.Org Foundation X11R6.7 2004 .
Xorg , :
# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
# make install clean
: Xorg 4GB .
XFree86 :
# cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86-4
# make install clean
, X11 . , pkg_add(1), X11. pkg_add(1) , . pkg_add(1) .
, Xorg, :
# pkg_add -r xorg
XFree864.X :
# pkg-add -r XFree86
: X11, , , . X11.
, X11 .
5.3.1. XFree86 Xorg
, /usr/ports/UPDATING . XFree86 Xorg .
CVSup . X11 sysutils/portupgrade.
/etc/make.conf X_WINDOW_SYSTEM=xorg. , , X11 . XFREE86_VERSION , X_WINDOW_SYSTEM.
:
# pkg_delete -f /var/db/pkg/imake-4* /var/db/pkg/XFree86-*
# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
# make install clean
# pkgdb -F
pkgdb(1) portupgrade, .
: Xorg 4GB .
5.4. X11
Christopher Shumway.
5.4.1. ,
X11 :
,
X11 . , . , .
, X11 . , , .
, . , .
5.4.2. X11
X11 . . , :
# Xorg -configure
XFree86 :
# XFree86 -configure
/root X11 xorg.conf.new (, su(1) $HOME). XFree86, XF86Config.new. X11 , .
, Xorg . :
# Xorg -config xorg.conf.new
XFree86 :
# XFree86 -xf86config XF86Config.new
- X, . Ctrl+Alt+Backspace.
: , . . 2.9.10 FreeBSD.
xorg.conf.new ( XF86Config.new, XFree86). , , emacs(1) ee(1). . . XF86Config.new "Monitor":
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
VendorName "Monitor Vendor"
ModelName "Monitor Model"
HorizSync 30-107
VertRefresh 48-120
EndSection
HorizSync VertRefresh . , , HorizSync VertRefresh. .
X DPMS (Energy Star) . xset(1) , . DPMS , , :
Option "DPMS"
xorg.conf.new ( XF86Config.new) , , . "Screen":
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Card0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
Modes "1024x768"
EndSubSection
EndSection
DefaultDepth , . -depth Xorg(1) ( XFree86(1)). Modes , . , VESA, . . 1024 768 .
, , .
: X11, , X11. Xorg /var/log/Xorg.0.log ( XFree86 XFree86.0.log). Xorg.0.log Xorg.8.log .
, , Xorg(1) ( XFree86(1)). /etc/X11/xorg.conf /usr/X11R6/etc/X11/xorg.conf ( XFree86 /etc/X11/XF86Config /usr/X11R6/etc/X11/XF86Config).
# cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf
XFree86:
# cp XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config
X11 . XFree864.X startx(1) x11/wrapper. Xorg wrapper, . X11 xdm(1).
: , xorgcfg(1) (xf86cfg(1) XFree86), X11. . xf86cfg -textmode. xorgcfg(1) xf86cfg(1).
, xorgconfig(1) (xf86config(1) XFree86), , , , .
5.4.3.
5.4.3.1. Intel i810
Intel i810 agpgart, AGP, X11 . agp(4) GENERIC 4.8-RELEASE 5.0-RELEASE. :
device agp
. agp.ko loader(8). /boot/loader.conf:
agp_load="YES"
, FreeBSD4.X , . AGP MAKEDEV(8) /dev:
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV agpgart
: FreeBSD5.X devfs(5) , MAKEDEV(8) .
, . , , agp(4) , kldload(8) . , , /boot/loader.conf.
XFree864.1.0 ( ), fbPictureInit, Driver "i810" X11:
Option "NoDDC"
5.5. X11
Murray Stokely.
5.5.1. Type1
, X11, . , Netscape . Type1 (PostScript), X11. , URW (x11-fonts/urwfonts) type1 (Times Roman, He