Leonardo da Vinci, on Flight of birds

For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward;

For there you have been,

And there you long to return.

Private Pilot Ground SchoolAVF 112

Fall Quarter 2012

Mr. Joseph MacDougall, Instructor

About Mr. MacDougall

Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal University

Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics UND

www.avcanada.ca Weather Modification BBCC since 2000

SYLLABUS

REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS? AOPA interactive courses

http://www.aopa.org/asf/online_courses/

FAA Safety Team courseshttp://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_catalog.aspx

BOOKS (REQUIRED MATERIALS) Pilot’s Handbook of

Aeronautical Knowledge Private Pilot Manual (Jeppesen

Sanderson Training Products) Flight computer E6B, Plotter and Chart (Seattle Sectional)

HIGHLY SUGGESTED MATERIALS Beech Sport B-19 PILOT INFO MANUAL Private Pilot Test Prep Study and Prepare FAA

Knowledge Exam book (ASA) GLEIM Private Pilot (may also be used)

Airplane Flying Handbook ASA Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms Current Airport Facility Directory FAR/AIM 2012 Private Pilot PTS Aircraft Weight & Balance Handbook Private Oral Exam Guide Calculator

Lesson 1: Aircraft General (Systems)

1. Airplane Structure 2. Primary flight controls and trim 3. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers 4. Landing gear 5. Fuel oil and hydraulic 6. Electrical 7. Environmental 8. Deicing and anti-icing 9. Vacuum System

READING ASSIGNMENT

JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL CHAPTER #1 SECTION A&B CHAPTER #2 SECTION A CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31 CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42 Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge PHAK CHAPTER 1 PHAK Chapter 2 (2-1 through 2-11) PHAK Chapter 5 PHAK Chapter 6-25 through 6-39

HOMEWORK DUE NEXT CLASS

AOPA INTERACTIVE COURSE Create a free account by visiting

https://www.aopa.org/asf/osc/register.cfm?course=pneumatic_systems

PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS http://flash.aopa.org/asf/pneumatic_systems/swf/

flash.cfm ASA 1-20 & Chapter 2

Gleim chapter 1 1.1 Gleim chapter 2 2.8

AIRCRAFT STRUCTUREPHAK CHAPTER 2

5 MAJOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT Be able to label on Wednesday figure 2-1 in

chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 page 1 PHAK.

Airplane Structure

Airplane Structure

Three Axes

An aircraft moves in three dimensions and is controlled by moving it about one or more of its axes which all pass through the C of G or the Center of Gravity

C of G

One of the most significant components of aircraft design is CG. It is the specific point where the mass or weight of an aircraft may be said to center; that is, a point around which, if the aircraft could be suspended or balanced, the aircraft would remain relatively level.

The position of the CG of an aircraft determines the stability of the aircraft in flight.

Move the CG rearward the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable.

Fuselage

Fuselage is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. It also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly

4 types: Truss type Monocoque (French for single shell) Semi-Monocoque Composite

Truss type

Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.

Truss type

Monocoque Structure Relies on the strength of the skin or

covering to carry the primary stresses.

Good example is a soda can.

Semi-Monocoque Additional strength is provided in a

semi-monocoque structure by a sub-structure that reinforces the skin

Composite 2-8

Composite Advantages

Generally lighter than metal, wood or fabric

Very smooth which helps reduce drag

Lack of Corrosion which allows for higher pressure differential and higher humidity in the cabin than previous airliners

Don’t suffer from metal fatigue or crack growth

Disadvantages Composites

Visual proof of damage Potential to heat damage to

the resin. Many epoxies begin to weaken over 150 degrees F.

Chemical paint strippers are very harmful to composites

Lightning Composite/fiberglass is an

excellent insulator. Need to add additional electrical conductivity to the skin such as aluminum or copper mesh

Wings

The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight

Wings Continued

Most wings today are monoplanes (one pair of wings) two wings are called biplanes, three triplanes.

The most common used wing construction consists of airfoil-shaped ribs attached to spars.

Common Wing Forms

Low wing High Wing Gull Wing

Dihedral (B-19) Mid wing Inverted gull

Wings

Cantilever, (no external bracing) Like Beechcraft

Semi-Cantilever (use external bracing such as struts and wires), Like Cessna

Ribs, spars, stringer of wing

Ribs, spars, stringer of wing

Skin of Wing

The ribs and spares are then covered by a thin skin which forms the outer surface.

Metal, fabric or plywood are the common wing coverings

Wing leading and trailing edge shapes.

Ailerons and Flaps

On the trailing (rearmost) edge of the wing are two sets of moveable surfaces. Farthest from the center of the airplane you find the ailerons inboard you find the flaps

Ailerons Ailerons, controls bank about the

longitudinal axis. Conventional cable system terminating in bellcranks.

Ailerons

B-19 has Frise-Differential-type ailerons.

Differential aileron raises one aileron a greater distance than the other aileron is lowered. Both reduce adverse yaw.

Turning to the right which aileron goes up?

Function of Flaps (GLEIM/ASA) High lift/drag devices which, in

effect, increase the camber of the wing and in some cases, as with Fowler flaps increase the wing area.

Gives better T.O. performance and permits steeper approach angles and lower approach speeds.

B-19 has four position slotted flaps 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.

Flaps Main

function of the flaps increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.

Tail Assembly includes

Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer (stabilator) and rudder

ruddervator/V-tail

Empennage/Tail Assembly

Two surfaces the Horizontal Surface

Vertical Surface

Rudder Rudder

(controls yaw, movement of airplane around the vertical axis)

Rudder peddles control the rudder and brakes.

Horizontal stabilizer

Elevator and stabilator controls pitch about the lateral axis

Elevator control

Different Tail Configurations

V-Tail Dihedral Mounted on twin

booms

Trim Devices (Secondary flight Control)

Used for trimming and balancing the airplane in flight and to reduce the force required of the pilot in actuating the primary flight controls.

Anti-Servo Tab

Moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the stabilator and helps make the stabilator less sensitive. The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressure.

B19 has a stabilator

Landing Gear/ Undercarriagepage 2-7 to 2-9 PHAK 6-31

Purpose is to take the shock of landing and support the weight of the aircraft on the ground while still allowing the aircraft to maneuver on the ground

Two types Fixed gear or Retractable. Also tricycle (has a nose wheel) or

conventional or tailwheel

Conventional/Tricycle Gear

Conventional gear (tailwheel) Requires an endorsement

Tailwheel disadvantages More difficult to T.O. and land Lack of good forward visibility Directional control on the ground is more difficult

Tailwheel advantages More clearance for a larger prop More desirable for operations on unimproved strip

Tricycle gear advantages Better forward visibility during T.O., landing or taxi Better braking without nosing over Better control ie no ground loop

Fixed undercarriage

Tripod Landing Gear

Single Leaf Cantilever

Split Axle

Single Strut Gear B-19

B-19 landing gear 7-13

Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from magnesium castings and aluminum forgings, uses rubber disks for shock absorption.

Nose wheel steerable through a spring loaded linkage connected to the rudder pedals.

Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 degrees

Shock absorption

Low Pressure Tires Oleo Rubber discs or doughnuts B-19 Steel Spring

Brakes

Hydraulically operated disk brakes toe brakes, parking brake Brake Fluid is Red

DON’T FORGET TO READ THE HOMEWORK

ASSIGNMENT given at the beginning of class BEFORE

Wednesday!!!!!!! You can take a break

FUEL OIL AND HYDRAULIC (PG. 2-26 TO 2-31 PHAK 6-25

In a carburetor system, outside air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi. When air flows rapidly through the venturi, a low pressure area is created. This low pressure allows the fuel to flow through the main fuel jet and into the airstream where it mixes with the flowing air

Fuel system diagram for B-19Read PHAK 6-25 TO 6-28

Fuel Systems

Gravity-feed system Uses force of gravity to

transfer fuel from the tanks to the engine.

Common on high wing

Cessna fuel system diagram

FUEL PRIMER

FUEL VENTS AND OVERFLOW

FUEL GUAGES PHAK 6-26

FUEL SELECTORS

Fuel tanks

Normally found in the wings of small aircraft. Three common types Hard cell (welded or riveted)BladderIntegral fuel tank (Seal off a portion of

the wing for a fuel tank)

Usable vs Unusable fuel

59.8 gal, 7.6 unusable (52 usable) 2,4,5,59

2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest of the C-23’s and B-19’s

AIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUT

Mixture Control

Mixture control prevent mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes

conserve fuel provide optimum power

Fuel: Air Ratio

The mixture ratio of fifteen pounds of air to one pound of gasoline is known as a stoichiometric mixture, which is a chemically correct mixture in which all of the chemical elements are used and none are left over.

Combustion will occur

With as rich as 8:1 Or as lean as 18:1 But the maximum amount of heat

energy is released with the stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or 0.067

Fuel injection

Fuel injected into the intake valve More even fuel distribution to the

cylinders No chance of carburetor ice

(sometimes intake ice) Usually more horsepower (better

efficiency)

Fuel grades 2-30 (memorize)

80/87 (.5 ml of lead) 100/130 (4 ml of lead) 100LL (2 ml of lead) 115/145 (better anti-

detonation large high powered engines)

Jet A

Red Green Blue Purple

Clear or Straw colored

Octane grade and substitution

next Higher grade Using a fuel grade lower than

specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperature to exceed normal operating limits

Detonation & preignition pg 2-25,2-26

Fuel weights approx. 6lbs per gal Water 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbs

FUEL AND OIL WEIGHTS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE

FUEL AND OIL WEIGHTS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE

Electrical System PHAK 6-28 TO 6-30

Includes everything that operates electrically with the exception of the magnetos which are driven by the engine for the sole purpose of producing current to the spark plugs.

Things that the electrical system can control

Starter Flaps Gear Radios Lights Windshield

wipers

Heater Fan Anti-Icing De-Icing

equipment Etc.

Electrical System 2-40

Battery 12 or 24 V Master Switch

and Battery Solenoid

Starter Motor and solenoid

Generator or Alternator 14V 60 Amp

Voltage Regulator Buss bar Circuit breakers fuses overvoltage

relay

Storage Battery & Electrical Schematic

Electrical system is usually 12 or 24 V DC (direct current)

Pg 2-41 PHAK 6-29

Starter Motor

The purpose is to turn the engine over so that it will continue to operate.

The starter switch activates the starter solenoid which, in turn, permits current to enter and drive the starter motor (provided you have battery power)

Generator or Alternator

Purpose is to supply current to the electrical system and to recharge the battery.

Alternators are typically found on low speed engines and generators in faster speed engines.

Voltage Regulator

Prevents the generator or alternator from over-loading the system and prevents the battery from becoming overcharged.

Bus Bar

Receives the current produced by the generator, alternator and battery. From the bus bar current passes through the various circuit breakers which are connected to the components that require electrical current to operate.

Buss items

Pitot heat landing light beacon nav lights cockpit lighting boost pump stall horn

hobbs meter intercom ammeter fuel gauges nav/comm clock Turn coordinator

Circuit Breakers or Fuses

All electrical circuits are protected by circuit breakers or fuses.

Used to protect various components from damage caused by excess voltage or current, short-circuits etc.

Most are push in reset type.

Starting

Keep the Avionics master off some type of radio equipment can be damaged by the voltage drop in the electrical system during starting when all power comes directly from the battery before the alternator are working to regulate voltage.

Ammeter 2-41 Gives indication in cockpit that the

electrical power source is functioning normally.

The ammeter measures in amperes the rate of flow of the electrical current being produced. It also indicates when power is being used from the battery. It registers a discharge when turned on with the engine not running.

Ammeter Continued

(+) should always indicate or 0. If the ammeter indicates a (-) this indicates a discharge and that electrical energy is coming from the battery rather than the generator.

Ignition system (Magneto’s)

Magneto is an engine driven generator that produces an AC current. Its source of energy is a permanent magnet.

Dual ignition system 2 Mags Increased safety two spark plugs per

cylinder. More complete and even combustion Totally independent of the electrical

system run off the engine.

Environmental

Cabin heat Defrost Air flow Vents

Deicing and Anti-Icing PHAK 6-37

Anti-icing equipment is designed to prevent the formation of ice, while deicing equipment is designed to remove ice once it has formed.

Systems protect the leading edge of wing and tail surfaces, pitot and static port openings, fuel tank vents, stall warning devices, windshields, and propeller blades. Ice detection lighting may also be installed on some aircraft.

Most light aircraft only have a defrost and pitot heat and are not certified for icing. Check AFM/POH

Ignition System 2-24 to 2-25

Vacuum System (2-63 to 2-68)

Instruments used in the Vacuum system

Attitude indicator Heading indicator (need to reset

periodically with the compass as the gyro experiences precession.

Instrument air gauge (inches of Mercury)

Vacuum System

Backup vacuum systems Venturi type vacuum systems Pressure systems Aircraft instruments will be discussed

in further detail in a latter lesson Turn coordinator is electric and not a

part of the vacuum system