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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

In the University of the Philippines Baguio, the existence of Greek-letter

organizations is quite perceptible. Greek-letter organization is often tantamount

to the terms fraternity and sorority from the Latin words fraterand soror, meaning

"brother" and "sister" respectively (New World Encyclopedia, 2010).

In Sociology, a group can be defined as two or more humans who interact

with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group,

and share a common identity.

A plurality of individuals bonded by some principle of recruitment and by

the set of membership rights and obligations (Holy, 1996, p. 351) may be the

appropriate characterization of UPB fraternities and sororities. The setting and

context is a case-to-case basis and in UPBs case, fraternities and sororities

occupy a specific place on campus which they often regard as their hangout.

UPB as an institution has its own traditions and norms. Apparently, it takes

time for the new members of the UPB society to adjust and familiarize

themselves with the unwritten rules and regulations. Usually, non-members of

Greek-letter organizations recognize and regard these established hangouts to

avoid issues and conflicts. Although it is not prohibited for non-members to stay,

still they pay respect to the people who own the territory. There is no problem

for sophomores, juniors, and senior students in terms of intrusion and invasion

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since they are already accustomed to the universitys traditions and norms. But

for freshmen or the outsiders who invade the hangouts, how do they feel when

someone just walks in the kiosk wearing a fraternity or sorority item, confidently

sprawls at the bench and looks at them in the eye?

Of course, who would not feel intimidated? Who would not feel inferior?

This paper would like to tackle the effects of territorial behavior manifested

through nonverbal communication by fraternities and sororities of UPB.

Statement of the Problem

What are the effects of nonverbal communication manifested through

territorial behavior by the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and

sororities?

Objectives of the Study

General Objective:

*To identify the effects of nonverbal communication manifested through

territorial behavior by the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities

and sororities.

Specific Objectives:

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*To discover which among the types of nonverbal communication is the

most effective in intentionally or unintentionally intimidating outsiders.

*To learn about the effects of the Greek-letter organizations territorial

behavior on outsiders.

*To determine the effects of territorial behavior on the members of the

Greek-letter organizations.

Hypotheses

*Clothing and the use of personal artifacts or territorial signals are the

most effective type of nonverbal communication in terms of intimidating

outsiders intentionally or unintentionally.

*There are three possible effects of territorial behavior on outsiders, they

may leave the hangout immediately, ask permission to stay, or let

themselves be recruited to be a part of the Greek-letter organization.

*Several effects on members of the Greek letter organizations are, their

self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud

that they are a member of the organization, and they become more

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conscious that they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or

stay in their territory without their consent.

Significance of the Study

The term public property means that the property is communal and

everyone has an equal chance to utilize it. In the University of the Philippines

Baguio, students have been given an enormous amount of academic freedom.

By virtue of that freedom, it has been acceptable for organizations to establish a

hangout and regard that certain space as their territory. Though it is not forbidden

for non-members to occupy the established hangouts of the organizations, still

they consider the presence or absence of the owners. They might stay there

when the members are in but first, in the name of courtesy and respect, they

should ask permission, or they will just stay if no one is in the hangout so they

would not get into issues and conflicts with the members.

Due to this concern, this paper would tackle how and why territorial power

and dominance exist within the university. This paper would also like to explain

how powerful nonverbal communication is, being the elemental factor in

displaying territorial power and dominance.

In line with the issue of territoriality, this paper would also like to prove that

the effective use of nonverbal cues may lead into dominant results. In the field of

communication, this study is relevant because it will show that nonverbal

communication is an essential factor in building and deconstructing existing

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social constructs, on how communication creates, maintains, and changes the

existing culture or way of life of people within the society. Cultural creation,

maintenance, and changes may be in the form of norms, customs, and traditions.

Scope and Delimitation

The coverage of the study is focused on the nonverbal cues of the

University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities, on how they

manifest these nonverbal cues as a part of territorial behavior and how these

cues display territorial power and dominance.

This study will look into proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance

(body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness,

regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal expressions, facial

blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems and affect

displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers).

The study is delimited to the territorial behavior of UPBs fraternities and

sororities and its effects on both the members and the non-members and how

they see each perspective at different angles of every situation.

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Chapter II

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature

According to Trenholm and Jensen, the structure of nonverbal codes has

seven channels for message making: proxemics which involves environmental

preference, territoriality, and personal space; physical appearance which involves

body types, clothing, and artifacts; eye gaze which involves eye contact,

expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing; facial expression which involves

universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues;

kinesics which involves emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, and

adaptors; vocalics which involves vocal qualities, vocal characterizers, and vocal

segregates; and touch which involves the type of touch, and the contexts.

This study will look into proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance




displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers).

Proxemics is the study of space and territoriality refers to the legal or

assumed ownership of space (Trenholm and Jensen, 2000).

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Physical appearance however, is defined by culture and is relative.

Clothing has been long recognized as a way to communicate social status, group

identification, and personality.

Gaze, according to Erving Goffman, is the discipline of the eye the skill

of knowing how to look without appearing to be looking. There are three

proposed primary functions of gaze in communication; expressive, regulative,

and monitoring (Kendon, 1967).

There are six universal facial expressions according to Ekman and

Friesen: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust. Facial blends is

the combination of any of the six facial expressions resulting to a different new

expression. Cultural display rules is the control of expression according to the

context. Leakage rules are micromomentary expressions of unintended signs of

our real feelings, which are largely but not completely masked in normal facial

management.

Kinesics is the study of body movements such as gestures, posture, and

head, trunk, and limb movements. Emblems are gestures that can easily be

translated into verbal statements because there is widely shared agreement as to

what they mean while affect displays are postural and gestural cues that also

work to convey how we feel.

Vocalics or paralanguage; voice qualities include loudness, pitch,

inflection, tempo, rhythm, intensity, articulation, and resonance while vocal

characterizers are more specific sounds that we may occasionally recognize as

speech acts themselves.

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Why is nonverbal communication important?

The thought of influencing others without words through a nonverbal

symbol system made nonverbal communication a very interesting topic since

there are times that nonverbal communication is even more powerful than verbal

communication.

People are constantly interpreting and inferring from nonverbal stimuli

(Brooks and Emmert, 1976, p. 143). In that premise, there are aspects to be

considered in order to decode and construe the meaning of the stimuli; the

communicative behaviors over which we have control and which we use for the

purpose of influencing others, the informative behaviors which we can observe in

other people which may provide us information about them, and the effect of

environmental factors (Brooks and Emmert, 1976).

The concept of territoriality refers to the legal or assumed ownership of

space (Trenholm and Jensen, 2000). According to Lawrence and Rosenfeld and

Jean Civikly, territoriality is the assumption of proprietary rights toward some

geographical area, with the realization, at least for humans, that there is no basis

for those rights (p.147).

What is territory? Why do we need to mark our territories? British

zoologist Desmond Morris in his book A Field Guide on Human Behavior, 1977,

says that a territory is a defended space. Why? Maybe because it prevents

people from getting much into trouble. If one has already marked his territory, it

is customary for another to respect and cooperate to avoid conflict. Yes, man is a

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cooperative species but then again, he is also competitive that is why he strives

to achieve power and dominance.

Morris also mentioned in his work the three kinds of human territory; the

tribal, family, and personal. The tribal territory is the main concern of this paper

since the scope of territoriality is more on social groups. He used the term tribal

because as a zoologist leaning towards an evolutionary perspective, he claims

that contemporary social groups evolved from the archaic social unit where

ancient people assemble together in a communal and egalitarian sense. It is true

that a particular social unit or a tribe exists and of course, the picture will not be

complete without them having to establish a certain space for all of them to

inhabit known more or less as their territory. As a chief part of every tribesmans

duties and responsibilities, it is crucial for him to guard and protect his area

against intruders. These trespassers may be wild animals or other tribesmen who

wish to conquer their territory in quest for power and dominance. In order for the

tribesmen to look after their territory, they place some territorial signals within

their area such as primitive war-paint and emblems.

In the modern setting, contextualizing it to the University of the Philippines

Baguios current state, fraternities and sororities usually hang tarpaulins,

banners, or any fraternity or sorority item to show possession of the kiosk or

area. But oftentimes, merely their habitual presence in the kiosk or area depict

that they are the owners of the said hangout and it is their comfort zone.

Another portrayal of ownership is the scattering or leaving of things and

belongings in their hangouts. According to Morris, carefully arranged personal

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markers can act as an effective territorial display, even in the absence of the

owner. This is also the reason why members of the Greek-letter organizations

feel prickly and get pissed off when intruders touch their things and belongings.

For them, it is a form of territorial encroachment and invasion of privacy. The

issue encroachment and invasion may not be always the topic but the simple

scene of expressing ownership through personal markers directly illustrates the

dominant feature of human society which according to Morris is the society of a

remarkably territorial animal.

The phrase a remarkablyterritorial animal, maybe the rationale why many

living organisms from the prehistoric age up to the modern era attempt to

establish and maintain their territories and watch it no matter what happens.

From the broadest sense of social group, down to the simplest form, every

member does his part in looking after their comfort zone their very own area of

ownership.

What is territorial behavior and how is it manifested? Having territory as a

defended space as the definition, behavior on the other hand is anything that a

person does (cf. Catania, 1998).

According to the Principles of EverydayBehavioral Analysis, behavior is

physical, and it functions to do something (Miller, 2006). Therefore, with the use

of our senses, we can perceive behavior. Also, we can infer that behavior is

functional and purposive since it is not elicited without any purpose.

Joining the idea of territory and behavior, we can conclude that territorial

behavior is an action a person does in order to defend his space. How? Mainly

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through communication but more specifically for this research, the focus is on

nonverbal communication.

Through the seven channels for message making, this study will be able

to examine and analyze the effectiveness of nonverbal cues in exuding territorial

power and dominance.

For instance, how do physical appearance, eye gaze, and facial

expression affect the impression of the perceiver? He is frightening because

he is tall and dark and he is wearing a fraternity shirt, he is looking at you

uncaringly, and then he is throwing a blank expression. For you, that might

mean, get out ofhere.

In your case, it is just fightorflight. Either you stay or you leave. Either

you would not care at all or you will feel intimidated. Of course, you would feel

inferior and every time you see that same person, you would feel the same way

as you felt the first time you had an encounter with him or that feeling of yours

might prohibit you from hanging out in his territory because you just feel

uncomfortable and uneasy.

There are a lot more circumstances in relation to territorial behavior and

how nonverbal communication plays an important role in making the

communicative act a success.

The Greek letter organizations in the university may or may not be aware

that they are displaying territorial power and dominance within the campus most

especially in their hangouts. The act may be intentional or unintentional and the

power and dominance thing might just be ascribed to them.

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Some may acknowledge that yes, they are power-tripping sometimes

especially on freshmen but most of the time, members denounce that they

practice superiority among non-members and that they assert their power and

dominance. They are not even aware that they have that power and dominance

within the university.

Why in the first place do people clamor for power and dominance? Maybe

simply because great power and dominance grant you more privilege, give you

better benefit, and heighten your popularity. The aftermath, people would look up

to you and you would feel superior. The opposite might also happen, people

might hate you for being a political scoundrel who loves to exercise excessive

power without consideration to other peoples feelings.

Interpretation is more often based on peoples feelings. Usually, people

infer based on actions. It is quite evident that people are quite more subjective

rather than objective in terms of interpreting and analyzing others behavioral

approach and action towards a certain situation.

Going back to the objectives, generating the known and soon-to-be-known

effects of territorial behavior manifested through nonverbal communication in

exuding territorial power and dominance intentionally or unintentionally with the

support of research frameworks and methodologies is fervently hoped.

Whatever the future results may be, be it confirmatory or the other way

around, the main goal is to explain how communication exists in our everyday

living and how it affects and influences people and pinpoint even the most

unnoticed behavior of people and its outcome.

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Theoretical Level

This study would use the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM)

Theory by Pearce and Cronen and the Symbolic Interactionism Theory by

Blummer.

Basically, the goal is to look very closely at why meaning is subjective and

how does it affect people. The CMM Theory states that individuals form meaning

based on the content, context of communication event, and cultural patterns that

is more concerned in forming meaning by looking at race or groups and cultural

aspect (Pearce and Cronen, 1980).

The Coordinated Management of MeaningTheory derived by W. Barnett

Pearce and Vernon Cronen is based on what many consider to be the most

comprehensive statement of social construction crafted by communication

scholars (Griffin 1997). This theory suggests that persons-in-conversation co-

construct social realities of their own. The meaning that the language and

information exchanged in our conversations with others creates our own social

environments, which we interpret as reality.

The three main components of the Coordinated Management of Meaning

Theory are coherence, coordination and mystery. Coherence is how persons-in-

conversation attempt to achieve meaning in life. Coordination is how we try to

associate our lives with others. And lastly, mystery is the unpredictable events

and conclusions we will reach in life from the conversations we hold in our social

environments (Griffin, 1997).

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Using the Levels of Hierarchical Meaning in CMM Theory as stated in

Interpersonal Communication (Trenholm and Jensen,2000), this research will be

able to answer the questions like What group do I identifywith?, Who am I?, Who

are we to one another?, What activityare we engaged in?, What is the sender

trying to do?, and What is actuallysaid or done?

On the other hand, Symbolic Interactionism states that meaning is

determined by the individual's behavior toward objects and meaning and social

interaction are interdependent. It is shaped by interaction and in turn shapes

interaction.

Blumer came up with three core principles to his theory. They are

meaning, language, and thought. These core principles lead to conclusions about

the creation of a person's self and socialization into a larger community (Griffin,

1997).

Meaning states that humans act toward people and things based upon the

meanings that they have given to those people or things. Symbolic Interactionism

holds the principal of meaning as central in human behavior.

Language gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning through

symbols. Mead's influence on Blumer becomes apparent here because Mead

believed that naming assigned meaning, thus naming was the basis for human

society and the extent of knowledge. It is by engaging in speech acts with others,

symbolic interaction, that humans come to identify meaning, or naming, and

develop discourse.

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Thought modifies each individual's interpretation of symbols. Thought,

based-on language, is a mental conversation or dialogue that requires role

taking, or imagining different points of view.

Symbolic Interactionism also stresses the importance of role and

socialization wherein the newcomer becomes incorporated into organized

patterns of interaction because every interaction has a socializing experience.

These theories are more or less interpretive than objective and they

provide a very interesting area where we should see the spot where

communication is very unique.

Conceptual Level

The variables in this study are the outsiders, the Greek-letter

organizations, the amount of nonverbal cues used. The amount of nonverbal

cues are dependent on the sender (member), channeled through signs and

symbols to the receiver (non-member) then effects on both based on the

communicative social act. The effects greatly rely on the message of the member

generating feedback from the non-member. After which, results after the entire

process of sending and receiving.

In relation to the research question, What are the effects of territorial

behavior manifested through nonverbal communication bythe Universityof the

Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities?, the nature of effects would be

more or less based on the reaction of the non-members when certain actions are

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elicited from the members of the Greek-letter organizations. The amount of

nonverbal cues which include proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance




displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers) are dependent

on the sender (member), channeled through signs and symbols (territorial

markers) to the receiver (non-member) then effects on both based on the

communicative social act. The effects greatly rely on the message of the member

generating feedback from the non-member.

As stated earlier in this paper, people are constantly interpreting and

inferring from nonverbal stimuli (Brooks and Emmert, 1976, p. 143). Again, in that

premise, there are aspects to be considered in order to decode and construe the

meaning of the stimuli; the communicative behaviors which we have control and

which we use for the purpose of influencing others, the informative behaviors

which we can observe in other people which may provide us information about

them, and the effect of environmental factors (Brooks and Emmert, 1976).

Possibly, the effects on non-members would be short-term or long-term.

They may leave the hangout immediately, ask permission to stay, or let

themselves be recruited to be a part of the Greek-letter organization.

On the other hand, some effects on members of the members are, their

self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud that

they are a member of the organization, and they become more conscious that

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they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or stay in their territory

without their consent.

Operational Level

This study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues elicited by the

members of the Greek-letter organization, on how they resist the sensation of

invasion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the sensation of

intrusion. Through the use of observation checklists and questionnaires or even a

Focused Group Discussion, the determination of which among the types of non-

verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to intimidate

intruders. The questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter

organizations and to the self-confessed outsiders to be answered and the

observation and synthesis would be done by the researcher. The Greek letter

organizations are the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and

sororities. Whereas, the outsiders would be more or less the freshmen and a

random population of the upper class men.

Operational Definition ofTerms

Fraternity -brotherhood; Alpha Phi Omega ()

Fraternity, Beta Sigma () Fraternity, Kappa

Epsilon () Fraternity, Pi Sigma ()

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Fraternity, Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity,

and Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity

Greek-letter organization -single-sex, initiatory organizations with

membership considered active during the

undergraduate years only

Nonverbal Communication -communication without words;proxemics

(territoriality), physical appearance (body

types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye

contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking,

and seeing), facial expression (universal

expressions, facial blends, cultural display

rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems

and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal

qualities and vocal characterizers)

Sorority -sisterhood; Alpha Phi Omega ()

Sorority, Sigma Beta () Sorority, Kappa

Epsilon () Sorority, Pi Sigma Delta ()

Sorority, Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority, and

Tau Gamma Sigma () Sorority

Territorial Behavior -an action a person does in order to defend his

space; placing some territorial signals within

their area such as primitive war-paint and

emblems in the ancient times; in the university

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context, hanging of tarpaulins, banners, or any

fraternity or sorority item, scattering or leaving

of things and belongings in the hangout

Territoriality -the legal or assumed ownership of space; the

assumption of proprietary rights toward some

geographical area, with the realization, at least

for humans, that there is no basis for those

rights

Territory -a defended space; hangout of the

Greek-letter organizations; kiosk, stairs, bench,

lower canteen, et cetera

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Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The coverage of the study is focused on the nonverbal cues of the

University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities, on how they

manifest these nonverbal cues as a part of territorial behavior and how these

cues display territorial power and dominance.

The study is delimited to the territorial behavior of UPBs fraternities and

sororities and its effects on both the members and the non-members.

In this regard, this study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues

elicited by the members of the Greek-letter organizations, on how they resist the

sensation of invasion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the

sensation of intrusion.

Through the use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire,

the researcher would be able to determine the amount of nonverbal cues elicited

by the members of the Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the

outsiders.

In addition, a Focus Group Discussion may help determine which among

the types of non-verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to

intimidate intruders.

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The one-shot survey would be done on the part of the non-members and

the closed-ended questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter

organizations to be answered and the observation and synthesis would be done

by the researcher.

The Greek letter organizations are the University of the Philippines

Baguios fraternities and sororities, whereas the outsiders would be a

systematic random sample of the students encompassing all year levels from the

three colleges of the university.

Variables and Measures

The dependent variable in this study would be the universitys fraternities

and sororities or members of the Greek-letter organizations and the outsiders or

the non-members. The independent variable would be the effects of territorial

behavior manifested through nonverbal communication by the University of the

Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities.

This study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues displayed by the

members of the Greek-letter organizations, on how they resist the consciousness

of incursion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the realization of

foray.

The use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire would be

able to determine the amount of nonverbal cues displayed by the members of the

Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the outsiders.

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Furthermore, a Focus Group Discussion may help find out which among

the types of non-verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to

daunt intruders.

The fraternities, sororities and the outsiders would play a vital role in this

research. The success of this study greatly relies on the participants and their

willingness to contribute to the desired accomplishment of the objectives.

Population and Sample

The population or specified aggregation of study elements would be the

University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities or the members

of the Greek-letter organizations and a systematic random sample of the

outsiders or the non-members, encompassing all year levels from the three

colleges of the university.

The list of the universitys fraternities and sororities are as follows:

Fraternity Sorority

Alpha Phi Omega () Fraternity Alpha Phi Omega () Sorority

Beta Sigma () Fraternity Sigma Beta () Sorority

Kappa Epsilon () Fraternity Kappa Epsilon () Sorority

Pi Sigma () Fraternity Pi Sigma Delta () Sorority

Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority

Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity Tau Gamma Sigma () Sorority

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The research gears toward at least half or fifty per cent response from the

total population of the fraternities and sororities. On the other hand, the

systematic random sample of the outsiders or the non-members targets a

precise and accurate representation of students from first year to overstaying

students of the university. The systematic random sampling would be done by

dividing the total population of the students according to their respective colleges

namely; College of Arts and Communication, College of Science, and College of

Social Science. A request of the master list would be made through the Office of

the College Secretary. After which, the students would be classified according to

their year level and a bias-free draw lots would be administered making sure that

representativeness would be achieved.

Research Instrument

The use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire would be

administered to determine the amount of nonverbal cues elicited by the members

of the Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the outsiders.

Additionally, a Focus Group Discussion among the members of the Greek-

letter organizations would be held in order to find out which among the types of

nonverbal communication would be the most effective way to use to intimidate

intruders.

The one-shot survey would be done on the part of the non-members and

the closed-ended questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter

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organizations to be answered and the observation and synthesis would be done

by the researcher.

Basically, the questions would involve and revolve around the topic of

nonverbal communication wherein the uses and implications of nonverbal

communication would be the highlight.

The study would be looking into proxemics (territoriality), physical

appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact,

expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal

expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics

(emblems and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal

characterizers).

The fraternities and the sororities view on territory and their concept of

territoriality would be elaborated and how they use nonverbal communication to

convey certain messages intentionally or unintentionally would be analyzed.

The questionnaires and the FGD guide questions are as follows:

For the members of the Greek-letter organizations:Why did you join your current fraternity/sorority?

_____ For fame and popularity

_____ You believe in the principles and ideals

_____ You got lots of friends who are a member

_____ Others, please specify ________________________

Where do you usually hang-out within the university?

_____ Kiosk (Manang Mane)

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_____ Kiosk (Court A)

_____ Bench (Court A)

_____ Stairs (IM)

_____ Stairs (CCA)

_____ Lower Canteen


Are you familiar with the structure of nonverbal codes?

_____ Yes _____ No

y

If yes, which among these channels are you familiar with?

_____ Proxemics (territoriality)

_____ Physical appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts)

_____ Eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking, and

seeing)

_____ Facial expression (universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display

rules, and leakage cues)

_____ Kinesics (emblems and affect displays)

_____Vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers)

Do you value the concept of territoriality?

_____ Yes _____ No

Do you often observe some student/s, not a member of your organization

who also hang-out where you and your brothers/sisters stay?

_____ Yes _____ No

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y If yes, what do you often do?

_____ Dont mind them

_____ Talk to them (e.g. friendship, recruitment, etc.)

_____ Intimidate them


Do you intentionally intimidate intruders when they are at your hangout?

_____ Yes _____ No

y If yes, which among the channels of nonverbal codes do you think is the

most effective in intimidating intruders?




seeing)





Does exercising territorial power and dominance have effects on you or

your organization as a whole?

_____ Yes _____ No

y If yes, what are these?

_____ Heightened popularity

_____ Greater influence, more privileges and benefits

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_____ Sense of ownership


For the non-members:

Are you aware of the existing fraternities and sororities within the

university?

_____ Yes _____ No

What fraternities and sororities (Greek-letter organizations) do you know

and are familiar with?

_____ Alpha Phi Omega () Fraternity and Sorority

_____ Beta Sigma () Fraternity and Sigma Beta () Sorority

_____ Kappa Epsilon () Fraternity and Sorority

_____ Pi Sigma () Fraternity and Pi Sigma Delta () Sorority

_____ Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority

_____ Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity Tau Gamma Sigma ()

Sorority

Are you aware of their hang-outs?

_____ Yes _____ No

y If yes, where have you tried hanging-out?

_____ Kiosk (Manang Mane)

_____ Kiosk (Court A)

_____ Bench (Court A)

_____ Stairs (IM)

_____ Stairs (CCA)

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_____ Lower Canteen


y If no, what did you feel when you became aware that the hang-outs were

theirs?

_____ Scared

_____I dont care!

_____Just fine


If you happen to be in the situation that you are at their hang-out and they

arrived, what will you do?

_____ Leave immediately

_____ Ask permission to stay


Are you familiar with the structure of nonverbal codes?

_____ Yes _____ No

y If yes, which among these channels are you familiar with?




seeing)




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Do you think members of the fraternities and sororities use nonverbal

codes whenever they observe nonmembers in their hang-outs?

_____ Yes _____ No

Which among these nonverbal codes do you think has the greatest impact

on non-members like you when used?




seeing)





Focus Group Discussion Guide Questions for Fraternities and Sororities

1. Is territoriality a big deal?

2. Is it alright when non-members invade your hang-out?

3. How do you feel when non-members flock in your hang-out?

4. Is nonverbal communication effective?

5. What are the most frequently used nonverbal codes?

6. Being a member of the Greek-letter organization, how do you convey

subliminal messages through nonverbal codes?

7. Which among the nonverbal codes do you often use? Why?

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8. Do you intentionally or intentionally intimidate non-members?

9. Do you agree that Greek-letter organizations exude territorial power and

dominance?

10. What do you think are the effects of nonverbal communication manifested

through territorial behavior? (Both on members and non-members).

Data Generation Plan

Month Activity/T

ask

June Brainstorm

July

(Research Period)

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

August

(Research Period)

Review of Related Literature

Research Framework

Theoretical Level

Conceptual Level

Operational Level

Operational Definition of Terms

September

(Data Generation and Analysis Period)

Research Methodology

Research Design

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Variables and Measures

Population and Sample

Research Instrument

Data Generation Plan

Data Analysis Plan

October Results and Discussion

Data Analysis Plan

The study would attempt to do both a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

After the data generation, the researcher would group the data accordingly by

looking into similarities and differences. One on hand, the qualitative part would

illustrate the current status of the effects brought by the nonverbal

communicative act. It will also demonstrate how and why these occurrences

happen within the university. On the other hand, the quantitative part of the

research would use statistical procedures to determine the frequency or the

mode of answers.

The goal basically, is to describe the veracity of the implications of

nonverbal communication particularly proxemics (territoriality), physical

appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact,

expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal

expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics

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(emblems and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal

characterizers). Another is to give a specific percentage of members and non-

members of the Greek-letter organizations who in one way or another are

affected by the nonverbal communicative act, be it intentional or unintentional.

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Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The University of the Philippines Baguio as an institution has its own

traditions and norms. Apparently, it takes time for the new members of the UPB

society to adjust and familiarize themselves with the unwritten rules and

regulations. Usually, non-members of Greek-letter organizations recognize and

regard these established hangouts to avoid issues and conflicts. Although it is

not prohibited for non-members to stay, still they pay respect to the people who

own the territory. There is no problem for sophomores, juniors, and senior

students in terms of intrusion and invasion since they are already accustomed to

the universitys traditions and norms. But for freshmen or the outsiders who

invade the hangouts, how do they feel when someone just walks in the kiosk

wearing a fraternity or sorority item, confidently sprawls at the bench and looks at

them in the eye?

For example, how do physical appearance, eye gaze, and facial

expression affect the impression of the perceiver? He is frightening because

he is tall and dark and he is wearing a fraternity shirt, he is looking at you

uncaringly, and then he is throwing a blank expression. For you, that might

mean, get out ofhere.

In your case, it is just fightorflight. Either you stay or you leave. Either

you would not care at all or you will feel intimidated. Of course, you would feel

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inferior and every time you see that same person, you would feel the same way

as you felt the first time you had an encounter with him or that feeling of yours

might prohibit you from hanging out in his territory because you just feel

uncomfortable and uneasy.

Graph 1: Common reaction of non-members when members of the Greek-letter organization

arrives at their hangout.

Clothing and the use of personal artifacts or territorial signals are the most

effective type of nonverbal communication in terms of intimidating outsiders

intentionally or unintentionally.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

ScaredI don't care!

Just fineCategory 4

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Chart 1: Most effective nonverbal channel in intimidating outsiders.

There are two effects of territorial behavior on outsiders, they may leave

the hangout immediately or ask permission to stay.

Several effects on members of the Greek letter organizations are, their

self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud that

they are a member of the organization, and they become more conscious that

they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or stay in their territory

without their consent.

Nonverbal Codes

Proxemics

Physical Appearance

Eye Gaze

Facial Expression

Kinesics

Vocalics

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Figure 1: Effects of territorial behavior on members of the Greek-letter organization.

It has been acceptable for organizations to establish a hangout and regard

that certain space as their territory. Though it is not forbidden for non-members to

occupy the established hangouts of the organizations, still they consider the

presence or absence of the owners. They might stay there when the members

are in but first, in the name of courtesy and respect, they should ask permission,

or they will just stay if no one is in the hangout so they would not get into issues

and conflicts with the members.

There are a lot more circumstances in relation to territorial behavior and

how nonverbal communication plays an important role in making the

communicative act a success.

The Greek letter organizations in the university may or may not be aware

that they are displaying territorial power and dominance within the campus most

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Terrorial Behavior Effects

Y-Values

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especially in their hangouts. The act may be intentional or unintentional and the

power and dominance thing might just be ascribed to them.

Some may acknowledge that yes, they are power-tripping sometimes

especially on freshmen but most of the time, members denounce that they

practice superiority among non-members and that they assert their power and

dominance. They are not even aware that they have that power and dominance

within the university.

Why in the first place do people clamor for power and dominance? Simply

because great power and dominance grant you more privilege, give you better

benefit, and heighten your popularity. The aftermath, people would look up to you

and you would feel superior. The opposite might also happen, people might hate

you for being a political scoundrel who loves to exercise excessive power without

consideration to other peoples feelings.

Interpretation is more often based on peoples feelings. Usually, people

infer based on actions. It is quite evident that people are quite more subjective

rather than objective in terms of interpreting and analyzing others behavioral

approach and action towards a certain situation.

Communication exists in our everyday living and it affects and influences

people and pinpoints even the most unnoticed behavior of people and its

outcome.

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