fascism: ◦ advocates extreme nationalism and a strong centralized government led by a dictator
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Fascism:◦ Advocates extreme
nationalism and a strong centralized government led by a dictator
Benito Mussolini
Communism:◦ Advocates one-party
rule and the elimination of private property, and does not tolerate opposition
Josef Stalin
Militarism:◦ Advocates extreme
nationalism, values military virtues and ideals, and takes an aggressive military approach to expanding its power
Hideki Tojo
Hirohito
Nazism:◦ Advocates extreme
nationalism, control of all industry by the state, the superiority of the Aryan race, and leadership by a dictator
Adolf Hitler
Democracy:◦ Government by the
people: supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by the people or their elected representatives
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Depression:◦ The entire worlds economy is bad and dictators
promise to provide more jobs for citizens Treaty of Versailles
◦ Germany forced to take blame, pay reparations ($32 billion), limited armed forces, and lose territory
Same 3 –isms◦ Nationalism◦ Imperialism◦ Backstabberism (secret alliances)
Factors Leading to the rise of Dictators
For girls, the organization prepared them for motherhood.
- The Hitler Youth catered for 10 to 18 year olds.
The task of the boys section was to prepare the boys for military service.
- There were separate organizations for boys and girls.
The Fuhrer Adolf Hitler Balder
Von Shirach
- Boys at 10, joined the Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People) until the age of 13
- At 13 they transferred to the Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) until the age of 18.
- "military athletics" (Wehrsport) included marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defense, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shooting.
- At the age of 10, joined the Jungmadelbund (League of Young Girls)
At the age of 14 transferred to the Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls).
Girls had to be able to run 60 meters in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 meters, complete a
2 hour march, swim 100 meters and know how to make a bed.
"A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12 dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw the international center for Jewry. It bombs the town. On take-off with all bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it returns from the crusade, there are still 230 kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft when empty ?"
"To keep a mentally ill person costs approximately 4 marks a day. There are 300,000 mentally ill people in care. How much do these people cost to keep in total? How many marriage loans of 1000 marks could be granted with this money?"
Anticommunist Fought in WWI for
Germany Went to jail
◦ Wrote Mein Kampf Called for unification of
Germans Aryan Race=Master
Race Slavic = Slaves Hated Jews
Worked to get Nazi party leaders elected
1933-Appointed Chancellor
1934 -Became President◦ Convinced other
parties to make him dictator (Fuhrer)
◦ Rebuilds Military
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Take over all of Europe◦ Blitzkrieg- “Lightening war”
Use a large number of tanks to break through Rapidly encircle enemy positions
Promote Germany and the Aryan Race◦ Unify all of the pure race◦ Rid Europe of Jews
Eventually he wanted to take over the world
Hitler’s Plan
Maginot Line: line of concrete bunkers built after WWI between France and Germany
Waited to be attacked ◦ Germany conquers Norway and Denmark
Invasion of France
Germany must go through Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg◦ French/British go to Belgium◦ Hitler comes through Ardennes Mountains◦ Traps French/British in Belgium
Dunkirk◦ Last port not controlled by Germans
Invasion of France (continued)
Hitler orders troops to stop advancing◦ Gives French/British 3 days to evacuate◦ 338,000 troops make it to Britain◦ Forced to leave all supplies behind in Belgium
June 22, 1940 - France surrenders to Germany
Invasion of France (continued)
June 1940 – Fall 1940
German Luftwaffe vs British Royal Air Force
August 23, 1940 ◦ Germany accidently bombs London◦ Britain bombs Berlin◦ Hitler targets London (civilians)◦ British have Radar
October 12, 1940 – Hitler calls off invasion
Battle of Britain
Genocide:◦ the deliberate and systematic extermination of a
national, racial, political, or cultural group.
Holocaust:◦ Extermination of unwanted from European society◦ 11 million total◦ 6 million Jews◦ Shoah – Hebrew term for the Holocaust (Jews)
The Holocaust
September 1935◦ Took away German Jews citizenship◦ Banned marriage betweens Jews and Germans
November 1935◦ Jews= 1 Jewish grandparent◦ Cannot serve in public office or vote◦ Passports marked with large red J
Summer 1936◦ ½ Jews Jobless◦ Jobs Banned: civil servants, journalists, farmers, teachers, and
actors
1938 – Lawyers, Doctors, Business Owners Banned
Nuremberg Laws
“Night of broken glass”
November 9, 1938◦ Anti-Jewish crime spree ordered by Hitler
90 Jews killed Hundreds injured Thousands terrorized 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed 180 synagogues wrecked
Jewish community forced to pay for damages
Kristallnacht
Anyone not of the pure master race (Aryan)◦ Jews◦ Communists◦ Gypsies (Roma) – Nomadic people (no country)◦ Poles and Slavic people◦ Christians◦ Homosexuals
Why couldn’t they flee?◦ Immigration quotas◦ Forced to leave all wealth in Germany
Undesirables
◦ 930 Jewish refugees sail to Cuba in 1939◦ Cuba refuses the ship, America refuses the
ship, ship goes back to Europe France, Holland, Belgium, and Britain
SS. St. Louis
Extermination of all Jews◦ Systematic murder
Wannsee Conference◦ January 20, 1942◦ 15 Nazi leaders meet to decide how to handle the
“Jewish Situation”
Final Solution
Sections of cities that would be designated for Jews to live in.◦ Jews forced to live here◦ overpopulated
Ghetto
Detention centers – worked until they die from exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition
Dachau – 1933 Buchenwald – 1937 – Weimar Germany
Concentration Camps
Camps designed purely for the execution
Auschwitz – Estimated 1,600,000 (1,3000,000 Jews)
Extermination Camp
Ghettoization◦ Over 800,000
Camps◦ 3,000,000
Death camps = 2,700,000
Open-Air Shootings◦ Over 1,300,000
Gas Chambers Gas vans Killing squads Starvation Exhaustion Disease Experiments
Nazi Killing Methods
Nye Committee◦ Documented huge profits arms companies made
off of WWI Increased desire to be isolationists
Neutrality Act of 1935◦ Illegal to sell arms to any country at war
Spanish Civil War◦ Cash and Carry policy
Pay for items in cash, pick them up on your own ship
America Stays Neutral
Destroyers-for-Bases Deal◦ 1940 – Britain wanted American Destroyers to
protect cargo ships from u-boats◦ 50 Destroyers – Bases on Newfoundland,
Bermuda, and Islands in the Caribbean
Lend-Lease Act◦ Could giver arms to any country considered “vital
to the defense of the US”◦ Country had to promise to return the arms or pay
rent for them
America Stays Neutral (Continued)
Hemispheric Defense Zone◦ Roosevelt declares western half of the Atlantic
Ocean neutral◦ US Navy patrols waters and sends location of U-
boats to Britain
Atlantic Charter◦ Churchill and Roosevelt
Postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom at sea
◦ German U-boats fire on US destroyers 115 American sailors killed
America Stays Neutral (Continued)
Why was Pearl Harbor attacked?◦ Export Control Act (July 1940)
Block sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan
◦ 1941 – Us Lend-Lease arms to China
◦ Freeze Japanese assets in America
◦ Cut back how much oil we sell Japan
◦ Send MacArthur to the Philippines (build forces)
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Yamamoto Plan
November 26th 1941◦ 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 24
supporting ships set sail for Pearl Harbor
Strike on US Soil
Deliver a Knock out Blow to the US
“I will show you an uninterrupted succession of victories, but if the war is prolonged 2 or 3 years I have no confidence in an ultimate victory”
Pearl HarborEffect of the Attack
Sinks 21 ships◦ 8 battleships◦ 3 cruisers◦ 4 destroyers◦ 6 other ships
Destroys 188 Airplanes
Killed 2,403
Injured 1,178
Converting Industries◦ Tanks replace cars
◦ Henry ford creates assembly line to build B-24 bombers
◦ Liberty ships
◦ All factories start making war materials
America Prepares for War
Victory Bonds◦ Lend money to
government, it gets paid back at a latter date
E-bonds $18.75-$25 (10 years)
Individuals $50 billion
Financial institutions $100 billion
America Prepares for War
Victory Gardens◦ Planting gardens to
produce more food during war time
Rationing◦ Limiting availability
of product to make sure there is enough to go around
America Prepares for War
Defeating the Nazi’s
Pinch Method: surround Hitler and close in on him from all sides~Russia from East~America from South~Britain/France from West
Soft Underbelly◦ Italy
Go through North Africa◦ Gives soldiers experience
September 8, 1943◦ Italy's king surrenders◦ Germans regain control◦ Fighting continues until
May 2, 1945
North African Campaign
As the Allies are attacking from the South and West Russia Attacks from the East
May 1942 – Stalingrad◦ Hitler orders men to take
control of the city to cut off Russian Supplies
◦ Results in 250,000 German troops being captured
◦ Turning point in the war
Russia in the East
Eisenhower heads mission
Use decoys to trick Germany
Attack planned for Normandy
Complications in planning:◦ Ships had to travel at night◦ Arrive at low tide◦ Paratroopers needed moonlit night◦ Needed good weather
Planning D-DAY
D-DAY
The Attack
Outcomes of D-day
June 6, 1944
Step 1: airborne attack to cause miscommunication
Step 2: beach invasion◦ 150,000+ men◦ 5,300 ships
9,000 allied troops killed
100,000 allied troops made it ashore
Mission was successful
Germany fighting 2 front war
Germany wanted to cut off Allied supplies coming through Belgium
Germany needed to capture Bastogne but allies got there first◦ Germany surrounds city
Allies bombed Germans and Patton broke though to the city (December 27th)
January 8th – Germans withdraw◦ 100,000+ casualties◦ Loss of tanks/aircrafts
Battle of the Bulge
By March 1945 – American troops fought their way to the Rhine river
March 7 – Allies captured Remagen◦ Germans did not destroy Ludendorf bridge
April 16 – Soviet troops broke through German defenses at Oder River
Germany agrees to unconditional surrender May 7, 1945
V-E Day May 8, 1945
1. Deception◦ Spies-misinformation◦ Normandy decoy
2. Hitler’s Mistakes◦ Overruns generals◦ Lack of supplies◦ Focuses too much on
Russia
3. Russian Winter◦ Pushed army to fight
Russia Not prepared for harsh
winter
4. Detroit◦ Industrial strength
Produce 1,000 bullets for every 1 bullet shot by Germany
Reasons Allies were Victorious in Europe
Bushido◦ Japanese fighting code of honor and no surrender
Why was fighting the Japanese different?◦ Race
Germans seen as good Soldiers Japanese seen as inhumane
◦ Fighting Technique Willing to kill themselves in battle to win
Fighting in the Pacific
To take down Japan the US needed to get close to the Japanese mainland
Had to hop from island to island capturing land and getting closer
Island Hopping
Japan is warned that if they do not surrender unconditionally they will face massive destruction
Japan refuses to surrender: US drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan
August 9, 1945 Soviet Union declares war on Japan
August 15, 1945 – Unconditional surrender
V-J DAY August 15, 1945
Creation of the Atomic Bomb
Manhattan Project: name of the American
project to create the atomic bomb
July 16, 1945:1st atomic bomb
detonated in New Mexico
Reasons for dropping the bomb
Reasons against dropping the bomb
Ends war quickly Leads to new technology
using nuclear power Symbol of Us power Minimize American death We don’t want to waste
the bomb
Damage to long-term relationship with Japan
Civilians would die Might hit wrong target Give other countries ideas
about atomic bombs Creates bad reputation Japanese may get mad
and fight back more (maybe they have a bomb)
Unknown effects of radiation
August 6, 1945
“Little Boy”
Hiroshima – important industrial city
120,000 die instantly◦ Thousands more
afterwards
Bomb 1