1 © Eric Yu 2001

Agenda Session 1 – Introduction

December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations• Basic concepts

– The Strategic Dependency Model– The Strategic Rationale Model

• More Examples– Software process modelling– Software architecture– Business redesign

• Homework

2 © Eric Yu 2001

3 © Eric Yu 2001

The intentional structure of a software process

• What goals does an actor want others to achieve?

• What tasks does an actor want others to perform?

• What resources does an actor want others to furnish?

• The intentional structure of a software process ismodelled as a network of intentional dependencies among actors – the actor dependency model.

4 © Eric Yu 2001

Understanding a software process

• The “whys” can be traced to motivations, goals, and interests of different participants/ stakeholders in the software process.

5 © Eric Yu 2001

Modelling the intentional structure of a (simple) software process

6 © Eric Yu 2001

Roles, Agents, and Positions

7 © Eric Yu 2001

Software process example from IWSP 6/7

8 © Eric Yu 2001

Analyzing opportunities

• Matching Wants and Abilities

9 © Eric Yu 2001

Analyzing vulnerabilities

• Example of enforcement mechanism– Reciprocal dependency

• Loop analysis

10 © Eric Yu 2001

Analyzing vulnerabilities

• Example of assurance mechanism– Goal synergy or conflict

• Node analysis

11 © Eric Yu 2001

Agenda Session 1 – Introduction

December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations• Basic concepts

– The Strategic Dependency Model– The Strategic Rationale Model

• More Examples– Software process modelling– Software architecture– Business redesign

• Homework

12

Modelling software architecture with i*

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business Goals: an Agent and Goal-Oriented Approach. ICSE-2001 Workshop: From Software Requirements to Architectures (STRAW 2001) May 2001. pp. 13-21.

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns. Requirement Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36.

13 © Eric Yu 2001

Agents at Design Level

14 © Eric Yu 2001

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business Goals:an Agent and Goal-oriented Approach.  STRAW01 at ICSE 2001.

DesignReasoning

15 © Eric Yu 2001

Goals in Design Patterns

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns. Requirement Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36.

The reasoning structure behind the Observer pattern

16 © Eric Yu 2001

Agenda Session 1 – Introduction

December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations• Basic concepts

– The Strategic Dependency Model– The Strategic Rationale Model

• More Examples– Software process modelling– Software architecture– Business redesign

• Homework

17

Strategic Modelling for Strategic Modelling for Enterprise IntegrationEnterprise Integration

Eric YuUniversity of Toronto

14th World CongressInternational Federation of Automatic Control July 5-9, 1999 Beijing China

18 © Eric Yu 2001

Consider one very successful enterprise...

• important organizational and social aspects are missing in conventional models

19 © Eric Yu 2001

A Strategic Dependency Model

actor

goal dependencytask dependencyresource dependencysoftgoal dependency

LEGEND

20 © Eric Yu 2001

Wants and Abilities

I want...

I can provide

...

21 © Eric Yu 2001

Some strategic dependencies between IKEA and its customers

22 © Eric Yu 2001

A Strategic Rationale Model

23 © Eric Yu 2001

Roles, Positions, Agents

•A Strategic Dependency model showing reward structure for improving performance, based on an example in [Majchrzak96]

agent

position

role

LEGEND

24 © Eric Yu 2001

Agenda Session 1 – Introduction

December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations• Basic concepts

– The Strategic Dependency Model– The Strategic Rationale Model

• More Examples– Software process modelling– Software architecture– Business redesign

• Homework Homework

25 © Eric Yu 2001

Homework exercise:Work out a small i* modelling example from your own experience

• At least 2 SD models (before vs. after, or as-is vs. to-be) and an SR model showing the reasoning behind the change.

• Pick an area that you know well, or have thought about recently.

• Characteristics to look for:– 2 or more actors (possibly with multiple roles) – Different strategic interests, possibly conflicting– Some freedom of action in operational processes

26 © Eric Yu 2001

Example areas (just to get your imagination going…)

• E-business models – clicks vs. bricks, B2C, B2B• Educational systems, organizational structures –

online vs. classroom learning • Healthcare – payment methods, prevention vs.

treatment• Government/administrative processes – multi-step

approval processes, can they be concurrent?• Financial services – linking to purchase patterns?• Food production, preparation, delivery,

consumption – cultural preferences, differences. Eg. Pizza online?

• Entertainment – personalized video programming?• Transportation – parking & traffic congestion• Publishing – e-books, e-journals…

27 © Eric Yu 2001

Once you have a basic model…(an as-is SD, and an initial SR)

Consider whether these are applicable:– Producer/consumer relationships

• What do they want from each other?

– Regulators, evaluators, … - why are they needed?– Intermediaries, eg. Brokers– Markets vs. hierarchies– Roles vs. holders of roles

For ideas about alternative SD’s, consider:– Eliminating or adding actors (eg. Intermediaries)– Shifting responsibilities between 2 actors (move

up/down along means-ends chain)– Changing the dependency type (eg. Softgoal to

hardgoal)– Reassigning roles to different agents/positions

28 © Eric Yu 2001

Further ideas about sources of disturbances prompting change

• New technologies – Internet, mobile phone, GIS, web services, digital imaging, ….

• New knowhow, techniques – preventive healthcare…

• Migration of people, with knowhow, attitudes, resources – gain/loss

• Changes in attitudes – eg. Notions of quality, safety…

• Changes in supply/demand of important resources – eg. Oil, time – abrupt change or critical limits

• Changes in legislation, policies, authorities, standards, dominant players, …