Effect of nitrogen management on Effect of nitrogen management on nitrogen uptake, dry matter nitrogen uptake, dry matter production and some yield production and some yield

parametersparameters

In The Name Of GOD

Mandana Tayefe, Ebrahim Amiri, and Azin Nasrollah Zade

IIntroductionntroduction

RICE (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most RICE (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops of the world, grown in important cereal crops of the world, grown in wide range of climatic zones. wide range of climatic zones.

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient in Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient in irrigated rice production.irrigated rice production.

It is the most yield-limiting nutrient in It is the most yield-limiting nutrient in irrigated rice production around the world.irrigated rice production around the world.

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IIntroductionntroduction Nitrogen contributes to spikelet production during early panicle Nitrogen contributes to spikelet production during early panicle

formation stage, and contributes to sink size during the late formation stage, and contributes to sink size during the late panicle formation stage. Nitrogen also plays a role in grain panicle formation stage. Nitrogen also plays a role in grain filling, improving the photosynthetic capacity, and promoting filling, improving the photosynthetic capacity, and promoting carbohydrate accumulation in culms and leaf sheathscarbohydrate accumulation in culms and leaf sheaths

Use of N fertilizers in adequate amount, form and methods of Use of N fertilizers in adequate amount, form and methods of application are important management strategies of this application are important management strategies of this element.element.

Nitrogen use efficiency has been defined in various ways, but Nitrogen use efficiency has been defined in various ways, but

these definitions generally take into account quantity of N these definitions generally take into account quantity of N accumulated in the plant, known as uptake efficiency and accumulated in the plant, known as uptake efficiency and quantity of N utilized in grain production known as utilization quantity of N utilized in grain production known as utilization efficiencyefficiency..

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IntroductionIntroduction

The present investigation was undertaken to The present investigation was undertaken to have a detailed account of the effect of have a detailed account of the effect of commercially-available nitrogenous (N) commercially-available nitrogenous (N) fertilizers (Urea) on the nitrogen uptake, dry fertilizers (Urea) on the nitrogen uptake, dry matter production, yield and some yield matter production, yield and some yield components of commercial rice varieties in components of commercial rice varieties in Iran.Iran.

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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute, The field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Guilan, Iran, during the growing season.Rasht, Guilan, Iran, during the growing season.

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications.design with three replications.

4 nitrogen fertilizers levels: (N1: without fertilizer, N2: 30 4 nitrogen fertilizers levels: (N1: without fertilizer, N2: 30 kilogram per hectare in one division during transmission of kilogram per hectare in one division during transmission of seedling from nursery to the main field, N3: 60 kilogram per seedling from nursery to the main field, N3: 60 kilogram per hectare in two divisions during relocation of seedling from hectare in two divisions during relocation of seedling from nursery to the main field and tillering(30 days after nursery to the main field and tillering(30 days after transmission), and N4: 90 kilogram fertilizer per hectare in two transmission), and N4: 90 kilogram fertilizer per hectare in two divisions at the time of transferring seedlings from nursery to divisions at the time of transferring seedlings from nursery to the main field and in clawing stage). the main field and in clawing stage).

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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

Three different varieties were examined (Hashemi: v1, Three different varieties were examined (Hashemi: v1, Alikazemi: v2 and khazar: v3). Alikazemi: v2 and khazar: v3).

The N fertilization was applied as single incorporated The N fertilization was applied as single incorporated application of urea (46% N).application of urea (46% N).

Three hills in each plot were randomly selected and tagged Three hills in each plot were randomly selected and tagged for recording for recording plant height(cm), tillers/m2, punicle/m2 plant height(cm), tillers/m2, punicle/m2 at at harvest (95 days after transplanting).harvest (95 days after transplanting).

The net plots area were harvested and dried for 2 days at 70o The net plots area were harvested and dried for 2 days at 70o c.Grain weight, adjusted to 14% moisture content, was used c.Grain weight, adjusted to 14% moisture content, was used as estimates of grain yield (kg/ha). as estimates of grain yield (kg/ha).

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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

The net plots area (6 mThe net plots area (6 m22) were harvested and dried for 2 days at ) were harvested and dried for 2 days at 7070o o C.C.

Grain weight, adjusted to 14% moisture content, was used as Grain weight, adjusted to 14% moisture content, was used as estimates of grain yield (kg haestimates of grain yield (kg ha-1-1).).

Grain nitrogen concentration was determined by the methods of Grain nitrogen concentration was determined by the methods of micro-Kjeldal digestion, distillation, and titrationmicro-Kjeldal digestion, distillation, and titration. .

The data were analyzed statistically with MSTATC and SAS The data were analyzed statistically with MSTATC and SAS software were used in variance analysis and comparison of software were used in variance analysis and comparison of average.average.

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Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Nitrogen fertilization and variety had significant effects on Nitrogen fertilization and variety had significant effects on grain yield.grain yield.

Source df Grain yield

(kg/ha)Year 1 ns

R 4 ns

N 3 **

V 2 *

N*V 6 ns

Error 44 -

cv - -

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Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Maximum yield (3662 kg/ha) was obtained with the higher N Maximum yield (3662 kg/ha) was obtained with the higher N rate (90kgN/kg) with detecting yield decrease in the range of rate (90kgN/kg) with detecting yield decrease in the range of rates tested .rates tested .

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y = -0.0604x2 + 23.99x + 1834.3R2 = 0.9953

y = 0.1319x2 + 4.0745x + 2306.6R2 = 0.9928

y = -0.1324x2 + 34.076x + 2463.7R2 = 0.9918

0

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0 20 40 60 80 100

Nrate (kg ha-1)

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

ha

-1)

Hashemi

Kazemi

Khazar

Year 1

90% maximum yield

y = -0.1989x2 + 24.497x + 2126.9R2 = 0.9352

y = -0.0576x2 + 22.255x + 2061.9R2 = 0.9664

y = -0.0986x2 + 28.748x + 2266.7R2 = 0.9949

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0 20 40 60 80 100

N rate (kg ha-1)

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

ha

-1)

Hashemi

Kazemi

Khzar

Year 2

90% maximum yield

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion In his research presented that dry matter accumulation increased significantly In his research presented that dry matter accumulation increased significantly

with N fertilizer application in rice at all the growth stages of the crop. Also total with N fertilizer application in rice at all the growth stages of the crop. Also total biomass due to Khazar variety was higher than other varieties (7734 kg habiomass due to Khazar variety was higher than other varieties (7734 kg ha -1-1).).

Findings showed that N4 (90kgN/ha) caused higher panicle density (235.8/mFindings showed that N4 (90kgN/ha) caused higher panicle density (235.8/m22) ) (table2) .Also variety had significant effects on panicles m(table2) .Also variety had significant effects on panicles m -2-2.As Hashemi variety .As Hashemi variety had the highest panicles mhad the highest panicles m-2 -2 (235.9 m(235.9 m22).).

Differences between N rates due to total grains per panicle were not Differences between N rates due to total grains per panicle were not significant .Also variety had significant effect on total grains per panicle .As significant .Also variety had significant effect on total grains per panicle .As Khazar variety had the highest total grains per panicle (161) .Khazar variety had the highest total grains per panicle (161) .

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Variable total biomass (kg/ha) Yield (kg/ha) panicle/m2 Total grains per panicle

2008 7504a 3069a 217.66a 110.27a

2009 5860b 2911a 194.97a 102.63b

N1 5032d 2194c 179.33c 108.6a

N2 6241c 2749b 192.722bc 107a

N3 7169b 3356a 217.333ab 106.2a

N4 8386a 3662a 235.889a 103.8a

V1 5973b 2663b 235.917a 78.25b

V2 6339b 2893b 224.500b 80.04b

V3 7734a 3414a 158.542c 161a

Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Results could also explain the lower yields for Hashemi variety, Results could also explain the lower yields for Hashemi variety,

considering the high correlation between total dry matter production and considering the high correlation between total dry matter production and grain yield (R2 = 0.73 and 0.91 and 0.99 (first year) and R2 = 0.90 and grain yield (R2 = 0.73 and 0.91 and 0.99 (first year) and R2 = 0.90 and 0.95 and 0.99 (second year) for Khazar, Kazemi, Hashemi respectively.0.95 and 0.99 (second year) for Khazar, Kazemi, Hashemi respectively.

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y = 6E-05x2 - 0.3775x + 2417.3R2 = 0.7308

y = 7E-05x2 - 0.5949x + 3663.1R2 = 0.9192

y = -0.0001x2 + 2.731x - 9929.9R2 = 0.9969

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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Total dry matter (kg ha-1)

Gra

in y

ield

(k

g ha

-1)

Hashemi

Kazemi

Khzar

Year 1

y = -0.0001x2 + 1.691x - 2248.3R2 = 0.962

y = -3E-05x2 + 0.7789x - 524.53R2 = 0.9527

y = -5E-05x2 + 1.2434x - 2807.1R2 = 0.9937

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Total dry matter (kg ha-1)G

rain

yie

ld

(kg

ha-1

)

hashemi

Kazemi

Khazar

year 2

Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Grain N-uptake increased significantly with N .In the other hand, the highest grain N-Grain N-uptake increased significantly with N .In the other hand, the highest grain N-

uptake was due to Khazar variety. Khazar variety accumulated maximum N (52.41 uptake was due to Khazar variety. Khazar variety accumulated maximum N (52.41 kghakgha−1−1) in the grain. ) in the grain.

N4 (90kg N haN4 (90kg N ha-1-1) caused the highest content of straw N uptake (57.16 kg ha) caused the highest content of straw N uptake (57.16 kg ha-1-1). In N4 ). In N4 treatment (90 kg N hatreatment (90 kg N ha-1-1), the highest straw-N uptake was observed (22.16 kg ha), the highest straw-N uptake was observed (22.16 kg ha-1-1) and ) and the lowest content (12.61 kg hathe lowest content (12.61 kg ha-1-1) belonged to N1 (0 kg N ha) belonged to N1 (0 kg N ha-1-1). Straw N-uptake ). Straw N-uptake increased with nitrogen increasing, significantly. But result of variance analysis at 1% increased with nitrogen increasing, significantly. But result of variance analysis at 1% confidence level revealed that nitrogen uptake in straw had no significant response to confidence level revealed that nitrogen uptake in straw had no significant response to variety .variety .

Result of variance analysis at 1% confidence level revealed that nitrogen uptake in Result of variance analysis at 1% confidence level revealed that nitrogen uptake in total had a significant response to N fertilization. N4 treatment (90 kg N hatotal had a significant response to N fertilization. N4 treatment (90 kg N ha-1-1) caused ) caused the highest total-N uptake was observed (79.38 kg hathe highest total-N uptake was observed (79.38 kg ha-1-1) and the lowest content (45.77 ) and the lowest content (45.77 kg hakg ha-1-1) belonged to N1 (0 kg N ha) belonged to N1 (0 kg N ha-1-1). Total N-uptake increased, as nitrogen fertilizer ). Total N-uptake increased, as nitrogen fertilizer increased, significantly. Result of variance analysis at 1% confidence level revealed increased, significantly. Result of variance analysis at 1% confidence level revealed that total nitrogen uptake had significant response to variety .As Khazar variety that total nitrogen uptake had significant response to variety .As Khazar variety produced highest nitrogen-N uptake (71.54 kg haproduced highest nitrogen-N uptake (71.54 kg ha-1-1), Also the lowest content of total-N ), Also the lowest content of total-N uptake belonged to Hashemi variety (57.37 kg.hauptake belonged to Hashemi variety (57.37 kg.ha-1-1).).

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Total biomass (8386 kg/ha), grain yield (3662 kg/ha), panicles mTotal biomass (8386 kg/ha), grain yield (3662 kg/ha), panicles m-2-2 (235.8) and total grain per panicle (103.8) were reached the highest (235.8) and total grain per panicle (103.8) were reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. value at high nitrogen level.

Among the varieties the highest total biomass (7734 kg/ha), grain yield Among the varieties the highest total biomass (7734 kg/ha), grain yield (3414 kg/ha) and total grain per panicle (78.2) belonged to Khazar. Dry (3414 kg/ha) and total grain per panicle (78.2) belonged to Khazar. Dry matter, total N uptake was varied in different cultivars significantly and matter, total N uptake was varied in different cultivars significantly and Khazar variety had the highest contents. Total biomass and total N Khazar variety had the highest contents. Total biomass and total N uptake was varied significantly with the increasement of the amount of uptake was varied significantly with the increasement of the amount of nitrogen applied. As total biomass and total N uptake increased with nitrogen applied. As total biomass and total N uptake increased with increasing in N fertilizing.increasing in N fertilizing.

This information could be useful for genetic improvement programs This information could be useful for genetic improvement programs under development, and to select management practices that increase under development, and to select management practices that increase yield and N use of applied fertilizer.yield and N use of applied fertilizer.

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Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention

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