________ Ecology________ Ecology

Water has ________ propertiesWater has ________ properties

Heat ____________Heat ____________ Water changes temp very slowly because it can Water changes temp very slowly because it can

store ______. This protects living organisms from store ______. This protects living organisms from the _______ of abrupt temperature changes.the _______ of abrupt temperature changes.

Heat of ____________Heat of ____________ The temperature at which water turns to _______ is very The temperature at which water turns to _______ is very

________.________.

Expansion when _________Expansion when _________ Ice has a lower _________ than liquid water. Thus, Ice has a lower _________ than liquid water. Thus,

ice ______ on water.ice ______ on water.

Universal _______Universal _______

Water can _______ Water can _______ a wide variety of a wide variety of compounds. This compounds. This means it can means it can easily become easily become _______ by water-_______ by water-______wastes.______wastes.

                                                                    

_______ Water_______ Water

Examples – streams, rivers, and lakesExamples – streams, rivers, and lakes Source – ____________Source – ____________ Watershed – Ex. small streams Watershed – Ex. small streams

larger streams larger streams rivers rivers sea sea

______________________

_______–porous rock w/ _______–porous rock w/ water flowing throughwater flowing through

_____ Table – the level of _____ Table – the level of earth’s land crust to earth’s land crust to which the aquifer is _____which the aquifer is _____

__________ – the __________ – the circulation rate of circulation rate of groundwater is slow (300 groundwater is slow (300 to _______ years).to _______ years).

______________ WaterWater keeps us ______, moderates ________, keeps us ______, moderates ________,

_______ the land, removes and dilutes wastes and _______ the land, removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants, and moves continually through the pollutants, and moves continually through the __________ cycle__________ cycle::

Water covers _____% of Earth’s surface but Water covers _____% of Earth’s surface but only about _____% of the earth’s water supply is only about _____% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as available to us as liquid ___________liquid ___________..

Water By The _________Water By The _________ Oceans: ______%Oceans: ______%

Glaciers / polar ices caps: Glaciers / polar ices caps: _____%_____%

Groundwater: _____%Groundwater: _____%

Other land surface water Other land surface water (rivers, lakes): ____%(rivers, lakes): ____%

____% of all surface freshwater ____% of all surface freshwater is in is in Lake BaikalLake Baikal, Russia., Russia.

The The ______ Aquifer ______ Aquifer is the is the largest groundwater reserve.largest groundwater reserve.

The Middle East has the The Middle East has the _______ amount of naturally _______ amount of naturally available freshwater and uses available freshwater and uses __________________ for their water for their water supply.supply.

Lake Bikal is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world.

The Ogallala Aquifer is located in the central plains of the US because of watershed properties

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

Comparison of Comparison of ___________ sizes ___________ sizes and shares of and shares of the world’s the world’s ____________ ____________ among the among the continents.continents.

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Some precipitation infiltrates the __________ and Some precipitation infiltrates the __________ and

is stored in _____ and _______ (_____________).is stored in _____ and _______ (_____________). Water that does _____ sink into the ground or Water that does _____ sink into the ground or

evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ _______) evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ _______) into bodies of water.into bodies of water. The land from which the surface water _______ into a The land from which the surface water _______ into a

body of water is called its body of water is called its ____________________ or or __________________________. . (Largest is _____________________________).(Largest is _____________________________).

Fig. 14-3, p. 308

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Precipitation Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation

Confined Recharge Area

Runoff

Flowing artesian well

Recharge Recharge Unconfined Unconfined AquiferAquifer

Stream Well requiring a pumpInfiltration Water

table LakeInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquiferConfining impermeable rock layer Confining impermeable rock layer

Less permeable Less permeable material such as claymaterial such as clay

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

We currently use more than _____ of the We currently use more than _____ of the world’s reliable ______ of surface water and world’s reliable ______ of surface water and could be using ______ by 2025.could be using ______ by 2025.

About _____ of the water we withdraw from About _____ of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to these sources.these sources.

________ is the biggest user of water (70%), ________ is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and ____________ (10%).____________ (10%).

_________ _______________ ______

‣ _______ (physical) factors are the influences of the _______ (physical) factors are the influences of the non-living parts of the ecosystem.non-living parts of the ecosystem.

Examples include pH, _________ (saltiness), Examples include pH, _________ (saltiness), temperature, turbidity, nutrients, wind speed and temperature, turbidity, nutrients, wind speed and direction, humidity, _____________, water pressure, and direction, humidity, _____________, water pressure, and light intensity and water quality. light intensity and water quality.

‣ ________ factors are the influences of the living parts of ________ factors are the influences of the living parts of the ecosystem. Producers and consumers interact as the ecosystem. Producers and consumers interact as competitors, parasites, pathogens, symbionts, and competitors, parasites, pathogens, symbionts, and predators.predators.

_______ Affecting Aquatic _______ Affecting Aquatic EcosystemsEcosystems

Most of the Earth Is Covered Most of the Earth Is Covered with with WaterWater Aquatic life zonesAquatic life zones

__________ life zones__________ life zones LakesLakes Rivers and streamsRivers and streams Inland wetlandsInland wetlands

__________ life zones__________ life zones ( (_______ life zones_______ life zones)) Oceans and estuariesOceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelinesCoastlands and shorelines Coral reefsCoral reefs Mangrove forestsMangrove forests

FRESHWATER LIFE ZONESFRESHWATER LIFE ZONES

Freshwater life Freshwater life zones include:zones include: _______ (_____) _______ (_____)

waterwater such as such as lakes, ponds, and lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands.inland wetlands.

_______ (_____) _______ (_____) systemssystems such as such as streams and streams and rivers. rivers.

Figure 8-15Figure 8-15

Freshwater Streams and Freshwater Streams and Rivers:Rivers:From the _________ to the From the _________ to the ____________

Water flowing from mountains to sea creates Water flowing from mountains to sea creates _________ aquatic ________ and habitats. A river _________ aquatic ________ and habitats. A river is a system of different __________.is a system of different __________.

Figure 8-18Figure 8-18

__________ Stream __________ Stream Characteristics Characteristics

A narrow zone of _____, ______clear A narrow zone of _____, ______clear water that rushes over waterfalls and water that rushes over waterfalls and rapids. rapids.

Large amounts of ________ are present.Large amounts of ________ are present. Fish/organisms present. Ex. trout.Fish/organisms present. Ex. trout. Deposits _________ and ______.Deposits _________ and ______.

__________ Characteristics__________ Characteristics_______-moving water, less ______, _______-moving water, less ______,

warmer temperatures, and lots of warmer temperatures, and lots of algae and cyanobacteria.algae and cyanobacteria.

Provide different habitats and Provide different habitats and help _______ water.help _______ water.

Fig. 12-11, p. 267

• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries

• Deposit silt that maintains deltas

• Purify water

• Renew and renourish wetlands

• Provide habitats for wildlife

Natural Capital

Ecological Services of Rivers

_______ Systems (lakes _______ Systems (lakes and ponds)and ponds)

______in most aquatic systems is ______in most aquatic systems is found in surface, middle, and bottom found in surface, middle, and bottom layers.layers.

Temperature, access to sunlight for Temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient availability changes content, nutrient availability changes with ________.with ________. _________ zone (upper layer in deep _________ zone (upper layer in deep

water habitats): sunlight can penetrate.water habitats): sunlight can penetrate.

Lakes: _____________________Lakes: _____________________ Lakes are large natural bodies of standing Lakes are large natural bodies of standing

__________ formed from precipitation, runoff, __________ formed from precipitation, runoff, and groundwater seepage consisting of:and groundwater seepage consisting of: ________zone________zone (near shore, shallow, with rooted (near shore, shallow, with rooted

plants).plants). ________ zone________ zone (open, offshore area, sunlit). (open, offshore area, sunlit). ________ zone________ zone (deep, open water, too dark for (deep, open water, too dark for

photosynthesis).photosynthesis). _______ zone_______ zone (bottom of lake, nourished by dead (bottom of lake, nourished by dead

matter).matter).

Figure 8-16Figure 8-16

_________ ______________________ _____________

During ________ and _______ in deep During ________ and _______ in deep temperate zone lakes the become temperate zone lakes the become ______into temperature layers and ______into temperature layers and will overturn.will overturn. This ___________ the temperature at all This ___________ the temperature at all

depths.depths. _________ is brought from the surface to _________ is brought from the surface to

the lake bottom and _________ from the the lake bottom and _________ from the bottom are brought to the top.bottom are brought to the top.

____________ During the summer, lakes During the summer, lakes

become stratified into different become stratified into different _________ layers that resist _________ layers that resist ______ because summer ______ because summer sunlight warms surface waters, sunlight warms surface waters, making them less ______.making them less ______.

The ______ layer acts as a ______ The ______ layer acts as a ______ to the transfer of nutrients and to the transfer of nutrients and dissolved oxygen.dissolved oxygen.

________ ________________ ___________ Turnover___ Turnover

As __________ begin to As __________ begin to drop, the surface layer drop, the surface layer becomes more ______, becomes more ______, and it sinks to bottom. and it sinks to bottom. This mixing brings This mixing brings _______ from bottom _______ from bottom up to surface and up to surface and sends _______ to the sends _______ to the bottom.bottom.

_____ Turnover_____ Turnover As top water ______ As top water ______

and ice ______, it and ice ______, it _____ through and _____ through and below the cooler, below the cooler, less dense water, less dense water, _______ oxygen _______ oxygen ______ and ______ and nutrients ____.nutrients ____.

______ of Plant Nutrients on Lakes:______ of Plant Nutrients on Lakes:Too Much of a Good ThingToo Much of a Good Thing

Plant _________ from a lake’s Plant _________ from a lake’s environment affect the______and environment affect the______and numbers of _________ it can support.numbers of _________ it can support. __________________________(poorly nourished) (poorly nourished)

lake: Usually newly formed lake with lake: Usually newly formed lake with small supply of plant nutrient input.small supply of plant nutrient input.

________________ (well nourished) lake: Over (well nourished) lake: Over time, sediment, organic material, time, sediment, organic material, and inorganic nutrients wash into and inorganic nutrients wash into lakes causing excessive plant lakes causing excessive plant growth.growth.

Too Much of a Good ThingToo Much of a Good Thing

Most lakes fall somewhere between the two Most lakes fall somewhere between the two types of lakes and are called types of lakes and are called ____________ ____________ ______.______.

______ ________________ __________ Human inputs of nutrients from the Human inputs of nutrients from the

atmosphere and urban and agricultural areas atmosphere and urban and agricultural areas can _________ the eutrophication process.can _________ the eutrophication process.

Core Case Study: A Biological Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake Roller Coaster Ride in Lake ____________

Lake Victoria has lost their _______ fish Lake Victoria has lost their _______ fish species to large introduced ________ species to large introduced ________ fish.fish.

Figure 14-1Figure 14-1

Core Case Study: A Biological Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake Roller Coaster Ride in Lake VictoriaVictoria

___________ for Lake Victoria’s loss of ___________ for Lake Victoria’s loss of biodiversity:biodiversity: Introduction of _____ _______.Introduction of _____ _______. Lake experienced _______ blooms from Lake experienced _______ blooms from

nutrient _______.nutrient _______. Invasion of water _______ has blocked Invasion of water _______ has blocked

sunlight and deprived oxygen.sunlight and deprived oxygen. Nile perch is in ________ because it has Nile perch is in ________ because it has

eaten its own food supply.eaten its own food supply.

_________ _________ __________________

Freshwater ______ Wetlands: Freshwater ______ Wetlands: Vital _________Vital _________

Inland wetlands Inland wetlands act like natural act like natural ________ that ________ that absorb and absorb and store store _______water _______water from storms from storms and provide a and provide a variety of variety of wildlife _______.wildlife _______.

________________

An area of An area of ________ flooded, ________ flooded, often silty land often silty land ______ a river or ______ a river or lake.lake.

A lowland region A lowland region ________covered ________covered with water.with water.

________________

_______ _________ _______ _________ ______________

An area down by An area down by a ______ or _______ a ______ or _______ where lots of where lots of _________, like _________, like oaks, grow.oaks, grow.

These are ________ These are ________ that hold water out that hold water out on the ______, on the ______, especially up north in especially up north in Canada. It is a very Canada. It is a very good _____ habitat.good _____ habitat.

_______ ______________ _______

_____ _____ _________ _____ ____ A _____ area that over time fills in A _____ area that over time fills in

(the last stage of _________ is peat (the last stage of _________ is peat moss). It can be very deep. In moss). It can be very deep. In Ireland, they burn this for _____.Ireland, they burn this for _____.

Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Vital SpongesVital Sponges

Filter and degrade _________.(______ Filter and degrade _________.(______ water)water)

_________for many animals and plants._________for many animals and plants. Reduce ________ and ________ by Reduce ________ and ________ by

absorbing slowly releasing overflows.absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help ________ stream flows during dry Help ________ stream flows during dry

periods.periods. Help ________ ground _________.Help ________ ground _________. Provide economic ________ and ________.Provide economic ________ and ________.

___________ Aspects___________ Aspects

_______ and _______ want Congress to _______ and _______ want Congress to revise the ______ of wetlands. This revise the ______ of wetlands. This would make ______ of all wetlands would make ______ of all wetlands ________ for _________. The Audubon ________ for _________. The Audubon Society estimates that wetlands Society estimates that wetlands provide water quality protection worth provide water quality protection worth ________per year, and they say if that ________per year, and they say if that wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. would spend ____ billion to ___billion would spend ____ billion to ___billion per year in additional _____-control per year in additional _____-control costs.costs.

________ Systems________ Systems

Oceans Provide Vital _________l Oceans Provide Vital _________l

and _________ Resourcesand _________ Resources Estimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and Estimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and

__________________ Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zonesReservoirs of diversity in three major life zones

1.1. __________ zone__________ zone Warm, nutrient rich, shallowWarm, nutrient rich, shallow Shore to edge of continental shelfShore to edge of continental shelf Usually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrientsUsually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrients

2.2. Open ______Open ______

3.3. Ocean ________Ocean ________

Where species liveWhere species live

Key ________in the distribution of organismsKey ________in the distribution of organisms ________________________ Dissolved __________ contentDissolved __________ content Availability of ______Availability of ______ Availability of ______ and _________ needed for Availability of ______ and _________ needed for

photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone

____________________degree of cloudiness in waterdegree of cloudiness in water Inhibits photosynthesisInhibits photosynthesis

_____ and _____ Shores Host _____ and _____ Shores Host Different Types of OrganismsDifferent Types of Organisms

_________ zone (Beach Zone)_________ zone (Beach Zone) Rocky shoresRocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beachesSandy shores: barrier beaches

______ Zone ______ Zone - ______ part of ocean ______ part of ocean above the drop-off of the continental above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200m in depth.shelf, approximately 200m in depth.

Organism adaptations necessary to deal Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily _______ and ________ changeswith daily _______ and ________ changes

____________________ _______ beach – _______ environment that _______ beach – _______ environment that

threatens to engulf organisms & no threatens to engulf organisms & no protection against wave action. Most protection against wave action. Most animals ______ into sand. They move with animals ______ into sand. They move with the tides, so they’re always __________& the tides, so they’re always __________& don’t _____ out. don’t _____ out.

________ shore – ______ ________ shore – ______ wave action at high wave action at high tide; _______ out & temperature changes tide; _______ out & temperature changes during low. Animals have a way of _______ in during low. Animals have a way of _______ in moisture like a ______ & find way to cling to moisture like a ______ & find way to cling to ______ so they don’t get washed away with ______ so they don’t get washed away with waves.waves.

The Open Sea and Ocean The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Floor Host a Variety of SpeciesSpecies

Three vertical zones of the open Three vertical zones of the open sea (_______ Zone)sea (_______ Zone)1.1. _________ zone (0-200 meters)_________ zone (0-200 meters)

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton Nutrient levels ____Nutrient levels ____ __________ oxygen levels high__________ oxygen levels high

2.2. _________ zone (200-1500 meters)_________ zone (200-1500 meters) Dimly litDimly lit ____________ and smaller fishes____________ and smaller fishes

The Open Sea and Ocean Floor The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of SpeciesHost a Variety of Species

3.3. _________ zone (Extends to a depth of 4000 _________ zone (Extends to a depth of 4000 to 6000 meters or 2.5 to 3.7 miles). to 6000 meters or 2.5 to 3.7 miles).

_____and ____________and _______ High levels of ________High levels of ________ Little dissolved _______Little dissolved _______ Deposit and Filter feedersDeposit and Filter feeders

________brings nutrients to euphotic zone________brings nutrients to euphotic zone Primary productivityPrimary productivity

_________ Zone (ocean floor)_________ Zone (ocean floor)

The ocean floor consists of _________ The ocean floor consists of _________ (mostly sand and mud) (mostly sand and mud)

Many marine animals, like _____ and Many marine animals, like _____ and _______ burrow _______ burrow

_______ are common & can go down _______ are common & can go down 500 meters below ocean floor. The 500 meters below ocean floor. The Benthic environment extends from Benthic environment extends from the shore to the deep.the shore to the deep.

Fig. 8-6, p. 173

High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

Open SeaDepth in metersSea level

50Estuarine Zone

Euphotic Zone

100

Ph

otos

ynth

esis

Continental shelf

200

500Bathyal Zone

1,000

Tw

ilig

ht

1,500

Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline .

Abyssal Zone

2,000

3,000

4,000

Dar

kn

ess

5,000

10,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Water temperature (°C)

0

Fig. 8-5, p. 172

Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems

_________ in Aquatic Zones_________ in Aquatic Zones Aquatic systems contain organisms that Aquatic systems contain organisms that

float, drift, swim, bottom-dwell, and float, drift, swim, bottom-dwell, and decompose. These organisms are calleddecompose. These organisms are called: : _________, _________, _______, _______, & __________________, _______, & ___________

_____________ & __________________________ & _____________ ___________ are an ___________ are an

autotrophic group of weakly autotrophic group of weakly swimming, free-_______biota. swimming, free-_______biota.

Are ________ that support Are ________ that support most aquatic food chains.most aquatic food chains.

Provide much of the _______ Provide much of the _______ in Earth’s atmosphere and in Earth’s atmosphere and includeinclude::

Phytoplankton (plant-like Phytoplankton (plant-like organisms) and organisms) and cyanobacteriacyanobacteria

Different types of phytoplankton

Krill are one of the most important organisms in aquatic food chains especially for whales.

‣___________ are __________ that feed on plankton and are, in turn, the food stock for larger consumers like whales. These organisms include:

_______ and small ____________

________ and ________________ and ________

_______ are larger, actively _______ are larger, actively __________ consumers __________ consumers usually the ____ consumers usually the ____ consumers in the aquatic ecosystems in the aquatic ecosystems and include:and include:

Fish, whales and turtles Fish, whales and turtles _______ are bottom-_______ are bottom-

dwelling creatures that dwelling creatures that may be _________ may be _________ consumers or __________. consumers or __________. These highly diverse These highly diverse organisms may live in tide organisms may live in tide pools, shelves or the abyss pools, shelves or the abyss and include:and include:

Barnacles, oysters, lobsters Barnacles, oysters, lobsters and sea anemones and sea anemones

Sharks and Turtles are nektonic species

Benthos or “depths of the sea” are organisms that live on the ocean floor

_____ ______ and ___________ ______ and ______ ______ (Seaweed)______ (Seaweed)::

_______ algae provide habitats and food for _______ algae provide habitats and food for many organisms. ___________ leads to many organisms. ___________ leads to degradation of kelp forests as herbivores degradation of kelp forests as herbivores are released from the potential predators. are released from the potential predators. (Sea otter and the urchin.)(Sea otter and the urchin.)

Kelp is considered as a _________ resource Kelp is considered as a _________ resource because it is fast growing and yields large because it is fast growing and yields large amounts of methane. The fast growing amounts of methane. The fast growing algae has been the topic of renewable algae has been the topic of renewable energy talks because of the lack of an energy talks because of the lack of an ________ requirement.________ requirement.

__________________::

Seagrass is highly adaptable and serves as Seagrass is highly adaptable and serves as a _________ for many marine ecosystems. a _________ for many marine ecosystems. Seagrass can reduce _______and increase Seagrass can reduce _______and increase sedimentation through roots that stabilize sedimentation through roots that stabilize the seabed.the seabed.

Provide s_________ for organisms, wave protections, Provide s_________ for organisms, wave protections, oxygen production and _________storage.oxygen production and _________storage.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Built from layers of ________ _______, coral Built from layers of ________ _______, coral

reefs are found in ______, ________ sea reefs are found in ______, ________ sea water. The living portions must grow in water. The living portions must grow in shallow waters where light hits. Grow shallow waters where light hits. Grow _______, as one dies another grows on it._______, as one dies another grows on it.

______ ____________ ______

Coral Reefs: Centers of Coral Reefs: Centers of __________________ Marine equivalent of ________ rain forestsMarine equivalent of ________ rain forests Reefs are the ______ source for marine life, Reefs are the ______ source for marine life,

________ grounds for fish and bird species, and ________ grounds for fish and bird species, and shelter and hiding place for many species.shelter and hiding place for many species.

Loss of reefs removes habitats as they are Loss of reefs removes habitats as they are habitats for _____ of all marine species. habitats for _____ of all marine species. This _______ biodiversity or richness and This _______ biodiversity or richness and could cause the ________ or decrease in could cause the ________ or decrease in populations of marine organisms.populations of marine organisms.

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs

______ and protection ________ areas from waves and ______ and protection ________ areas from waves and storms. Prevents destruction of coastal habitats or storms. Prevents destruction of coastal habitats or erosion of shoreline habitats.erosion of shoreline habitats.

Waters where reefs are found are often _____ in Waters where reefs are found are often _____ in nutrients but have other _________ factors such as nutrients but have other _________ factors such as temperature, sunlight year round, and ______________.temperature, sunlight year round, and ______________.

Reefs are a major _______ sink in the ocean and this Reefs are a major _______ sink in the ocean and this carbon storage would be lost.carbon storage would be lost.

____________ Reef____________ Reef

The most ________ type of The most ________ type of coral reef. It is directly coral reef. It is directly attached to the shore of a attached to the shore of a ________ island or ________.________ island or ________.

Types of Coral Reefs

____________

A _______ reef that surrounds a A _______ reef that surrounds a central ________ of quiet water. central ________ of quiet water.

An atoll forms on top of the An atoll forms on top of the cone of a _________ volcanic cone of a _________ volcanic island. island.

More than 300 atolls are found More than 300 atolls are found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

________ Reef________ Reef

A ______ of open water ______ A ______ of open water ______ the land from the barrier reef. the land from the barrier reef.

The largest barrier reef is the The largest barrier reef is the ______ Barrier Reef off the ______ Barrier Reef off the coast of ________. coast of ________.

The second largest is off the The second largest is off the coast of _______.coast of _______.

Coral Reef _______Coral Reef _______Of the 109 countries with large Of the 109 countries with large

reefs, ____are damaging them, reefs, ____are damaging them, and ____% of the coral reefs are and ____% of the coral reefs are at ______risk, especially off the at ______risk, especially off the coast of Southeastern Asia.coast of Southeastern Asia.

In the western Atlantic, In the western Atlantic, _______% of all coral species are _______% of all coral species are either ______ or __________.either ______ or __________.

Coral Reef Risks Con’tCoral Reef Risks Con’t

_______ washing from downstream has _______ washing from downstream has ___________ the reefs___________ the reefs

High _______ from fresh water High _______ from fresh water diversion, over-fishing, boat diversion, over-fishing, boat groundings, fishing with dynamite or groundings, fishing with dynamite or cyanide, hurricane damage, disease, cyanide, hurricane damage, disease, coral _________, land reclamation, coral _________, land reclamation, tourism, and the ________ of coral for tourism, and the ________ of coral for building materials.building materials.

__________ of__________ of

Provides _________with seafood, Provides _________with seafood, pharmaceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, and recreational/tourism dollarsrecreational/tourism dollars

______ coral reefs in ____ countries are ______ coral reefs in ____ countries are protected as reserves or parks, and protected as reserves or parks, and another _____ have been recommended another _____ have been recommended for protection.for protection.

The good news is coral reefs ______ The good news is coral reefs ______ often recover from damage.often recover from damage.

Fig. 8-12, p. 177

Gray reef sharkGray reef shark

Sea nettleSea nettle

Green sea turtle

Green sea turtle

Blue tangBlue tang

Fairy bassletFairy basslet

Parrot fishParrot fishBrittle starBrittle star

Sergeant majorSergeant majorHard coralsHard corals AlgaeAlgae

Banded coral shrimp

Banded coral shrimp

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Symbiotic algae

Symbiotic algae

ConeyConey

ZooplanktonZooplankton Blackcap bassletBlackcap basslet

SpongesSponges

Moray eel

Moray eel

BacteriaBacteria

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Human ________ Are Disrupting Human ________ Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine and Degrading Marine SystemsSystems

Major _______ to marine systems Major _______ to marine systems Coastal developmentCoastal development __________________________ Use of fishing __________ Use of fishing __________ Runoff of nonpoint source pollutionRunoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollutionPoint source pollution Habitat _____________Habitat _____________ Introduction of___________speciesIntroduction of___________species Climate ________ from human activitiesClimate ________ from human activities _________of coastal wetlands and estuaries_________of coastal wetlands and estuaries

Ocean _________Ocean _________ The ocean acts as a The ocean acts as a ____ sink____ sink, absorbing much of , absorbing much of

the _____ produced by the burning of fossil _______.the _____ produced by the burning of fossil _______. COCO22 reacting with water forms reacting with water forms _______ acid_______ acid through through

the chemical reaction: the chemical reaction: COCO22 + H + H22O HO H22COCO33

An _________ in carbonic acid levels is causing the An _________ in carbonic acid levels is causing the _____ of the oceans to fall. This has major _____ of the oceans to fall. This has major implications for marine life.implications for marine life.

50510152025

8.4

8.3

8.2

8.1

8.0

7.9

7.8

7.7

7.6

pH

of

oce

an

surf

ace

Time (millions of years before present)

8.3

8.2

8.1

8.0

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

7.8

7.9

Possible pH range

Effect of Ocean Effect of Ocean AcidificationAcidification

Atmospheric carbon dioxide

CO2

Carbonic acidH2CO3

Water H2O

+

Bicarbonate ions

HCO3-

Hydrogen ionsH+

Carbonate ions from the sea

CO32-

+

Deformed shells

Dissolved carbon dioxide

CO2

‣ Because the oceans are naturally __________,Because the oceans are naturally __________,acidification will not produce _____ waters.acidification will not produce _____ waters.

‣ Shells will not dissolve but organismsShells will not dissolve but organismswill find it more difficult to gain the ______ ionswill find it more difficult to gain the ______ ionsneeded to _______ shells.needed to _______ shells.

‣ Shell making organisms are able to useShell making organisms are able to use______ but cannot use ______.______ but cannot use ______.

‣ ___________ lowers the amount of CO___________ lowers the amount of CO332-2- available. available.

Ocean pHOcean pH _____ is a logarithmic scale, so even a small pH change _____ is a logarithmic scale, so even a small pH change

represents a large change in ____.Thus a pH of 5 is represents a large change in ____.Thus a pH of 5 is ____x more acidic than a pH of ___.____x more acidic than a pH of ___.

Some areas are affected by pH change more than Some areas are affected by pH change more than others. Changes may be due to:others. Changes may be due to:

higher human activity, e.g. sea ______ in the North Seahigher human activity, e.g. sea ______ in the North Sea

natural _________ that affect COnatural _________ that affect CO22 uptake, e.g. underwater uptake, e.g. underwater ____________________

Image: Plumbago using GLODAP data

Amount of change in ocean surface pH since 1900

-0.12 - 0.1 - 0.08 - 0.06 - 0.04 - 0.02 0 (or no data)

Change of -0.07 pH units

Healthy Vs. UnhealthyHealthy Vs. Unhealthy

Coral ____________

__________ and __________: __________ and __________: Gone Fishing, Fish GoneGone Fishing, Fish Gone

Since ______, major decline in fishing.Since ______, major decline in fishing. About _____% of the world’s commercially About _____% of the world’s commercially

valuable marine fish species are over fished valuable marine fish species are over fished or fished near their sustainable limits.or fished near their sustainable limits. ____ fish are becoming scarce.____ fish are becoming scarce. Smaller fish are next.Smaller fish are next. We throw away ___% of the fish we catch.We throw away ___% of the fish we catch. We needlessly kill sea _______ and _____.We needlessly kill sea _______ and _____.

_________- fish or animals that were not meant to be _________- fish or animals that were not meant to be caughtcaught

Fish farming in cage

Trawler fishing

Spotter airplane

Sonar

Trawl flap

Trawl lines

Purse-seine fishing

Trawl bagFish school

Drift-net fishingLong line fishing

Lines with hooks

Fish caught by gills

Deep sea aquaculture cage

Float Buoy

Fig. 11-18, p. 259

_______ of _____________ of ______ ____________________________- large ________-like net is put into the ocean and is - large ________-like net is put into the ocean and is

then closed like a drawstring purse to trap the fish. then closed like a drawstring purse to trap the fish. Tuna is a fish typically caught in purse seinesTuna is a fish typically caught in purse seines Dolphins are a by-catch of purse seinesDolphins are a by-catch of purse seines

____________________________- _______ are put out that can be up to ____miles long - _______ are put out that can be up to ____miles long w/ thousands of baited hooks on them. These are left out free-w/ thousands of baited hooks on them. These are left out free-floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up. floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up.

Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are by-catch of Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are by-catch of this technique.this technique.

______________________________- ______ that hangs as much as _____ feet below the - ______ that hangs as much as _____ feet below the surface and up to _____ miles long. surface and up to _____ miles long. Anything that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets Anything that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets

are entangled. are entangled. Many unwanted fish and marine mammals, turtles and seabirds Many unwanted fish and marine mammals, turtles and seabirds

are caught.are caught.

Types of nets cont.Types of nets cont.

Area of ocean ______ and _____ a trawler netArea of ocean ______ and _____ a trawler net _______ net scrapes bottom of ocean acting like a _______ net scrapes bottom of ocean acting like a

giant plow.giant plow.

Figure 11-2Figure 11-2

Population Growth and Population Growth and PollutionPollution

Each year Each year _______ items _______ items dumped from dumped from ______ and ______ and left as litter left as litter on _________ on _________ threaten threaten marine life.marine life.

______ Pacific ______ Patch______ Pacific ______ Patch

_______ trash vortex_______ trash vortex, is an area o, is an area of f high relative concentrations of high relative concentrations of pelagic _______,  _______, chemical sludge and  and other ______ that have been trapped other ______ that have been trapped by the currents of the by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre

Case Study: Protecting ______: Case Study: Protecting ______: A Success Story… So FarA Success Story… So Far

___ of ____ species hunted to ___ of ____ species hunted to commercial extinction by 1975commercial extinction by 1975

_____: U.S. stopped commercial _____: U.S. stopped commercial whaling and ______ imports of whaling and ______ imports of whale products.whale products.

_____: Moratorium on _____: Moratorium on commercial whalingcommercial whaling 42,480 whales killed in 197042,480 whales killed in 1970 1500 killed in 20091500 killed in 2009 _______, _______, and _______ _______, _______, and _______

ignore moratoriumignore moratorium

Case Study: Holding Out Hope Case Study: Holding Out Hope for for _________ Turtles_________ Turtles ________to the leatherback turtle________to the leatherback turtle

________ and drowning in fishing nets________ and drowning in fishing nets _________ _________ Eggs used as ______Eggs used as ______ ________________ ________ change________ change

Fishing boats using turtle _______ devicesFishing boats using turtle _______ devices ___________ protecting the turtles___________ protecting the turtles

Sea Turtle SpeciesSea Turtle Species

Fig. 11-9, p. 262

__________________

EstuariesEstuaries Estuaries are partially _______ Estuaries are partially _______

area of coastal water where sea area of coastal water where sea water ______ with freshwater and water ______ with freshwater and are constantly changingare constantly changing. .

________, temperature, suspended ________, temperature, suspended solids, storms (precipitation), and solids, storms (precipitation), and tidal cycles fluctuate with the tidal cycles fluctuate with the time of year. time of year. Organisms that live in this unique habitat Organisms that live in this unique habitat

must be able to __________ these must be able to __________ these conditions.conditions.

__________ that are transported __________ that are transported from rivers brings a high amount from rivers brings a high amount of nutrients.of nutrients. This allows a place of ________ for many This allows a place of ________ for many

ocean species and thus makes estuaries ocean species and thus makes estuaries highly _________ and very ________ highly _________ and very ________ supporting complex food webssupporting complex food webs..

______ Marshes______ Marshes The ground here is ________ with water The ground here is ________ with water

and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ and _____, and contains many _________. and _____, and contains many _________. It is also the _______ ground for many It is also the _______ ground for many ______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish.______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish.

__________ Forests__________ Forests Located along ______, Located along ______,

________ coasts where ________ coasts where there is too much _____ for there is too much _____ for coral reefs to grow. coral reefs to grow. Dominated by __________ Dominated by __________ trees called _________ (55 trees called _________ (55 different species exist). different species exist).

Helps _______ the coastline Helps _______ the coastline from _______ and provides from _______ and provides a _______ nursery for some a _______ nursery for some ______ species of fish, ______ species of fish, invertebrates, and plants.invertebrates, and plants.

                                  

________ Ecosystem _________________ Ecosystem _________ Estuaries serve as a _______ sink by absorbing large amounts Estuaries serve as a _______ sink by absorbing large amounts

of COof CO22 (sink) and they also serve as ________for _________ by (sink) and they also serve as ________for _________ by trapping sediments and pollutants.trapping sediments and pollutants.

They act as ___________ as they absorb water recharging They act as ___________ as they absorb water recharging ______________ stores and controlling ___________ by slowing ______________ stores and controlling ___________ by slowing flow of water.flow of water.

Economically wetlands are important as well:Economically wetlands are important as well:Provide ______________ and recreational income through Provide ______________ and recreational income through fishing, recreation, and photography.fishing, recreation, and photography.Allow for protected waterway passage between rivers and Allow for protected waterway passage between rivers and oceans.oceans.Protect property by __________ shores form flow of water and Protect property by __________ shores form flow of water and erosion.erosion._______ sewage and storm water that would otherwise be _______ sewage and storm water that would otherwise be paid for by the local community.paid for by the local community.

Coastal ecosystems can easily be affected by _______ sea Coastal ecosystems can easily be affected by _______ sea levels, storms, temperature change, and rate of water levels, storms, temperature change, and rate of water cycling.cycling.

__________ of Estuaries__________ of Estuaries

Just one acre of estuary provides Just one acre of estuary provides $________ worth of free _______ $________ worth of free _______ treatment, and has a value of about treatment, and has a value of about $________ when recreation and fish for $________ when recreation and fish for food are included. food are included.

Prime Kansas _________ has a top value Prime Kansas _________ has a top value of $1,200 and an annual production of $1,200 and an annual production value of $600.value of $600.

Case Study: The __________ Case Study: The __________ Bay—an Estuary in TroubleBay—an Estuary in Trouble

__________estuary in the US; polluted since __________estuary in the US; polluted since 19601960

Human ___________increasedHuman ___________increased _______and ______point sources raised pollution_______and ______point sources raised pollution __________and _______levels too high__________and _______levels too high Excess sediments from ________ and decreased Excess sediments from ________ and decreased

vegetationvegetation Increased _______Zone – areas of no or little Increased _______Zone – areas of no or little

________ where nothing can live________ where nothing can live

Case Study: The Chesapeake Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in TroubleBay—an Estuary in Trouble

________a keystone species, greatly ________a keystone species, greatly reducedreduced

________: Chesapeake Bay Program________: Chesapeake Bay Program Integrated coastal ________with local, state, Integrated coastal ________with local, state,

federal governments and citizens’ groupsfederal governments and citizens’ groups ______ update:______ update:

25 years and $6 billion25 years and $6 billion Program met only ______% of goalsProgram met only ______% of goals Water quality “_____ _____”Water quality “_____ _____”

Fig. 8-14, p. 180

Chesapeake Bay

The __________The __________

Southern Florida to the Southern Florida to the KeysKeys

Case Study: Case Study: _________ the Florida _________ the Florida EvergladesEverglades

The world’s ________ ecological restoration The world’s ________ ecological restoration project involves trying to ______ some of the project involves trying to ______ some of the _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ activities.activities. ____% of park’s wading birds have vanished.____% of park’s wading birds have vanished. Other vertebrate populations down _______%.Other vertebrate populations down _______%. Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the

park have been ________ for _____ and _____.park have been ________ for _____ and _____. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms.

____________________ As Miami develops, it ________ on As Miami develops, it ________ on

everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. ________. It is __________ and local areas ________. It is __________ and local areas are ________ it.are ________ it.

Restoring the Restoring the Florida Florida EvergladesEverglades

The project The project has been has been attempting to attempting to ______ the ______ the ________ and ________ and Florida Florida _____supplies._____supplies.

Figure 11-13Figure 11-13

______________________________Build huge ________, or find other Build huge ________, or find other

sources of ______ water an sources of ______ water an protect it ______ under _______ protect it ______ under _______ species act, etc.species act, etc.

_______ Effects on _______ Effects on Aquatic SystemsAquatic Systems Most water used by humans comes Most water used by humans comes

from rivers, lakes, & aquifers.from rivers, lakes, & aquifers. ________rivers for electricity affects ________rivers for electricity affects

water flow downstream as seen in water flow downstream as seen in the James Bay project in Quebec the James Bay project in Quebec with over 600 dams blocking 19 with over 600 dams blocking 19 rivers.rivers.

_______ and ________ for drinking _______ and ________ for drinking water displace vast amounts of the water displace vast amounts of the water for these resource stores.water for these resource stores.

________ from fertilizers, waste, an ________ from fertilizers, waste, an sewage can have paralyzing sewage can have paralyzing effects on rivers, lakes, and effects on rivers, lakes, and oceans.oceans.

These actions can have dramatic These actions can have dramatic effects on the _________ and can effects on the _________ and can cause loss of biodiversity.cause loss of biodiversity.

Irrigation can move move millions of liters of water from rivers and aquifers, affecting land down stream.

Damming and diverting rivers lowers the availability of water downstream and stops annual floods that

replace soil nutrients.

Dams, locks and other obstacles make it very difficult for migratory fish to find their way to breeding grounds.

________ Species Are ________ Species Are Degrading Degrading Aquatic BiodiversityAquatic Biodiversity

Invasive species Invasive species _______ native species_______ native species Disrupt and degrade whole Disrupt and degrade whole

ecosystemsecosystems

Two examplesTwo examples _____________: waterways of _____________: waterways of

south Florida south Florida _______ in the Atlantic_______ in the Atlantic ______________________________