“ e ngineering education, international mobility and upward social mobility ” gabriel poloniecki
TRANSCRIPT
“ENGINEERING EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY AND
UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY”
Gabriel POLONIECKI
1. Introduction2. Social mix in French higher
education3. Engineering studies in France4. Alternative ways to become an
engineer in France5. International mobility6. Concluding remarks
Overview
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1. Introduction
Engineering Education forSustainable Development and Social Inclusion
Social Mobility
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4
2. Social mix in French higher education
Republican model, meritocracy Public and almost free education National final exam at the end of high
school (Baccalauréat) Public universities without selective
entrance for a lot of fields Almost free prep. Schools and competitive
examination entrance for schools (Grandes Ecoles)
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Some figuresProportion of need-based grant holders
Upper SEC
parents
Lower SEC
parents
All Higher Education Institutions 27%
Universities (without IUT) 30% 30% 22%
Business Schools 12% < 10%
Engineering Schools 23% 46% 10%
IUT (Associate degrees) 47% 29% 23%
STS (Associate degrees) 40% 15% 38%
CPGE (Two-yrs course, competitive exam. prep.) 26% 49% 16%
Social « lift » ?
2. Social mix situation in HE in France
Socio-economic class
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3. Engineering studies in France Prestigious degree and title. Well-
considered level of French engineers National Accreditation - CTI
Independent Schools (most of them), not Faculties. Quite small size.
A few of Univ. of Technology Very selective entrance
Commission des Titres d’Ingénieur (Engineer title commission)
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High School
CPGE1CPGE2
5 yrs. Sch. (1st)
5 yrs. Sch. (2nd)
Eng. Grad. Sch. 1Eng. Grad. Sch. 2Eng. Grad. Sch. 3
ENGINEER
5 yrs Sch. (3rd)5 yrs Sch. (4th)5 yrs Sch. (5th)
3. Eng. studies in France
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Schools point of view (CTI)
Excellent results, why should it change ? Absence of upward social mobility :
problem for companies and even more for the whole society
Companies & Schools Social Responsability France needs more engineers, about 30%
more per year (30k to 40k) (CDEFI)
4. Alternative ways to become an Engineer in France
CDEFI : Conférence des Directeurs des Ecoles Françaises d’Ingénieurs
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Less attractivity on STEM fields Encouraged by National Accreditation
Commission (CTI) and Government Need to enlarge the recruitment Also Campus benefits :
Social mix, Education background mix, International mix and Gender mixopen minds
4. Alternative ways
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4. Alternative ways
Social mix – Upper Social Mobility Traditional « noble pathway » :
39% of students in Eng Schools
But just a few students from lower
SEC, why ?
CPGE + Eng. Grad. Schools
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CPGE characteristics : Excellence in basic sciences Hard work Competitive Absence of degree Uncertainty of the competitive examination
Students characteristics & perceptions : Most lower SEC students in technological
paths Intermediate degrees required Less self-confidence Glass ceiling effect
4. Alternative ways
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Some propositions : Promote engineering studies in high schools Alternative pedagogical methods
(apprenticeship, etc..) Enlarge recruitment in CPGE
Create more CPGE, Quota system, Improve links between high schools in lower
SEC quarters and CPGE Enlarge recruitment outside CPGE
Sciences students at universities International students Graduates from post-secondary vocational
education
4. Alternative ways
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Post-secondary Vocational Education : IUT & STS
Vocational 2 yrs studies, internships Deliver « Associate degrees » High proportion of need-based grant holders
and students belonging to lower SEC
IUT1IUT2
Labor market
STS1STS2
Universities High Schools
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Vocational 2 yrs studies, internships Deliver « Associate degrees » High proportion of need-based grant holders
and students belonging to lower SEC
Bachelor’s degree
IUT1IUT2
Eng. and Bus. School,
Master’s deg.
Labor market
STS1STS2
Universities High Schools
Post-secondary Vocational Education : IUT & STS
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High School
CPGE1CPGE2
IUT1IUT2
STS1STS2
5 yrs. Sch. (1st)
5 yrs. Sch. (2nd)
L1L2
Eng. Grad. Sch. 1Eng. Grad. Sch. 2Eng. Grad. Sch. 3
ENGINEER
5 yrs Sch. (3rd)5 yrs Sch. (4th)5 yrs Sch. (5th)
14% 39%27%
4. Alternative ways
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CommentsThe trend is to continue and to increase the
social mix in Engineering Schools.Other propositions are being tested and one of them is particularly encouraged :
Apprenticeship pedagogy :Students are hired by companies where they work about half of the time during engineering studies. They get a salary, and their degree/title is exactly equivalent.
4. Alternative ways
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5. International Mobility Internationalisation of HE
Several definitions, approaches and indicators : Research Collaboration, Research Networks Foreign language teaching and teaching in
foreign languages Faculty, Staff and Students exchange International placements opportunities International faculty and students recruitment TNE (Transnational Education), Offshoring And more ..
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A lot of « good » reasons for internationalising HEI
Complex process : each country, region and HEI should choose priorities
Hundreds of papers could be found about it
5. International Mobility
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Internationalisation of engineering education
Common with other fields emphasizing in : Research Collaboration, Research Networks International placements opportunities Faculty, Staff and Students exchange Foreign language teaching and teaching in
foreign languages Employability and/or Research oriented
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5. International Mobility
Europe : UE initial purposes :
ErasmusEuropean dimension in educationQuality improvementCooperation between institutionsMobility encouragementNo social mix purposesNo employability improvement purposes
Leonardo da VinciImprovement of skills (vocational training)Promote innovation
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Real Benefits for students : Foreign Language Proficiency Intercultural understanding &
competences Knowledge of other countries Academic knowledge Skills improvement Employability improvement Self-confidence
5. International Mobility
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Influence on Upward Social Mobility Studies confirm that, for a same level of
studies, academic results are almost independent from social origins (Courtiaux,2011)
But employability still depends on social origins (less for engineers) (CEREQ,2010)
Reasons :Cultural background, discrimination, foreign language proficiency, less self-confidence, personal network, etc..
5. International Mobility
CEREQ : Centre d’études et de recherches sur les qualifications
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French figures (BNEI)
34% of students in International Mobility during studies in French Engineering schools (2009)
Increasing & becoming compulsoryInternational MobilityInternships 62%
Exchange (without dual-degrees) 25%
Dual degrees 13%
BNEI : Bureau National des Elèves-Ingénieurs
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Financing MobilityStudies mobility :
Erasmus, Local government scholarships, HE Networks
Internships international mobility : Erasmus, Local government
scholarships, HE Networks, Companies
5. International Mobility
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6. Concluding remarks A not new problematic situation was pointed
out. It is not usually considered, but it reflects a kind of social state of a society.
Although it was not created on purpose to solve this problem, an interesting on-going experience was introduced.
International mobility also could help to go further in the same direction.
Only HE was considered Several actions could be implemented, but
there is still a long way to go.
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5. International Mobility
Other networks : Engineering schools :
TIME, RMEI, FEEIAT, CESAER, CLUSTER, ECIU, ENTREEThey let to improve collaborations between HEI, for Education and Research purposes, and also students and staff mobility.
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5 years Engineering School
5 yrs. Sch. (1st)5 yrs. Sch. (2nd)5 yrs Sch. (3rd)5 yrs Sch. (4th)5 yrs Sch. (5th)
Students admited just after high school No competitive examination
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Bachelor’s degree21-23%
IUT
IUT(1st)IUT(2nd)
University hosted Vocational school Deliver « Associate degrees »
Eng. and Bus. School,
Master’s deg.50-55%
Labor market16-20%
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STS
STS(1st)STS(2nd)
High School hosted Vocational school Deliver « Associate degrees »
Labor market62%Eng. and Bus.
School, Master’s deg.
5%
Bachelor’s degree
20%
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Universities – Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor(1st)Bachelor(2nd)
Bachelor’s degree (three yrs) Deliver Bachelor’s, Master’s & PhD
Eng. and Bus. School,
Master’s deg.
Bachelor’s degree
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CPGE*
CPGE(1st)CPGE(2nd)
2 yrs studies, high level in Basic Sciences No degree delivered
Eng. and Bus. School
75%
Bachelor’s degree
25%Competitive Examination
*Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles
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5 yrs schools(admission in
1st year of HE)3 yrs schools
(admission in 3rd year of HE)
Eng. School CPGE BTS/IUT
Status Public ( free)Private (fees)
Public ( free)Private (fees)
Public ( free)Private (fees)
Admission Previous marks Previous marks Previous marks
Degree No degree No degree Associate Degree
Admission in schools (3rd yr)
Previous marks Competitive examinations
Previous marks& Interview
Proportion in schools 27% 39% 14%
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5. International Mobility
Other networks : Engineering schools :
TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) RMEI (Réseau Méditerranéen des Ecoles
d'Ingénieurs) FEEIAT (Fédération Européenne des Ecoles
d’Ingénieurs de l’Automobile et des Transports) CESAEER (Conference of European Schools for
Advanced Engineering Education and Research) CLUSTER (Consortium Linking Universities of
Science and Technology for Education and Research)
ECIU ENTREE