Divergent CulturesHussam Mofti - Maryam Hendi

Hofsede’s Cultural Dimensions

Greet Hofstede http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html

Article 1: Purpose Identifying cultural dimensions of values

Examines the replicability of previous studies

Examine whether clarifications are required for the cultural dimensions previously identified by other authors

Article 1: Methodology

8,841 managers and organization employees

43 countries

Range of nations surveyed similar to Hofsede’s sample with the inclusion of ex-communist nations

Article 1: Result

Two more cultural dimensions to be considered:

1. Group Membership: Loyal Involvement Vs. Utilitarian Involvement

2. Obligations of Social Relationship: Conservatism Vs. Egalitarian

Article 1: Limitations• Male Bias

Article 1: Limitation• Mean age of the Participants

Article 2: Purpose Rejection of Hofsede’s Cultural Model

States Hofsede’s wrong Assumption

Analysis of McSweeny’s Perspective

Article 2: Methodologies

Uses several studies such as: McSweeney and Burell and Morgan

Article 2: Results Culture is a construct, Dynamic and Changing

Hofsede’s Survey is flawed and open to misinterpretation

Hofsede’s dimensions are bipolar and restricted

Hofstede’s dimensions included generalizability

Article 2: Results If we take the example of India and Canada

A nation can be multi-cultural

A nation’s value cannot be defined in absolutes

The dimensions Hofstede used are not dominant

Article 2: China Vs. US

Article 2: China Vs. US

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Article 2: Limitation Fails to offer a more comprehensive framework for cross-cultural

psychology

Compare, contrast and provide deeper analysis

Disregards Hofsede’s model entirely

The studies used had their flaws as well

Conclusion Culture is difficult to be defined in absolutes

Culture is relative to the context of time, place and external environment

Culture can be approached from the perspective of shared values, rather than dimensions and categories

Culture is not confined by geographical boundaries

Conclusion Hofsede’s model has room for improvement

There are more dimensions to culture

“precise sampling” is crucial

Incorporation of the two articles could potentially contribute to a better study of culture

Research Method and Methodologies used are significant

Questions for you In your opinion, what dictates national culture?

What are the main values in your culture?

How would you further improve the mentioned studies of culture?

Thank You for Listening

Any Questions ?