孫 國 洋 ( didier sun ) 苗 栗 人 東海大學 統計學系 走跳、喇滴賽、吃早餐 1
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自我介紹孫 國 洋 ( Didier Sun )苗 栗 人東海大學 統計學系走跳、喇滴賽、吃早餐
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CHAPTER 4
ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
任課老師:任維廉 老師報 告 人:孫國洋
日 期: Nov.22.2012
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OUTLINE
1. Organizational Ecosystems2. Resource Dependence3. Collaborative Networks4. Population Ecology5. Institutionalism6. Design Essentials7. Discussion
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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS
Organizational Ecosystems The systems formed by the interaction of a
community of organizations and their environment.
Interorganizational Relationships Defined as the relatively enduring resource
transactions, flows, and linkages that occur among two or more organizations.
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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS
Is competition dead ? Organizations are involved in complex networks, the
number of corporate alliances are increasing.
Traditional competition no longer exists.
Companies find that they must co-evolve with others in the ecosystem.
In an organizational ecosystem, conflict and cooperation exist at the same time.
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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS
Interorganizational Framework From top-down management to horizontal
management. Relationships among organizations can be
characterized by whether the organizations are similar or dissimilar, and whether the relationships are competitive or cooperative.
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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS
Resource Dependence
Institutionalism
Collaborative Networks
Population Ecology
SimilarDissimilar
Competitive
Cooperative
ORGANIZATIONS TYPE
Organ
izations
Relation
ship
s
Framework for Interorganizational Relationships
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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCE Minimize the dependence on other
organizations for important resources. Influence the environment to make resources
available. Develop strategies to reduce dependence on
the environment, and learn how to use their power differences.
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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCEStrategies
Supply Chain Relationships
Power Implications
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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCE
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3.COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS Companies join together to become more
competitive and to share scarce resources.
Why Collaboration? A major avenue for entering global
markets. Involved in each other’s product design
and production, and invest for the long term.
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4.POPULATION ECOLOGYOrganization Form and Niche
Form is an organization’s specific technology, structure, products, goals and personnel.
Each organization attempts to find a niche.
Process of Ecological Change
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4.POPULATION ECOLOGY Strategies for Survival
Competitive struggle for resources – struggle for existence
The breadth of the generalist’s domain serves to protect it somewhat from environmental changes
A company that provides a narrow range of goods or services or that serves a narrower market is a specialist
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5.INSTITUTIONALISM Institutional Perspective
Manage survival Balance expectations of environment
Institutional Environment Norms and values of stakeholders Adopt structures and processes to please outsiders
Legitimacy An organization’s actions are desirable, proper and
appropriate
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5.INSTITUTIONALISMTechnical dimension
Work technology and operating requirements which is governed by norms of rationality and efficiency
Institutional structure Organization most visible to the outside
public which is governed by expectations from the external environment
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5.INSTITUTIONALISM Emergence of common structure and approach among
like organizations. Mimetic Forces
The pressure to copy or model other organizations Coercive Forces
Pressures for organization to adopt structures, techniques or behaviors similar to other organizations.
Normative Forces Pressure to adopt standards and techniques of
professional community.
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6.DESIGN ESSENTIALS Four perspectives have been developed to
explain relationships among organizations. The 2. collaborative-network perspective is an
emerging alternative to 1. resource dependence. The 3. population-ecology perspective explains
why organizational diversity continuously increases with the appearance of new organizations filling niches left open by established companies.
The 4. institutional perspective argues that inter organizational relationships are shaped as much by a company’s need for legitimacy as by the need for providing products and services.
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7.DISCUSSION 四個觀點通用於所有關係?
如何選擇結盟對象與結盟企業?