> contents - nato · > contents 1. alliance purpose and fundamental security tasks 2 2. at...
TRANSCRIPT
> CONTENTS
1. Alliance purpose and fundamental security tasks 2
2. At the heart of the transatlantic partnership 6
3. Strengthening defence capabilities 9
4. The changing role of NATO's forces 12
5. Extending security through partnership 16
6. Opening the Alliance to new members 20
7. Forging new relations with Russia 22
8. A distinctive partnership with Ukraine 26
9. Dialogue with Mediterranean countries 28
10. Peacekeeping and crisis management 30
11. Responding to civil emergencies 35
12. Collaborating in science and environment 36
13. How NATO works 40
14. Change and continuity 44
1
QNDEPF@MHE
1. Vek| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h ecn oepbnqreoemm{e
g`d`wh b nak`qrh aegno`qmnqrh 2
2. Nqmnb` rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjncn o`prmepqrb` 6
3. Onb{xemhe nanpnmmncn onremvh`k` 9
4. Hglem!~yeeq! opedm`gm`wemhe qhk M@RN 12
5. P`qxhpemhe gnm{ aegno`qmnqrh onqpedqrbnl o`prmepqrb` 16
6. Nrjp{rnqr| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` dk! mnb{u
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb 20
7. B{qrp`hb`! mnb{e nrmnxemh! q Pnqqhei 22
8. Nqnane o`prmepqrbn q Sjp`hmni 26
9. Dh`knc qn qpedhgelmnlnpqjhlh qrp`m`lh 28
10. Lhpnrbnpweqrbn h jphghqmne pecskhpnb`mhe 30
11. Lep{ pe`chpnb`mh! m` cp`fd`mqjhe wpegb{w`im{e qhrs`vhh 34
12. Qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh m`sjh h njpsf`~yei qped{ 37
13. J`j p`anr`er M@RN 40
14. Oepelem{ h opeelqrbemmnqr| 44
1
Vek| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h ecn
oepbnqreoemm{e g`d`wh b nak`qrh
aegno`qmnqrh
> 1
Ck`bm`! vek| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` -c`p`mrhpnb`r| qbnands h aegno`qmnqr| bqeu qbnhu
wkemnb b Ebpnoe h Qebepmni @lephje b
qnnrberqrbhh q ophmvho`lh Sqr`b` NNM. Dk!
dnqrhfemh! }rni vekh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
hqonk|gser qbne onkhrhweqjne bkh!mhe h bnemm{i
onremvh`k b qnnrberqrbhh q u`p`jrepnl b{gnbnb
aegno`qmnqrh, q jnrnp{lh qr`kjhb`~rq! ecn
cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{. On lepe hglememh!
qrp`rechweqjni naqr`mnbjh opnhqund!r h
oepelem{ b rnl, j`j Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
nrbew`er m` b{gnb{ aegno`qmnqrh. Nm opndnkf`er
b{onkm!r| g`d`wh onddepf`mh! qr`ahk|mnqrh bn
bqel Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme h p`gbhb`erq!,wrna{ opnrhbnqrn!r| mnb{l scpng`l, r`jhl j`j
reppnphgl, h dpschl b{gnb`l aegno`qmnqrh g`
opedek`lh ecn rp`dhvhnmmni gnm{
nrberqrbemmnqrh.
Npc`mhg`vh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn dncnbnp`
(M@RN) - }rn ndm` hg jk~web{u qrpsjrsp,ongbnk!~y`! bund!yhl b mee cnqsd`pqrb`l
dnqrhc`r| qbnhu vekei b naeqoewemhh
aegno`qmnqrh. Nm` !bk!erq!
lefop`bhrek|qrbemmni npc`mhg`vhei, sw`qrmhjh
jnrnpni onkmnqr|~ qnup`m!~r qbnh qsbepemhrer h
meg`bhqhlnqr|. M@RN r`jfe qksfhr tnpslnl, m`
jnrnpnl bedsrq! qnbleqrm{e jnmqsk|r`vhh h
ophmhl`~rq! pexemh! on bnopnq`l, bkh!~yhl m`
onkhrhjs aegno`qmnqrh. Qrpsjrsp{ M@RN
qndeiqrbs~r meopep{bmnqrh opnveqq`
jnmqsk|r`vhi, qonqnaqrbs~r jnnpdhm`vhh h
qnrpsdmhweqrbs lefds cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh b
onkhrhweqjhu, bnemm{u, }jnmnlhweqjhu h dpschu
nak`qr!u naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh. Nmh r`jfe
bedsr qnrpsdmhweqrbn on mebnemm{l
m`op`bkemh!l, r`jhl j`j m`sj`, hmtnpl`vhnmm`!
de!rek|mnqr|, njpsf`~y`! qped`, onlny| oph
qrhuhim{u aedqrbh!u h j`r`qrpnt`u.
Onqke o!rh rspnb p`qxhpemh! j dbem`dv`rh
cnqsd`pqrb`l-nqmnb`rek!l M@RN (Aek|chh,Bekhjnaphr`mhh, D`mhh, Hqk`mdhh, J`m`de,Hr`khh, K~jqelaspcs, Mhdepk`md`l, Mnpbechh,Onprsc`khh, QX@ h Tp`mvhh) ophqnedhmhkhq|
Cpevh! h Rspvh! (1952 c.), Cepl`mh! (1955 c.),Hqo`mh! (1982 c.), Bemcph!, Onk|x` h Weuh! (1999c.) h onqke onqkedmecn rsp` p`qxhpemh! Ankc`ph!,K`rbh!, Khrb`, Psl{mh!, Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh! h
]qrnmh! (2004 c.).
Jnkkejrhbm`! nanpnm`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g deiqrbser on
ophmvhos, qnck`qmn jnrnpnls aegno`qmnqr|
j`fdncn hg cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb g`bhqhr nr
aegno`qmnqrh hu bqeu. Scpng` aegno`qmnqrh k~ancn
hg mhu p`qopnqrp`m!erq! m` mhu bqeu. Oph
ondohq`mhh B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`,nqmnbnonk`c`~yecn dnjslemr` M@RN, j`fdne hg
bund!yhu b mecn cnqsd`pqrb aeper m` qea!
na!g`rek|qrbn on nrmnxemh~ dpsc j dpscs
qnak~d`r| }rnr ophmvho h qnbleqrmn p`gdek!r|
phqjh h nrberqrbemmnqr|, ` r`jfe opehlsyeqrb`
jnkkejrhbmni nanpnm{. ]rn r`jfe ngm`w`er, wrn
lmnche `qoejr{ bnemmncn ok`mhpnb`mh! h
ophcnrnbkemhi, jnrnp{lh p`mee j`fd`! hg qrp`m
g`mhl`k`q| q`lnqrn!rek|mn, onqke bqrsokemh! b
M@RN nqsyeqrbk!~rq! qnbleqrmn. Jpnle rncn,qnbleqrmnls onc`xemh~ ondkef`r g`rp`r{ m`
naeqoewemhe nazejrnb, menaundhl{u dk! anebni
ondcnrnbjh h }ttejrhbmni qnbleqrmni
de!rek|mnqrh hu bnnpsfemm{u qhk.
J`fdne cnqsd`pqrbn-wkem M@RN qnup`m!er qbn~
meg`bhqhlnqr| h qbnands ophmhl`r| qnaqrbemm{e
pexemh!, mn qnbleqrmne ok`mhpnb`mhe h
hqonk|gnb`mhe hle~yhuq! peqspqnb ongbnk!er hl
b qnbnjsomnqrh dnqrhc`r| ank|xei qreoemh
aegno`qmnqrh, wel eqkh a{ j`fd{i hg mhu
deiqrbnb`k q`lnqrn!rek|mn. ]rn - b`fmeixhi
ophmvho qnrpsdmhweqrb` b M@RN b nak`qrh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh.
Rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjhe qb!gh
Ondohq`mhe b 1949 c. B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`
qr`kn aeqopevedemrm{l qna{rhel b qnbpelemmni
hqrnphh. Nmn me rnk|jn slem|xhkn no`qmnqr|
bmexmei `cpeqqhh, mn h qonqnaqrbnb`kn
onqreoemmnls nazedhmemh~ b`fmeixhu
ebpnoeiqjhu qrp`m, jnrnp{e w`qrn bneb`kh dpsc q
dpscnl b opnxknl, h c`p`mrhpnb`kn khjbhd`vh~
no`qmnqrh bnemmncn jnmtkhjr` lefds mhlh. On
qsrh dek` nmh qr`kh g`bhqhl{ dpsc nr dpsc` h,qnbleqrmn naeqoewhb`! qbn~ aegno`qmnqr|,ophnapekh qonqnamnqr| }ttejrhbmn
bg`hlndeiqrbnb`r| bn lmnchu dpschu nak`qr!u,naeqoewhb`! qbne opnvber`mhe. Mn gm`whlnqr|
B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp` me ncp`mhwhb`erq! }rhl.Ak`cnd`p! els bngmhjkn o`prmepqrbn b deke
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh lefds ebpnoeiqjhlh
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` h QX@ h J`m`dni, ` r`jfe bngmhjkh
2
opnwm{e rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjhe qb!gh lefds
Ebpnoni h Qebepmni @lephjni.
Openap`gnb`mhe M@RN
B 1949 c. bn bpel! qngd`mh!
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b j`weqrbe ck`bmni
scpng{ qbnande h meg`bhqhlnqrh G`o`dmni Ebpno{
p`qql`rphb`kq! QQQP. Meg`bhqhln nr pe`k|m{u
m`lepemhi Qnberqjncn Qn~g`, ecn hdenknch!
jnllsmhgl`, onkhrhweqjhe vekh h lernd{, `
r`jfe bnemm{i onremvh`k me ongbnk!kh
op`bhrek|qrb`l g`o`dm{u qrp`m hcmnphpnb`r|
bnglnfmnqr| bngmhjmnbemh! jnmtkhjr`. B
pegsk|r`re }rncn b oephnd q 1949 c. dn jnmv`
bnq|lhdeq!r{u cndnb opnxkncn qrnkerh! -hgbeqrm{i j`j «unkndm`! bnim`» - ck`bmni
g`d`wei Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` a{kn
onddepfhb`r| dnqr`rnwm{i bnemm{i onremvh`k
dk! g`yhr{ qbnhu cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb nr k~ani
tnpl{ `cpeqqhh qn qrnpnm{ QQQP h qrp`m
B`px`bqjncn dncnbnp`. Qr`ahk|mnqr|,qngd`b`el`! M@RN b rewemhe }rncn oephnd`,onlnck` G`o`dmni Ebpnoe b veknl bmnb| dnahr|q!
opnvber`mh! onqke brnpni lhpnbni bnim{ h
qngd`k` naqr`mnbjs dnbeph! h opedqj`gselnqrh,menaundhls~ dk! }jnmnlhweqjncn pnqr`.
Cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{ M@RN meopep{bmn p`gbhb`kh
qnck`qnb`mms~ onkhrhjs b qnnrberqrbhh q
hglem!~yeiq! qrp`rechweqjni naqr`mnbjni.Onqke njnmw`mh! «unkndmni bnim{» onkhrhj`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h ecn qrpsjrsp{
ondbepckhq| qsyeqrbemm{l openap`gnb`mh!l, wrn
nrp`ghkn ophmvhoh`k|m{e hglememh! b
onkhrhweqjni h bnemmni naqr`mnbje b Ebpnoe h
on!bkemhe mnb{u scpng aegno`qmnqrh. Jpnle rncn,a{k` p`qxhpem` jnmveovh! nanpnm{ h b mee, b
j`weqrbe norhl`k|mncn qpedqrb` sopnwemh!
ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni aegno`qmnqrh, a{kh bjk~wem{
`qoejr{ dh`knc` h op`jrhweqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`
qn qrp`m`lh, me bund!yhlh b
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g.
B m`qrn!yee bpel! M@RN - }rn sfe me opnqrn
nanpnmhrek|m{i qn~g. Dpsfeqjhe nrmnxemh! qn
qbnhlh a{bxhlh opnrhbmhj`lh ongbnk!~r
reoep| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls qn~gs pex`r|
g`d`wh qnup`memh! h sopnwemh! lhp` h
aegno`qmnqrh onbq~ds b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl
pechnme. Dk! dnqrhfemh! }rni vekh nm
onqrn!mmn p`qxhp!er jpsc qbnhu g`d`w h
hqonk|gser chajhe, hmmnb`vhnmm{e
op`cl`rhweqjhe ondund{ dk! pexemh!
qknfmeixhu opnakel. B unde }rni de!rek|mnqrh
sqhkhk`q| ck`bm`! pnk| M@RN b j`weqrbe
c`p`mr` aegno`qmnqrh Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn
pechnm`, h reoep| lmnche cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{
qrpel!rq! bqrsohr| b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi
qn~g. Rph qrp`m{ Vemrp`k|mni h Bnqrnwmni
Ebpno{ - Bemcph!, Onk|x` h Weuh! - dnqrhckh
}rni vekh b 1999 c., ` eye qel| - Ankc`ph!,K`rbh!, Khrb`, Psl{mh!, Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh! h
]qrnmh! - b 2004 c.
B rewemhe opnxkncn deq!rhkerh! opnveqq
openap`gnb`mh! M@RN a{k nrlewem vek{l p!dnl
oepqoejrhbm{u hmhvh`rhb, jnrnp{e qr`kh
jnmjperm{lh op`jrhweqjhlh nrber`lh m` mnb{e
b{gnb{ aegno`qmnqrh h ongbnkhkh hqonk|gnb`r|
bnglnfmnqrh, bngmhjxhe onqke «unkndmni bnim{».B pegsk|r`re a{kh ophm!r{ opncp`ll`
«O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`» h ok`m deiqrbhi on
ondcnrnbje cnqsd`pqrb-operemdemrnb j wkemqrbs b
M@RN, sqr`mnbkem{ nqna{e nrmnxemh! q Pnqqhei h
Sjp`hmni, m`w`kq! dh`knc qn qpedhgelmnlnpqjhlh
qrp`m`lh, m`k`femn }ttejrhbmne qnrpsdmhweqrbn
q Ebpnoeiqjhl qn~gnl, Npc`mhg`vhei on
aegno`qmnqrh h qnrpsdmhweqrbs b Ebpnoe h NNM.M@RN r`jfe `jrhbmn sw`qrbser b
opnrhbndeiqrbhh sqhkhb`~yhlq! b{gnb`l
aegno`qmnqrh b unde noep`vhi on jphghqmnls
pecskhpnb`mh~ m` A`kj`m`u. Nm` bg!k` m` qea!
na!g`rek|qrb` deiqrbnb`r| r`l, cde }rn
menaundhln h jncd` }rn menaundhln b anp|ae q3
reppnphglnl h dpschlh scpng`lh g` opedek`lh
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn pechnm`.
Ankee rncn, dk! p`qxhpemh! bnglnfmnqrei
opnbndhr| mnb{e lhqqhh M@RN `d`orhpser h
onb{x`er qbni bnemm{i onremvh`k. B }rhu vek!u m`
op`fqjnl q`llhre, qnqrn!bxelq! b mn!ape 2002 c.,a{kh b{dbhmsr{ rph b`fmeixhe hmhvh`rhb{:qngd`r| Qhk{ pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN, petnplhpnb`r|
qrpsjrsps sop`bkemh! NBQ M@RN h ophm!r|
op`fqjne «Na!g`rek|qrbn n onremvh`ke», b
qnnrberqrbhh q jnrnp{l nrdek|m{e qrp`m{ M@RN
ophmhl`~r m` qea! na!g`rek|qrb` h b{dbhc`~r
qnbleqrm{e hmhvh`rhb{, ongbnk!~yhe sqrp`mhr|
dethvhr b bnemmnl onremvh`ke.
Oepbnqreoemm{e g`d`wh b nak`qrh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh
Qrp`rechweqj`! jnmveovh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` - }rn psjnbnd!yhi dnjslemr, b jnrnpnl
opnbngck`x`~rq! vekh h oepbnqreoemm{e g`d`wh
M@RN b nak`qrh naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh h
nopedek!~rq! onkhrhweqjhe h bnemm{e qpedqrb`
hu pe`khg`vhh. Nm a{k boepb{e nosakhjnb`m b
1991 c., wrn ngm`lemnb`kn qnani !bm{i p`gp{b q
opnxk{l. Bn bpel! «unkndmni bnim{» dnjslemr{
qrp`rechweqjncn ok`mhpnb`mh!, qnonqr`bhl{e q
mhl on onkhrhweqjni gm`whlnqrh, a{kh, on
onm!rm{l ophwhm`l, g`qejpewem{.
B qnbpelemmni Qrp`rechweqjni jnmveovhh,nosakhjnb`mmni b 1999 c., phqjh aegno`qmnqrh, q
jnrnp{lh qr`kjhb`erq! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi
qn~g, u`p`jrephgs~rq! j`j «lmncnm`op`bkemm{e h
rpsdmnopedqj`gsel{e». Oepbnqreoemm{e g`d`wh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b nak`qrh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh nopedek!~rq!
qkeds~yhl nap`gnl:+ b{qrso`r| nqmnbni qr`ahk|mnqrh b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme;+ qksfhr| tnpslnl dk! opnbedemh!
jnmqsk|r`vhi on opnakel`l aegno`qmnqrh;+ nqsyeqrbk!r| qdepfhb`mhe h g`yhrs nr k~ani
scpng{ `cpeqqhh opnrhb k~ancn hg cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb M@RN;
+ qonqnaqrbnb`r| }ttejrhbmnls
opednrbp`yemh~ jnmtkhjrnb h `jrhbmn
sw`qrbnb`r| b jphghqmnl pecskhpnb`mhh;+ qndeiqrbnb`r| p`gbhrh~ bqeqrnpnmmecn
o`prmepqrb`, qnrpsdmhweqrb` h dh`knc` q
dpschlh qrp`m`lh Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn pechnm`.
Oph nvemje nangphl{u b{gnbnb aegno`qmnqrh h
t`jrnpnb phqj` b Qrp`rechweqjni jnmveovhh 1999cnd` qndepfhrq! b{bnd n rnl, wrn qrp`rechweqj`!
naqr`mnbj` opndnkf`er hglem!r|q!, b nqmnbmnl, b
onghrhbmnl ok`me, h wrn Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi
qn~g, m`p!ds q dpschlh npc`mhg`vh!lh, q{cp`k
b`fmeixs~ pnk| b sjpeokemhh ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh onqke njnmw`mh! «unkndmni bnim{».
Ndm`jn, unr! scpng` bqenayei bnim{ b Ebpnoe
op`jrhweqjh hqwegk`, wkem{
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h dpsche qrp`m{
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn pechnm` qr`kjhb`~rq! q
dpschlh t`jrnp`lh phqj` h menopedekemmnqrh, b
rnl whqke q lef}rmhweqjhlh jnmtkhjr`lh,m`psxemh!lh op`b weknbej`, opn!bkemh!lh
onkhrhweqjni meqr`ahk|mnqrh h }jnmnlhweqjni
qk`anqrh. B dnonkmemhe j }rnls, b{g{b`er
qep|egms~ ng`anwemmnqr| p`qopnqrp`memhe
!depmncn, ahnknchweqjncn h uhlhweqjncn npsfh! h
qpedqrb ecn dnqr`bjh. B pegsk|r`re
p`qopnqrp`memh! p`gkhwm{u reumnknchi
nakecw`erq! dnqrso onremvh`k|m{u opnrhbmhjnb j
qnbpelemm{l aneb{l qpedqrb`l.
Ankee rncn, oph nvemje qnqrn!mh! aegno`qmnqrh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` menaundhln
swhr{b`r| ckna`k|m{i jnmrejqr h bnglnfmne
bngdeiqrbhe l`qxr`am{u t`jrnpnb phqj`, b hu
whqke reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb, q`anr`f`,npc`mhgnb`mmni opeqrsomnqrh h m`psxemhi
qm`afemh! fhgmemmn b`fm{lh peqspq`lh. Onqke
osakhj`vhh b 1999 c. Qrp`rechweqjni jnmveovhh
M@RN h b qb!gh q reppnphqrhweqjhlh `jr`lh,qnbepxemm{lh b M|~-Inpje h B`xhmcrnme 11qemr!ap! 2001 c., m`w`kq! opnveqq ophmvhoh`k|mni
oepenvemjh scpng{ reppnphgl` h no`qmnqrh,hqund!yei nr medeeqonqnam{u cnqsd`pqrb.
4
Oepb{i qksw`i ophlememh! qr. 5B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`
B qr. 5, nqmnbmni qr`r|e B`xhmcrnmqjncn
dncnbnp`, nqmnbnonk`c`~yecn dnjslemr` M@RN,cnbnphrq!, wrn bnnpsfemmne m`o`demhe m`
ndmncn hg qn~gmhjnb p`qql`rphb`erq! j`j
m`o`demhe m` mhu bqeu. Onqke ophlememh! qr. 5j`fd{i qn~gmhj on M@RN dnkfem b unde
jnmqsk|r`vhi q dpschlh qn~gmhj`lh nopedekhr|
norhl`k|m{e osrh qndeiqrbh!, menaundhlncn
dk! bnqqr`mnbkemh! h onddepf`mh!
aegno`qmnqrh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn pechnm`,bjk~w`! hqonk|gnb`mhe bnemmni qhk{.
Boepb{e qr. 5 a{k` ophlemem` 12 qemr!ap! 2001c. qp`gs onqke reppnphqrhweqjhu m`o`demhi,qnbepxemm{u m` QX@ 11 qemr!ap!.Oepbnm`w`k|mn nm` a{k` ophlemem` bpelemmn
dn onkswemh! njnmw`rek|mncn ondrbepfdemh!
rncn, wrn }rh m`o`demh! m`op`bk!khq| hg-g`
cp`mhv{. R`jne ondrbepfdemhe a{kn
opedqr`bkemn 2 njr!ap! 2001 c., onqke rncn, j`j
`lephj`mqjhe dnkfmnqrm{e khv` dnknfhkh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls qnbers pegsk|r`r{
p`qqkednb`mh! }rhu reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb h
b{bnd{, sj`g{b`~yhe, wrn nrberqrbemmnqr| g`
mhu meqer reppnphqrhweqj`! qer| «@k|-J`hd`».
4 njr!ap! qn~gmhjh on M@RN ndnaphkh p!d lep
on nj`g`mh~ onlnyh b j`lo`mhh on anp|ae q
reppnphglnl, opnbndhlni ond psjnbndqrbnl
QX@. J mhl nrmnq!rq!: p`qxhpemhe qnbleqrmncn
hqonk|gnb`mh! p`gbedd`mm{u h qnrpsdmhweqrb`
b nak`qrh p`gbedjh, nayee p`gpexemhe m`
opnker{ q`lnkernb m`d qbnei repphrnphei h
opednqr`bkemhe dnqrso` q`lnker`l h qsd`l
QX@ h dpschu qn~gmhjnb j `}pndpnl`l h onpr`l
oph opnbedemhh noep`vhi on anp|ae q
reppnphglnl, p`gbepr{b`mhe w`qrei
onqrn!mmncn qnedhmemh! NBLQ M@RN b pechnme
Bnqrnwmncn Qpedhgelmnlnp|! h m`op`bkemhe
q`lnkernb M@RN qhqrel{ d`k|mecn bngdsxmncn
nonbeyemh! h sop`bkemh! (@B@JQ) b QX@. B
dnonkmemhe j }rnls, b opedek`u hle~yhuq!
qpedqrb h bnglnfmnqrei, nrdek|m{e qn~gmhjh
on M@RN nj`g{b`~r qndeiqrbhe QX@ b
qnnrberqrbhh q hu opnq|a`lh. Onlny| bjk~w`er
b qea! bnemms~ onddepfjs, ` r`jfe lep{ b
op`bnbni h thm`mqnbni nak`qr!u, ongbnk!~yhe
g`aknjhpnb`r| onqrsokemhe qpedqrb
reppnphqrhweqjhl npc`mhg`vh!l.
5
Nqmnb` rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjncn
o`prmepqrb`
> 2
Pnk| M@RN b naeqoewemhh aegno`qmnqrh qbnhu
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb h b{onkmemhh mnb{u g`d`w on
p`qxhpemh~ gnm{ aegno`qmnqrh h qr`ahk|mnqrh
nqmnb`m` m` dnkcnbpelemmnl o`prmepqrbe lefds
bund!yhlh b mee ebpnoeiqjhlh h
qebepn`lephj`mqjhlh cnqsd`pqrb`lh. P`gpsu`,v`phbx`! b ebpnoeiqjhu qrp`m`u onqke brnpni
lhpnbni bnim{, nopedekhk` hu qhk|ms~
g`bhqhlnqr| nr QX@ h J`m`d{ b nak`qrh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh. M` repphrnphh
ebpnoeiqjhu qrp`m qebepn`lephj`mqjhlh
qn~gmhj`lh on M@RN a{kh p`gleyem{
gm`whrek|m{e on whqkemmnqrh bniqj`. Onqke
qngd`mh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` nmh
opndnkf`kh hcp`r| b`fmeixs~ pnk| b naeqoewemhh
aegno`qmnqrh Ebpno{. ]r` hu pnk| qksfhr ck`bm{l
}kelemrnl jnmveovhh rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh h b{qrso`er b j`weqrbe
menrzelkelni nonp{ Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`.
G` opnxedxhe cnd{ whqkemmnqr|
qebepn`lephj`mqjhu qhk b Ebpnoe onqreoemmn
slem|xhk`q|. Ebpnoeiqjhe qn~gmhjh on M@RN sfe
b rewemhe lmnchu ker opednqr`bk!~r ank|xs~
w`qr| qhk, b{dek!el{u b p`qonp!femhh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` dk! nanpnm{
Ebpno{. Ankee rncn, ebpnoeiqjhe qn~gmhjh
sjnlokejrnb{b`~r ank|xhmqrbn ondp`gdekemhi
lhpnrbnpweqjhu qhk ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN m`
A`kj`m`u, jnrnp{e r`jfe nohp`~rq! m`
onddepfjs gm`whrek|m{u on whqkemmnqrh
bnhmqjhu jnmrhmcemrnb cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb h
dpschu qrp`m, me bund!yhu b M@RN.
Rel me lemee, dnk! p`qundnb QX@ m` naeqoewemhe
aegno`qmnqrh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` nqr`erq!on- opefmels meopnonpvhnm`k|mn ank|xni. Nmh
r`jfe meqsr meqnp`glepmn ank|xs~
nrberqrbemmnqr| g` deiqrbh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`, wrn opnhqundhr b pegsk|r`re dhqopnonpvhi b
bnemmnl onremvh`ke, qsyeqrbs~yhu lefds QX@ h
dpschlh qn~gmhj`lh on M@RN. Onqke njnmw`mh!«unkndmni bnim{» b m`w`ke deb!mnqr{u cndnb
ebpnoeiqjhe qn~gmhjh on M@RN h J`m`d` onkswhkh
ank|xhe b{cnd{ nr «lhpmncn dhbhdemd`», mn me
qdek`kh menaundhl{u j`ohr`knbknfemhi, wrna{
ophbeqrh qbni bnemm{i onremvh`k b qnnrberqrbhe q
mnb{lh b{gnb`lh aegno`qmnqrh. Nmh on-opefmels
g`bhq!r nr QX@ bn lmnchu jk~web{u nak`qr!u, r`jhu
j`j `bh`vhnmm{i rp`mqonpr dk! a{qrp{u
oepeapnqnj h p`gbepr{b`mh! bniqj, qosrmhjnb`!qb!g|, ` r`jfe b dpschu `qoejr`u oepednbncn
reumnknchweqjncn onremvh`k`.
Mednqr`rjh b nak`qrh ebpnoeiqjncn bnemmncn
onremvh`k` qr`kh boepb{e nqnaemmn g`lerm{lh bn
bpel! jnmtkhjrnb deb!mnqr{u cndnb m` A`kj`m`u,b unde jnrnp{u qr`kn !qmn, wrn ebpnoeiqjhe qrp`m{
me qonqnam{ deiqrbnb`r| aeg onddepfjh QX@ dk!opednrbp`yemh! p`qopnqrp`memh! }rhu
jnmtkhjrnb. B jnmve deb!mnqr{u cndnb M@RN h
Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g (EQ) b{qrsohkh qn qbnhlh
p`gdek|m{lh hmhvh`rhb`lh b nak`qrh onb{xemh!bnemmncn onremvh`k`. B 1999 c. nmh dncnbnphkhq| n
qngd`mhh qrp`rechweqjncn o`prmepqrb`.
Spnjh A`kj`m
Jncd` b m`w`ke deb!mnqr{u cndnb Anqmh! h
Cepvecnbhm` oncpsghk`q| b oswhms cp`fd`mqjni
bnim{, Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g m`op`bhk rsd` qbnhu
m`ak~d`rekei dk! jnmrpnk! g` b{onkmemhel
pegnk~vhi NNM, mn dk! ankee l`qxr`am{u
deiqrbhi s mecn me a{kn mh onkhrhweqjncn l`md`r`,mh bnnpsfemm{u qhk. R`l a{kh p`gbepmsr{ qhk{
NNM, jnrnp{e a{kh unpnxn ondcnrnbkem{ j6
opnbedemh~ lhpnrbnpweqjhu noep`vhi, mn me j
noep`vh!l on ophmsfdemh~ j lhps. On}rnls qjnpn
qr`kn !qmn, wrn mhwrn jpnle ophlememh! qhk{ me
g`qr`bhr bp`fds~yhe qrnpnm{ opejp`rhr| aneb{e
deiqrbh!. Qm`w`k` Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
menunrmn xek m` blex`rek|qrbn b }rh qna{rh!, r`j
j`j rncd` eye me a{k pexem bnopnq n bnglnfm{u
onqkedqrbh!u p`gbepr{b`mh! qhk M@RN bme
rp`dhvhnmmni gnm{ hu nrberqrbemmnqrh. Ndm`jn,onqjnk|js onknfemhe susdx`k`q|, rn b oephnd q
1992 on 1995 cc. M@RN qr`k` bqe ank|xe
bnbkej`r|q! b }rh qna{rh! h nj`g{b`r| bnemms~
onddepfjs b jnmrpnke g` b{onkmemhel pegnk~vhi h
q`mjvhi NNM. B hrnce, jncd` b jnmve 1995 c. oph
onqpedmhweqrbe QX@ a{kn ondohq`mn lhpmne
qnck`xemhe, ecn b{onkmemhe a{kn naeqoewemn
qhk`lh ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN b qnqr`be 60 r{q.bnemmnqksf`yhu, b jnrnp{e bundhk `lephj`mqjhi
bnhmqjhi jnmrhmcemr whqkemmnqr|~ 20 r{q. weknbej.
Jncd` wepeg wer{pe cnd` onqke }rncn b Jnqnbn
opnhgnxek bqokeqj m`qhkh!, scksahkq!csl`mhr`pm{i jphghq h opnb`khkhq| bqe ono{rjh
m`irh pexemhe osrel oepecnbnpnb, hlemmn M@RN b
veknl bmnb| oepexk` j deiqrbh!l. Ndm`jn }rnr
jphghq khx| ondrbepdhk hgbeqrm{e mednqr`rjh b
ebpnoeiqjnl bnemmnl onremvh`ke. Bn bpel!bngdsxmni j`lo`mhh ank|xhmqrbn aneb{u b{kernb
b{onkm!kh }jho`fh `lephj`mqjhu q`lnkernb, ` oph
p`gbepr{b`mhh lhpnrbnpweqjhu Qhk dk! Jnqnbn dk!hu onkmncn sjnlokejrnb`mh! khwm{l qnqr`bnl
onrpeanb`knq| meqjnk|jn leq!veb.
B m`qrn!yee bpel! b Ebpnoe nrqsrqrbs~r
menaundhl{e qhk{ h qpedqrb` dk! opnbedemh! h
r{knbncn naeqoewemh! bnemmni noep`vhh,ondnamni rni, b pegsk|r`re jnrnpni a{k onknfem
jnmev jnmtkhjr`l b Anqmhh h Jnqnbn. ]rn lnfer
qngd`r| qep|egm{e opnakel{ oph bngmhjmnbemhh
ondnam{u qhrs`vhi b asdsyel, eqkh QX@ me
qlncsr sw`qrbnb`r| b hu p`gpexemhh b qb!gh q
bnemm{lh na!g`rek|qrb`lh b dpschu w`qr!u lhp`.Ndm`jn b m`qrn!yee bpel! Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g sfe
ophmhl`er qep|egm{e lep{ dk! onb{xemh! qbnecn
bnemmncn onremvh`k`. Qngd`m` r`jfe nqmnb`
qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds EQ h M@RN (ql. mhfe). ]rn
ongbnkhkn M@RN oeped`r| Ebpnoeiqjnls qn~gs
qbn~ lhqqh~ b a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhje
L`jednmhh*, cde q 2001 c. on opnq|ae opeghdemr`
}rni qrp`m{ m`und!rq! qhk{ M@RN, m`op`bkemm{e
rsd` dk! p`gpexemh! bngmhjxecn jphghq` (ql. ck.10). B l`pre 2003 c. Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g, hqonk|gs!qpedqrb` M@RN, ophqrsohk j noep`vhh
«Jnmjnpdh!» q vek|~ b{onkmemh! g`d`w, jnrnp{e
dn }rncn b{onkm!k` M@RN. Oph }rnl
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g opednqr`bk!er
qsyeqrbemms~ onddepfjs bnhmqjhl jnmrhmcemr`l
ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ b ok`mhpnb`mhh h r{knbnl
naeqoewemhh. Ankee rncn, b h~ke 2003 c. M@RN h
Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g dncnbnphkhq| n qnbleqrmnl
qrp`rechweqjnl ondunde j opnakel`l G`o`dm{u
A`kj`m. B m`qrn!yee bpel! naqsfd`erq! bnopnq n
bnglnfmnqrh ophm!rh! Ebpnoeiqjhl qn~gnl
nrberqrbemmnqrh g` naeqoewemhe aegno`qmnqrh b
Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhme b asdsyel.
Onb{xemhe ebpnoeiqjncn
onremvh`k`
Oepbnm`w`k|mn ck`bm{l qrhlsknl dk! oepeund` j
deiqrbh!l dk! ebpnoeiqjhu qrp`m qr`k no{r
A`kj`m. Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g `jrhbhghpnb`k qbnh
sqhkh! on b{p`anrje ebpnoeiqjni onkhrhjh
aegno`qmnqrh h nanpnm{, jnrnp`! asder nohp`r|q!m` qnnrberqrbs~yhi onremvh`k pe`chpnb`mh! m`
jphghq{. Bm`w`ke bnopnq`lh aegno`qmnqrh h
nanpnm{ nr hlemh Ebpnoeiqjncn qn~g` g`mhl`k`q|
nrdek|m`! npc`mhg`vh! ond m`gb`mhel
G`o`dmnebpnoeiqjhi qn~g (GEQ)1. Ndm`jn, m`
uek|qhmjqjni bqrpewe EQ m` b{qxel spnbme b
dej`ape 1999 c., a{kn ophm!rn pexemhe n rnl, wrn b
asdsyel ondnam{lh bnopnq`lh asder g`mhl`r|q!Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g, h m`w`knq| qngd`mhe
menaundhl{u dk! }rncn qrpsjrsp. B }rni qb!gh a{k`
r`jfe onqr`bkem` r`j m`g{b`el`! «ophnphrerm`!vek|», opedsql`rphb`~y`! bnglnfmnqr| qngd`mh!j 2003 c. Qhk a{qrpncn pe`chpnb`mh! EQ. ]rh qhk{,whqkemmnqr|~ dn 60 r{q. bnemmnqksf`yhu, qlncsr
onqke p`gbepr{b`mh! oph qnnrberqrbs~yel
r{knbnl naeqoewemhh b{onkm!r| qbnh g`d`wh b
rewemhe me lemee cnd`.
Qn qbnei qrnpnm{ Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
na!g`kq! sjpeok!r| qbn~ ebpnoeiqjs~ nonps
1G`o`dmnebpnoeiqjhi qn~g: qngd`m b qnnrberqrbhh q Ap~qqek|qjhl o`jrnl 1948 cnd` na }jnmnlhweqjnl,
qnvh`k|mnl h jsk|rspmnl qnrpsdmhweqrbe h jnkkejrhbmni q`lnnanpnme, ondohq`mm{l Aek|chei, Bekhjnaphr`mhei,K~jqelaspcnl, Mhdepk`md`lh h Tp`mvhei. Bonqkedqrbhh j mhl ophqnedhmhkhq| TPC, Cpevh!, Hqo`mh!, Hr`kh! h
Onprsc`kh!. B pegsk|r`re pexemhi, ophm!r{u m` bqrpewe m` b{qxel spnbme EQ b Uek|qhmjh b 1999 c., tsmjvhh
jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh! h csl`mhr`pm{e g`d`wh a{kh oeped`m{ Ebpnoeiqjnls qn~gs. Na!g`rek|qrb` on
Ap~qqek|qjnls o`jrs, qb!g`mm{e q jnkkejrhbmni nanpnmni, nqr`~rq! mehglemm{lh, h nmh c`p`mrhps~rq!
nqr`~yhlq! qejper`ph`rnl GEQ. 7
onqpedqrbnl qngd`mh! }ttejrhbmni ebpnoeiqjni
qnqr`bk!~yei aegno`qmnqrh h nanpnm{. Vek|~
}rni hmhvh`rhb{ a{kn nj`g`mhe onddepfjh EQ b
ecn qrpelkemhh hcp`r| pe`k|ms~ pnk| b
naeqoewemhh aegno`qmnqrh, h b rn fe bpel!qndeiqrbhe sopnwemh~ h b{p`bmhb`mh~
rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjhu nrmnxemhi, ongbnk!~yee
ebpnoeiqjhl qn~gmhj`l bmnqhr| ankee
}ttejrhbm{i h onqkednb`rek|m{i bjk`d b
b{onkmemhe g`d`w h de!rek|mnqr|
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. Q }rni vek|~ b
deb!mnqr{u cnd`u M@RN ophqrsohk` j qngd`mh~
ondkhmmn ebpnoeiqjncn onremvh`k` jphghqmncn
pe`chpnb`mh!, hgaec`! oph }rnl dsakhpnb`mh! sfe
hle~yhuq! b M@RN qhk, qpedqrb h peqspqnb.Ck`bmni b }rnl opnveqqe qr`k` jnmveovh!«nrdekhl{u, mn me nrdek|m{u qhk»,opedsql`rphb`~y`! hqonk|gnb`mhe qhk, qpedqrb h
peqspqnb M@RN b bnglnfm{u noep`vh!u on
pe`chpnb`mh~ m` jphghq ond psjnbndqrbnl GEQ.
M` qbnei bqrpewe b B`xhmcrnme b `opeke 1999 c.psjnbndhrekh M@RN nrlerhkh, wrn EQ m`lepem
qr`r| q`lnqrn!rek|m{l sw`qrmhjnl opnveqq`
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh, h b{p`ghkh qbn~
cnrnbmnqr| nopedekhr| h ophm!r| rpeasel{e lep{
dk! opednqr`bkemh! menaundhl{u qhk, qpedqrb h
peqspqnb M@RN dk! noep`vhi on pe`chpnb`mh~ m`
jphghqm{e qhrs`vhh ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ,opnbndhl{u aeg bnemmncn sw`qrh! M@RN b veknl.Onqke pexemhi, ophm!r{u Ebpnoeiqjhl qn~gnl m`
q`llhre b Uek|qhmjh, b M@RN m`w`khq| dhqjsqqhh
h jnmqsk|r`vhh on bnopnq`l bg`hlmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` meonqpedqrbemmn q EQ.
Onqke }rncn a{kh nopedekem{ mnb{e tnpl{
qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds mhlh. B dej`ape 2002 c.M@RN h Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g nosakhjnb`kh
qnbleqrms~ dejk`p`vh~ on bnopnqs p`gbhrh!qbnecn qrp`rechweqjncn o`prmepqrb`. B l`pre 2003c. a{k srbepfdem p!d dnjslemrnb on
qnrpsdmhweqrbs b nak`qrh jphghqmncn
pecskhpnb`mh!, b rnl whqke dncnbnpemmnqrh,hgbeqrm{e ond m`gb`mhel «Aepkhm ok~q», na
hqonk|gnb`mhh qhk, qpedqrb h peqspqnb M@RN b
noep`vh!u ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ. ]rn ongbnkhkn
m`onkmhr| qndepf`mhel hu qrp`rechweqjne
o`prmepqrbn h nrjp{kn osr| j qjnnpdhmhpnb`mm{l
deiqrbh!l. Dncnbnpemmnqrh n qngd`mhh
onqrn!mm{u qb!gei lefds dbsl! npc`mhg`vh!lh
nakecw`r qnrpsdmhweqrbn h jnmqsk|r`vhh m`
noep`rhbmnl spnbme. Dnqrhcmsr` r`jfe
dncnbnpemmnqr| n qngd`mhh cpsoo{ EQ b xr`ae
Bepunbmncn ck`bmncn jnl`mdnb`mh! NBQ M@RN b
Ebpnoe (xr`a BCJ NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe) b c. Lnmq
(Aek|ch!) h opedqr`bhrek|qrb` M@RN b xr`ae EQ.
M@RN h Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g r`jfe g`jk~whkh
qnck`xemhe, m`op`bkemmne m` naeqoewemhe
onqkednb`rek|mnqrh, opngp`wmnqrh h bg`hlmni
onddepfjh b opnveqqe nopedekemh! onrpeamnqrei
b qhk`u h qpedqrb`u, nayhu dk! naehu npc`mhg`vhi.B l`e 2003 c. qnqrn!knq| oepbne g`qed`mhe
Nazedhmemmni cpsoo{ M@RN-EQ on qhk`l h
qpedqrb`l. Hmhvh`rhb{, b{dbhc`el{e dk!onb{xemh! nanpnmmncn onremvh`k`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` (ql. ck. 3), asdsr
qnnrberqrbnb`r| Ok`ms deiqrbhi EQ on
ebpnoeiqjhl qhk`l h qpedqrb`l h ecn
Ophnphrermni vekh. Nmh asdsr r`jfe
qndeiqrbnb`r| rpeaselnls qnbepxemqrbnb`mh~
bnemmncn onremvh`k` ebpnoeiqjhu qn~gmhjnb b
jk~web{u nak`qr!u.
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g opndnkf`er qksfhr|
hmqrpslemrnl, ongbnk!~yhl bqel
cnqsd`pqrb`l-wkem`l M@RN naeqoewhb`r| qbn~
jnkkejrhbms~ nanpnms. Nm nqr`erq! jp`escnk|m{l
j`lmel ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni aegno`qmnqrh h
qnup`m!er qbni l`md`r h qonqnamnqr| b{onkmhr|
g`d`wh jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh!, ophmsfdemh! j
lhps h lhpnrbnpweqrb`. Vek| qnrpsdmhweqrb` b
nak`qrh aegno`qmnqrh lefds EQ h M@RN
g`jk~w`erq! b p`qxhpemhh b`ph`mrnb lep
specskhpnb`mh! jphghqnb h jnmtkhjrnb oph
nrj`ge nr dsakhpnb`mh!. ]rn onb{qhr
ebpnoeiqjhi bnemm{i onremvh`k h ongbnkhr
ok`mhpnb`r| asdsyhe noep`vhh ond psjnbndqrbnl
EQ on specskhpnb`mh~ jphghqnb b reu qksw`!u,jncd` Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g b veknl me
asder ophmhl`r| b mhu sw`qrhe.8
Onb{xemhe nanpnmmncn onremvh`k`> 3
Qn~gmhjh on M@RN ophk`c`~r qnck`qnb`mm{e
sqhkh! dk! onb{xemh! qbnecn nanpnmmncn
onremvh`k`. ]rn menaundhln dk! naeqoewemh!qonqnamnqrh M@RN p`gbepr{b`r| qhk{, jnrnp{e
lncsr a{qrpn opha{b`r| rsd`, cde nmh menaundhl{,`brnmnlmn b{onkm!r| qbnh g`d`wh meg`bhqhln nr
p`qqrn!mhi h qpnjnb deiqrbhi, h l`jqhl`k|mn
a{qrpn h }ttejrhbmn dnqrhc`r| onqr`bkemm{e
vekh, qbnd! j lhmhlsls meopedm`lepemm{i syepa
mebn~~yhl qrnpnm`l. M`hankee `jrs`k|m{lh
rpeanb`mh!lh b qnbpelemmni naqr`mnbje
aegno`qmnqrh on-opefmels nqr`~rq! onddepf`mhe
dnqr`rnwmncn bnemmncn onremvh`k` h onkm`!cnrnbmnqr| j jnkkejrhbm{l deiqrbh!l. B qksw`e
jphghqnb, jnrnp{e lncsr scpnf`r| aegno`qmnqrh
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`,qhk{ M@RN dnkfm{ a{r| qonqnam{ dnonkm!r| h
sqhkhb`r| onkhrhweqjhe `jvhh h bmnqhr| qbni bjk`d
b pecskhpnb`mhe r`jhu jphghqnb h hu lhpmne
p`gpexemhe.
Hmhvh`rhb` onb{xemh! bnemmncn onremvh`k`
ophm`dkefhr psjnbndhrek!l
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. M` bqrpewe b
B`xhmcrnme b `opeke 1999 c. nmh opedqr`bhkh qbne
bhdemhe Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b XXI beje:p`qxhpemhe qnqr`b` qn~g`, onb{xemhe ecn
bnglnfmnqrei h chajnqrh, ophbepfemmnqr|
jnkkejrhbmni nanpnme h qonqnamnqr| b{onkm!r|
mnb{e g`d`wh, b rnl whqke, qndeiqrbnb`r|
opednrbp`yemh~ jnmtkhjrnb h `jrhbmn
sw`qrbnb`r| b jphghqmnl pecskhpnb`mhh h
noep`vh!u on pe`chpnb`mh~ m` jphghq{. Q vek|~
onb{xemh! nanpnmmncn onremvh`k` M@RN b
jk~web{u nak`qr!u ee de!rek|mnqrh nmh
b{dbhmskh «Hmhvh`rhbs na nanpnmmnl
onremvh`ke» (HNO).
B onqkeds~yhe rph cnd` a{k dnqrhcmsr opncpeqq b
mejnrnp{u nak`qr!u pe`khg`vhh HNO, nqnaemmn b
reu, jnrnp{e rpeanb`kh lem|xhu g`rp`r qpedqrb, mn
dethvhr b`fmeixhu qhk h qpedqrb qnup`m!kq!, `
pe`khg`vh! m`lewemmncn xk` ledkemmn. Rel
bpelemel sqhkemhe mnb{u `qhllerphwm{u scpng
rpeanb`kn aegnrk`c`rek|mni `d`or`vhh h
lndepmhg`vhh bnemmncn onremvh`k`.Reppnphqrhweqjhe `r`jh m` QX@, qnbepxemm{e b
qemr!ape 2001 c., qtnjsqhpnb`kh b qeae scpngs,hqund!ys~ nr reppnphgl`, ` onqkednb`bxee g`
mhlh blex`rek|qrbn ond psjnbndqrbnl QX@ b
@tc`mhqr`me ondwepjmskn qnup`m!~yhiq! dethvhr
b nanpnmmnl onremvh`ke qn~gmhjnb on M@RN.
On}rnls m` op`fqjnl q`llhre b mn!ape 2002 c.psjnbndhrekh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
na!g`khq| rbepdn depf`r| jspq m` onb{xemhe
bnemmncn onremvh`k` M@RN h ophm!kh o`jer lep,m`op`bkemm{u m` onb{xemhe }ttejrhbmnqrh
asdsyhu deiqrbhi on bqels qoejrps g`d`w
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`, bjk~w`! anp|as
opnrhb reppnphgl`. A{k ophm!r rpeuqrnpnmmhi
ondund j pexemh~ g`d`wh onb{xemh! nanpnmmncn
onremvh`k` Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`:ophm!rhe mnbni hmhvh`rhb{ n bnemmnl onremvh`ke
(«Op`fqjncn na!g`rek|qrb` n onremvh`ke»);qngd`mhe Qhk pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN; norhlhg`vh!qrpsjrsp{ npc`mnb sop`bkemh! NBQ M@RN. Jpnle
rncn, dk! nrp`femh! mnb{u scpng a{k r`jfe
b{dbhmsr p!d jnmjperm{u hmhvh`rhb b nak`qrh
nanpnm{.
Qnbepxemqrbnb`mhe noep`rhbmni qnbleqrhlnqrh
qhk h qpedqrb M@RN h onb{xemhe onremvh`k` b
b`fmeixhu nak`qr!u ongbnk!r ebpnoeiqjhl
qn~gmhj`l onb{qhr| qbni bjk`d b b{onkmemhe
g`d`w M@RN. ]rn r`jfe d`qr bnglnfmnqr|
dnahr|q! ank|xei onqkednb`rek|mnqrh b hu
deiqrbh!u, h asder qonqnaqrbnb`r| khjbhd`vhh
dethvhr` b ebpnoeiqjnl nanpnmmnl onremvh`ke.]r` p`anr` dnkfm` r`jfe qonqnaqrbnb`r|
bg`hlmni `jrhbhg`vhh sqhkhi Ebpnoeiqjncn qn~g`
on onb{xemh~ qbnecn bnemmncn onremvh`k` h
dnqrhfemh~ ecn ophnphrermni vekh qngd`mh! qhk
a{qrpncn p`gbepr{b`mh! whqkemmnqr|~ dn
jnposq`.
Op`fqjne na!g`rek|qrbn n
onremvh`ke
B HNO qr`bhk`q| vek| qngd`mh! nanpnmmncn
onremvh`k`, j jnrnpni qrpelhkq!Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g b veknl, mn oph }rnl me
opedsql`rphb`knq| jnmjperm{u na!g`rek|qrb
nrdek|m{u cnqsd`pqrb. Reoep| fe, ophmhl`!Op`fqjne na!g`rek|qrbn n onremvh`ke, nrdek|m{e
qn~gmhjh on M@RN qb!g`kh qea! rbepd{lh
na!g`rek|qrb`lh on jnmjpermnls
qnbepxemqrbnb`mh~ jk~web{u `qoejrnb bnemmncn
onremvh`k` h ophm!kh jnmjperm{e bpelemm{e
cp`thjh hu pe`khg`vhh h jnmrpnk! m` b{qnjnl
spnbme.
J jk~web{l nak`qr!l bnemmncn onremvh`k`
nrmnq!rq! qpedqrb` `bh`vhnmmncn h lnpqjncn
rp`mqonpr` dk! qrp`rechweqjhu oepebngnj;qpedqrb` dng`op`bjh q`lnkernb b bngdsue,cnrnb{e j a{qrpnls p`gbepr{b`mh~ w`qrh h
ondp`gdekemh! anebncn h r{knbncn naeqoewemh!;qpedqrb` jnl`mdnb`mh!, sop`bkemh! h qb!gh;qpedqrb` bngdsxmncn m`ak~demh! g` gelmni
onbepumnqr|~; p`gbedj`, m`ak~demhe h
nam`psfemhe vekei; qpedqrb` onb{xemh! anebni
}ttejrhbmnqrh, b rnl whqke aneopho`q{ rnwmncn
m`bedemh! h ond`bkemh! qpedqrb
opnrhbnbngdsxmni nanpnm{ opnrhbmhj`;uhlhweqjhi, ahnknchweqjhi, p`dhnknchweqjhi h
!depm{i nanpnmm{i onremvh`k.
Onb{xemhe nanpnmmncn onremvh`k` onrpeaser
d`k|meixecn hglememh! onp!dj` ophnphrernb b
9
nanpnmm{u a~dfer`u lmnchu qn~gmhjnb on M@RN,m`ophlep, oph qnjp`yemhh whqkemmnqrh
bnnpsfemm{u qhk h m`op`bkemhh
b{qbnanfd`~yhuq! qpedqrb m` lndepmhg`vh~
bnemmni reumhjh. Ndm`jn bn lmnchu qksw`!u
opnqrni p`vhnm`khg`vhh p`qundnb asder
mednqr`rnwmn h lncsr onrpeanb`r|q!dnonkmhrek|m{e thm`mqnb{e qpedqrb`.Opnbndhrq! hgswemhe }jnmnlhwm{u pexemhi
opnakel dethvhr` bnemmncn onremvh`k`, g` qwer
r`jhu lep, j`j nazedhmemhe qhk h qpedqrb,sqhkemhe tsmjvhnm`k|mni qoevh`khg`vhh,jnnoep`rhbmne ophnaperemhe bnemmni reumhjh, `
r`jfe qnbleqrmne h lmncnm`vhnm`k|mne
thm`mqhpnb`mhe.
Onqke pe`khg`vhh Op`fqjncn na!g`rek|qrb` n
onremvh`ke jnkhweqrbn jpsom{u
bnemmn-rp`mqonprm{u q`lnkernb b Ebpnoe
sbekhwhrq!, on jp`imei lepe, b wer{pe p`g`. Oph
}rnl g` qwer qnbleqrmncn hqonk|gnb`mh! qbnhu
qpedqrb ebpnoeiqjhe qn~gmhjh r`jfe
gm`whrek|mn onb{q!r bnglnfmnqrh dng`op`bjh
q`lnkernb b bngdsue. J 2007 c. nazel g`o`qnb
dnqr`bk!el{u on bngdsus aneopho`qnb rnwmncn
m`bedemh! me`lephj`mqjncn opnhgbndqrb` dnkfem
sbekhwhr|q! m` 40%.
Qhk{ pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN
Qhk{ pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN asdsr opedqr`bk!r|
qnani bnhmqjhe tnplhpnb`mh! a{qrpncn
p`gbepr{b`mh!, hle~yhe chajhi,b{qnjnreumnknchwm{i u`p`jrep, noep`rhbmn
qnbleqrhl{e q dpschlh qhk`lh h cnrnb{e j
`brnmnlmnls b{onkmemh~ onqr`bkemm{u g`d`w. B
hu qnqr`b asdsr bundhr| qsunosrm{e, lnpqjhe h
`bh`vhnmm{e w`qrh h ondp`gdekemh!, qonqnam{e j
b{onkmemh~ bqecn dh`o`gnm` lhqqhi
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. D`k|meixee
qnbepxemqrbnb`mhe }rhu qhk b{qnjni cnrnbmnqrh
asder r`jfe qksfhr| j`r`khg`rnpnl opnveqq`
qnbepxemqrbnb`mh! h onb{xemh! noep`rhbmni
qnbleqrhlnqrh qhk h qpedqrb
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h ongbnkhr
naeqoewhr| hu d`k|meixee openap`gnb`mhe dk!nrp`femh! mnb{u b{gnbnb aegno`qmnqrh.
Onqke oepbni jnmtepemvhh on tnplhpnb`mh~ qhk,qnqrn!bxeiq! b h~ke 2003 c., b njr!ape 2003 c.a{kn qngd`mn oepbne tnplhpnb`mhe-opnrnrho qhk.J`j nfhd`erq!, j njr!ap~ 2004 c. Qhk{
pe`chpnb`mh! dnqrhcmsr m`w`k|mni qreoemh
anecnrnbmnqrh, ` b 2006 c. asdsr onkmnqr|~
bbedem{ b anebni qnqr`b. Rncd` hu whqkemmnqr|
qnqr`bhr ophakhghrek|mn 21 r{q. weknbej. ]rh
qhk{ asdsr nqm`yem{ qoevh`k|mn
opedm`gm`wemm{lh dk! mhu q`l{lh qnbpelemm{lh
hqrpeahrek!lh, jnp`ak!lh, `pleiqjhlh aneb{lh
l`xhm`lh, qpedqrb`lh anebncn h r{knbncn
naeqoewemh!, qb!gh h p`gbedjh. Nmh qlncsr
nqsyeqrbk!r| p`gbepr{b`mhe b p`inm`u jphghq` b
qpnj dn o!rh dmei h `brnmnlmn b{onkm!r| qbnh
g`d`wh b rewemhe 30 dmei.
Mnb`! qrpsjrsp` npc`mnb
sop`bkemh! NBQ M@RN
M` q`llhre b Op`ce psjnbndhrekh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` ndnaphkh nakhj
mnbni qrpsjrsp{ npc`mnb sop`bkemh!nazedhmemm{lh bnnpsfemm{lh qhk`lh M@RN
(NBQ M@RN). Nm` qr`k` nakecwemmni, onb{qhk`q|
ee }ttejrhbmnqr|, m`defmnqr|, cnrnbmnqr| j
a{qrpnls p`gbepr{b`mh~ qhk. B ee qnqr`b bund!r
db` qrp`rechweqjhu jnl`mdnb`mh! (noep`rhbmne h
tsmjvhnm`k|mne). B h~me 2003 c. a{k` g`bepxem`
der`k|m`! p`gp`anrj` mnbni qrpsjrsp{. Nm`
nrp`f`er onrpeamnqr| b jnlo`jrm{u, chajhu qhk`u
a{qrpncn p`gbepr{b`mh!, kswxe ophqonqnakemm{u
dk! b{onkmemh! mnb{u g`d`w M@RN. Whqkn
jnl`mdnb`mhi NBQ M@RN a{kn qnjp`yemn q 20 dn
11, a{kh r`jfe oepenopedekem{ hu g`d`wh.
Bqe noep`rhbm{e xr`a{ reoep| ondwhm!~rq!Jnl`mdnb`mh~ noep`vh!lh NBQ M@RN, qngd`mmnls
m` a`ge xr`a` Bepunbmncn ck`bmncn jnl`mdnb`mh!NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe (xr`ae BCJ NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe)b Aek|chh. Nmn nohp`erq! b qbnei de!rek|mnqrh m`
db` nazedhmemm{u jnl`mdnb`mh! NBQ M@RN, ndmni
hg g`d`w jnrnp{u !bk!erq! qngd`mhe ndmncn
lmncnm`vhnm`k|mncn nazedhmemmncn noep`rhbmn-r`jrhweqjncn tnplhpnb`mh! (LNNRT) qn xr`anl
m`gelmncn a`ghpnb`mh! h ndmncn LNNRT q onkmnqr|~
sjnlokejrnb`mm{l, mn ncp`mhwemm{l on qbnhl
bnglnfmnqr!l qr`vhnm`pm{l nazedhmemm{l xr`anl,m` nqmnbe jnrnpncn lnfer qngd`b`r|q! xr`a LNNRT
lnpqjncn a`ghpnb`mh!. Xr`a{ LNNRT hle~r chajs~
qrpsjrsps anebncn sop`bkemh!, jnrnp`! ongbnk!er
jnl`mdnb`mh~ hqonk|gnb`r| w`qrh h ondp`gdekemh!p`gkhwm{u bhdnb bnnpsfemm{u qhk p`gm{u qrp`m q
swernl jnmjperm{u rpeanb`mhi opnbndhlni bnemmni
noep`vhh.10
Oeped mnb{l Jnl`mdnb`mhel NBQ M@RN on
rp`mqtnpl`vhh (JRNBQ M@RN) onqr`bkem` g`d`w`
m`ak~d`r| g` opndnkf`~yhlq! openap`gnb`mhel
bnemmncn onremvh`k` Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` h qndeiqrbnb`r| p`gbhrh~ noep`rhbmni
qnbleqrhlnqrh ecn bnnpsfemm{u qhk. Nmn
g`lem!er qnani Ck`bmne jnl`mdnb`mhe NBQ M@RN
m` @rk`mrhje h a`ghpserq! b c. Mnptnkj (xr.Bhpchmh!, QX@). S mecn r`jfe hleerq! qbne
opedqr`bhrek|qrbn b Ebpnoe. Dnonkmhrek|m{l
opehlsyeqrbnl !bk!erq! rn, wrn Bepunbm{i
ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhi NBQ M@RN on
rp`mqtnpl`vhh r`jfe bngck`bk!er Jnl`mdnb`mhe
nazedhmemm{u qhk QX@, qr`bxee dbhfsyei qhkni
bmsrpemmhu oepelem b `lephj`mqjhu bnnpsfemm{u
qhk`u. JRNBQ M@RN asder hcp`r| jk~webs~ pnk|
b opnveqqe `d`or`vhh qhk h qpedqrb h p`gp`anrjh
dnjrphm{ mnb{u Qhk pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN.
Anp|a` q mnb{lh scpng`lh
B Op`ce a{k b{dbhmsr p!d hmhvh`rhb q vek|~
onb{qhr| bnemm{i onremvh`k Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` b anp|ae opnrhb reppnphgl` h dpschu mnb{u
scpng aegno`qmnqrh. A{k` ndnapem` bnemm`!jnmveovh! g`yhr{ nr reppnphgl` h b{dbhmsr`
opncp`ll` qnrpsdmhweqrb` q cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh q vek|~ onb{xemh! cnrnbmnqrh
cp`fd`mqjhu qksfa j g`yhre lhpmncn m`qekemh! nr
bnglnfm{u m`o`demhi q ophlememhel uhlhweqjncn,ahnknchweqjncn hkh p`dhnknchweqjncn npsfh! h
nj`g`mh! qndeiqrbh! oph khjbhd`vhh hu onqkedqrbhi.
Dk! onb{xemh! bnemmncn onremvh`k`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b anp|ae opnrhb
!depmncn, ahnknchweqjncn h uhlhweqjncn npsfh!a{kn b{dbhmsrn o!r| hmhvh`rhb on qngd`mh~:opnrnrho` cnrnbni j a{qrpnls p`gbepr{b`mh~
`m`khrhweqjni k`anp`rnphh; cpsoo{ pe`chpnb`mh!m` qna{rhe, qb!g`mmne q NLS; bhprs`k|mncn
vemrp` oepednbncn no{r` on bnopnq`l g`yhr{ nr
NLS; g`o`q` `cemrnb dk! ahnknchweqjni h
uhlhweqjni g`yhr{ M@RN; qhqrel{ m`ak~demh!g` ankegm!lh. B dnonkmemhe j }rnls opnbndhrq!bnemmn-}jnmnlhweqjne nanqmnb`mhe
opnrhbnp`jermni nanpnm{ M@RN, opedonk`c`~yee
hgswemhe p`gkhwm{u b`ph`mrnb g`yhr{
repphrnphh, qhk h m`qekemh! qrp`m
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` nr bqecn dh`o`gnm`
p`jerm{u scpng. Onb{x`erq! r`jfe onremvh`k
g`yhr{ nr jhaepmerhweqjhu `r`j.
1 dej`ap! 2003 c. ophqrsohk j b{onkmemh~ qbnhu
oepbnm`w`k|m{u g`d`w lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{i
a`r`k|nm on g`yhre nr uhlhweqjncn,ahnknchweqjncn, p`dhnknchweqjncn h !depmncn
(UAP_D) npsfh!. Nm dhqknvhpserq! b c. Khaepev b
qebepmni Weuhh. Ok`mhpserq!, wrn }rnr a`r`k|nm
onkmnqr|~ bnider b anebni qnqr`b dk! sw`qrh! b
noep`vh!u M@RN b h~ke 2004 c. Jn bpelemh
g`bepxemh! jnlokejrnb`mh! a`r`k|nm` b ecn
tnplhpnb`mhh sw`qrbnb`kn rphm`dv`r| qrp`m -Aek|ch!, Bekhjnaphr`mh!, Bemcph!, Hqo`mh!,Hr`kh!, J`m`d`, Mnpbech!, Onk|x`, Onprsc`kh!,Psl{mh!, QX@, Rspvh! h Weuh!.
11
Hglem!~yeeq! opedm`gm`wemhe qhkM@RN
> 4
Qn bpelemh qngd`mh! M@RN b`fmeixei g`d`wei
qn~gmhweqjhu qhk a{kn c`p`mrhpnb`r| aegno`qmnqr|
h repphrnph`k|ms~ veknqrmnqr| ee
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb. G`d`w` naeqoewemh!
aegno`qmnqrh onqpedqrbnl lep qdepfhb`mh! h
jnkkejrhbmni nanpnm{ on-opefmels nqr`erq! hu
b`fmeixei opepnc`rhbni, mn onqke njnmw`mh!
«unkndmni bnim{» opedm`gm`wemhe h npc`mhg`vh!
nazedhmemm{u qhk M@RN ondbepckhq| qsyeqrbemm{l
hglememh!l. ]rh hglememh! m`op`bkem{ m`
`d`or`vh~ j p`gbhb`~yeiq! naqr`mnbje
aegno`qmnqrh h qndeiqrbhe p`gbhrh~ bnemmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` q cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh.
Bn bpel! «unkndmni bnim{» ck`bmni g`d`wei
bnemmncn ok`mhpnb`mh! M@RN a{kn onddepf`mhe
bnemmncn onremvh`k`, menaundhlncn dk! g`yhr{
nr opedonk`c`bxeiq! `cpeqqhh qn qrnpnm{ QQQP h
qrp`m B`px`bqjncn dncnbnp`. Onqke o`demh!
Aepkhmqjni qrem{ qr`kh on!bk!r|q! g`!bkemh! n
rnl, wrn menaundhlnqr| b M@RN nro`k`. Ndm`jn,meqlnrp! m` slem|xemhe jnmtpnmr`vhnmm{u
remdemvhi b qtepe ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh, ee u`p`jrep sqknfmhkq! q
on!bkemhel lmncnwhqkemm{u mnb{u b{gnbnb g`
opedek`lh Ebpno{, b rnl whqke qn qrnpnm{
medeeqonqnam{u cnqsd`pqrb, p`qopnqrp`memh!
npsfh! l`qqnbncn onp`femh! h qpedqrb ecn
dnqr`bjh, ` r`jfe reppnphgl`. Mnb{e g`d`wh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh opn!bhkhq| q nqnani
!qmnqr|~ b deb!mnqr{e cnd{, jncd` m` A`kj`m`u
bngmhjkh lef}rmhweqjhe jnmtkhjr{, b jnrnp{u
qhk`l M@RN ophxknq|, b hrnce, hqonkm!r| pnk|
onddepf`mh! lhp` h jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh!.
Onqkedmhe cnd{ onj`g`kh, wrn reppnphqrhweqjhe
`jr{, qnbepxemm{e b qemr!ape 2001 c., h
onqkednb`bxhe g` mhlh noep`vhh b @tc`mhqr`me q
vek|~ smhwrnfhr| «@k|-J`hds»,reppnphqrhweqjs~ npc`mhg`vh~, nrberqrbemms~ g`
}rh `jr{, b{gb`kh d`k|meixhi pnqr
ng`anwemmnqrh b qb!gh q scpng`lh, hqund!yhlh nr
lefdsm`pndmncn reppnphgl`, medeeqonqnam{u
cnqsd`pqrb h p`qopnqrp`memh! npsfh! l`qqnbncn
smhwrnfemh!. Qhk{ M@RN reoep| qndeiqrbs~r
g`yhre nr reppnphgl` h m`whm`~r hcp`r| bqe
ankee l`qxr`ams~ pnk| b noep`vh!u on
onddepf`mh~ lhp`, b pegsk|r`re wecn M@RN
boepb{e b qbnei hqrnphh m`op`bhk` qbnh bnhmqjhe
jnmrhmcemr{ g` opedek{ Ebpno{. R`jhl nap`gnl,unr! scpng{, qrn!yhe qecndm! oeped
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl qn~gnl sfe, bnglnfmn, me
mnq!r rncn `onj`khoqhweqjncn u`p`jrep`, j`j bn
bpelem` «unkndmni bnim{», nmh bonkme pe`k|m{,qep|egm{ h, g`w`qrs~, meopedqj`gsel{.
Na{wm{e qhk{ M@RN
Onqke njnmw`mh! «unkndmni bnim{» nay`!
whqkemmnqr| na{wm{u bnnpsfemm{u qhk
ondbepck`q| qsyeqrbemmnls qnjp`yemh~: q m`w`k`
deb!mnqr{u cndnb qsunosrm{e bniqj`, b{dekemm{e
b qnqr`b qhk Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh M@RN, a{kh qnjp`yem{ m`
35 %, jnkhweqrbn jpsom{u aneb{u jnp`akei a{kn
qnjp`yemn ankee wel m` 30%, whqkn aneb{u
}qj`dphk|ei bnemmn-bngdsxm{u qhk -ophakhghrek|mn m` 40%. Ank|x`! w`qr|
bnnpsfemm{u qhk sfe me qndepfhrq! b b{qnjni
qreoemh anebni cnrnbmnqrh. A{k` opnbedem` hu
penpc`mhg`vh! q vek|~ onb{xemh! hu chajnqrh h
lnahk|mnqrh, wrn ongbnkhkn hl b{onkm!r| mnb{e
g`d`wh onddepf`mh! lhp` h jphghqmncn
pecskhpnb`mh!, ` r`jfe }ttejrhbmn
bg`hlndeiqrbnb`r| q qhk`lh qrp`m, me bund!yhu b
M@RN.
Ndmhl hg ophlepnb rncn, j`j mnb{e pe`khh
b{gb`kh hglememh! b npc`mhg`vhnmmni qrpsjrspe
nazedhmemm{u bnnpsfemm{u qhk{ M@RN, qksfhr
ophm!rhe bnemmni jnmveovhh Lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u
nazedhmemm{u noep`rhbmn-r`jrhweqjhu
tnplhpnb`mhi (LNNRT). ]rni jnmveovhei
opedsql`rphb`erq! qngd`mhe qrpsjrsp{ qhk,hle~yei chajhi u`p`jrep h ongbnk!~yei
jnl`mdnb`mh~ bjk~w`r| b hu qnqr`b
ondp`gdekemh! hg p`gm{u qrp`m b qnnrberqrbhh q
nopedekemm{lh rpeanb`mh!lh jnmjpermni
bnemmni noep`vhh. R`jni ondund r`jfe nakecwhr
hmrecp`vh~ ondp`gdekemhi hg qrp`m, me bund!yhu
b M@RN, b noep`vhh on onddepf`mh~ lhp` ond
psjnbndqrbnl M@RN h ongbnkhr opnbndhr|
opedonk`c`el{e noep`vhh ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ q
hqonk|gnb`mhel qhk, qpedqrb h peqspqnb M@RN.
Q qepedhm{ deb!mnqr{u cndnb nqnas~ b`fmnqr|
ophnapekh mnb{e g`d`wh M@RN b nak`qrh
jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh! h onddepf`mh! lhp`
(ql. ondpnamee ck. 10). B onddepfjs sqhkhi NNM b
oephnd q 1992 c. on 1995 c. qhk{ M@RN ophmhl`kh
sw`qrhe b bnime b Anqmhh. Nmh qndeiqrbnb`kh
opnbedemh~ jnmrpnk! h b{onkmemh~ q`mjvhi NNM
b @dph`rhje, qkedhkh g` qnak~demhel gnm{,g`opeyemmni dk! onkernb m`d Anqmhei h
Cepvecnbhmni, ` r`jfe naeqoewhb`kh
meonqpedqrbemms~ `bh`vhnmms~ onddepfjs b gnme
jnmtkhjr` Qhk`l nup`m{ NNM. B `bcsqre h
qemr!ape 1995 c. bngdsxm{e sd`p{ qhk M@RN
onlnckh qm!r| nq`ds Q`p`ebn, hglemhr|
p`bmnbeqhe qhk lefds qrnpnm`lh b gnme
jnmtkhjr` h dnahr|q! lhpmncn specskhpnb`mh!
jnmtkhjr`. Bonqkedqrbhh, on l`md`rs NNM b
dej`ape 1995 c. M@RN opnbek` p`gbepr{b`mhe
12
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u qhk on b{onkmemh~ bnemm{u
`qoejrnb lhpmncn qnck`xemh!.
Beqmni 1999 c. bngpnqk` pnk| M@RN b qtepe
jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh! b qb!gh q m`w`knl
bngdsxmni noep`vhh opnrhb ~cnqk`bqjncn pefhl`
q vek|~ ophmsdhr| ecn j b{onkmemh~ rpeanb`mhi
lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb` h opejp`yemh~
onkhrhweqjhu h }rmhweqjhu ophreqmemhi fhrekei
Jnqnbn. G`rel rsd` a{kh m`op`bkem{ jpsom{e
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{e qhk{ ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN
dk! qndeiqrbh! bnqqr`mnbkemh~ qr`ahk|mnqrh.
Wepeg db` cnd`, b m`w`ke 2001 c. M@RN b
qnrpsdmhweqrbe q mnb{l delnjp`rhweqjhl
op`bhrek|qrbnl ^cnqk`bhh sw`qrbnb`k` b
opednrbp`yemhh jphghq` b p`inme ^fmni Qepahh,cde opnfhb`er ank|xne whqkn }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mveb. Meqjnk|jn ongdmee b rnl fe cnds M@RN
qnbleqrmn q Ebpnoeiqjhl qn~gnl opedophmhl`k`
lep{ opebemrhbmni dhoknl`rhh q vek|~
qndeiqrbh! opednrbp`yemh~ cp`fd`mqjni bnim{
b a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhje L`jednmhh* b
opnveqqe oepecnbnpnb n lhpmnl ok`me. Kernl, dk!
lhpmncn p`gnpsfemh! anebhjnb h naeqoewemh!
aegno`qmnqrh lefdsm`pndm{u m`ak~d`rekei, r`l
a{kh p`gbepmsr{ l`k{e on whqkemmnqrh qhk{
M@RN, onqke wecn b qrp`me bqjnpe bnqqr`mnbhk`q|
qr`ahk|mnqr|.
A`kj`mqjhe noep`vhh ongbnkhkh qhk`l M@RN
m`jnohr| ank|xni no{r b opnbedemhh noep`vhi on
onddepf`mh~ lhp`, jphghqmnls pecskhpnb`mh~ h
b psjnbndqrbe lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{lh jn`khvh!lh, b
rnl whqke q sw`qrhel qrp`m, me bund!yhu b [email protected] pegsk|r`re M@RN qr`k` vemmeixhl
hmqrpslemrnl dk! pexemh! g`d`w b qnbpelemmni
naqr`mnbje aegno`qmnqrh. Onqke
reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb, qnbepxemm{u 11qemr!ap!, onqrn!mmn bngp`qr`er bnqrpeanb`mmnqr|
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b qtepe
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh b gnm`u
meqr`ahk|mnqrh, m`und!yhuq! bme ecn
rp`dhvhnmmni ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni gnm{
nrberqrbemmnqrh.
B qb!gh q qna{rh!lh b @tc`mhqr`me M@RN ophm!k`
pexemhe bngck`bhr| b `bcsqre 2003 c.Lefdsm`pndm{e qhk{ qndeiqrbh! aegno`qmnqrh
(HQ@T) q vek|~ nj`g`mh! qndeiqrbh!
medeeqonqnamnls cnqsd`pqrbs, onqrp`d`bxels nr
lmncnwhqkemm{u bnim h qr`bxels saefhyel dk!
reppnphqrnb. M@RN r`jfe hcp`k` qsyeqrbemms~
pnk| b nj`g`mhh onddepfjh qn~gmhj`l, jnrnp{e
dn }rncn bngck`bk!kh HQ@T. Ondnamne sqhkemhe
pnkh M@RN b }rni qtepe c`p`mrhpser
opeelqrbemmnqr| b tnplhpnb`mhh qhk h ongbnk!er
pexhr| opnakels onhqj` j`fd{e xeqr| leq!veb
mnb{u cnqsd`pqrb dk! psjnbndqrb` qhk`lh.Khwm{i qnqr`b qhk M@RN qksfhr ond gm`lemel
HQ@T h opndnkf`er qbn~ de!rek|mnqr| on
l`md`rs NNM. ]rnr l`md`r a{k p`qxhpem b
njr!ape 2003 c. h reoep| hl opedsql`rphb`erq!
opnbedemhe noep`vhi g` opedek`lh qrnkhv{
@tc`mhqr`m` J`ask`.
Sw`qrhe M@RN b deiqrbh!u b @tc`mhqr`me qr`kn
oepbni lhqqhei Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` g`
opedek`lh Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn pechnm`. Nmn
nrp`f`er b`fmnqr| pexemh!, ophm!rncn
lhmhqrp`lh hmnqrp`mm{u dek qrp`m M@RN m`
bqrpewe b Peij|!bhje b l`e 2002 c., qnck`qmn
jnrnpnls «M@RN dnkfm` nak`d`r| qonqnamnqr|~
p`gbepr{b`r| qhk{, jnrnp{e qlncsr a{qrpn
oepeley`r|q! rsd`, cde nmh menaundhl{, h
naeqoewhb`r| qbnh deiqrbh! meg`bhqhln nr
ank|xhu p`qqrn!mhi h qpnjnb». Ankee rncn, onqke
deiqrbhi on blex`rek|qrbs ond psjnbndqrbnl
QX@ opnrhb pefhl` Q`dd`l` Usqeim` M@RN
ophm!k` pexemhe nj`g`r| onddepfjs
lmncnm`vhnm`k|mni dhbhghh ond psjnbndqrbnl
Onk|xh, dhqknvhpnb`mmni b vemrp`k|mnl Hp`je,oph tnplhpnb`mhh qhk, r{knbnl naeqoewemhh,npc`mhg`vhh qb!gh h p`gbedjh. B qksw`e
menaundhlnqrh nm` cnrnb` nj`g`r| `m`knchwms~
onddepfjs dpschl qn~gmhj`l.
B naqr`mnbje, bngmhjxei b qtepe naeqoewemh!
aegno`qmnqrh onqke 11 qemr!ap! 2001 c., xhpnjn
ophlem!khq| jk`qqhweqjhe qhk{ h qpedqrb`
bnemmn-lnpqjncn tknr`. Q njr!ap! 2001 c. jnp`akh
13
qrp`m M@RN bedsr o`rpskhpnb`mhe b Bnqrnwmnl
Qpedhgelmnlnp|e b p`lj`u noep`vhh «@jrhbm`!
ono{rj`». Nmh jnmrpnkhps~r r`l qsdnundqrbn q
vek|~ nam`psfemh! h qdepfhb`mh! deiqrbhi
reppnphqrnb. ]r` g`d`w` g`rel a{k` p`qxhpem` h
reoep| bjk~w`er b qea! qnopnbnfdemhe on
rpeanb`mh~ mebnemm{u jnp`akei wepeg opnkhb
Chap`kr`p, ` r`jfe qhqrel`rhweqjhe nqlnrp{
ondngphrek|m{u qsdnb. B dnonkmemhe j
qdepfhb`mh~ reppnphqrnb, bnemmn-lnpqjhe
noep`vhh d`kh mejnrnp{e meopedbhdemm{e
pegsk|r`r{ h hle~r g`lermne bkh!mhe m`
naeqoewemhe aegno`qmnqrh h qr`ahk|mnqrh m`
Qpedhgelmnlnp|e, jnrnpne ak`cnoph!rmn
qj`g{b`erq! m` rnpcnbke h }jnmnlhweqjni
de!rek|mnqrh.
_depm{e qhk{ M@RN
Onkhrhj` M@RN b nak`qrh !depmncn npsfh! - }rn
ndmn hg m`op`bkemhi bnemmni onkhrhjh, cde g`
onqkedmee deq!rhkerhe opnhgnxkh p`dhj`k|m{e
oepelem{. Bn bpel! «unkndmni bnim{»vemrp`k|ms~ pnk| b qrp`rechh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` hcp`kh !depm{e
qhk{ M@RN. Ank|x`! whqkemmnqr| }rhu qhk h
xhpnjn hgbeqrm`! cnrnbmnqr| op`bhrek|qrb qrp`m
M@RN j onddepf`mh~ !depmncn npsfh! b anebnl
qnqrn!mhh h ecn bnglnfmnls ophlememh~ dnkfm{
a{kh deiqrbnb`r| j`j qpedqrbn sqrp`xemh!,ophwel me rnk|jn dk! qdepfhb`mh! ophlememh!
!depmncn npsfh! dpschlh qrp`m`lh, mn h j`j
onqkedmee qpedqrbn opnrhbndeiqrbh! `cpeqqhh b
k~ani tnple.
B qepedhme o!rhdeq!r{u cndnb b qrp`rechh r`j
m`g{b`elncn «l`qqhpnb`mmncn nrbermncn sd`p`»ck`bmne bmhl`mhe sdek!knq| qdepfhb`mh~,nqmnb`mmnls m` scpnge. Opedonk`c`knq|, wrn M@RN
nrberhr m` `cpeqqh~, m`op`bkemms~ opnrhb
k~ancn hg cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb, bqelh qpedqrb`lh,hle~yhlhq! b ee p`qonp!femhh, b rnl whqke h
!depm{l npsfhel. B 1967 c. a{k` ophm!r`
qrp`rech! «chajncn pe`chpnb`mh!», vek|~ jnrnpni
a{kn qdepfhb`mhe `cpeqqhh g` qwer qngd`mh!
mesbepemmnqrh s onremvh`k|mncn `cpeqqnp`
nrmnqhrek|mn na{wmncn hkh !depmncn u`p`jrep`
nrbermncn sd`p` M@RN. R`j`! qrp`rech!
onbndhk`q| M@RN boknr| dn njnmw`mh! «unkndmni
bnim{».
B qnbpelemmni qrp`rechh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` !depmne npsfhe hcp`er gm`whrek|mn
lem|xs~ pnk|. J`fd`! hg rpeu !depm{u depf`b
M@RN - Bekhjnaphr`mh!, QX@ h Tp`mvh! -qsyeqrbemmn qnjp`rhk` qbnh g`o`q{ r`jncn
npsfh!, b mejnrnp{u qksw`!u m` 80 %. On nayels
saefdemh~ naqrn!rek|qrb`, b jnrnp{u lnfer
p`qql`rphb`r|q! bnglnfmnqr| ophlememh!
!depmncn npsfh!, !bk!~rq! wpegb{w`imn
nrd`kemm{lh, h nmn ank|xe me m`vekemn m` j`jhe-khan qrp`m{ h me opedonk`c`erq! dk! ophlememh!
b qksw`e nopedekemmni scpng{.
Ck`bm`! vek| nqr`~yhuq! !depm{u qhk hleer
onkhrhweqjhi u`p`jrep: qnup`m!r| lhp h
opednrbp`y`r| bnemm{i m`fhl, qngd`b`!
onknfemhe, oph jnrnpnl phqj `cpeqqhh opnrhb
M@RN qr`mnbhkq! a{ me ondd`~yhlq! p`qwers h
meophelkel{l. B qnbnjsomnqrh q na{wm{l,me!depm{l onremvh`knl, nmh qngd`~r nysyemhe
mesbepemmnqrh s k~ani qrp`m{, jnrnp`! lnfer
qrpelhr|q! j dnqrhfemh~ onkhrhweqjncn hkh
bnemmncn opehlsyeqrb` onqpedqrbnl scpng{
!depm{l, ahnknchweqjhl hkh uhlhweqjhl npsfhel
hkh ecn ophlememh! opnrhb Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`.14
Ndmnbpelemmn q }rhl qn~gmhjh on M@RN sfe
d`bmn bg!kh m` qea! na!g`rek|qrb` on jnmrpnk~
m`d !depm{l npsfhel, p`gnpsfemh~ h
opednrbp`yemh~ p`qopnqrp`memh! !depmncn
npsfh!. M@RN onddepfhb`er sqhkh!,m`op`bkemm{e m` vekeqnnap`gmne h onqreoemmne
qnjp`yemhe !depmncn npsfh!, ` r`jfe
de!rek|mnqr| on ncp`mhwemh~ p`qopnqrp`memh!
npsfh! l`qqnbncn smhwrnfemh! (NLS). B M@RN
a{k qngd`m Vemrp on NLS dk! nopedekemh!
onrpeamnqrei h nalem` hmtnpl`vhei b }rni
nak`qrh.
Qhk{ M@RN
Replhm «qhk{ M@RN» lnfer bbndhr| b
g`aksfdemhe. S M@RN mer onqrn!mmni `plhh.Bleqrn }rncn, nrdek|m{e cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{
M@RN aepsr m` qea! na!g`rek|qrb`
nrmnqhrek|mn rhonb h whqkemmnqrh bnhmqjhu
tnplhpnb`mhi, jnrnp{e asdsr b{dek!r|q! b
p`qonp!femhe Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
dk! b{onkmemh! qnck`qnb`mm{u g`d`w hkh
opnbedemh! noep`vhi. ]rh tnplhpnb`mh!
nqr`~rq! ond sop`bkemhel m`vhnm`k|m{u
npc`mnb dn reu onp, onj` me onqrso`er
qnnrberqrbs~yhi g`opnq, h rncd` nmh
oeped`~rq! b ondwhmemhe bnemmncn
jnl`mdnb`mh! M@RN.
Bleqre q rel s M@RN deiqrbhrek|mn hleerq!
meank|xne whqkn onqrn!mm{u bnhmqjhu w`qrei h
ondp`gdekemhi. Nazedhmemms~ qrpsjrsps
npc`mnb bnemmncn sop`bkemh!
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` qnqr`bk!~r
l`knwhqkemm{e nazedhmemm{e xr`am{e
ondp`gdekemh! b qnqr`be p`gkhwm{u
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u xr`anb. Meank|xne whqkn
noep`rhbm{u tnplhpnb`mhi, r`jhu j`j qhk{
bngdsxmncn d`k|mecn p`dhnknj`vhnmmncn
nam`psfemh! h sop`bkemh! M@RN, g`mhl`~rq!
naqksfhb`mhel h }jqoks`r`vhei onqrn!mm{u
nazejrnb qb!gh, opnrhbnbngdsxmni nanpnm{ h
m`ak~demh!. Jpnle rncn, b p`gbepmsrnl
qnqrn!mhh deiqrbser onqrn!mmne noep`rhbmne
qnedhmemhe NBLQ M@RN, b qnqr`b jnrnpncn
bundhr meank|xne whqkn jnp`akei h khwmncn
qnqr`b`, b{dek!el{u m` nqmnbe pnr`vhh
tknr`lh p!d` qn~gmhjnb on M@RN.
Unr! s M@RN nrqsrqrbser onqrn!mm`! `plh!, nm`
lnfer lnahkhgnb`r| qhk{ db`dv`rh xeqrh qbnhu
qn~gmhjnb. Ee nazedhmemm`!
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m`! qrpsjrsp` naeqoewhb`er
aeqopevedemrms~ b bnemmni hqrnphh
noep`rhbms~ qnbleqrhlnqr| bnnpsfemm{u qhk,nqm`yemm{u h naswemm{u dk! qnbleqrm{u
deiqrbhi on nayhl qr`md`pr`l h opnvedsp`l.]rn, b qnwer`mhh q lmncnkermhl no{rnl
psjnbndqrb` lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u noep`vhi on
jphghqmnls pecskhpnb`mh~ h onddepf`mh~
lhp`, opebp`y`er M@RN b vemm{i hmqrpslemr
pexemh! g`d`w b qnbpelemmni naqr`mnbje
aegno`qmnqrh, b jnrnpni dk! anp|a{ q mnb{lh
scpng`lh rpeas~rq! qjnnpdhmhpnb`mm{e
lefdsm`pndm{e deiqrbh!.
15
P`qxhpemhe gnm{ aegno`qmnqrh
onqpedqrbnl o`prmepqrb`
> 5
Oph `d`or`vhh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` j
mnbnls qrp`rechweqjnls jnmrejqrs b oephnd onqke
«unkndmni bnim{» a{kn ophm!rn xhpnjne
nopedekemhe aegno`qmnqrh h b{dbhmsr`
xhpnjnl`qxr`am`! qrp`rech! p`gbhrh! o`prmepqrb`
h qnrpsdmhweqrb` b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme.P`gbhrhe o`prmepqrb` h qnrpsdmhweqrb` reoep|
p`qql`rphb`erq! reoep| j`j ndm` hg
oepbnqreoemm{u g`d`wh M@RN b nak`qrh
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh. M`w`kn }rnls opnveqqs
a{kn onknfemn b 1990 c., jncd` psjnbndhrekh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`, meqlnrp! m` opefmhe
p`glefeb`mh! lefds Bnqrnjnl h G`o`dnl,opnr!mskh psjs dpsfa{ qrp`m`l Vemrp`k|mni h
Bnqrnwmni Ebpno{ h a{bxhl qnberqjhl
peqosakhj`l, opedknfhb hl sqr`mnbhr| mnb{e
nrmnxemh! qnrpsdmhweqrb`.
]rhl a{k` ondcnrnbkem` onwb` dk! qngd`mh! b
dej`ape 1991 c. Qnber` qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` (QQ@Q), qr`bxecn tnpslnl dk!
opnbedemh! jnmqsk|r`vhi q vek|~ sjpeokemh!
bg`hlmncn dnbeph!. Meqjnk|jhlh cnd`lh ongfe, b
1994 c. a{k` ophm!r` ck`bm`! opncp`ll`
op`jrhweqjncn dbsqrnpnmmecn qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds
M@RN h nrdek|m{lh cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh -«O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`» (OPL), wrn
qonqnaqrbnb`kn pegjni `jrhbhg`vhh opnveqq`
o`prmepqrb`.
B m`qrn!yee bpel! pecsk!pm{e jnmqsk|r`vhh on
bnopnq`l aegno`qmnqrh h nanpnm{ lefds M@RN h
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh opnbnd!rq! b Qnbere
ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn o`prmepqrb` (QE@O), jnrnp{i b
1997 c. ophxek m` qlems QQ@Q. P`qxhp!erq!
bg`hlndeiqrbhe lefds qhk`lh M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb, opnbnd!rq! qnbleqrm{e swemh!, hu
bnemmnqksf`yhe sw`qrbs~r b qnbleqrm{u noep`vh!u
ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN on onddepf`mh~ lhp` m`
A`kj`m`u. M` op`fqjni bqrpewe M@RN m` b{qxel
spnbme b mn!ape 2002 c. a{kh ophm!r{ lep{ on
p`qxhpemh~ qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds M@RN h
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh h sqhkemh~
m`op`bkemmnqrh de!rek|mnqrh o`prmepqrb` m`
opnrhbndeiqrbhe b{gnb`l aegno`qmnqrh XXI bej`.
O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`
Ndmhl hg m`hankee g`lew`rek|m{u dnqrhfemhi
lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb` b nak`qrh
aegno`qmnqrh opnxkncn deq!rhkerh! qr`k`
opncp`ll` «O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`» (OPL). Onqke
ee ophm!rh! b 1994 c. ophck`xemhe ophqnedhmhr|q!
j }rni opncp`lle a{kn ophm!rn rphdv`r|~
qrp`m`lh - @bqrphei, @gepa`idf`mnl, @ka`mhei,@plemhei, Aek`psq|~, Ankc`phei, Bemcphei,Cpsghei, Hpk`mdhei, J`g`uqr`mnl, Jhpchgqr`mnl,K`rbhei, Khrbni, Lnkdnbni, Onk|xei, a{bxei
~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhjni L`jednmhei*, Pnqqhei,Psl{mhei, Qknb`jhei, Qknbemhei,R`dfhjhqr`mnl, Rspjlemhei, Sgaejhqr`mnl,Sjp`hmni, Thmk!mdhei, Unpb`rhei, Weuhei,Xbeiv`phei, Xbevhei h ]qrnmhei. Deq!r| hg mhu q
reu onp qr`kh qn~gmhj`lh on M@RN: Bemcph!,Onk|x`, Weuh! b 1999 c. h Ankc`ph!, K`rbh!, Khrb`,Psl{mh!, Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh!, ]qrnmh! b 2004 c.
M`lepemhe ophqnedhmhr|q! j O`prmepqrbs p`dh
lhp` h Qnbers ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn o`prmepqrb`
b{qj`g`kh r`jfe Anqmh! h Cepvecnbhm` h Qepah! h
Wepmncnph!. M@RN p`qqwhr{b`er m` bunfdemhe
}rhu dbsu qrp`m b O`prmepqrbn h asder }rn
ophberqrbnb`r| onqke rncn, j`j nmh b{onkm!r
sqknbh!, sqr`mnbkemm{e Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl
qn~gnl, b rnl whqke on onkmnl`qxr`amnls
qnrpsdmhweqrbs q Lefdsm`pndm{l scnknbm{l
rphasm`knl on a{bxei ^cnqk`bhh, h b w`qrmnqrh,on g`depf`mh~ h oeped`we rphasm`ks khv,nabhm!el{u b qnbepxemhh bnemm{u opeqrsokemhi.
«O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`» nqmnb`mn m`
op`jrhweqjnl qnrpsdmhweqrbe h ophbepfemmnqrh
delnjp`rhweqjhl ophmvho`l, m` jnrnp{e
nohp`erq! h q`l Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g. Ecn
vek| - onb{x`r| qr`ahk|mnqr|, slem|x`r| scpng{
lhps h qrpnhr| opnwm{e nrmnxemh! b qtepe
aegno`qmnqrh lefds nrdek|m{lh cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh h M@RN, ` r`jfe q dpschlh
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh. Qsr| opncp`ll{ OPL -o`prmepqrbn, qngd`b`elne m` hmdhbhds`k|mni
nqmnbe lefds j`fd{l hg cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb h
M@RN q swernl hmdhbhds`k|m{u onrpeamnqrei h
qnbleqrmn pe`khgsel`! m` rnl spnbme h r`jhlh
relo`lh, jnrnp{e nopedek!~rq! op`bhrek|qrbnl
qrp`m{-sw`qrmhv{.
Nthvh`k|mni nqmnbni O`prmepqrb` p`dh lhp`
qksfhr P`lnwm{i dnjslemr. B mel hgk`c`~rq!
jnmjperm{e na!g`rek|qrb` j`fdncn cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep`, h g`jpeok!erq! na!g`rek|qrbn
qn~gmhjnb on M@RN jnmqsk|rhpnb`r|q! q k~a{l
hg cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb, jnrnp{e sql`rphb`~r
16
op!ls~ scpngs qbnei repphrnph`k|mni
veknqrmnqrh, onkhrhweqjni meg`bhqhlnqrh hkh
aegno`qmnqrh. J`fd{i o`prmep ophmhl`er p!d
xhpnjnl`qxr`am{u onkhrhweqjhu na!g`rek|qrb -g`yhy`r| delnjp`rhweqjhe nqmnb{ nayeqrb`;onddepfhb`r| ophmvho{ lefdsm`pndmncn op`b`;b{onkm!r| na!g`rek|qrb` on Sqr`bs NNM,Bqenayei dejk`p`vhh op`b weknbej`,uek|qhmjqjnls G`jk~whrek|mnls `jrs2 h
lefdsm`pndm{l dncnbnp`l n p`gnpsfemhh h
jnmrpnke m`d bnnpsfemh!lh; bngdepfhb`r|q! nr
scpng{ hkh hqonk|gnb`mh! qhk{ opnrhb dpschu
cnqsd`pqrb; qnak~d`r| qsyeqrbs~yhe cp`mhv{;lhpmn specskhpnb`r| qonp{. Ophmhl`~rq! r`jfe
nopedekemm{e na!g`rek|qrb` on qndeiqrbh~
p`gbhrh~ opngp`wmnqrh b m`vhnm`k|mnl bnemmnl
ok`mhpnb`mhh h tnplhpnb`mh~ a~dfer` q vek|~
delnjp`rhweqjncn jnmrpnk! m`d bnnpsfemm{lh
qhk`lh, h onb{xemh~ qonqnamnqrh }rhu qhk j
nazedhmemm{l deiqrbh!l q M@RN oph opnbedemhh
lhpnrbnpweqjhu h csl`mhr`pm{u noep`vhi.
Q j`fd{l hg cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb
p`gp`a`r{b`erq! h qnck`qserq! qnbleqrmn c M@RN
Hmdhbhds`k|m`! opncp`ll` o`prmepqrb`.Dbsukermhe opncp`ll{ qnqr`bk!~rq! m` nqmnbe
naxhpmncn «lem~» lepnoph!rhi - P`anwei
opncp`ll{ o`prmepqrb` - b qnnrberqrbhh q
jnmjperm{lh hmrepeq`lh h onrpeamnqr!lh j`fdni
hg qrp`m. Qnrpsdmhweqrbn, ck`bmne bmhl`mhe b
jnrnpnl sdek!erq! nanpnmni de!rek|mnqrh,b{undhr d`kejn g` p`ljh dh`knc` h jnmqsk|r`vhi h
bjk~w`er op`jrhweqjhe `qoejr{, jnrnp{e j`q`~rq!
op`jrhweqjh bqeu m`op`bkemhi de!rek|mnqrh [email protected]`llni p`anr{ opedsql`rphb`erq!
de!rek|mnqr| on ankee wel db`dv`rh m`op`bkemh!l,b rnl whqke b nak`qr!u nanpnmmni onkhrhjh h
ok`mhpnb`mh!, bnemmn-cp`fd`mqjhu nrmnxemhi,nap`gnb`mh! h sweamni ondcnrnbjh,opnrhbnbngdsxmni nanpnm{, qhqrel hmtnpl`vhh h
qb!gh, jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh! h cp`fd`mqjncn
wpegb{w`imncn ok`mhpnb`mh!.
B qnnrberqrbhh q Opnveqqnl ok`mhpnb`mh! h
`m`khg` OPL sw`qrmhj`l opedk`c`~rq!
pejnlemd`vhh on noep`rhbmni qnbleqrhlnqrh hkh
rpeanb`mh! j onb{xemh~ bnemmncn onremvh`k` q
rel, wrna{ p`qxhphr| bnglnfmnqrh qhk
cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb j bg`hlndeiqrbh~ q
bnhmqjhlh tnplhpnb`mh!lh M@RN b
lhpnrbnpweqjhu noep`vh!u. ]rnr leu`mhgl
onqrpnem on lndekh qhqrel{ ok`mhpnb`mh!
qrpnhrek|qrb` bnnpsfemm{u qhk M@RN h
opedk`c`erq! o`prmep`l m` mena!g`rek|mni
nqmnbe. Ok`mnb{e onj`g`rekh, hkh «Vekh
O`prmepqrb`», nacnb`phb`~rq! q j`fdni qrp`mni-sw`qrmhvei, h opncpeqq on opncp`lle
nopedek!erq! m` nqmnbe ondpnamncn `m`khg`
dnqrhcmsrncn. ]rnr opnveqq nj`g`k gm`whrek|mne
qndeiqrbhe b m`k`fhb`mhh reqmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh
b unde a`kj`mqjhu lhpnrbnpweqjhu noep`vhi.
Q cnd`lh sqhkhb`k`q| noep`rhbm`!
m`op`bkemmnqr| O`prmepqrb` p`dh lhp`, ` r`jfe
p`qxhp!knq| sw`qrhe cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb b
opnveqqe ophm!rhh pexemhi h ok`mhpnb`mh! b
p`lj`u OPL. B vek!u onb{xemh! m`op`bkemmnqrh
bnemmncn qnrpsdmhweqrb` m` onb{xemhe anebni
}ttejrhbmnqrh lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u qhk a{k`
ophm!r` Jnmveovh! noep`rhbmncn onremvh`k`.Jpnle rncn, a{kh p`gp`anr`m{ «Bnemmn-onkhrhweqjhe p`ljh», ongbnk!~yhe scksahr|
jnmqsk|r`vhh q cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh bn
bpel! }qj`k`vhh jphghq`, jnrnp{i lnfer
onrpeanb`r| p`gbepr{b`mh! lhpnrbnpweqjhu qhk,h sfe m` p`mmhu }r`o`u ophbkej`r| hu j
naqsfdemh~ noep`rhbm{u ok`mnb h sw`qrh~ b
opnveqqe tnplhpnb`mh! qhk.
Dk! nakecwemh! hmrecp`vhh cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb
b onbqedmebms~ de!rek|mnqr| on opncp`lle
O`prmepqrb` oph meqjnk|jhu xr`a`u M@RN a{kh
qngd`m{ «xr`am{e }kelemr{ OPL»,sjnlokejrnb`mm{e nthvep`lh hg cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb. Jpnle rncn, b xr`ae Bepunbmncn
ck`bmncn jnl`mdnb`mh! NBQ M@RN b (xr`a BCJ
NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe) b c. Lnmq (Aek|ch!) qngd`m`
Cpsoo` jnnpdhm`vhh o`prmepqrb`, jnrnp`!
qndeiqrbser jnnpdhm`vhh anebni ondcnrnbjh h
2Uek|qhmjqjhi G`jk~whrek|m{i `jr: ophm!r b 1975 c. rncd`xmei Jnmtepemvhei on aegno`qmnqrh h qnrpsdmhweqrbs
b Ebpnoe (QAQE) q vek|~ srbepfdemh! mnpl lefdsm`pndmncn onbedemh! cnqsd`pqrb, ophm!rh! lep sjpeokemh!
dnbeph! lefds Bnqrnjnl h G`o`dnl, g`yhr{ op`b weknbej` h p`gbhrh! }jnmnlhweqjncn, jsk|rspmncn, m`swmncn h
reumhweqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`. 17
swemhi b p`lj`u OPL, ` Lefdsm`pndm{i
jnnpdhm`vhnmm{i vemrp opednqr`bk!er
onleyemh! dk! opnbedemh! aphthmcnb h
ok`mhpnb`mh! dk! opedqr`bhrekei bqeu qrp`m, me
bund!yhu b M@RN, bnhmqjhe jnmrhmcemr{ jnrnp{u
sw`qrbs~r b lhpnrbnpweqjhu noep`vh!u ond
psjnbndqrbnl M@RN m` A`kj`m`u h b @tc`mhqr`me.
Qnber ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn
o`prmepqrb`
Qnber ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn o`prmepqrb`
nazedhm!er opedqr`bhrekei qrp`m M@RN h
cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb h qksfhr lmncnqrnpnmmei
qrpsjrspni dk! opnbedemh! dh`knc` h pecsk!pm{u
jnmqsk|r`vhi on onkhrhweqjhl bnopnq`l h
opnakel`l aegno`qmnqrh, b qnqr`b jnrnpni bundhr
46 cnqsd`pqrb. Nm r`jfe b{qrso`er b j`weqrbe
onkhrhweqjni nqmnb{ dk! hmdhbhds`k|m{u
dbsqrnpnmmhu nrmnxemhi, p`gbhb`~yhuq! lefds
M@RN h qrp`m`lh-sw`qrmhv`lh opncp`ll{
«O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`».
Pexemhe n qngd`mhh QE@O, ophm!rne b 1997 c.,nrp`f`kn qrpelkemhe me nqr`m`bkhb`r|q! m`
dnqrhcmsrnl QQ@Q h qngd`r| qrpsjrsps
aegno`qmnqrh, jnrnp`! qnnrberqrbnb`k` a{ bqe
sqknfm!~yhlq! nrmnxemh!l, p`gbhb`~yhlq! q
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh b p`lj`u O`prmepqrb`
p`dh lhp` h b qb!gh q lhpnrbnpweqjhlh
noep`vh!lh b Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhme, cde b 1996 c.a{kh p`gbepmsr{ bnhmqjhe jnmrhmcemr{ hg
wer{pm`dv`rh cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb,bnemmnqksf`yhe jnrnp{u meqkh qksfas qnbleqrmn
q bnemmnqksf`yhlh hg Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`.
Qngd`mhe QE@O r`jfe dnonkmhkn o`p`kkek|mn
opedophm!r{e x`ch on sqhkemh~ pnkh
O`prmepqrb` p`dh lhp` h p`qxhphkn sw`qrhe
cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb b ophm!rhh pexemhi h
ok`mhpnb`mhh on bqels dh`o`gnms de!rek|mnqrh
O`prmepqrb`.
B dnonkmemhe j jp`rjnqpnwm{l jnmqsk|r`vh!l b
QE@O on rejsyhl onkhrhweqjhl bnopnq`l h
opnakel`l, qb!g`mm{l q aegno`qmnqr|~, a{k ophm!r
dbsucndhwm{i Ok`m deiqrbhi QE@O, b qnnrberqrbhh
q jnrnp{l opedsql`rphb`erq! opnbedemhe
dnkcnqpnwm{u jnmqsk|r`vhi h qnrpsdmhweqrbn b
xhpnjnl dh`o`gnme p`gkhwm{u m`op`bkemhi.18
Onlhln opnwecn rsd` lncsr bjk~w`r|q! r`jhe
m`op`bkemh!, j`j jphghqmne pecskhpnb`mhe h
noep`vhh on onddepf`mh~ lhp`; pechnm`k|m{e
bnopnq{; jnmrpnk| m`d bnnpsfemh!lh h bnopnq{
p`qopnqrp`memh! npsfh! l`qqnbncn smhwrnfemh!;lefdsm`pndm{i reppnphgl; bnopnq{ nanpnm{,r`jhe j`j ok`mhpnb`mhe, qnqr`bkemhe a~dfer`,onkhrhj` h qrp`rech!; wpegb{w`imne cp`fd`mqjne
ok`mhpnb`mhe h opedsopefdemhe wpegb{w`im{u
qhrs`vhi; bnemmn-reumhweqjne qnrpsdmhweqrbn;!depm`! aegno`qmnqr|; bnemmn-cp`fd`mqj`!
jnnpdhm`vh! sop`bkemh! bngdsxm{l dbhfemhel;m`swmne qnrpsdmhweqrbn.
G`qed`mh! QE@O opnbnd!rq! efeleq!wmn m` spnbme
onqknb, efecndmn m` spnbme lhmhqrpnb hmnqrp`mm{u
dek, lhmhqrpnb nanpnm{ h m`w`k|mhjnb cemep`k|m{u
xr`anb, ` r`jfe hmncd` m` b{qxel spnbme. M`whm`!
q 2005 c. asder efecndmn opnbndhr|q! nrdek|mne
g`qed`mhe m` b{qnjnl spnbme, m` jnrnpnl asdsr
p`qql`rphb`r|q! b`fm{e onkhrhweqjhe bnopnq{,b{g{b`~yhe ng`anwemmnqr| ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qnnayeqrb`. Ank|xhmqrbn cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb
nrjp{kn dhoknl`rhweqjhe lhqqhh oph
xr`a-jb`prhpe M@RN b Ap~qqeke, jnrnp{e
nakecw`~r pecsk!pms~ qb!g| h naeqoewhb`~r
bnglnfmnqr| oph menaundhlnqrh opnbndhr|
jnmqsk|r`vhh. M`ophlep, 12 qemr!ap!, qp`gs onqke
reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb b QX@, qnbepxemm{u b
qemr!ape 2001 c., onqk{ qrp`m M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb qlnckh b jp`rw`ixhe qpnjh qnap`r|q! m`
qbne g`qed`mhe. Qnkhd`pmnqr| cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb
QE@O, p`qonknfemm{u m` repphrnphh nr Qebepmni
@lephjh h Ebpno{ dn Vemrp`k|mni @ghh,onkswhbx`! qbne b{p`femhe b rnr dem|, ` r`jfe
qnrpsdmhweqrbn, jnrnpne g`rel m`ck!dmn
opn!bhknq| b bnemmni j`lo`mhh ond psjnbndqrbnl
QX@ opnrhb lefdsm`pndmncn reppnphgl`,qbhderek|qrbnb`kh n rnl, wrn hmhvh`rhb{
O`prmepqrb` M@RN onqe!kh qelem` hqrhmmni
jsk|rsp{ ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni aegno`qmnqrh.
O`prmepqrbn onqke Op`ch
Nay`! pexhlnqr| nazedhmhr| qhk{ b anp|ae
opnrhb reppnphqrhweqjni scpng{ onkswhk`
jnmjpermne b{p`femhe m` op`fqjnl q`llhre b
bhde Ok`m` deiqrbhi O`prmepqrb` on anp|ae q
reppnphglnl. B Op`ce a{kh r`jfe opedophm!r{
x`ch, m`op`bkemm{e m` skswxemhe qnrpsdmhweqrb`
lefds M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh. B
pegsk|r`re bqeqrnpnmmecn `m`khg` de!rek|mnqrh b
p`lj`u QE@O h O`prmepqrb` p`dh lhp` a{kn
pejnlemdnb`mn sqhkhr| onkhrhweqjhi dh`knc q
O`prmep`lh h d`kee p`qxhp!r| hu sw`qrhe b
ok`mhpnb`mhh h opnbedemhh de!rek|mnqrh, b
jnrnpni nmh sw`qrbs~r, ` r`jfe jnmrpnke g` mei.Ankee rncn, a{k ophm!r mnb{i leu`mhgl
qnrpsdmhweqrb` - Hmdhbhds`k|m{i ok`m deiqrbhi
O`prmepqrb`. Nm ongbnkhr Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls
qn~gs opednqr`bk!r| ankee qrpsjrsphpnb`mms~
onddepfjs bmsrpemmhl petnpl`l me opnqrn b
pegsk|r`re nranp` cnqsd`pqrb`lh lepnoph!rhi hg
«lem~» bhdnb de!rek|mnqrh, ` q swernl hu
jnmjperm{u onrpeamnqrei h naqrn!rek|qrb. M`
nqmnbe opncpeqq`, dnqrhcmsrncn b Op`ce, b
m`qrn!yee bpel! p`gp`a`r{b`~rq! opedknfemh!
dk! qkeds~yecn q`llhr` M@RN b Qr`laske b 2004c. q vek|~ eye ank|xei qoevh`khg`vhh
O`prmepqrb` p`dh lhp` dk! pexemh! jk~web{u
rel`rhweqjhu bnopnqnb, sdnbkerbnpemh!
onrpeamnqrei nrdek|m{u O`prmepnb h swer` hu
bnglnfmnqrei q vek|~ qndeiqrbh! bnemmni
petnple, jnrnp`! qonqnaqrbser bnemm{l
openap`gnb`mh!l h dnqrhfemh~ noep`rhbmni
qnbleqrhlnqrh qhk h qpedqrb, ` r`jfe
p`qxhpemh~ pechnm`k|mncn qnrpsdmhweqrb` h
bg`hlmni onddepfjh. 19
Nrjp{rnqr| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` dk! mnb{u cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb> 6
B M@RN lnfer bqrsohr| k~a`! ebpnoeiqj`!qrp`m`. Qr`r|ei 10 B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`
opedsql`rphb`erq! bnglnfmnqr| ophck`xemh!bqrsohr| b M@RN cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh «k~ancn
ebpnoeiqjncn cnqsd`pqrb`, qonqnamncn p`gbhb`r|
ophmvho{ }rncn Dncnbnp` h bmnqhr| qbni bjk`d b
naeqoewemhe aegno`qmnqrh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
pechnm`». B m`qrn!yee bpel! onqke o!rh rspnb
p`qxhpemh! qnqr`b` M@RN qn bpelemh ee
nqmnb`mh! whqkn cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb b{pnqkn q
dbem`dv`rh dn db`dv`rh xeqrh.
Dbep| b M@RN nqr`erq! nrjp{rni. B 2004 c. onqke
onqkedmecn rsp` p`qxhpemh! M@RN b ee qnqr`b
bnxkh Ankc`ph!, K`rbh!, Khrb`, Psl{mh!,Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh! h ]qrnmh!. Eye rph
j`mdhd`r` - @ka`mh!, a{bx`! ~cnqk`bqj`!Peqosakhj` L`jednmh!* h Unpb`rh! - m`de~rq!onkswhr| ondnamne ophck`xemhe b asdsyel.
Vek| j`fdncn r`jncn rsp` g`jk~w`erq! b
p`qxhpemhh gnm{ ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh h sqhkemhh M@RN, ee qoknwemmnqrh h
fhgmeqonqnamnqrh. P`qxhpemhe M@RN me
m`op`bkemn opnrhb hmrepeqnb aegno`qmnqrh j`jhu-khan rper|hu qrp`m.
J`fd{i rsp p`qxhpemh! qonqnaqrbnb`k
p`qxhpemh~ gnm{ aegno`qmnqrh h qr`ahk|mnqrh b
Ebpnoe h hqvekemh~ nr p`m jnmrhmemr`, jnrnp{i b
oepbni onknbhme db`dv`rncn qrnkerh! a{k hqrepg`m
dbsl! bnim`lh h g`rel b rewemhe qnpnj` ker
p`gdekem «fekegm{l g`m`beqnl». B 1952 c. b wkem{
M@RN a{kh ophm!r{ Cpevh! h Rspvh!. B 1955 c.,khx| wepeg deq!r| ker onqke njnmw`mh! brnpni
lhpnbni bnim{, b mee bqrsohk` Tedep`rhbm`!Peqosakhj` Cepl`mhh, jnrnp`! opnwmn
hmrecphpnb`k`q| q G`o`dnl, h rel q`l{l qngd`k`
sqknbh! dk! njnmw`rek|mncn bnqqnedhmemh!Cepl`mhh. Onqke m`op!femmni dhqjsqqhh b
onkhrhweqjhu jpsc`u b 1982 c. b M@RN bqrsohk`
Hqo`mh!, unr! dn 1998 c. nm` me ophmhl`k` sw`qrh! b
nazedhmemmni bnemmni qrpsjrspe
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. Pexemhe, ophm!rne
m` l`dphdqjni bqrpewe M@RN m` b{qxel spnbme
b1997 c., n ophck`xemhh Weuhh, Bemcphh h Onk|xh
m`w`r| oepecnbnp{ n ophqnedhmemhh j M@RN qr`kn
jpsom{l x`cnl j opendnkemh~ p`glefeb`mhi
bpelem «unkndmni bnim{» h opnknfhkn osr| dk!a{bxhu opnrhbmhjnb hg B`px`bqjncn dncnbnp` dk!bqrsokemh! b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g.
P`qxhpemhe M@RN b oephnd onqke
«unkndmni bnim{»
Pegsk|r`r{ oepbncn rsp` p`qxhpemh! M@RN onqke
«unkndmni bnim{» me a{kh opedpexem g`p`mee. Dk!r`jncn pexemh! rpeanb`knq| qnck`qhe bqeu
rncd`xmhu cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. Ck`bm{lh
qnnap`femh!lh oph }rnl a{kh menaundhlnqr|
qnup`mhr| qonqnamnqr| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` ophmhl`r| pexemh!, nqmnb`mm{e m`
jnmqemqsqe, h naeqoewemhe c`p`mrhh rncn, wrn r`jne
p`qxhpemhe sopnwhr ebpnoeiqjs~ aegno`qmnqr|. B
1994 c. a{kn d`mn onpswemhe opnbeqrh
Hqqkednb`mhe n p`qxhpemhh M@RN, jnrnpne a{kn
nosakhjnb`mn cndnl ongfe. B mel a{k qdek`m b{bnd
n rnl, wrn ophel mnb{u cnqsd`pqrb b M@RN h
onkhrhweqjhe, bnemm{e h }jnmnlhweqjhe
onqkedqrbh! p`qxhpemh! asdsr qonqnaqrbnb`r|
dnqrhfemh~ ck`bmni vekh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` - onb{x`r| aegno`qmnqr| h qr`ahk|mnqrh bn
bqel Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme. O`p`kkek|mn q
p`gbhrhel nrmnxemhi Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
q Pnqqhei, Sjp`hmni h dpschlh cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh, }rnr opnveqq nrbew`er hmrepeq`l
Ebpno{ b veknl.
Ck`bm{l bnopnqnl oph naqsfdemhh }rncn oepbncn
rsp` p`qxhpemh! M@RN onqke «unkndmni bnim{»a{k bnopnq n rnl, j`j hglemhr| bnqoph!rhe b
Pnqqhh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`, j`j
bnemmncn aknj`, bp`fdeamncn pnqqhiqjhl
hmrepeq`l. Qn~gmhjh on M@RN ophxkh j edhmnls
lmemh~ n rnl, wrn Pnqqh! ophgb`m` bmeqrh b`fm{i
bjk`d b ebpnoeiqjs~ qr`ahk|mnqr| h
aegno`qmnqr|, h ophgm`kh menaundhlnqr| swer`
ng`anwemmnqrh Pnqqhh on onbnds opnveqq`
p`qxhpemh!. Oph }rnl qkednb`kn qnak~qrh op`bn
j`fdncn meg`bhqhlncn ebpnoeiqjncn cnqsd`pqrb`,qrpel!yecnq! naeqoewhr| qbnh qnaqrbemm{e lep{
aegno`qmnqrh h ophm`dkef`r| j lefdsm`pndm{l
npc`mhg`vh!l, r`jfe j`j h op`bn
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
ophmhl`r| qnaqrbemm{e pexemh!. Dn m`op`bkemh!ophck`xemhi qrp`m`l m` l`dphdqjnl q`llhre
M@RN qrpelhk`q| j sqhkemh~ h
hmqrhrsvhnm`k|mnqrh qbnecn dh`knc` q Pnqqhei b
p`lj`u Nqmnbnonk`c`~yecn `jr` 1997 c. (ql. ck. 7)h bmnb| onbrnphk` qbne na!g`rek|qrbn me
p`gley`r| !depmne npsfhe hkh hmnqrp`mm{e
bniqj` m` repphrnphh mnb{u cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb.
B 1997 c. Bemcph!, Onk|x` h Weuh! a{kh
ophck`xem{ m`w`r| oepecnbnp{ n ophqnedhmemhh j
B`xhmcrnmqjnls dncnbnps. Nqmnbni dk! }rncn
onqksfhkh pejnlemd`vhh Hqqkednb`mh! n
p`qxhpemhh M@RN h hrnch `jrhbmncn dh`knc`,opnbedemmncn m` hmdhbhds`k|mni nqmnbe q
g`hmrepeqnb`mm{lh cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh, `
r`jfe xhpnjhe jnmqsk|r`vhh lefds qn~gmhj`lh
on M@RN. 12 l`pr` 1999 c. }rh qrp`m{ nthvh`k|mn
qr`kh wkem`lh M@RN.
B meqjnk|jhu qrp`m`u bngmhjkn p`gnw`pnb`mhe b
qb!gh q rel, wrn nmh me a{kh bjk~wem{ b oepb{i
onqke «unkndmni bnim{» rsp p`qxhpemh! [email protected]`jn cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{ M@RN ondwepjhb`~r,wrn dbep| b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g nqr`merq!
20
nrjp{rni dk! dpschu qrp`m, fek`~yhu bqrsohr| b
}rs npc`mhg`vh~ b asdsyel. M` b`xhmcrnmqjni
bqrpewe m` b{qxel spnbme b `opeke 1999 c.qn~gmhjh on M@RN b{dbhmskh «Ok`m deiqrbhi on
ondcnrnbje j wkemqrbs b M@RN» (ODOW), wrna{
onlnw| cnqsd`pqrb`l-j`mdhd`r`l b ondcnrnbje j
asdsyels bqrsokemh~ b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
(ql. bpegjs). B mn!ape 2002 c. m` op`fqjni bqrpewe
m` b{qxel spnbme qel| hg oepbnm`w`k|m{u
sw`qrmhjnb ODOW, ` hlemmn Ankc`ph!, K`rbh!,Khrb`, Psl{mh!, Qknb`jh!, Qknbemh! h ]qrnmh!,a{kh ophck`xem{ m`w`r| oepecnbnp{ n
ophqnedhmemhh j B`xhmcrnmqjnls dncnbnps.
B l`pre 2003 c., onqke vekncn p!d` xhpnjhu
jnmqsk|r`vhi q }rhlh qel|~ qrp`m`lh, qn~gmhjh
on M@RN ondohq`kh opnrnjnk{ n ophqnedhmemhh.Qp`gs onqke p`rhthj`vhh }rhu opnrnjnknb bqelh
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh, opnbedemmni b
qnnrberqrbhh q hu m`vhnm`k|m{lh h
o`pk`lemrqjhlh opnvedsp`lh, 29 l`pr` 2004 c.ophck`xemm{e qrp`m{ qlnckh ophqnedhmhr|q! j
nqmnbnonk`c`~yels dncnbnps M@RN. Nr asdsyhu
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb nfhd`erq! d`k|meixee
b{onkmemhe na!g`rek|qrb b nak`qrh b`fmeixhu
petnpl, b w`qrmnqrh, b nanpnmmni qtepe.
Onkhrhj` «nrjp{r{u dbepei» asder opnbndhr|q!M@RN h onqke brnpncn rsp` p`qxhpemh!Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b oephnd onqke
«unkndmni bnim{». ]rn onqksfhr qrhlsknl dk!rpeu dpschu qrp`m, sw`qrbs~yhu b Ok`me deiqrbhi
on ondcnrnbje j wkemqrbs b M@RN - @ka`mhh,a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhjh L`jednmhh* h
Unpb`rhh - opndnkf`r| qbnh sqhkh! on
opnbedemh~ petnpl, nqnaemmn b qtep`u
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh h nanpnm{. B qksw`e
Unpb`rhh, b`fmeixhl t`jrnpnl asder r`jfe ee
qnrpsdmhweqrbn q Lefdsm`pndm{l rphasm`knl
dk! a{bxei ^cnqk`bhh.
Ok`m deiqrbhi on ondcnrnbje j
wkemqrbs b M@RN
Ok`m deiqrbhi on ondcnrnbje j wkemqrbs b M@RN
(ODOW) a{k ophm!r b 1999 c. B ecn nqmnbe kefhr
no{r oepbncn rsp` p`qxhpemh!
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b oephnd onqke
«unkndmni bnim{». Ecn vek| - nj`g`mhe
qndeiqrbh! qrp`m`l, qrpel!yhlq! bqrsohr| b
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g, b hu ophcnrnbkemh!u
j wkemqrbs M@RN. Q q`lncn m`w`k` b ecn
pe`khg`vhh sw`qrbser deb!r| qrp`m: @ka`mh!,Ankc`ph!, K`rbh!, Khrb`, Psl{mh!, a{bx`!
~cnqk`bqj`! Peqosakhj` L`jednmh!*, Qknb`jh!,Qknbemh! h ]qrnmh!. B l`e 2002 c. j mhl
ophqnedhmhk`q| Unpb`rh!. B 2004 c. qel| hg }rhu
qrp`m qr`kh wkem`lh M@RN.
Wrna{ qr`r| wkemnl M@RN, cnqsd`pqrb`l-operemdemr`l menaundhln opndelnmqrphpnb`r|
m`khwhe tsmjvhnmhps~yei delnjp`rhweqjni
onkhrhweqjni qhqrel{ h p{mnwmni }jnmnlhjh;sb`fhrek|mne nrmnxemhe j khv`l, ophm`dkef`yhl
j m`vhnm`k|m{l lem|xhmqrb`l, b qnnrberqrbhh q
mnpl`lh NAQE; specskhpnb`mhe bqeu
mep`gpexemm{u qonpnb q qnqedmhlh cnqsd`pqrb`lh
h ophbepfemmnqr| lhpmnls specskhpnb`mh~ qonpnb
bnnaye; qonqnamnqr| h cnrnbmnqr| bmnqhr| qbni
bnemm{i bjk`d b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g h
dnqrhc`r| noep`rhbmni qnbleqrhlnqrh q qhk`lh
dpschu cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb M@RN; m`dkef`yee
tsmjvhnmhpnb`mhe bnemmn-cp`fd`mqjhu nrmnxemhi
b qnnrberqrbhh q delnjp`rhweqjhlh mnpl`lh.
Sw`qrhe b ODOW me c`p`mrhpser bqrsokemhe b
M@RN b asdsyel. Nmn, ndm`jn, ongbnk!er bqel
g`hmrepeqnb`mm{l qrp`m`l, qnqpednrnwhr|q! b
qbnhu ophcnrnbkemh!u m` vek!u h
oepbnqreoemm{u g`d`w`u, nopedekemm{u b ok`me,` r`jfe onksw`r| onlny| qoevh`khqrnb M@RN h
hu nvemjs dnqrhcmsrncn. Q~d` bund!r bqe
`qoejr{ wkemqrb` b M@RN, b rnl whqke
rpeanb`mh! b nak`qrh onkhrhjh, }jnmnlhjh,nanpnm{, peqspqnb, hmtnpl`vhh, aegno`qmnqrh h
op`b`.
J`fd`! qrp`m`-sw`qrmhv` b{ahp`er re
qnqr`bm{e w`qrh ODOW, jnrnp{e kswxe bqecn
qnnrberqrbs~r ee onrpeamnqr!l, h
sqr`m`bkhb`er qbnh qnaqrbemm{e ok`mnb{e
onj`g`rekh h bpelemm{e cp`thjh. Sw`qrhe b
opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbe p`dh lhp`» h,nqnaemmn, b Opnveqqe ok`mhpnb`mh! h `m`khg`
OPL, !bk!erq! menrzelkelni w`qr|~ }rncn
opnveqq`, r`j j`j nmn ongbnk!er cnqsd`pqrbs-j`mdhd`rs p`gbhb`r| qbnh bnnpsfemm{e qhk{ h
hu qrpsjrsp{ r`jhl nap`gnl, wrna{ onb{qhr| hu
qonqnamnqr| deiqrbnb`r| qnbleqrmn q qhk`lh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`. Dk! m`ak~demh!
g` opndbhfemhel boeped h naeqoewemh!
c`p`mrhh rncn, wrn sw`qrmhj`l opednqr`bk!~rq!
menaundhl{e jnmqsk|r`vhh h onlny|,opnbnd!rq! pecsk!pm{e qnbey`mh! on `m`khgs
dnqrhcmsrncn q sw`qrhel qn~gmhjnb on [email protected] pe`khg`vhh ODOW m`undhrq! ond
onqrn!mm{l jnmrpnkel Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qnber`. 21
B{qrp`hb`! mnb{e nrmnxemh! qPnqqhei
> 7
Jnmr`jr{ h qnrpsdmhweqrbn M@RN q Pnqqhei qr`kh
p`gbhb`r|q! q m`w`k` deb!mnqr{u cndnb.Menaundhlnqr| qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds Pnqqhei h
qrp`m`lh M@RN !qm`: nayhe b{gnb{ aegno`qmnqrh
kswxe bqecn nrp`f`r| bn bg`hlndeiqrbhh, ` bn
bqenayei qhqrele ebpnoeiqjni aegno`qmnqrh b
oephnd onqke «unkndmni bnim{» sw`qrhe b }rnl
deke Pnqqhh hcp`er b`fmeixs~ pnk|.
Onqke reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb, qnbepxemm{u b
qemr!ape 2001 c., onrpeamnqr| b qnck`qnb`mm{u
deiqrbh!u b opnrhbndeiqrbhh nayhl scpng`l
sqhkhk`q|. B l`e 2002 c. m` phlqjnl q`llhre
o`prmepqrbn lefds Pnqqhei h M@RN ophnapekn
mnbs~ dhm`lhjs h m`onkmhknq| mnb{l
qndepf`mhel. R`l a{k qngd`m mnb{i Qnber
Pnqqh!-M@RN (QPM), nazedhm!~yhi qn~gmhjnb on
M@RN h Pnqqh~, j`j p`bm{u o`prmepnb, q vek|~
nopedekemh! h pe`khg`vhh bnglnfmnqrei
qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi. @jrhbhghpnb`knq|
qnrpsdmhweqrbn b jk~web{u nak`qr!u,opedqr`bk!~yhu bg`hlm{i hmrepeq hkh
b{g{b`~yhu ng`anwemmnqr|.
Pexemhe scksak!r| o`prmepqrbn qbhderek|qrbser
na nayei pexhlnqrh Pnqqhh h qrp`m M@RN
qrpelhr|q! j nayei vekh onqrpnemh! bqenayecn
opnwmncn lhp` b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme, wrn
boepb{e onkswhkn b{p`femhe b
Nqmnbnonk`c`~yel `jre Pnqqh!-M@RN 1997 cnd` n
bg`hlm{u nrmnxemh!u, qnrpsdmhweqrbe h
aegno`qmnqrh, jnrnp{i g`knfhk nqmnbs
o`prmepqrb` lefds Pnqqhei h M@RN.
P`gbhb`~yheq! nrmnxemh!
B 1991 c. Pnqqh! qr`k` ndmhl hg cnqsd`pqrb-nqmnb`rekei Qnber` qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb`, ` b 1994 c. nm` ophqnedhmhk`q| j
opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`». M`whm`! q
1996 c. h dn hu b{bnd` hg pechnm` kernl 2004 c.,pnqqhiqjhe lhpnrbnpv{ meqkh qksfas bleqre q
bnemmnqksf`yhlh M@RN m` A`kj`m`u (ql. bpegjs
m` qrp. 25). Ndm`jn, ondkhmm{l tsmd`lemrnl
opnwmncn h dnkcnbpelemmncn o`prmepqrb` lefds
Pnqqhei h M@RN qr`k Nqmnbnonk`c`~yhi `jr,ondohq`mm{i 27 l`! 1997 c. b O`phfe. M` ecn
nqmnbe a{k qngd`m Qnbleqrm{i onqrn!mm{i qnber
(QOQ), qksfhbxhi tnpslnl dk! opnbedemh!
pecsk!pm{u jnmqsk|r`vhi on nayhl bnopnq`l
aegno`qmnqrh h b{p`anrjh opncp`ll{
jnmqsk|r`vhi h qnrpsdmhweqrb`.
Dh`knc, opndnkf`bxhiq! b rewemhe onqkeds~yhu
o!rh ker, ongbnkhk dnqrhw| ank|xncn opncpeqq` b
sjpeokemhh bg`hlmncn dnbeph! h opendnkemhh
meop`bhk|m{u opedqr`bkemhi dpsc n dpsce. Nm
opndnkf`kq!, meqlnrp! m` bngmhjxhe p`gmnck`qh!
on bnopnqs bnemmo-bngdsxmni j`lo`mhh b Jnqnbn,b qb!gh q wel m` vek{i cnd a{kh ophnqr`mnbkem{
g`qed`mh! QOQ, unr! mejnrnp{e bhd{
de!rek|mnqrh, b rnl whqke qnbleqrm{e deiqrbh!
on onddepf`mh~ lhp` b Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhme, me
opejp`y`khq|.
Rel me lemee, QOQ me sd`knq| onkmnqr|~
pe`khgnb`r| l`qxr`am{e g`d`wh, onqr`bkemm{e b
Nqmnbnonk`c`~yel `jre. Tnpl`r ecn g`qed`mhi
on tnplske «M@RN ok~q 1» ondp`gsleb`k, wrn
opedqr`bhrekh M@RN g` qrnknl oepecnbnpnb
b{qrso`kh q g`p`mee qnck`qnb`mm{lh onghvh!lh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`, h on}rnls nalem
hmtnpl`vhei h jnmqsk|r`vhh lefds Pnqqhei h
M@RN mnqhkh ankee hkh lemee «dbsqrnpnmmhi»u`p`jrep. ]rn qr`kn onleuni, jncd` ophxkn bpel!
oepeirh nr }r`o` sjpeokemh! dnbeph! j
m`k`fhb`mh~ ondkhmmncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`. Onqke
reppnphqrhweqjhu `jrnb, qnbepxemm{u 11qemr!ap!, onrpeamnqr| b qnck`qnb`mm{u deiqrbh!u
b anp|ae q lefdsm`pndm{l reppnphglnl h
dpschlh mnb{lh scpng`lh aegno`qmnqrh ophnapek`
menrknfm{i u`p`jrep, h rncd` Pnqqh! h qn~gmhjh
on M@RN bnqonk|gnb`khq| bnglnfmnqr|~ b{beqrh
qbnh nrmnxemh! m` ankee b{qnjhi spnbem|. Dk!
qndeiqrbh! p`gbhrh~ qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds mhlh
b j`weqrbe p`bm{u o`prmepnb a{k qngd`m Qnber
Pnqqh!-M@RN (ql. bpegjs).
B 1998 c. dk! nakecwemh! qnrpsdmhweqrb` Pnqqh!
nrjp{k` qbn~ lhqqh~ oph M@RN. Onqke }rncn b
Lnqjbe a{kn qngd`mn Hmtnpl`vhnmmne a~pn
M@RN, g`d`wei jnrnpncn qr`kn p`gz!qmemhe vekei
mnbni M@RN h b{cnd o`prmepqrb` lefds Pnqqhei h
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl qn~gnl. G`rel a{k`
nrjp{r` Bnemm`! lhqqh! qb!gh M@RN b Lnqjbe,jnrnp`! qndeiqrbser onb{xemh~ «opngp`wmnqrh»b nrmnxemh!u h p`gbhrh~ op`jrhweqjncn bnemmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb`.
Scksakemhe qnrpsdmhweqrb`
QPM onqreoemmn opebp`y`erq! b opndsjrhbm{i
leu`mhgl jnmqsk|r`vhi, tnplhpnb`mh! jnmqemqsq`,qnrpsdmhweqrb`, ophm!rh! qnbleqrm{u pexemhi h
qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi. Sfe b oepb{e onkrnp` cnd`
ecn qsyeqrbnb`mh! opnbndhkhq| onkhrhweqjhe
22
jnmqsk|r`vhh on bnopnq`l onknfemh! b
@tc`mhqr`me, Qepahh h Wepmncnphh, Anqmhh h
Cepvecnbhme, ` op`jrhweqjne qnrpsdmhweqrbn bn
lmnchu nak`qr!u qonqnaqrbnb`kn onkswemh~
meonqpedqrbemm{u b{cnd.
Qnber qngd`k qel| onqrn!mm{u p`anwhu cpsoo on
bnopnq`l: anp|a{ q reppnphglnl,p`qopnqrp`memh! NLS, lhpnrbnpweqrb`,opnrhbnp`jermni nanpnm{ m` re`rpe bnemm{u
deiqrbhi, qnrpsdmhweqrb` b nak`qrh sop`bkemh!
hqonk|gnb`mhel bngdsxmncn opnqrp`mqrb`,cp`fd`mqjhu wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi, bnemmni
petnpl{, m`swmncn qnrpsdmhweqrb` h b{gnbnb
qnbpelemmnls nayeqrbs. ]jqoepr`l onpswemn
opnbedemhe nrdek|m{u opnejrnb b xhpnjnl
dh`o`gnme dpschu nak`qrei. Op`jrhweqjh mh dm!
me opnundhr aeg g`qed`mhi b QPM m` p`gm{u
spnbm!u, wrn ongbnk!er dnqrhw| aeqopevedemrmncn
spnbm! jnmr`jrnb h menthvh`k|m{u jnmqsk|r`vhi.
Anp|a` opnrhb reppnphgl` h mnb{e scpng{
aegno`qmnqrh - }rn jk~web{e nak`qrh
qnrpsdmhweqrb`, jnrnp{e sfe d`~r oepb{e
nysrhl{e pegsk|r`r{ sjpeokemh! nrmnxemhi
lefds Pnqqhei h M@RN. B{p`a`r{b`~rq! h
onqrn!mmn `m`khghps~rq! qnbleqrm{e nvemjh
jnmjperm{u reppnphqrhweqjhu scpng b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme, hgsw`erq! pnk|
bnemm{u b anp|ae q reppnphglnl.@jrhbhghpnb`knq| qnrpsdmhweqrbn b anp|ae q
p`qopnqrp`memhel !depmncn, ahnknchweqjncn,uhlhweqjncn npsfh! h reumnknchi a`kkhqrhweqjhu
p`jer, b w`qrmnqrh, ondcnrnbkem` nvemj`
ckna`k|m{u remdemvhi b nak`qrh p`qopnqrp`memh!
npsfh! l`qqnbncn smhwrnfemh!. Qnrpsdmhweqrbn b
nak`qrh opnrhbnp`jermni nanpnm{ m` re`rpe
bnemm{u deiqrbhi m`op`bkemn m` nrp`femhe
aeqopevedemrmni no`qmnqrh, hqund!yei nr
b{qnjnrnwm{u a`kkhqrhweqjhu p`jer, jnrnp{e
qr`mnb!rq! bqe ankee dnqrsom{lh. Qnbleqrm`!
hmhvh`rhb` b nak`qrh hqonk|gnb`mh! bngdsxmncn
opnqrp`mqrb` qndeiqrbser qnrpsdmhweqrbs b
sop`bkemhh bngdsxm{l dbhfemhel h m`ak~demhh
g` bngdsxm{l opnqrp`mqrbnl, wrn onb{qhr
aegno`qmnqr| h «opngp`wmnqr|» bngdsxmncn
dbhfemh!, ` r`jfe asder qonqnaqrbnb`r|
opnrhbndeiqrbh~ scpnge bnglnfmncn
hqonk|gnb`mh! q`lnkernb cp`fd`mqjni `bh`vhh b
reppnphqrhweqjhu vek!u.23
Qnber Pnqqh!-M@RN
Qnber Pnqqh!-M@RN (QPM) a{k qngd`m b
qnnrberqrbhh q Phlqjni dejk`p`vhei 2002cnd`. B ecn nqmnbe kef`r vekh h ophmvho{
Nqmnbnonk`c`~yecn `jr` 1997 cnd`. QPM
qksfhr leu`mhglnl jnmqsk|r`vhi,tnplhpnb`mh! jnmqemqsq`, qnrpsdmhweqrb`,ophm!rh! qnbleqrm{u pexemhi h qnbleqrm{u
deiqrbhi, b jnrnpnl Pnqqh! h nrdek|m{e
qn~gmhjh on M@RN p`anr`~r j`j p`bm{e
o`prmep{ m`d pexemhel xhpnjncn qoejrp`
bnopnqnb ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni aegno`qmnqrh,opedqr`bk!~yhu nayhi hmrepeq.Meopep{bm{i onkhrhweqjhi dh`knc on
bnopnq`l aegno`qmnqrh ongbnk!er b{!bk!r|
opnakel{ m` p`mmei qr`dhh hu bngmhjmnbemh!h b{p`a`r{b`r|, on naqrn!rek|qrb`l,qnbleqrm{e ondund{ h qonqna{ deiqrbhi.
P`anr` mnbncn qnber`, g`lemhbxecn QOQ,qrpnhrq! on ophmvhos jnmqemqsq`. Ecn g`qed`mh!opnbnd!rq! ond opedqed`rek|qrbnl cemep`k|mncn
qejper`p! M@RN. Qnber g`qed`er me pefe ndmncn
p`g` b leq!v m` spnbme onqknb h bnemm{u
opedqr`bhrekei, db`fd{ b cnd m` spnbme
lhmhqrpnb hmnqrp`mm{u dek, lhmhqrpnb nanpnm{
h m`w`k|mhjnb cemep`k|m{u xr`anb, ` r`jfe
hmncd` m` b{qxel spnbme. B`fm{l mnbxeqrbnl b
QPM !bk!erq! Ondcnrnbhrek|m{i jnlhrer,g`qed`mh! jnrnpncn opnbnd!rq! me pefe dbsu p`g
b leq!v, wrna{ ondcnrnbhr| naqsfdemhe bnopnqnb
m` spnbme onqknb h m`ak~d`r| g` bqei
de!rek|mnqr|~ }jqoeprnb ond }chdni QPM.
P`anr` b QPM nub`r{b`er bqe nak`qrh
de!rek|mnqrh, nopedekemm{e b
Nqmnbnonk`c`~yel `jre, j`j opedqr`bk!~yhe
bg`hlm{i hmrepeq. @jrhbhghpserq!qnrpsdmhweqrbn b p!de jk~web{u nak`qrei, j
jnrnp{l nrmnqhrq! anp|a` q reppnphglnl,jphghqmne pecskhpnb`mhe, mep`qopnqrp`memhe
!depmncn npsfh!, jnmrpnk| m`d bnnpsfemh!lh h
lep{ sjpeokemh! dnbeph!, opnrhbnp`jerm`!nanpnm` m` re`rpe bnemm{u deiqrbhi, r{knbne
naeqoewemhe, qnrpsdmhweqrbn lefds bnemm{lh,bnemm{e petnpl{ h bnopnq{ cp`fd`mqjhu
wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi. B opncp`lls
de!rek|mnqrh QPM on bg`hlmnls qnck`qh~ ecn
sw`qrmhjnb lncsr dna`bk!r|q! mnb{e
m`op`bkemh! p`anr{.
Ck`bm`! vek| bnemmncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`
g`jk~w`erq! b rnl, wrna{ onb{qhr| noep`rhbms~
qnbleqrhlnqr| qhk h qpedqrb, r`j j`j
qnbpelemm{e bnhmqjhe tnplhpnb`mh! dnkfm{
nak`d`r| qonqnamnqr|~ deiqrbnb`r| b qnqr`be
npc`mhg`vhnmm{u h jnl`mdm{u qrpsjrsp
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u qhk oph qnbleqrm{u
noep`vh!u on onddepf`mh~ lhp` hkh jphghqmnls
pecskhpnb`mh~. B p`lj`u QPM nqsyeqrbk!erq!
m`q{yemm`! opncp`ll` anebni h noep`rhbmni
ondcnrnbjh h swemhi. Eye ndmhl b`fm{l
m`op`bkemhel de!rek|mnqrh !bk!erq! r{knbne
naeqoewemhe, b rnl whqke hqo{r`mh! m`
qnbleqrhlnqr| bnemmni reumhjh h p`anwhu
lerndnb b r`jhu nak`qr!u, j`j `bh`vhnmm{i
rp`mqonpr h dng`op`bj` q`lnkernb b bngdsue.Onqke rncn, j`j b `bcsqre 2000 c. g`rnmsk`
pnqqhiqj`! `rnlm`! ondbndm`! kndj` «Jspqj» h
onchakh 118 wkemnb ee }jho`f`, m`w`knq|
qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh onhqj` h qo`q`mh! m`
lnpe. B tebp`ke 2003 c. lefds Pnqqhei h M@RN
a{kn ondohq`mn p`lnwmne qnck`xemhe on
qo`q`mh~ }jho`fei `b`phim{u ondbndm{u kndnj.
Bnemm`! petnpl` - }rn eye ndm` nak`qr|,opedqr`bk!~y`! bg`hlm{i hmrepeq. Pnqqhh h
qrp`m`l M@RN menaundhl{ bnnpsfemm{e qhk{ q
norhl`k|m{l whqkemm{l qnqr`bnl, unpnxei
b{swjni h nqm`yemm{e dk! opnrhbndeiqrbh!
bqels qoejrps scpng XXI bej`. Unr! bqenayecn
ok`m` bnemmni petnpl{ me a{b`er, Pnqqh! bqe fe
lnfer hgbkej`r| onk|gs hg no{r` nrdek|m{u
qrp`m M@RN, lmnche hg jnrnp{u b opnxknl
deq!rhkerhh opnbekh cksanjhe petnpl{ dk!
`d`or`vhh qbnhu bnnpsfemm{u qhk j qnbpelemm{l
rpeanb`mh!l. Onqke oepbnm`w`k|mncn
jnkkejrhbmncn b{dbhfemh! hdei h hu naqsfdemh!
b njr!ape 2002 c. m`w`knq| qnrpsdmhweqrbn on
p`gkhwm{l `qoejr`l bnemmni petnpl{, r`jhl j`j
sop`bkemhe k~dqjhlh h thm`mqnb{lh peqspq`lh;l`jpn}jnmnlhweqjhe, thm`mqnb{e h qnvh`k|m{e
opnakel{; ok`mhpnb`mhe qrpnhrek|qrb`
bnnpsfemm{u qhk. Sqoexmn p`qxhp!erq!
de!rek|mnqr| b p`lj`u qnbleqrmncn opnejr` on
oepeondcnrnbje pnqqhiqjhu bnemmnqksf`yhu,sbnkemm{u b g`o`q, jnrnp{i a{k qngd`m b Lnqjbe
b h~ke 2002 c. Jpnle rncn, dk! qndeiqrbh!
p`gbhrh~ m`swmn-hqqkednb`rek|qjni p`anr{ on
bnopnq`l bnemmni petnpl{ phlqjhi Nanpnmm{i
jnkkedf M@RN b 2003 c. b{dekhk dbe qrhoemdhh
dk! pnqqhiqjhu swem{u.
Q 1996 c. Pnqqh! h M@RN qnrpsdmhw`~r b qngd`mhh
bnglnfmnqrei dk! qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi on
pe`chpnb`mh~ m` cp`fd`mqjhe wpegb{w`im{e
qhrs`vhh, r`jhe j`j gelkerp!qemh! h m`bndmemh!,` r`jfe dk! jnnpdhm`vhh deiqrbhi oph b{!bkemhh
h opednrbp`yemhh qrhuhim{u aedqrbhi dn hu
bngmhjmnbemh!. On hmhvh`rhbe Pnqqhh b 1998 c.a{k qngd`m Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhi vemrp
jnnpdhm`vhh onlnyh oph qrhuhim{u aedqrbh!u h
j`r`qrpnt`u (ql. bpegjs m` qrp. 35). P`gbhrh~
bnemmn-cp`fd`mqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`
qonqnaqrbs~r p`gkhwm{e swemh! on nrp`anrje
g`d`w nj`g`mh! onlnyh oph qrhuhim{u aedqrbh!u
h j`r`qrpnt`u, ` r`jfe qelhm`p{, g`w`qrs~
opnbndhl{e q sw`qrhel opedqr`bhrekei dpschu
cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb. P`anr` QPM b }rni qtepe
onj` qnqpednrnwem` m` onb{xemhh noep`rhbmni
qnbleqrhlnqrh qhk h qpedqrb, nrp`anrje ophelnb
h qonqnanb deiqrbhi h naleme hmtnpl`vhei h
no{rnl.
M`swmn-reumhweqjne qnrpsdmhweqrbn q Pnqqhei,m`w`bxeeq! b 1998 c., a{kn qnqpednrnwemn m` rpeu
jnmjperm{u nak`qr!u, opedqr`bk!~yhu nqna{i
hmrepeq dk! Pnqqhh: ok`glemmni thghje,ahnreumnknchh p`qremhi h opncmnge h
opednrbp`yemhh qrhuhim{u aedqrbhi h
reumncemm{u j`r`qrpnt. Ndm`jn b M`swmnl
jnlhrere QPM on!bhknq| mnbne m`op`bkemhe
qnrpsdmhweqrb` - hqonk|gnb`mhe dnqrhfemhi
mebnemmni m`sjh dk! g`yhr{ nr reppnphgl` h
mnb{u scpng, b w`qrmnqrh, oph nam`psfemhh
bgp{bw`r{u beyeqrb hkh b hqqkednb`mhh
qnvh`k|mn-oqhunknchweqjhu `qoejrnb bngdeiqrbh!
reppnphgl`. Pexemhe opnakel nup`m{
njpsf`~yei qped{, bngmhj`~yhu b pegsk|r`re
bnemmni h cp`fd`mqjni de!rek|mnqrh, qr`kn eye
ndmni mnbni nak`qr|~ qnrpsdmhweqrb` b p`lj`u
Jnlhrer` on b{gnb`l qnbpelemmnls nayeqrbs,qngd`mmncn QPM b 2003 c.
24
Lhpnrbnpweqrbn
Pnqqhiqjhi bnhmqjhi jnmrhmcemr b qnqr`be
lhpnrbnpweqjhu qhk ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN,deiqrbs~yhu on l`md`rs NNM m` A`kj`m`u,ank|xe qelh ker, (boknr| dn ecn b{bnd` hg
QTNP h JTNP kernl 2003 c.), a{k q`l{l
ank|xhl on qp`bmemh~ q dpschlh qrp`m`lh, me
bund!yhlh b M@RN. Pnqqhiqjhe
bnemmnqksf`yhe meqkh qksfas anj n anj q
bnemmnqksf`yhlh qhk M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb b onddepfjs sqhkhi lefdsm`pndmncn
qnnayeqrb` on sopnwemh~ aegno`qmnqrh h
qr`ahk|mnqrh b pechnme.
Oepbnm`w`k|mn, b !mb`pe 1996 c., pnqqhiqjhi
lhpnrbnpweqjhi jnmrhmcemr dhqknvhpnb`kq! b
Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhme. Nm bundhk b
lmncnm`vhnm`k|ms~ aphc`ds b qebepmnl qejrnpe
h nrbew`k g` naxhpms~ repphrnph~. B ecn
g`d`wh bundhkn efedmebmne o`rpskhpnb`mhe,opnbepjh, onlny| b p`anre on bnqqr`mnbkemh~ h
csl`mhr`pmni onlnyh, b w`qrmnqrh, qndeiqrbhe b
bngbp`yemhh b qbnh dnl` aefemveb h
oepeleyemm{u khv.
Pnqqh! q{cp`k` b`fmeixs~ dhoknl`rhweqjs~
pnk| b njnmw`mhh jnmtkhjr` b Jnqnbn, meqlnrp!
m` onkhrhweqjhe p`gmnck`qh! on bnopnqs n
bngdsxmni j`lo`mhh M@RN b 1999 c. b Jnqnbn.Pnqqhiqjhe bnemmnqksf`yhe, oepbnm`w`k|mn
opha{bxhe rsd` b h~me 1999 c., a{kh
menrzelkelni w`qr|~ Qhk dk! Jnqnbn boknr| dn
hu b{bnd` hg pechnm`. B hu g`d`wh bundhkn
naeqoewemhe aegno`qmnqrh b qnqr`be
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{u aphc`d b p`gkhwm{u
qejrnp`u m` bnqrnje, qebepe h ~ce Jnqnbn. Nmh
qnbleqrmn q bnhmqjhl ondp`gdekemhel
sop`bkemh! bngdsxm{l dbhfemhel M@RN
nrbew`kh g` p`anrs `}pndpnl` b Ophxrhme, `
r`jfe naeqoewhb`kh p`anrs cnqohr`k! h
ledhvhmqjne naqksfhb`mhe b Jnqnbn Onke.
Reqmne qnrpsdmhweqrbn lefds Pnqqhei h M@RN
m` A`kj`m`u q{cp`kn b`fmeixs~ pnk| b
skswxemhh nrmnxemhi h sjpeokemhh dnbeph!
lefds bnemm{lh PT h M@RN. Bg`hlmne dnbephe
dnkfmn naeqoewhr| opnwms~ nqmnbs dk!
d`k|meixecn p`qxhpemh! bnemmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb`. Ankee rncn, b QPM a{k`
qnck`qnb`m` rhonb`! jnmveovh! qnbleqrm{u
lhpnrbnpweqjhu noep`vhi, b jnrnpni
opedk`c`~rq! nayhe ondund{, nopedek!erq!
nqmnb` dk! jnmqsk|r`vhh, ok`mhpnb`mh! h
ophm!rh! pexemhi m` qr`dhh bngmhjmnbemh!
jphghq`, ` r`jfe nopedek!~rq! bnopnq{,qb!g`mm{e q qnbleqrmni anebni ondcnrnbjni h
swemh!lh.
25
Nqnane o`prmepqrbn q Sjp`hmni > 8
Nrmnxemh! M@RN q Sjp`hmni qrpn!rq! q swernl
b`fmnqrh qsyeqrbnb`mh! meg`bhqhlni,sqrniwhbni h delnjp`rhweqjni Sjp`hm{, ` r`jfe
ee g`!bkemh! n m`lepemhh `jrhbhghpnb`r| qbn~
hmrecp`vh~ b ebpnoeiqjhe h ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhe
qrpsjrsp{. ]rn onkswhkn qbne b{p`femhe b
«U`prhh na nqnanl o`prmepqrbe» 1997 cnd`,jnrnp`! qngd`k` nthvh`k|ms~ nqmnbs dk!jnmqsk|r`vhi q M@RN on bnopnq`l
ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni aegno`qmnqrh h qngd`mh!Jnlhqqhh M@RN-Sjp`hm` (JMS) dk! psjnbndqrb`
qnbleqrmni de!rek|mnqrh.
Nrmnxemh! M@RN q Sjp`hmni a{kh sqr`mnbkem{ b
1991 c., jncd` qp`gs onqke p`gb`k` QQQP h
onkswemh! meg`bhqhlnqrh Sjp`hm` bqrsohk` b
Qnber qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`.Qrpelkemhe Sjp`hm{ j ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
hmrecp`vhh m`ck!dmn opn!bhknq| b 1994 c., jncd`
nm` qr`k` oepbni qrp`mni Qndpsfeqrb`
meg`bhqhl{u cnqsd`pqrb, ophqnedhmhbxeiq! j
opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`». G`rel
Sjp`hm` mendmnjp`rmn delnmqrphpnb`k` qbn~
ophbepfemmnqr| naeqoewemh~ ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh, nj`g{b`! onddepfjs M@RN h ee
qn~gmhj`l b noep`vh!u on jphghqmnls
pecskhpnb`mh~ h onddepf`mh~ lhp`.
B 1997 c. dk! nakecwemh! qnrpsdmhweqrb` Sjp`hm`
nrjp{k` lhqqh~ oph M@RN. B rnl fe cnds q vek|~
qndeiqrbh! p`gz!qmemh~ g`d`w M@RN h b{cnd,onksw`el{u nr o`prmepqrb` lefds Sjp`hmni h
M@RN, b Jhebe a{k qngd`m Vemrp hmtnpl`vhh h
dnjslemr`vhh M@RN. B 1999 c. dk! onddepfjh
sqhkhi b nak`qrh bnemmni petnpl{ b Sjp`hme h ee
sw`qrh! b opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`» b
Jhebe a{kn r`jfe qngd`mn A~pn qb!gh M@RN.
B mn!ape 2002 c., b qb!gh q srbepfdemhel b Op`ce
«Ok`m` deiqrbhi M@RN-Sjp`hm`», a{kh ophm!r{
lep{ on gm`whrek|mnls scksakemh~ h p`qxhpemh~
nrmnxemhi lefds Sjp`hmni h M@RN (ql. bpegjs).
Qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh
aegno`qmnqrh
M@RN h Sjp`hm` `jrhbmn qnrpsdmhw`~r b deke
onddepf`mh! aegno`qmnqrh h qr`ahk|mnqrh b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme. B opnxedxhe cnd{ b
unde noep`vhi m` A`kj`m`u b lhpnrbnpweqjhe
qhk{ ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN b Anqmhh h
Cepvecnbhme m` p`gm{u }r`o`u bundhkh sjp`hmqjhi
a`r`k|nm oeunr{, a`r`k|nm leu`mhghpnb`mmni
oeunr{, beprnkerm`! }qj`dphk|!, ` bn bpel!noep`vhh b Jnqnbn - beprnkerm`! }qj`dphk|! h
gm`whrek|m{i bnhmqjhi jnmrhmcemr b qnqr`be
qnbleqrmncn onk|qjn-sjp`hmqjncn a`r`k|nm`.Dnonkmhrek|m{l qbhderek|qrbnl b onk|gs
pexhlnqrh Sjp`hm{ bmnqhr| qbni bjk`d b
naeqoewemhe lefdsm`pndmni qr`ahk|mnqrh qksfhr
ee p`gpexemhe m` opnker{ q`lnkernb m`d qbnei
repphrnphei b hmrepeq`u qhk jn`khvhh,p`gbepmsr{u b qnqr`be Lefdsm`pndm{u qhk
qndeiqrbh! aegno`qmnqrh (HQ@T) b @tc`mhqr`me.Bedsys~ pnk| b }rhu qhk`u hcp`~r nrdek|m{e
qn~gmhjh on M@RN, ` q `bcsqr` 2003 c.jnl`mdnb`mhe hlh oepexkn j M@RN. Sjp`hm`
r`jfe m`op`bhk` qbni bnhmqjhi jnmrhmcemr
whqkemmnqr|~ 1800 weknbej b lmncnm`vhnm`k|mne
qnedhmemhe ond psjnbndqrbnl Onk|xh,dhqknvhpnb`mmne b ndmnl hg qejrnpnb
lefdsm`pndm{u qhk qr`ahkhg`vhh b Hp`je, b
jnrnp{e bund!r lhpnrbnpweqjhe jnmrhmcemr{
p!d` qrp`m M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb.
Onddepfj` petnpl
Jnmqsk|r`vhh h op`jrhweqj`! onlny| M@RN h
nrdek|m{u qn~gmhjnb qonqnaqrbs~r onddepfje
sqhkhi Sjp`hm{ b pe`khg`vhh xhpnjnl`qxr`amni
opncp`ll{ petnpl, hgknfemmni b Ok`me deiqrbhi
M@RN-Sjp`hm` h nqmnb`mm{u m` mel cndhwm{u
vekeb{u ok`m`u. Meqlnrp! m` rn, wrn eye
opedqrnhr opnbeqrh ank|xs~ p`anrs, b }rni
nak`qrh sfe dnqrhcmsr mejnrnp{i opncpeqq.G`jnmnd`rek|m{e hmhvh`rhb{ onlnc`~r g`knfhr|
nqmnbs dk! opnbedemh! onkhrhweqjni,}jnmnlhweqjni h bnemmni petnpl{. A{k r`jfe
qngd`m p!d cnqsd`pqrbemm{u qrpsjrsp dk!m`ak~demh! g` }rni p`anrni h jnnpdhm`vhh
sqhkhi b qtepe petnpl.
Bnemm`! petnpl` !bk!erq! b`fmeixhl
ophnphrernl. B }rni nak`qrh Sjp`hm` lnfer
hqonk|gnb`r| no{r h qoevh`k|m{e gm`mh! qrp`m
M@RN. B m`qrn!yee bpel! oepbnqreoemm{lh
g`d`w`lh Sjp`hm{ !bk!~rq! p`gp`anrj` mnbni
jnmveovhh aegno`qmnqrh h bnemmni dnjrphm{ h
g`bepxemhe bqeqrnpnmmecn `m`khg` bnopnqnb
nanpnm{. Qnrpsdmhweqrbn lefds M@RN h Sjp`hmni
qnqpednrnwemn m` sjpeokemhh delnjp`rhweqjncn h
cp`fd`mqjncn jnmrpnk! m`d bnnpsfemm{lh qhk`lh,onb{xemhh noep`rhbmni qnbleqrhlnqrh q qhk`lh
M@RN h onlnyh Sjp`hme b openap`gnb`mhh qbnei
`plhh, sm`qkednb`mmni s QQQP. Ee jpsom{e, oknun
nqm`yemm{e bnnpsfemm{e qhk{ q p`gdsr{lh
xr`r`lh b{qxecn jnl`mdmncn qnqr`b`, dnkfm{
rp`mqtnplhpnb`r|q! b lem|xhe on whqkemmnqrh
qnbpelemm{e }ttejrhbm{e qhk{, lncsyhe
sdnbkerbnp!r| onrpeamnqrh naeqoewemh!aegno`qmnqrh h `jrhbmn bmnqhr| qbni bjk`d b
ebpnoeiqjs~ qr`ahk|mnqr| h aegno`qmnqr|.
Qnbleqrm`! p`anw`! cpsoo` on bnemmni petnple
(QPCBP) qndeiqrbser jnmqsk|r`vh!l h
op`jrhweqjnls qnrpsdmhweqrbs on p`gkhwm{l
26
bnopnq`l, r`jhl j`j qnqr`bkemhe nanpnmmncn
a~dfer` h ok`mhpnb`mhe, qnjp`yemhe
bnnpsfemm{u qhk h jnmbepqh!, oepeund nr qksfa{
on ophg{bs j ophmvhos dnapnbnk|mnqrh oph
jnlokejrnb`mhh bnnpsfemm{u qhk h
bnemmn-cp`fd`mqjhe nrmnxemh!. M@RN r`jfe
qonqnaqrbser opnbedemh~ sweamni ondcnrnbjh
b{qxecn nthvepqjncn qnqr`b` b vek!u onddepfjh
opnveqq` bnemm{u openap`gnb`mhi h onlnc`er b
npc`mhg`vhh opncp`ll oepeondcnrnbjh sjp`hmqjhu
bnemmnqksf`yhu, sbnkemm{u b g`o`q, dk!nakecwemh! hu oepeund` j cp`fd`mqjni fhgmh.Bnemm{i jnlhrer M@RN q sw`qrhel Sjp`hm{
dnonkm!er p`anrs QPCBP h opednqr`bk!er
}jqoeprnb b p`gkhwm{u nak`qr!u, jnrnp{e
qonqnaqrbs~r bnemmnls qnrpsdmhweqrbs q
Sjp`hmni. ]r` de!rek|mnqr| bederq! b p`lj`u
Bnemmncn p`anwecn ok`m` M@RN-Sjp`hm`.Nrdek|m{e qn~gmhjh on M@RN nj`g{b`~r onlny|
Sjp`hme on opnejr`l delhkhr`phg`vhh q vek|~
aegno`qmncn smhwrnfemh! ee g`o`qnb hgkhxmhu
hkh sqr`pebxhu opnrhbnoeunrm{u lhm. ]r` onlny|
onqrso`er b Sjp`hms wepeg Vekebni tnmd OPL.
Sw`qrhe Sjp`hm{ b opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn p`dh
lhp`» r`jfe qonqnaqrbser b{onkmemh~
opncp`ll{ onb{xemh! noep`rhbmni
qnbleqrhlnqrh qhk h qpedqrb. B unde Opnveqq`
ok`mhpnb`mh! h `m`khg` OPL nopedek!~rq!jk~web{e rpeanb`mh! j bnemmnls ok`mhpnb`mh~,` xhpnjhi jpsc de!rek|mnqrh on OPL h bnemm{e
swemh! ongbnk!~r sjp`hmqjhl bnemmnqksf`yhl
m`j`okhb`r| op`jrhweqjhi no{r bg`hlndeiqrbh! q
qhk`lh M@RN.
P`qxhpemhe qnrpsdmhweqrb`
Qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh wpegb{w`imncn
cp`fd`mqjncn ok`mhpnb`mh! h opedsopefdemh!wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi ophmnqhr Sjp`hme
meonqpedqrbemm{e op`jrhweqjhe b{cnd{. Ck`bm{l
b }rni p`anre !bk!erq! nj`g`mhe qndeiqrbh!Sjp`hme, g`o`dm{e pechnm{ jnrnpni w`qrn
ondbepc`~rq! qhk|m{l m`bndmemh!l. Oph }rnl
qr`bhrq! g`d`w` onb{qhr| ee cnrnbmnqr| j
ondnam{l wpegb{w`im{l qhrs`vh!l h dnahr|q!m`defmni khjbhd`vhh hu onqkedqrbhi. Swemh!OPL, b rnl whqke swemhe, opnbedemmne Sjp`hmni b
G`j`po`r|e b qemr!ape 2000 c., onlnc`~r
opnbephr| }ttejrhbmnqr| qonqnanb nj`g`mh!onlnyh oph qrhuhim{u aedqrbh!u h j`r`qrpnt`u.Qrp`m{ M@RN h dpsche cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{
r`jfe nj`g`kh onlny| Sjp`hme onqke qhk|m{u
m`bndmemhi b 1995, 1998 h 2001 cnd`u.
M`swmne qnrpsdmhweqrbn q Sjp`hmni m`w`knq| b
1991 c. Q reu onp on l`qxr`a`l sw`qrh! b m`swm{u
opncp`ll`u M@RN Sjp`hm` sqrso`er khx| Pnqqhh.
]rn qnrpsdmhweqrbn qhk|mn `jrhbhghpnb`knq| ond
psjnbndqrbnl Qnbleqrmni p`anwei cpsoo{ on
qnrpsdmhweqrbs b nak`qrh m`sjh h njpsf`~yei
qped{. Onlhln g`d`w ophlememh! m`swm{u
dnqrhfemhi b g`yhre nr reppnphgl` h mnb{u
scpng, qnbpelemm{lh ophnphrer`lh Sjp`hm{ b
nak`qrh m`swmn-reumhweqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`
qr`kh, onlhln opnwecn, hmtnpl`vhnmm{e
reumnknchh, ahnknch! jkerjh h ahnreumnknch!,mnb{e l`reph`k{ h p`vhnm`k|mne hqonk|gnb`mhe
ophpndm{u peqspqnb, wrn r`jfe qnnrberqrbser
mnb{l g`d`w`l m`swmni opncp`ll{ M@RN.
Ok`m deiqrbhi M@RN-Sjp`hm`
Ok`m deiqrbhi 2002 c. M@RN-Sjp`hm` nqmnb`m
m` U`prhh 1997 cnd`, jnrnp`! nqr`erq!tsmd`lemrnl, m` jnrnpnl qrpn!rq! hu
nrmnxemh!. Nm qksfhr qrp`rechweqjni nqmnbni
`jrhbhg`vhh jnmqsk|r`vhi on onkhrhweqjhl,}jnmnlhweqjhl h nanpnmm{l bnopnq`l h
nopedek!er qrp`rechweqjhe vekh h ophnphrer{
Sjp`hm{ oph opndbhfemhh boeped j ee onkmni
hmrecp`vhh b qrpsjrsp{ ebpn`rk`mrhweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh. B mel hgk`c`~rq!qnck`qnb`mm{e ophmvho{ h vekh,nub`r{b`~yhe onkhrhweqjhe h }jnmnlhweqjhe
bnopnq{; hmtnpl`vhnmm{e bnopnq{; bnopnq{
aegno`qmnqrh, nanpnm{ h bnemm{e opnakel{;bnopnq{ hmtnpl`vhnmmni g`yhr{ h
aegno`qmnqrh; op`bnb{e bnopnq{.
Onddepfj` petnpl qn qrnpnm{ qrp`m M@RN
opedonk`c`er hu qndeiqrbhe h jnmqsk|r`vhh.Ndm`jn nqmnbm`! nrberqrbemmnqr| g`
opnbedemhe petnpl knfhrq!, opefde bqecn, m`
Sjp`hms. On}rnls qrp`m{ M@RN ophg{b`~r ee
}mepchwmn p`gbhb`r| opnveqq petnpl q vek|~
sopnwemh! delnjp`rhh, g`jnmmnqrh, op`b
weknbej` h p{mnwmni }jnmnlhjh. B dnonkmemhe
j }rnls nqnane bmhl`mhe menaundhln sdek!r|
nqsyeqrbkemh~ d`kejn hdsyhu
openap`gnb`mhi b qejrnp`u naeqoewemh!aegno`qmnqrh h nanpnm{.
Cndhwm{e vekeb{e ok`m{, b rnl whqke
jnmjperm{e lep{, opedophmhl`el{e
Sjp`hmni, ` r`jfe qnbleqrm{e deiqrbh! M@RN
h Sjp`hm{ qndeiqrbs~r b{onkmemh~ g`d`w,onqr`bkemm{u b Ok`me deiqrbhi. B }rni qb!gh
db` p`g` b cnd opnbnd!rq! bqrpewh on nvemje,h efecndmn qnqr`bk!erq! nrwer n dnqrhcmsr{u
pegsk|r`r`u.27
Dh`knc qn qpedhgelmnlnpqjhlh
qrp`m`lh
> 9
Cp`mhv{ p!d` ~fmn-ebpnoeiqjhu qrp`m M@RN
opnkec`~r p!dnl q pechnmnl Qpedhgelmnlnp|!,on}rnls aegno`qmnqr| h qr`ahk|mnqr| r`l hle~r
ncpnlms~ b`fmnqr| dk! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`. Ankee rncn, aegno`qmnqr| bqei Ebpno{
reqmn qb!g`m` q aegno`qmnqr|~ h qr`ahk|mnqr|~ b
Qpedhgelmnlnpqjnl pechnme.
On }rhl ophwhm`l b 1995 c. M@RN ophqrsohk` j
mnbnls dh`kncs q xeqr|~ qrp`m`lh ~fmni w`qrh
Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn pechnm`, ` hlemmn q Echornl,Hgp`hkel, Hnpd`mhei, L`bphr`mhei, L`pnjjn h
Rsmhqnl. B tebp`ke 2000 c. sw`qrmhjnl dh`knc`
qr`k @kfhp. Qpedhgelmnlnpqjhi dh`knc, jnrnp{i
!bk!erq! menrzelkelni w`qr|~ ondund`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` j naeqoewemh~
aegno`qmnqrh, qr`bhr qbnei vek|~ qndeiqrbhe
aegno`qmnqrh h qr`ahk|mnqrh b }rnl pechnme. Nm
m`op`bkem m` skswxemhe bg`hlnonmhl`mh! qn
qrp`m`lh Dh`knc` h hqop`bkemhe qsyeqrbs~yhu
r`l meop`bhk|m{u opedqr`bkemhi n M@RN. Dh`knc
dnonkm!er dpsche qlefm{e, mn oph }rnl
q`lnqrn!rek|m{e lefdsm`pndm{e hmhvh`rhb{,r`jhe j`j hmhvh`rhb{ Ebpnoeiqjncn qn~g` h
Npc`mhg`vhh on aegno`qmnqrh h qnrpsdmhweqrbs b
Ebpnoe.
Onkhrhweqjhi dh`knc h
op`jrhweqjne qnrpsdmhweqrbn
Opncp`llni dh`knc` opedsql`rphb`erq!onkhrhweqjhi dh`knc h op`jrhweqjne
qnrpsdmhweqrbn qn qrp`m`lh-sw`qrmhv`lh. Bqel
qpedhgelmnlnpqjhl o`prmep`l opedk`c`erq!edhm`! nqmnb` dk! naqsfdemh! p`gkhwm{u
bnopnqnb h qnbleqrm{u bhdnb de!rek|mnqrh,ndm`jn b g`bhqhlnqrh nr hu onfek`mhi spnbem|
sw`qrh! lnfer p`gkhw`r|q!.
Onkhrhweqjhi dh`knc opedonk`c`er pecsk!pm{e
dbsqrnpnmmhe onkhrhweqjhe dhqjsqqhh m` spnbme
onqknb. Nmh d`~r bnglnfmnqr| nalemhb`r|q!bgck!d`lh on xhpnjnls jpscs bnopnqnb naeqoewemh!
aegno`qmnqrh b Qpedhgelmnlnp|e h asdsyecn
p`gbhrh! Dh`knc`. Opnbnd!rq! h lmncnqrnpnmmhe
bqrpewh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qnber` q
opedqr`bhrek!lh qelh qrp`m Dh`knc`, m` jnrnp{u
g`qksxhb`~rq! dnjk`d{ n p`gkhwm{u bhd`u
de!rek|mnqrh M@RN h opnbndhrq! nalem lmemh!lh
on `jrs`k|m{l qna{rh!l. R`jhe bqrpewh na{wmn
opnbnd!rq! onqke j`fdni lhmhqrepqjni qeqqhh
M@RN h bqrpew m` b{qxel spnbme, hkh fe oph
bngmhjmnbemhh hqjk~whrek|m{u naqrn!rek|qrb.R`j, m`ophlep, 23 njr!ap! 2001 c. a{kn opnbedemn
qnbey`mhe qn qpedhgelmnlnpqjhlh o`prmep`lh on
bnopnqs nrberm{u lep M@RN m` reppnphqrhweqjhe
`jr{, qnbepxemm{e 11 qemr!ap! 2001 c.
Op`jrhweqjne qnrpsdmhweqrbn npc`mhgserq! b
p`lj`u cndhwmni p`anwei opncp`ll{. Nmn
opedonk`c`er ophck`xemhe dnkfmnqrm{u khv
qrp`m Dh`knc` m` sweam{e jspq{ b Xjnke M@RN b
Naep`llepc`s (Cepl`mh!), h Nanpnmmnl jnkkedfe
M@RN b Phle (Hr`kh!). Opncp`llni r`jhu jspqnb
opedsql`rphb`erq! p`qqlnrpemhe bnopnqnb
lhpnrbnpweqrb`, jnmrpnk! m`d bnnpsfemh!lh,anp|a{ q p`qopnqrp`memhel npsfh! l`qqnbncn
smhwrnfemh!, nup`m{ njpsf`~yei qped{, bnemmn-cp`fd`mqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb` oph cp`fd`mqjhu
wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vh!u h ebpnoeiqjncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` b nak`qrh aegno`qmnqrh.
J dpschl bhd`l de!rek|mnqrh nrmnq!rq! bhghr{
nayeqrbemm{u de!rekei, swem{u, fspm`khqrnb h
o`pk`lemr`pheb qrp`m Dh`knc` b M@RN. B
dnonkmemhe j }rnls, Dh`knc qndeiqrbser
p`qxhpemh~ m`swmncn qnrpsdmhweqrb` b p`lj`u
M`swmni opncp`ll{ M@RN. Q 2000 c. ankee 800swem{u hg qrp`m Dh`knc` sw`qrbnb`kh b p`gkhwm{u
m`swm{u bhd`u de!rek|mnqrh, qonmqhpsel{u
M@RN.
Noep`rhbm{e `qoejr{ bnemmni w`qrh opncp`ll{
ongbnk!~r dnkfmnqrm{l khv`l qrp`m Dh`knc`
m`ak~d`r| g` swemh!lh OPL, sw`qrbnb`r| b
qelhm`p`u h qhlonghsl`u, npc`mhgsel{u
28
qrp`rechweqjhlh jnl`mdnb`mh!lh, m`mnqhr|
bhghr{ b xr`a{ NBQ M@RN. B dnonkmemhe j }rnls
npc`mhgs~rq! g`und{ q bhghr`lh b
qpedhgelmnlnpqjhe onpr{ qrp`m Dh`knc`
jnp`akei onqrn!mmncn qnedhmemh! NBLQ M@RN. B
2002 c. 300 dnkfmnqrm{u khv hg qrp`m Dh`knc`
sw`qrbnb`kn b ankee wel o!rhdeq!rh p`gkhwm{u
lepnoph!rhi, npc`mhgnb`mm{u b p`lj`u bnemmni
opncp`ll{ M@RN.
Rph qpedhgelmnlnpqjhu o`prmep` - Echoer,Hnpd`mh! h L`pnjjn - b opnxknl bmnqhkh qbni
bjk`d b lhpnrbnpweqjhe lhqqhh ond psjnbndqrbnl
M@RN m` A`kj`m`u. On qnqrn!mh~ m` l`i 2002 c. b
qnqr`b QTNP h JTNP bundhkh rnk|jn
bnemmnqksf`yhe L`pnjjn.
P`gbhb`~yhiq! opnveqq
Dh`knc mnqhr onqrso`rek|m{i u`p`jrep b ok`me
sw`qrh! b mel p`gkhwm{u qrp`m h on qbnels
qndepf`mh~. Ecn chajhi u`p`jrep ongbnk!er
scksak!r| qndepf`mhe }rni p`anr{ h qn bpelemel
p`qxhp!r| whqkn o`prmepnb-sw`qrmhjnb. Q cnd`lh
onkhrhweqjhe dhqjsqqhh qr`mnb!rq! bqe ankee
w`qr{lh h hmremqhbm{lh. Qn bpelemh m`w`k`
Dh`knc` opnhgnxkn gm`whrek|mne p`qxhpemhe ecn
op`jrhweqjncn `qoejr`. Reoep| nm nub`r{b`er
ank|xhmqrbn bhdnb de!rek|mnqrh, b jnrnp{u
sw`qrbs~r dpsche cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{.
Qngd`mhe b 1997 c. Cpsoo{ on qpedhgelmnlnpqjnls
qnrpsdmhweqrbs ophd`kn Dh`kncs mnbs~
m`op`bkemmnqr| h onb{qhkn ecn dhm`lhwmnqr|. Nm`
qksfhr tnpslnl, m` jnrnpnl cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{
M@RN h qrp`m{ Dh`knc` lncsr nalemhb`r|q!bgck!d`lh n onknfemhh b nak`qrh aegno`qmnqrh b
Qpedhgelmnlnp|e h d`k|meixhu osr!u p`gbhrh!Dh`knc`. M` b`xhmcrnmqjnl q`llhre b 1999 c. a{kh
ophm!r{ d`k|meixhe lep{ on scksakemh~ j`j
onkhrhweqjhu, r`j h op`jrhweqjhu `qoejrnb
Dh`knc`. ]rn ongbnkhkn p`qxhphr| bnglnfmnqrh
`jrhbhg`vhh qnrpsdmhweqrb` on rel m`op`bkemh!l,
cde M@RN lnfer ophmnqhr| dnonkmhrek|ms~ onk|gs,nqnaemmn b bnemmni nak`qrh, ` r`jfe b dpschu
nak`qr!u, j jnrnp{l opn!bk!~r hmrepeq qrp`m{
Dh`knc`.
Onqke 11 qemr!ap! 2001 c. jnmqsk|r`vhh lefds
M@RN h qrp`m`lh Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn dh`knc`
qr`kh w`ye opnbndhr|q! b Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnl
qnbere, ophwel j`j m` hmdhbhds`k|mnl, r`j h m`
jnkkejrhbmnl spnbm!u. M` op`fqjnl q`llhre b
mn!ape 2002 c. a{kn naz!bkemn n onb{xemhh
gm`whlnqrh }rni hmhvh`rhb{. Psjnbndhrekh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` ndnaphkh o`jer lep,m`op`bkemm{u m` p`qxhpemhe onkhrhweqjncn h
op`jrhweqjncn `qoejrnb Dh`knc`. P`qxhpemhe h
scksakemhe }rhu nrmnxemhi a{kn nopedekemn hlh
b j`weqrbe ndmni hg oepbnqreoemm{u g`d`w
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`.
J }rhl lep`l nrmnqhrq! onb{xemhe pecsk!pmnqrh h
}ttejrhbmnqrh opnveqq` jnmqsk|r`vhi, sqhkemhe
vekem`op`bkemmnqrh p`gkhwm{u bhdnb
de!rek|mnqrh h nopedekemhe qoevh`khghpnb`mmncn
ondund` j qnrpsdmhweqrbs. M`p!ds q scksakemhel
qsyeqrbs~yhu nak`qrei qnrpsdmhweqrb`, a{kh
opedknfem{ hu mnb{e bhd{. J mhl nrmnq!rq!qoevh`k|mn ondnap`mm{e m`op`bkemh!de!rek|mnqrh, m`op`bkemm{e m` onb{xemhe
qonqnamnqrh qpedhgelmnlnpqjhu qrp`m Dh`knc`
bmnqhr| qbni bjk`d b noep`vhh on pe`chpnb`mh~
jphghqnb ond psjnbndqrbnl M@RN bme qr. 5B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`, pex`r| bnopnq{ bnemmni
petnpl{ h nanpnmmni }jnmnlhjh, beqrh
jnmqsk|r`vhh on bnopnq`l reppnphgl` h nup`m{
cp`mhv, ` r`jfe khjbhdhpnb`r| onqkedqrbh!qrhuhim{u aedqrbhi h j`r`qrpnt. Pe`khg`vh! }rhu
lep asder qonqnaqrbnb`r| openap`gnb`mh~
u`p`jrep` nrmnxemhi M@RN qn qrp`m`lh Dh`knc`.Ankee rncn, m` qkeds~yel q`llhre M@RN b 2004 c. b
Qr`laske m` p`qqlnrpemhe sw`qrmhjnb asdsr
b{meqem{ mnb{e b`ph`mr{ qngd`mh! ankee
l`qxr`amni, p`qxhpemmni nqmnb{
Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn dh`knc`.29
Lhpnrbnpweqrbn h jphghqmne
pecskhpnb`mhe
> 10
Ndhm hg m`hankee gm`whl{u `qoejrnb
openap`gnb`mh! M@RN qb!g`m q pexemhel n
opnbedemhh noep`vhi on onddepf`mh~ lhp` h
pe`chpnb`mh~ m` jphghq{ b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl
pechnme h g` ecn opedek`lh. M` A`kj`m`u, cde b
1995 c. M@RN boepb{e m`w`k` opnbndhr| qbnh
noep`vhh, nrqsrqrbhe qr`ahk|mnqrh h jnmtkhjr{
opebp`rhkhq| b op!l{e b{gnb{ hmrepeq`l
aegno`qmnqrh qrp`m Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`,` r`jfe lhps h qr`ahk|mnqrh b Ebpnoe b veknl. B
onqkedmhe cnd{ Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g, b
qnnrberqrbhh qn qbnhlh na!g`rek|qrb`lh on
onddepf`mh~ lhp` b @tc`mhqr`me,opndelnmqrphpnb`k qbn~ cnrnbmnqr| pex`r|
opnakel{ aegno`qmnqrh g` opedek`lh qbnei
rp`dhvhnmmni gnm{ nrberqrbemmnqrh.
Ankee rncn, sw`qrhe M@RN b r`jhu noep`vh!u
onrpeanb`kn p`qxhpemhe jnmr`jrnb h
qnrpsdmhweqrb` qn qrp`m`lh, me bund!yhlh b
M@RN, mn b{dek!~yhlh qbnh bnhmqjhe
jnmrhmcemr{ b qnqr`b ee qhk, ` r`jfe j`j q
dpschlh npc`mhg`vh!lh. ]rn qksfhr ophlepnl
qnrpsdmhweqrb` b nak`qrh aegno`qmnqrh, jnrnpne
menaundhln qecndm!, jncd` b`fmeixee gm`wemhe
ophnaper`~r reqm{e p`anwhe nrmnxemh! q
lefdsm`pndm{lh h meop`bhrek|qrbemm{lh
npc`mhg`vh!lh, ` r`jfe q cnqsd`pqrb`lh, me
bund!yhlh b M@RN, mn sw`qrbs~yhlh b r`jhu
bhd`u de!rek|mnqrh j`j opncp`ll` «O`prmepqrbn
p`dh lhp`».
Anqmh! h Cepvecnbhm`
B onddepfjs sqhkhi NNM on opejp`yemh~ bnim{
b Anqmhh b oephnd lefds 1992 c. h 1995 c. (ql.r`jfe ck. 4), M@RN p`gbepmsk` on l`md`rs NNM
lmncnm`vhnm`k|m{e Qhk{ on b{onkmemh~ lhpmncn
qnck`xemh! (HTNP) b Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhme. ]rn
a{kn qdek`mn wepeg xeqr| dmei onqke ondohq`mh!
Deirnmqjncn lhpmncn qnck`xemh! 14 dej`ap! 1995c. dk! nqsyeqrbkemh! bnemm{u `qoejrnb lhpmncn
qnck`xemh!. Hu ck`bm{lh g`d`w`lh a{kn
onknfhr| jnmev bnemm{l deiqrbh!l; p`gzedhmhr|
bnnpsfemm{e qhk{ med`bmn qngd`mm{u
`dlhmhqrp`rhbm{u nap`gnb`mhi hqrepg`mmni
bnimni qrp`m{ - Tedep`vhh Anqmhh h Cepvecnbhm{
h Qepaqjni Peqosakhjh; opnhgbeqrh nalem
repphrnph!lh lefds }rhlh dbsl! nap`gnb`mh!lh.Wepeg cnd HTNP b{onkmhkh qbnh g`d`wh h b
dej`ape 1996 c. hl m` qlems ophxkh lem|xhe on
whqkemmnqrh Qhk{ qr`ahkhg`vhh (QTNP).
B dnonkmemhe j opednrbp`yemh~ mnb{u bnemm{u
deiqrbhi h qngd`mh~ jkhl`r` dk! p`gbhrh!
lhpmncn opnveqq`, g`d`w` QTNP a{k` p`qxhpem`
h bjk~w`k` b qea! nj`g`mhe onddepfjh
cp`fd`mqjhl npc`mhg`vh!l, sw`qrbs~yhl b
sqhkh!u lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb` on
onqrpnemh~ b qrp`me opnwmncn lhp`.Lhpnrbnpweqjhe qhk{ onlnc`~r aefemv`l h
oepeleyemm{l khv`l bepmsr|q! b qbnh dnl` h
bmnq!r bjk`d b petnplhpnb`mhe anqmhiqjhu
bnnpsfemm{u qhk. Ankee rncn, QTNP opnbnd!r
`jrhbm{e deiqrbh! on g`depf`mh~ khv,nabhm!el{u b bnemm{u opeqrsokemh!u, h oeped`wh
hu b Lefdsm`pndm{i scnknbm{i qsd dk! a{bxei
^cnqk`bhh b C``ce.
On lepe skswxemh! onknfemh! b nak`qrh
aegno`qmnqrh opnbndhrq! onqreoemmne
qnjp`yemhe whqkemmnqrh qhk. J beqme 2004 c. b
qnqr`b QTNP bundhkn ophakhghrek|mn 7000weknbej, wrn qsyeqrbemmne lem|xe 60000bnemmnqksf`yhu, jnrnp{e a{kh p`gbepmsr{ b
qnqr`be HTNP. ]rn qksfhr nrp`femhel rncn
opncpeqq`, jnrnp{i dnqrhcmsr Anqmhei h
Cepvecnbhmni oph onqrpnemhh
q`lnonddepfhb`~yecnq! lhp`. B m`qrn!yee
bpel! opnbndhrq! nvemj` b`ph`mrnb asdsyecn
whqkemmncn h anebncn qnqr`b` QTNP, b rnl whqke
bnglnfmncn g`bepxemh! noep`vhh j jnmvs 2004 c. q
opedonk`c`elni oeped`wei psjnbndqrb` e~ qhk`l
EQ, unr! ophqsrqrbhe M@RN b qrp`me asder
qnup`m!r|q!.
Jnqnbn
B 1998 c. b pegsk|r`re nrjp{rncn jnmtkhjr` b
~cnqk`bqjnl jp`e Jnqnbn, b m`qekemhh jnrnpncn
openak`d`~r }rmhweqjhlh `ka`mv{, ank|xe
300000 ecn fhrekei a{kn b{msfdemn aef`r| hg
qbnhu dnlnb. Aekcp`d hcmnphpnb`k mendmnjp`rm{e
rpeanb`mh! lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb` n b{bnde
qepaqjhu qhk h ophg{b{ j qnrpsdmhweqrbs b
opejp`yemhh m`qhkh! h qngd`mh~ sqknbhi dk!
bngbp`yemh! aefemveb. Jncd` b njr!ape 1998 c.M@RN g`!bhk` n qbnei scpnge m`meqrh sd`p{ q
bngdsu`, ~cnqk`bqjhi opeghdemr Qknand`m
Lhknxebhw qnck`qhkq! b{onkmhr| opedz!bkemm{e
els rpeanb`mh!, h bngdsxm{e sd`p{ a{kh
nrlemem{. Npc`mhg`vh! on aegno`qmnqrh h
qnrpsdmhweqrbs b Ebpnoe (NAQE) m`op`bhk` b
Jnqnbn qbnhu m`ak~d`rekei. M@RN opnbndhk` r`l
bngdsxmne m`ak~demhe h p`gbepmsk` anebs~
r`jrhweqjs~ cpsoos b a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni
30
Peqosakhje L`jednmhh*, g`d`wei jnrnpni a{kn
}b`jshpnb`r| m`ak~d`rekei NAQE b qksw`e
bngmhjmnbemh! scpng{ dk! mhu oph bngnamnbkemhh
jnmtkhjr`.
B m`w`ke 1999 c. r`l bmnb| m`w`khq| bqo{xjh
m`qhkh!. @jrhbhghpnb`khq| deiqrbh! qepaqjhu
bniqj. Meqlnrp! m` hmremqhbm{e
qjnnpdhmhpnb`mm{e dhoknl`rhweqjhe sqhkh!
lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb`, p`gpexhr| }rnr
jnmtkhjr me sd`knq|. B l`pre hg jp`! a{k`
b{bedem` lhqqh! m`ak~d`rekei NAQE. Wepeg
meqjnk|jn dmei onqke b{bnd` lhqqhh NAQE a{kn
ophlememn onqkedmee qpedqrbn - m`w`k`q|
bngdsxm`! j`lo`mh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g` q m`meqemhel sd`pnb on vek!l b
Tedep`rhbmni Peqosakhje ^cnqk`bhh. Sd`p{
m`mnqhkhq| 78 dmei, onqke wecn pefhl
Lhknxebhw` a{k b{msfdem opejp`rhr|
ophreqmemh! qbnhu cp`fd`m h qnck`qhr|q! m`
rpeanb`mh! lefdsm`pndmncn qnnayeqrb`. M@RN
qnup`m!k` qbn~ qoknwemmnqr|. Nm` qrpelhk`q|
onp`f`r| rnk|jn bnemm{e h cnqsd`pqrbemm{e
nazejr{, qbnd! j lhmhlsls feprb{ qpedh lhpmncn
m`qekemh!. Ndmnbpelemmn q }rhl qhk{ qn~gmhjnb
onlnckh nakecwhr| jphghq aefemveb b qnqedmei
@ka`mhh h a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhje
L`jednmhh*, cde b ecn p`gc`p whqkn }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mqjhu aefemveb dnqrhc`kn qnnrberqrbemmn
445000 h 330000 weknbej. Jpnle rncn, on
hle~yhlq! nvemj`l b{msfdemm{lh
oepeqekemv`lh b Jnqnbn qr`kh ophakhghrek|mn
400000 weknbej.
Onqke g`jk~wemh! Bnemmn-reumhweqjncn
qnck`xemh! lefds M@RN h jnl`mdnb`mhel
~cnqk`bqjhlh bniqj`lh on l`md`rs NNM a{kh
p`gbepmsr{ Qhk{ dk! Jnqnbn (JTNP) ond
psjnbndqrbnl M@RN. Hu ck`bm{lh g`d`w`lh a{kn
opednrbp`rhr| bngnamnbkemhe aneb{u deiqrbhi,qngd`r| aegno`qms~ naqr`mnbjs h opnbeqrh
delhkhr`phg`vh~ Nqbnandhrek|mni `plhh
Jnqnbn, ` r`jfe onddepf`r| lefdsm`pndm{e
csl`mhr`pm{e sqhkh! h p`anrs Lhqqhh bpelemmni
`dlhmhqrp`vhh NNM b Jnqnbn (LNNMJ).
Onqke m`w`k|mncn p`gbepr{b`mh! JTNP b hu
onkmnl qnqr`be a{kn ophakhghrek|mn 43000bnemmnqksf`yhu. B pegsk|r`re onqreoemm{u
qnjp`yemhi hu whqkemmnqr| qnjp`rhk`q| ank|xe
wel bdbne. B h~me 2003 c. b JTNP bundhkh
bnhmqjhe jnmrhmcemr{ hg ank|xhmqrb` cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb M@RN, 15 cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb h rpeu
dpschu qrp`m - @pcemrhm{, L`pnjjn h Mnbni
Gek`mdhh.
Onqke rncn, j`j Nqbnandhrek|m`! `plh! Jnqnbn
ophm!k` na!g`rek|qrbn n p`qtnplhpnb`mhh,bnemmnqksf`yhe JTNP qnap`kh h smhwrnfhkh
gm`whrek|mne jnkhweqrbn qrpekjnbncn npsfh! h
nj`g`kh qndeiqrbhe b qngd`mhh Jnposq` g`yhr{
Jnqnbn - leqrm{u qhk on khjbhd`vhh onqkedqrbhi
cp`fd`mqjhu wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi,de!rek|mnqr| jnrnp{u opnundhr ond psjnbndqrbnl
LNNMJ h oph onbqedmebmnl jnmrpnke JTNP.Bnemmnqksf`yhe JTNP r`jfe o`rpskhpser
cp`mhv{ Jnqnbn, bedsr jnmrpnk| m` oncp`mhwm{u
opnosqjm{u osmjr`u, nup`m!~r b`fmeixhe
nazejr{. Gm`whrek|m{e whqkn bnemmnqksf`yhu
g`m!rn b nup`me qepaqjhu fhrekei, jnrnp{e
bepmskhq| b qbni jp`i.
B reqmnl qnrpsdmhweqrbe q LNNMJ JTNP
onlnc`~r qngd`b`r| naqr`mnbjs aegno`qmnqrh,wrna{ bqe cp`fd`me, meg`bhqhln nr hu }rmhweqjncn
opnhqunfdemh!, lnckh fhr| b lhpe h p`qxhp!r|
delnjp`rh~ oph lefdsm`pndmnl qndeiqrbhh. ]rn
rpsdm`! h dnkcnbpelemm`! g`d`w`. Mn sfe hder
p`anr` on bnqqr`mnbkemh~ jp`!, h leqrm{e
fhrekh onqreoemmn bngbp`y`~rq! j mnpl`k|mni
fhgmh b sqknbh!u aegno`qmnqrh.
^fm`! Qepah!
B m`w`ke 2001 c. M@RN, Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g h NAQE
b{p`anr`kh h pe`khgnb`kh qnbleqrms~ qrp`rech~
q vek|~ lhpmncn p`gpexemh! bnnpsfemmncn
jnmtkhjr` b ^fmni Qepahh, jnrnp{i scpnf`k
qr`ahk|mnqrh bqecn pechnm`. B jnmve 2000 c. b
Dnkhme Opexebn bqo{umskh bnkmemh!. R`l
opnfhb`er ank|x`! nayhm` }rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb,jnrnp`! m`undhk`q| ond op!l{l qepaqjhl
31
op`bkemhel h syelk!k`q| b qbnhu onkhrhweqjhu h
qnvh`k|m{u op`b`u. Anebhjh }rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb,ophlem!! kecjne bnnpsfemhe, qnbepxhkh p!d
m`o`demhi m` qepaqjhu bnemmnqksf`yhu qhk
aegno`qmnqrh b «Qsunosrmni gnme aegno`qmnqrh» -astepmni gnme, opnr!femmnqr|~ o!r| jhknlerpnb
bdnk| bmsrpemmei cp`mhv{ Jnqnbn q Qepahei. B
qnnrberqrbhh q Bnemmn-reumhweqjhl qnck`xemhel
lefds Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl qn~gnl h
~cnqk`bqjni `plhei }r` gnm` a{k` bme
dnq!c`elnqrh dk! ~cnqk`bqjni `plhh h
jnmrpnkhpnb`k`q| Qhk`lh dk! Jnqnbn ond
psjnbndqrbnl M@RN.
A{qrpn p`gp`qr`bxhiq! jnmtkhjr qngd`b`k
qep|egms~ scpngs aegno`qmnqrh, wrn lnckn hler|
op!l{e onqkedqrbh! dk! Jnqnbn. Menaundhln
a{kn m`irh onkhrhweqjne pexemhe h
c`p`mrhpnb`r| p`qxhpemhe op`b }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mveb b ^fmni Qepahh, qnup`m!! oph }rnl
repphrnph`k|ms~ veknqrmnqr| h qsbepemhrer
Tedep`rhbmni Peqosakhjh ^cnqk`bhh.
Beqmni 2001 c. b pegsk|r`re p!d` jnmr`jrnb m`
b{qnjnl spnbme lefds M@RN h mnb{l
~cnqk`bqjhl op`bhrek|qrbnl b Aekcp`de, b M@RN
a{kn ophm!rn pexemhe n onqreoemmnl slem|xemhh
Qsunosrmni gnm{ aegno`qmnqrh, q rel, wrna{
~cnqk`bqj`! `plh! lnck` bnqqr`mnbhr| jnmrpnk|
m`d }rhl p`inmnl. B qbn~ nweped|, op`bhrek|qrbn
b Aekcp`de dnkfmn a{kn ophm!r| lep{
sjpeokemh! dnbeph!, jnrnp{e, b l`e, b jnmewmnl
qwere, saedhkh anebhjnb }rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb
qknfhr| npsfhe. Dekec`vh! M@RN,
qnopnbnfd`el`! opedqr`bhrekel EQ,qndeiqrbnb`k` g`jk~wemh~ oepelhph! h
sqr`mnbkemh~ op!l{u j`m`knb qb!gh lefds
qepaqjhlh bk`qr!lh h bnnpsfemm{lh cpsoo`lh
}rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb.
Q vek|~ sqjnpemh! hmrecp`vhh }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mveb b onkhrhweqjhe h `dlhmhqrp`rhbm{e
qrpsjrsp{ b pechnme h bngbp`yemh! aefemveb a{k
qnck`qnb`m xhpnjhi m`anp lep. Lefdsm`pndmne
qnnayeqrbn nqsyeqrbk!kn jnmrpnk| h qndeiqrbhe
b b{onkmemhh }rhu rpeanb`mhi. NAQE qngd`k`
opncp`lls ondcnrnbjh qhk onkhvhh,sjnlokejrnb`mm{u opedqr`bhrek!lh p`gm{u
}rmhweqjhu nayhm. ]rh qhk{ opedm`gm`wem{ dk!
p`gbepr{b`mh!, ck`bm{l nap`gnl, b depebm!u,jnrnp{e opefde sdepfhb`khq| l!refmhj`lh, h
cde opehlsyeqrbemmn opnfhb`~r `ka`mv{. NAQE
r`jfe onlnck` npc`mhgnb`r| b{anp{ b leqrm{e
npc`m{ bk`qrh, opnbedemm{e b `bcsqre 2002 c., wrn
c`p`mrhpnb`kn ankee qop`bedkhbne h p`bmne
opedqr`bhrek|qrbn p`gkhwm{u npc`mhg`vhi
}rmhweqjhu nayhm.
A{bx`! ~cnqk`bqj`! Peqosakhj`
L`jednmh!*
B 2001 c. on opnq|ae op`bhrek|qrb` a{bxei
~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhjh L`jednmhh* qhk{ M@RN
ophqrsohkh j b{onkmemh~ werjn nopedekemmni
g`d`wh jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh!. Beqmni 2001 c.,jncd` bnnpsfemm{e cpsoo{ }rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb
apnqhkh b{gnb bk`qr!l, b qrp`me m`w`khq|
bmsrpemmhe bnkmemh!. M@RN nqsdhk` }rh32
bnnpsfemm{e m`o`demh! h sqhkhk` jnmrpnk| m`
cp`mhve q Jnqnbn, saefd`! oph }rnl
op`bhrek|qrbn peqosakhjh b menaundhlnqrh
opnbedemh! jnmqrhrsvhnmm{u petnpl dk!
pexemh! opnakel }rmhweqjhu `ka`mveb. Jk~webs~
pnk| b }rnl q{cp`k cemep`k|m{i qejper`p| M@RN.
B h~me M@RN qnck`qhk`q| m` nthvh`k|ms~
opnq|as op`bhrek|qrb` na nj`g`mhh bnemmni
onlnyh b delhkhr`phg`vhh r`j m`g{b`elni
M`vhnm`k|mni nqbnandhrek|mni `plhh }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mveb, oph sqknbhh, wrn asder dnqrhcmsrn
oepelhphe h qnck`qnb`m ok`m lhpmncn
specskhpnb`mh!. B `bcsqre a{kn ophm!rn p`lnwmne
qnck`xemhe, jnrnpne ongbnkhkn M@RN m`op`bhr|
qbni bnhmqjhi jnmrhmcemr whqkemmnqr|~ 3500weknbej dk! opnbedemh! rphdv`rhdmebmni lhqqhh
dk! p`gnpsfemh! bnnpsfemm{u cpsoo }rmhweqjhu
`ka`mveb.
B jnmve qemr!ap! b opndnkfemhe }rni lhqqhh nr
M@RN onrpeanb`knq| qnup`mhr| ophqsrqrbhe b
qrp`me meank|xncn bnhmqjncn jnmrhmcemr` dk!
nup`m{ m`ak~d`rekei EQ h NAQE, jnrnp{e
jnmrpnkhpnb`kh b{onkmemhe p`lnwmncn
qnck`xemh!. Dk! sw`qrh! b }rni noep`vhh a{kn
m`op`bkemn ophakhghrek|mn 700 bnemmnqksf`yhu
M@RN, jnrnp{e sqhkhkh meank|xni bnhmqjhi
jnmrhmcemr M@RN, sfe m`undhbxhiq! r`l dk!
naeqoewemh! jnllsmhj`vhi h r{knbncn qm`afemh!
JTNP. ]r` noep`vh! M@RN a{k` g`bepxem` b
l`pre 2003 c., jncd` nrberqrbemmnqr| g` lhqqh~
a{k` oeped`m` Ebpnoeiqjnls qn~gs b
qnnrberqrbhh q dncnbnpemmnqr!lh lefds EQ h
M@RN, jnrnp{lh opedsql`rphb`knq|
hqonk|gnb`mhe qhk, qpedqrb h peqspqnb M@RN dk!
noep`vhi ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ (ql. ck. 2). On
qnqrn!mh~ m` 15 dej`ap! 2003 c., ak`cnd`p!
sqoeus, dnqrhcmsrnls b qr`ahkhg`vhh onknfemh! b
qrp`me, bnemm`! noep`vh! ond psjnbndqrbnl EQ
a{k` g`bepxem` h m`w`k`q| noep`vh!
cp`fd`mqjhu onkhveiqjhu qhk EQ.
@tc`mhqr`m
B `bcsqre 2003 c. M@RN ophm!k` m` qea!
nrberqrbemmnqr| g` Lefdsm`pndm{e qhk{
qndeiqrbh! aegno`qmnqrh (HQ@T) IV b
@tc`mhqr`me. ]rh qhk{ opedm`gm`wem{ dk!
nj`g`mh! onlnyh Bpelemmni `dlhmhqrp`vhh
@tc`mhqr`m` b qngd`mhh naqr`mnbjh aegno`qmnqrh
dk! fhrekei J`ask` h ophkec`~yhu p`inmnb. B
m`qrn!yee bpel! }r` qrp`m` o{r`erq! nop`bhr|q!
nr dbsu deq!rhkerhi cp`fd`mqjni bnim{ h
med`bmecn p`gpsxhrek|mncn op`bkemh! r`khanb,sjp{b`bxhu reppnphqrnb.
HQ@T - }rn lefdsm`pndm{e qhk{, deiqrbs~yhe on
l`md`rs NNM, jnrnp{e a{kh p`gbepmsr{ b
@tc`mhqr`me b jnmve 2001 c. Hu oepb`! lhqqh!
bngck`bk!k`q| Bekhjnaphr`mhei h rncd` b hu
qnqr`b bundhkh bnhmqjhe jnmrhmcemr{ hg p`gm{u
qrp`m, ank|xhmqrbn hg jnrnp{u a{kh
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh M@RN. HQ@T IIbngck`bk!k` Rspvh!, ` psjnbndqrbn HQ@T IIInqsyeqrbk!kh qnbleqrmn Cepl`mh! h Mhdepk`md{.Oepbnm`w`k|mn l`md`r qhk ncp`mhwhb`k deiqrbh!
HQ@T p`inmnl J`ask` h ophkec`~yhlh p`inm`lh,ndm`jn, b njr!ape 2003 c. a{k` ophm!r` pegnk~vh!
Qnber` Aegno`qmnqrh NNM, opedsql`rphb`~y`!
p`qxhpemhe deiqrbhi qhk g` opedek`lh J`ask`.
M@RN qnck`qhk`q| opnbeqrh p`qxhpemhe qbnei
lhqqhh b ankee xhpnjhu opedek`u @tc`mhqr`m`, b
w`qrmnqrh, onqpedqrbnl bpelemmncn
p`gbepr{b`mh! qbnhu qhk g` opedek`lh J`ask` h
ophm!rh! ond bnemmne jnl`mdnb`mhe
gm`whrek|mncn whqk` «opnbhmvh`k|m{u cpsoo
bnqqr`mnbkemh!» (OCB), jnrnp{e qonqnaqrbs~r
opnveqqs qr`ahkhg`vhh b pechnm`u. HQ@T m`wmsr
qbn~ de!rek|mnqr| b }rni qtepe q onddepfjh
OCB, bngck`bk!elni Cepl`mhei b Jsmdsge, h g`rel
onqreoemmn p`qxhp!r ee dk! onddepfjh dpschu
OCB. B qbnei de!rek|mnqrh on qndeiqrbh~
`tc`mv`l b bnqqr`mnbkemhh qbnei qrp`m{
lefdsm`pndmne qnnayeqrbn qr`kjhb`erq! q
lmncnwhqkemm{lh qep|egm{lh b{gnb`lh. M@RN
na!g`k`q| qnup`m!r| qbne ophqsrqrbhe b
@tc`mhqr`me, onj` }rn menaundhln. B m`qrn!yee
bpel! onqr`bkem` g`d`w` p`gp`anr`r|
xhpnjnl`qxr`ams~ jnmveovh~ pe`khg`vhh
na!g`rek|qrb M@RN b @tc`mhqr`me b p`lj`u
onqrn!mm{u jnmqsk|r`vhi q dpschlh
lefdsm`pndm{lh npc`mhg`vh!lh h Bpelemmni
`dlhmhqrp`vhei @tc`mhqr`m`. Nm` asder
opedqr`bkem` m` qkeds~yei bqrpewe M@RN m`
b{qxel spnbme b 2004 c. b Qr`laske. 33
Lep{ pe`chpnb`mh! m` cp`fd`mqjhewpegb{w`im{e qhrs`vhh
> 11
S j`fdni qrp`m{ eqr| qbnh nayecnqsd`pqrbemm{e
ok`m{ khjbhd`vhh onqkedqrbhi wpegb{w`im{u
qhrs`vhi, r`jhu j`j `b`phh q p`gkhb`lh
uhlhweqjhu hkh !dnbhr{u beyeqrb, k`bhm{,m`bndmemh!, gelkerp!qemh! hkh reppnphqrhweqjhe
m`o`demh!. Mn qrhuhim{e aedqrbh!, reumncemm{e h
ophpndm{e j`r`qrpnt{ me ophgm`~r
cnqsd`pqrbemm{e cp`mhv{, on}rnls menaundhln
qnrpsdmhweqrbn h ok`mhpnb`mhe deiqrbhi m`
lefdsm`pndmnl spnbme.
Lefds qrp`m`lh M@RN sfe b rewemhe lmnchu ker
bederq! qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh wpegb{w`imncn
cp`fd`mqjncn ok`mhpnb`mh!. B onqkedmhe cnd{
}rn qnrpsdmhweqrbn p`qxhphknq|, h b mel reoep|
sw`qrbs~r cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{. Dnqrhcmsr
ank|xni opncpeqq b npc`mhg`vhh p`qopedekemh!
qhk h qpedqrb dk! khjbhd`vhh onqkedqrbhi
cp`fd`mqjhu wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme.
Jnnpdhm`vh! deiqrbhi b M@RN
Dk! onb{xemh! }ttejrhbmnqrh lep pe`chpnb`mh!
m` qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! menaundhl` jnnpdhm`vh!
oph hqonk|gnb`mhh qpedqrb rp`mqonpr`, ledhvhm{,qb!gh, qhk h qpedqrb pe`chpnb`mh! m`
wpegb{w`im{e qhrs`vhh h dpschu cp`fd`mqjhu
peqspqnb. M@RN hcp`er b`fmeixs~ pnk| b
c`plnmhg`vhh ok`mhpnb`mh! b cnqsd`pqrb`u-sw`qrmhj`u, naeqoewhb`er deiqrbemmnqr| r`jhu
ok`mnb h m`khwhe qpedqrb, rpeasel{u dk! hu
nqsyeqrbkemh!.
B M@RN leu`mhgl jnnpdhm`vhh ok`mhpnb`mh! b
}rni nak`qrh qnqrnhr hg p!d` reumhweqjhu qnbernb
h jnlhrernb ok`mhpnb`mh!, p`anr`~yhu ond
nayhl psjnbndqrbnl Ck`bmncn jnlhrer` on
wpegb{w`imnls cp`fd`mqjnls ok`mhpnb`mh~. B
}rhu npc`m`u opnbnd!rq! pecsk!pm{e qnbey`mh!
}jqoeprnb, opedqr`bk!~yhu m`vhnm`k|m{e
op`bhrek|qrb`, p`gkhwm{e nrp`qkh
opnl{xkemmnqrh h bnnpsfemm{e qhk{. Nmh bedsr
jnnpdhm`vh~ p`anr{ on ok`mhpnb`mh~ b nak`qr!u
ebpnoeiqjncn bmsrpemmecn m`gelmncn rp`mqonpr`,lnpqjncn qsdnundqrb`, cp`fd`mqjni `bh`vhh,qm`afemh! opndnbnk|qrbhel h qek|qjncn
ung!iqrb`, opnl{xkemmncn opnhgbndqrb` h
qm`afemh!, onwr{ h rekejnllsmhj`vhi, ledhvhm{,cp`fd`mqjni nanpnm{, ` r`jfe dna{wh h
rp`mqonprhpnbjh metrh.
P`qxhpemhe qnrpsdmhweqrb`
B m`qrn!yee bpel! no{r h qoevh`k|m{e gm`mh!
M@RN b nak`qrh wpegb{w`imncn cp`fd`mqjncn
ok`mhpnb`mh! onkswhkh xhpnjne
p`qopnqrp`memhe. Ndmnbpelemmn q }rhl M@RN
hqonk|gser gm`mh! h bnglnfmnqrh dpschu qrp`m,sw`qrbs~yhu b Qnbere ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn
o`prmepqrb`. O`prmep{ M@RN bqe `jrhbmee
bjk~w`~rq! b p`anrs on jnmjperm{l
m`op`bkemh!l qnrpsdmhweqrb` b qnber`u h
jnlhrer`u ok`mhpnb`mh!. B 1998 c. a{k qngd`m
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhi vemrp on jnnpdhm`vhh onlnyh
oph qrhuhim{u aedqrbh!u h j`r`qrpnt`u (ql.bpegjs).
Wpegb{w`imne cp`fd`mqjne ok`mhpnb`mhe r`jfe
!bk!erq! b`fm{l `qoejrnl bqeu opncp`ll
qnrpsdmhweqrb` q cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh. B
m`qrn!yee bpel! nmn qr`kn q`l{l ank|xhl
mebnemm{l jnlonmemrnl de!rek|mnqrh on
opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn p`dh lhp`». Q~d`
nrmnq!rq! qelhm`p{, qhlonghsl{, swemh! h
sweam{e jspq{, b jnrnp{u sw`qrbs~r
bnemmnqksf`yhe h cp`fd`mqjhe dnkfmnqrm{e
khv`, opedqr`bk!~yhe p`gkhwm{e spnbmh
leqrm{u, pechnm`k|m{u h cnqsd`pqrbemm{u npc`mnb
op`bkemh!. B`fm{lh sw`qrmhj`lh }rni
de!rek|mnqrh qr`kh dpsche lefdsm`pndm{e
npc`mhg`vhh, r`jhe j`j Sop`bkemhe NNM on
jnnpdhm`vhh csl`mhr`pmni onlnyh, Sop`bkemhe
Bepunbmncn jnlhqq`p` NNM on dek`l aefemveb,Lefdsm`pndmne `cemrqrbn on `rnlmni }mepchh h
Ebpnoeiqjhi qn~g, ` r`jfe meop`bhrek|qrbemm{e
csl`mhr`pm{e npc`mhg`vhh.34
Qna{rh! 11 qemr!ap! 2001 c. m`ck!dmn onj`g`kh
aegnrk`c`rek|mnqr| qnrpsdmhweqrb` b ondcnrnbje j
bnglnfm{l reppnphqrhweqjhl `r`j`l m` lhpmne
m`qekemhe q ophlememhel uhlhweqjncn,ahnknchweqjncn, p`dhnknchweqjncn hkh !depmncn
(UAP_D) npsfh!. B Ok`me deiqrbhi o`prmepqrb` on
anp|ae q reppnphglnl, nam`pndnb`mmnl m`
op`fqjnl q`llhre b mn!ape 2002, qndepfhrq!
ophg{b j nalems hmtnpl`vhei b }rni nak`qrh h
sw`qrh~ b wpegb{w`imnl cp`fd`mqjnl
ok`mhpnb`mhh q vek|~ nvemjh phqjnb h sqhkemh!
g`yhr{ lhpmncn m`qekemh! nr reppnphgl` h npsfh!
l`qqnbncn smhwrnfemh!. M` qksw`i ondnamncn
m`o`demh! M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{ qngd`~r
qohqnj m`vhnm`k|m{u qhk h qpedqrb. Jpnle rncn,a{k qnck`qnb`m Ok`m deiqrbhi on wpegb{w`imnls
cp`fd`mqjnls ok`mhpnb`mh~ q vek|~ qndeiqrbh!
cnqsd`pqrbemm{l npc`m`l bk`qrh b onb{xemhh
cnrnbmnqrh hu cp`fd`mqjhu qksfa j bnglnfm{l
reppnphqrhweqjhl m`o`demh!l q ophlememhel
UAP_D npsfh!. M`w`knq| naqsfdemhe
qnnrberqrbs~yhu bnopnqnb tsmjvhi h onremvh`k`
M@RN h Ebpnoeiqjncn qn~g` b nak`qrh
wpegb{w`imncn cp`fd`mqjncn ok`mhpnb`mh!.
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhi onremvh`k
pe`chpnb`mh! m` qrhuhim{e
aedqrbh! h j`r`qrpnt{
On hmhvh`rhbe Pnqqhh b h~me 1999 c. dk!
sdnbkerbnpemh! onrpeamnqrh b jnnpdhm`vhh
deiqrbhi qhk h qpedqrb pe`chpnb`mh! m`
qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! h j`r`qrpnt{ b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme b xr`a-jb`prhpe
M@RN a{k qngd`m Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjhi
jnnpdhm`vhnmm{i vemrp pe`chpnb`mh! m`
qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! h j`r`qrpnt{ (E@JVPQAJ).]rnr vemrp qnqpednrnwhk b qeae de!rek|mnqr| on
nalems hmtnpl`vhei h jnnpdhm`vhh deiqrbhi
M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb on pe`chpnb`mh~
m` qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! h j`r`qrpnt{ b
Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme. Nm r`jfe
npc`mhgser jpsom{e swemh! on nrp`anrje g`d`w
khjbhd`vhh onqkedqrbhi cp`fd`mqjhu
wpegb{w`im{u qhrs`vhi q hqonk|gnb`mhel
hlhr`vhi reumncemm{u j`r`qrpnt h qrhuhim{u
aedqrbhi.
E@JVPQAJ qndeiqrbnb`k csl`mhr`pm{l
qo`q`rek|m{l noep`vh!l bn bpel! jphghq`
aefemveb b Jnqnbn, ` r`jfe opnbek b`fms~
p`anrs oph pe`chpnb`mhh m` lnym{e m`bndmemh!
b Sjp`hme, Psl{mhh, Bemcphh, @ka`mhh h Weuhh,gelkerp!qemhe b Rspvhh b 1999 c., keqm{e
onf`p{ b a{bxei ~cnqk`bqjni Peqosakhje
L`jednmhh* h Onprsc`khh, }jqrpel`k|m{e
oncndm{e sqknbh! b Sjp`hme h Lnkdnbe.
Vemrp reqmn bg`hlndeiqrbser q swpefdemh!lh
NNM, jnrnp{e hcp`~r bedsys~ pnk| b
pe`chpnb`mhh m` qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! h
j`r`qrpnt{ m` lefdsm`pndmnl spnbme:Sop`bkemhel NNM on jnnpdhm`vhh csl`mhr`pmni
onlnyh, Sop`bkemhel Bepunbmncn jnlhqq`p` on
dek`l aefemveb h dpschlh npc`mhg`vh!lh.
Qngd`~rq! sqknbh! dk! p`gp`anrjh qrp`m`lh
dbsqrnpnmmhu hkh lmncnqrnpnmmhu leu`mhglnb
dk! pexemh! r`jhe bnopnqnb, j`j bhgnbni h
oncp`mhwm{i opnosqjmni pefhl{, qnck`xemh! n
rp`mghre, r`lnfemmni nwhqrje h qr`rsqe
sw`qrmhjnb qo`q`rek|m{u aphc`d. R`jhe lep{
onlnc`~r hgaec`r| a~pnjp`rhweqjhu g`depfej
oph dnqr`bje cpsgnb q onlny|~ h aphc`d
qo`q`rekei b leqr` qrhuhim{u aedqrbhi h
j`r`qrpnt.
A{kh r`jfe opedophm!r{ lep{ dk! npc`mhg`vhh
ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn ondp`gdekemh! on
pe`chpnb`mh~ m` qrhuhim{e aedqrbh! h
j`r`qrpnt{, qnqrn!yecn hg p`gkhwm{u
m`vhnm`k|m{u jnlonmemrnb, jnrnpne b qksw`e
menaundhlnqrh lnfer a{r| qtnplhpnb`mn h
m`op`bkemn b leqr` bngmhjmnbemh! qrhuhim{u
aedqrbhi hkh j`r`qrpnt.
35
Qnrpsdmhweqrbn b nak`qrh m`sjh h
njpsf`~yei qped{
> 12
Dbe p`gm{e opncp`ll{ M@RN nazedhm!~r m`
onqrn!mmni nqmnbe swem{u h }jqoeprnb dk!
opnbedemh! m`swmn-hqqkednb`rek|qjni p`anr{ on
opnakel`l opedqr`bk!~yhl qnbleqrm{i hmrepeq:cp`fd`mqj`! m`swm`! opncp`ll` M`swmncn
jnlhrer` M@RN h opncp`ll` on opnakel`l
nayeqrb` h njpsf`~yei qped{ Jnlhrer` on
b{gnb`l qnbpelemmnls nayeqrbs (JBQN). Qerh
qnrpsdmhweqrb`, jnrnp{e rp`dhvhnmmn qngd`~rq!
swem{lh, menaundhl{ dk! m`swmncn opncpeqq`.Nmh r`jfe qonqnaqrbs~r dnqrhfemh~
onkhrhweqjni vekh qngd`mh! bg`hlnonmhl`mh! h
dnbeph! lefds m`swm{lh jnkkejrhb`lh,opedqr`bk!~yhlh p`gm{e jsk|rsp{ h rp`dhvhh.
M`swm`! opncp`ll`, jnrnp`! qsyeqrbser sfe
ank|xe qnpnj` o!rh ker, a{k` med`bmn
oepenphemrhpnb`m` h ck`bmne bmhl`mhe b mei
sdek!erq! reoep| hqjk~whrek|mn ophnphrerm{l
hqqkednb`rek|qjhl rel`l, qb!g`mm{l q g`yhrni
nr reppnphgl` hkh opnrhbndeiqrbhel dpschl
scpng`l aegno`qmnqrh. B qnnrberqrbhh q
hmhvh`rhb`lh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` on
nrp`femh~ mnb{u scpng cp`fd`mqj`! m`swm`!
opncp`ll` M@RN reoep| qtnjsqhpnb`m` m`
nj`g`mhh onddepfjh qnrpsdmhweqrbs on rel`l b
}rhu nak`qr!u. ]rn ophmvhoh`k|mne hglememhe b
de!rek|mnqrh opncp`ll{ onkswhkh nrp`femhe b ee
mnbnl m`gb`mhh - opncp`ll` M@RN «Aegno`qmnqr|
onqpedqrbnl m`sjh».
JBQN g`mhl`erq! opnakel`lh njpsf`~yei qped{
h nayeqrb`. Nm nazedhm!er m`vhnm`k|m{e
bednlqrb` dk! qnrpsdmhweqrb` b nak`qrh
onhqjnb{u hqqkednb`mhi b }rhu nak`qr!u. Med`bmn
}rnr jnlhrer b{dekhk p!d jk~web{u vekei,jnrnp{e asdsr nopedek!r| ecn p`anrs b asdsyel on
bnopnq`l, qb!g`mm{l q naeqoewemhel
aegno`qmnqrh. Opncp`ll` qonqnaqrbser scksakemh~
qnrpsdmhweqrb` lefds M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh b pexemhh nayhu opnakel.
Jnmjperm{e hmhvh`rhb{ nanhu Jnlhrernb
qonqnaqrbs~r p`qxhpemh~ qnrpsdmhweqrb` q
m`swm{lh h }jnknchweqjhlh nazedhmemh!lh b
Pnqqhh, Sjp`hme h qrp`m`u Qpedhgelmnlnpqjhu
dh`knc`, ` r`jfe p`gbhb`~r nqmnbm{e bhd{
qnbleqrmni de!rek|mnqrh lefds swem{lh h
}jqoepr`lh qrp`m M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb.
M`sj` dk! aegno`qmnqrh,qr`ahk|mnqrh h qnkhd`pmnqrh
Hqrnjh M`swmni opncp`ll{ M@RN bnqund!r j
o!rhdeq!r{l cnd`l opnxkncn qrnkerh!, jncd`
a{kn ophm!rn pexemhe n rnl, wrn opncpeqq m`sjh h
reumhjh hleer b`fmeixee gm`wemhe dk! asdsyecn
`rk`mrhweqjncn qnnayeqrb`. B }rni qb!gh a{k`
swpefdem` opncp`ll` qndeiqrbh! m`swmnls
qnrpsdmhweqrbs h b rewemhe onqkeds~yhu qnpnj`
ker nm` nj`g{b`k` onddepfjs bg`hlndeiqrbh~
lefds swem{lh qrp`m M@RN, sqr`m`bkhb`!
b{qnjhe mnpl{ j`weqrb` m`swmni p`anr{.
Onqke njnmw`mh! «unkndmni bnim{» b oephnd q
m`w`k` deb!mnqr{u cndnb qnqr`b sw`qrmhjnb
opncp`ll{ onqreoemmn p`qxhphkq! q
ophbkewemhel b mee qrp`m, me bund!yhu b M@RN. B
36
1999 c. nm` a{k` onkmnqr|~ openap`gnb`m` q
vek|~ nj`g`mh! onddepfjh qnrpsdmhweqrbs
lefds swem{lh qrp`m M@RN h cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb, ` r`jfe qrp`m-sw`qrmhv
Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn dh`knc`. Ck`bmni g`d`wei
qr`kn qndeiqrbhe opncpeqqs h g`yhre lhp` b
opnveqqe m`k`fhb`mh! qb!gei lefds swem{lh,jnrnp{e dn }rncn me onddepfhb`kh jnmr`jrnb dpsc
q dpscnl.
B 2004 c. b qb!gh q mnbni scpngni reppnphgl` h
dpschu scpng aegno`qmnqrh qnbpelemmncn lhp` b
opncp`lls a{kn bmeqemn eye ndmn
ophmvhoh`k|mne hglememhe. B asdsyel onddepfj`
on opncp`lle asder nj`g{b`r|q! opedknfemh!l n
qnrpsdmhweqrbe rnk|jn on ophnphrerm{l
hqqkednb`rek|qjhl rel`l b dbsu nak`qr!u -«G`yhr` nr reppnphgl`» h «Opnrhbndeiqrbhe
dpschl scpng`l aegno`qmnqrh».
Vek| mnbni opncp`ll{ «Aegno`qmnqr| wepeg
m`sjs» - bmnqhr| bjk`d b naeqoewemhe
aegno`qmnqrh, qr`ahk|mnqrh h qnkhd`pmnqrh
lefds cnqsd`pqrb`lh, hqonk|gs! m`swm{e
dnqrhfemh! dk! pexemh! p`gkhwm{u opnakel.Qpedqrb`lh dnqrhfemh! }rni vekh qksf`r
qnrpsdmhweqrbn, p`gbhrhe qb!gei h onb{xemhe
nayecn hqqkednb`rek|qjncn onremvh`k`.
Swem{l hg qrp`m M@RN, O`prmepnb h
Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn dh`knc`, p`anr`~yhl on
opnejr`l, opednqr`bk!~rq! p`gkhwm{e bhd{
cp`mrnb dk! opnbedemh! qnbleqrmni m`swmni
p`anr{ on }rhl ophnphrerm{l hqqkednb`rek|qjhl
37
Bhprs`k|m`! xekjnb`!l`chqrp`k|
B njr!ape 2001 c. M`swm`! opncp`ll` M@RN
ophqrsohk` j pe`khg`vhh qbnecn jpsomeixecn
on l`qxr`a`l opnejr`. Nm m`gb`m
«Bhprs`k|m`! xekjnb`! l`chqrp`k|» - on
`m`knchh q Ank|xhl Xekjnb{l Osrel,jnrnp{i b d`bmhe bpelem` qb!g{b`k Ebpnos q
D`k|mhl Bnqrnjnl, qndeiqrbs! p`gbhrh~
nalem` rnb`p`lh, gm`mh!lh h hde!lh. ]rhl
opnejrnl opedsql`rphb`erq! qngd`mhe qerei
]BL h naeqoewemhe dnqrso` b Hmrepmer dk!
m`swmn-opeond`b`rek|qjhu nazedhmemhi
bnq|lh qrp`m ^fmncn J`bj`g` h Qpedmei
@ghh.
@gepa`idf`m, @plemh!, Cpsgh!, J`g`uqr`m,Jhpchgqj`! Peqosakhj`, R`dfhjhqr`m,Rspjlemh! h Sgaejhqr`m m`und!rq! m`
oephtephh ebpnoeiqjni gnm{ Hmrepmer` h b
qb!gh q spnbmel hu p`gbhrh! me qlncsr b
nangphlnl asdsyel g`jso`r|
norhjn-bnknjnmm{e qpedqrb` qb!gh.
B p`lj`u }rncn opnejr` M@RN hqonk|gs~rq!
}jnmnlhwm{e qnbpelemm{e qosrmhjnb{e
reumnknchh, ongbnk!~yhe
m`swmn-opeond`b`rek|qjhl nazedhmemh!l
sw`qrbs~yhu qrp`m sfe b m`qrn!yee bpel!
onk|gnb`r|q! Hmrepmernl, hqonk|gs! nayhi
qosrmhjnb{i ksw. M@RN b{dekhk` cp`mr m`
thm`mqhpnb`mhe b{dekemmncn qosrmhjnbncn
dh`o`gnm` w`qrnr h sqr`mnbjs deb!rh
qosrmhjnb{u `mremm – bnq|lh l`k{u
o`p`ankhweqjhu `mremm b qrp`m`u,ondjk~wemm{u j ank|xni `mremme b C`laspce
(Cepl`mh!), jnrnp`! qksfhr ebpnoeiqjhl
qereb{l jnmvemrp`rnpnl. Dpsche qonmqnp{
bmnq!r qbni bjk`d b opnejr `oo`p`rspni h
sqksc`lh.
B 2003 c. a{kn ophm!rn pexemhe p`qxhphr|
qer| Bhprs`k|mni xekjnbni l`chqrp`kh h
bjk~whr| b mee @tc`mhqr`m onqke qngd`mh!
qosrmhjnbni m`gelmni qr`mvhh b J`aske.
rel`l. R`jhe cp`mr{ r`jfe opednqr`bk!~rq! dk!
qndeiqrbh! cnqsd`pqrb`l-o`prmep`l b qngd`mhh
a`gnbni qerebni hmtp`qrpsjrsp{ ]BL.
Cp`fd`mqj`! m`sj` - }rn q`lne m`defmne
qpedqrbn p`gbhrh! lefdsm`pndmncn dh`knc`, r`j
j`j nm` smhbepq`k|m` h nak`d`er qonqnamnqr|~
onlnc`r| b qngd`mhh mnb{u b{qnjn}ttejrhbm{u
lefdsm`pndm{u qerei qnrpsdmhweqrb`.R`k`mrkhb{e swem{e, p`anr`~yhe b }rhu
hqqkednb`rek|qjhu qer!u, lncsr nj`g{b`r|
qndeiqrbhe b anp|ae q mnb{lh scpng`lh
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls qn~gs. M`sj` b{qrso`er b
j`weqrbe qpedqrb` onhqj` pexemhi m` b`fmeixhe
bnopnq{ h qonqna` sqr`mnbkemh! qb!gei lefds
cnqsd`pqrb`lh.
Nrp`f`! b{gnb{ qnbpelemmnls
nayeqrbs
Jnlhrer on b{gnb`l qnbpelemmnls nayeqrbs a{k
qngd`m b 1969 c. b qb!gh q menaundhlnqr|~
pexemh! opnakel njpsf`~yei qped{. JBQN
qksfhr tnpslnl dk! }jqoeprnb hg p`gkhwm{u
m`vhnm`k|m{u bednlqrb h ongbnk!er qnbleqrmn
hqonk|gnb`r| gm`mh! h no{r b reumhweqjhu,m`swm{u h onkhrhweqjhu `qoejr`u pexemh!
qnvh`k|m{u h }jnknchweqjhu opnakel b
cp`fd`mqjhu h bnemm{u nak`qr!u.
Opnejr{ ond }chdni JBQN qndeiqrbs~r p`gbhrh~
qnrpsdmhweqrb` b pexemhh opnakel,bngdeiqrbs~yhu m` njpsf`~ys~ qpeds h
j`weqrbn fhgmh, r`jhu j`j xslnbne g`cp!gmemhe h
g`cp!gmemhe njpsf`~yei qped{, ` r`jfe opnakel
njpsf`~yei qped{, qb!g`mm{u q spa`mhg`vhei,}mepcerhjni, gdp`bnnup`memhel h nanpnmni. B
onqkedmei qtepe rhohwm{lh nak`qr!lh
hqqkednb`mhi !bk!~rq! r`jhe rel{, j`j
onbrnpmne hqonk|gnb`mhe gelek|m{u sw`qrjnb,ophlem!bxhuq! b bnemm{u vek!u, lerndhj` hu
nwhqrjh h naeqoewemhe }jnknchweqjni
aegno`qmnqrh, m`ophlep, b qb!gh q p`anrni
metreopnbndnb.
P`anr` JBQN qrpnhrq! on ophmvhos
devemrp`khg`vhh h bjk~w`er b qea! r`jhe bhd{
de!rek|mnqrh, j`j onhqjnb{e hqqkednb`mhi,opnejr{, qhlonghsl{ h qelhm`p{, jnrnp{e
thm`mqhps~rq! hg m`vhnm`k|m{u hqrnwmhjnb.Ok`mhpnb`mhe h jnnpdhm`vh! p`anr{ on opnejr`l
bederq! ndmhl hkh meqjnk|jhlh cnqsd`pqrb`lh,jnrnp{e onkmnqr|~ nrbew`~r g` hu pe`khg`vh~. B
onqkedmhe cnd{ de!rek|mnqr| jnlhrer`
p`qxhphk`q| h bjk~w`er qhlonghsl{ h mnb{e
hqqkednb`mh! on rel`l, opedqr`bk!~yhl hmrepeq
dk! jnmjperm{u cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb.
Jnlhrer r`jfe b{dekhk p!d jk~web{u vekei,jnrnp{e asdsr nopedek!r| m`op`bkemhe ecn
p`anr{ b asdsyel: slem|xemhe bngdeiqrbh!
bnemm{u bhdnb de!rek|mnqrh m` njpsf`~ys~
qpeds; opnbedemhe pechnm`k|m{u hqqkednb`mhi, b
rnl whqke rp`mqcp`mhwm{u opnejrnb;opednrbp`yemhe jnmtkhjrnb, qb!g`mm{u q
dethvhrnl peqspqnb; opednrbp`yemhe mnb{u
onremvh`k|m{u scpng njpsf`~yei qpede h
nayeqrbs, qonqnam{u m`psx`r| }jnmnlhweqjs~,jsk|rspms~ h onkhrhweqjs~ qr`ahk|mnqr|;nrp`femhe merp`dhvhnmm{u scpng aegno`qmnqrh.38
S!gbhlnqr| bg`hlng`bhqhlncn nayeqrb`
Qnbpelemmne nayeqrbn gm`whrek|mn ankee
s!gbhln, wel b opnxknl, b qb!gh q onqrn!mmn
sbekhwhb`~yeiq! bg`hlnqb!g`mmnqr|~ bqeu ecn
spnbmei. Ank|x`! nrjp{rnqr| ckna`k|mncn
nayeqrb`, sqknfmemhe reumnknchweqjhu qhqrel,onb{xemm`! g`bhqhlnqr| nr }kejrpnmmni
hmtnpl`vhh h qhqrel qb!gh, bg`hlng`bhqhlnqr|
opnhgbndqrb` opndsjrnb ohr`mh! h qhqrel{
qm`afemh!, bg`hlng`bhqhl{e qhqrel{
rp`mqonpr` ank|xni g`cpsfemmnqrh - bqe }rn
ophlep{ mnb{u opn!bkemhi s!gbhlnqrh, jnrnp{e
onqrn!mmn hglem!~rq!. M`ophlep,opndnkfhrek|mne m`psxemhe qb!gh h
}kejrpnqm`afemh! lnfer b{gb`r| jpsomne
qnvh`k|mne onrp!qemhe. Onqke rep`jrnb 11qemr!ap! 2001 c. bngpnqk` no`qmnqr|
merp`dhvhnmm{u reppnphqrhweqjhu scpng, r`jhu
j`j ahnknchweqjhe hkh jhaepmerhweqjhe `r`jh.
Naeqoewemhe aegno`qmnqrh h g`yhr` nayeqrb`
nr xhpnjncn qoejrp` scpng rpeas~r
qnrpsdmhweqrb` h jnnpdhm`vhh lefds
p`gkhwm{lh bednlqrb`lh b lmnchu nak`qr!u, `
r`jfe m` m`vhnm`k|mnl h lefdsm`pndmnl
spnbm!u. ]rn u`p`jrepmn dk! j`lo`mhh on
anp|ae q reppnphglnl ond psjnbndqrbnl QX@,jnrnp`! nohp`erq! me rnk|jn m` bnemmne
bg`hlndeiqrbhe, mn h qnrpsdmhweqrbn lefds
dhoknl`rhweqjhlh, thm`mqnb{lh,
}jnmnlhweqjhlh, p`gbed{b`rek|m{lh,r`lnfemm{lh h onkhveiqjhlh bednlqrb`lh.
B l`pre 2001 c. a{kn onknfemn m`w`kn
jp`rjnqpnwmnls opnejrs ond }chdni JBQN on
p`qqlnrpemh~ nayhu b{gnb{ h nopedekemh~
nak`qrei p`qxhpemh! lefdsm`pndmncn
qnrpsdmhweqrb` q vek|~ slem|xhr| s!gbhlnqr|
jnlokejqm{u bg`hlng`bhqhl{u qhqrel,hle~yhu ncpnlms~ gm`whlnqr| dk!
tsmjvhnmhpnb`mh! qnbpelemmncn nayeqrb`.Bedsys~ pnk| b }rnl opnejre hcp`er Mnpbech!.B mel r`jfe sw`qrbs~r Bekhjnaphr`mh!,Bemcph!, Cpsgh!, D`mh!, Khrb`, Lnkdnb`,Onk|x`, Psl{mh!, QX@, Rspvh!, Sjp`hm`,Xbeiv`ph! h Xbevh!.
39
J`j p`anr`er M@RN > 13
M@RN - }rn me m`dm`vhnm`k|m`!, `
lefop`bhrek|qrbemm`! npc`mhg`vh!. ]rn qn~g
meg`bhqhl{u qsbepemm{u cnqsd`pqrb, jnrnp{e
nazedhmhkhq| b hmrepeq`u naeqoewemh!jnkkejrhbmni aegno`qmnqrh h g`yhr{ nayhu
vemmnqrei. Pexemh! b mel ophmhl`~rq! m` nqmnbe
jnmqemqsq`.
Dk! nakecwemh! opnveqq` jnmqsk|r`vhi s j`fdni
hg qrp`m M@RN hleerq! qbne onqrn!mmne
opedqr`bhrek|qrbn b onkhrhweqjni xr`a-jb`prhpe
M@RN b Ap~qqeke b qnqr`be onqrn!mmncn
opedqr`bhrek!, bngck`bk!~yecn
opedqr`bhrek|qrbn, h bnemmncn opedqr`bhrek!.J`fd{i hg mhu b qbnei p`anre nohp`erq! m` xr`r
cp`fd`mqjhu h bnemm{u qnbermhjnb, jnrnp{e
opedqr`bk!~r qbnh qrp`m{ b p`gkhwm{u jnlhrer`u
M@RN.
Dk! naeqoewemh! onkhrhweqjhu h bnemm{u
`qoejrnb p`anr{ Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` b
M@RN hle~rq! p`gdek|m{e cp`fd`mqj`! h
bnemm`! qrpsjrsp{. Nae qrpsjrsp{ naeqoewhb`~r
de!rek|mnqr| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qnber`,b{qxecn psjnbnd!yecn npc`m` M@RN.
Jnmqemqsq h nayee qnck`qhe
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g nqmnb`m m` nayei
ophbepfemmnqrh op`jrhweqjnls bg`hlmnls
qnrpsdmhweqrbs on bnopnq`l nanpnm{ h
aegno`qmnqrh. Cnknqnb`mhe b M@RN nrqsrqrbser h
pexemh! ophmhl`~rq! m` nqmnbe jnmqemqsq` hkh
nayecn qnck`qh!. ]rn ngm`w`er, wrn b`fmeixei
w`qr|~ opnveqq` ophm!rh! pexemhi !bk!~rq!onkhrhweqjhe jnmqsk|r`vhh. B qnqr`b bqeu npc`mnb
M@RN bund!r opedqr`bhrekh cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb,jnrnp{e opedqr`bk!~r rnwjs gpemh! qbnei qrp`m{
qn~gmhj`l on M@RN h qnnay`~r n onghvh!u dpschu
qn~gmhjnb qbnhl op`bhrek|qrb`l.
Unr! onkhrhweqjhe jnmqsk|r`vhh b M@RN
nap`gs~r b`fmeixhi jnlonmemr specskhpnb`mh!jphghqnb h on}rnls g`w`qrs~ `qqnvhhps~rq! q
oephnd`lh m`op!femmnqrh h rpsdmnqrei, nmh
r`jfe qnqr`bk!~r w`qr| na{wmni de!rek|mnqrh,ongbnk!~yei qrp`m`l-sw`qrmhv`l qn~g`
hg{qjhb`r| bnglnfmnqrh dnqrhfemh! qnck`xemh!h tnplhpnb`mh! dnkcnqpnwmni onkhrhjh.Jnmqsk|r`vhh hle~r p`gmnnap`gm{e tnpl{. Nmh
lncsr a{r| qb!g`m{ opnqrn q opedqr`bkemhel
hmtnpl`vhh h rnwej gpemh! hkh nalemnl hlh;qnnayemhel n opedophm!r{u hkh opedonk`c`el{u
deiqrbh!u h pexemh!u op`bhrek|qrb, jnrnp{e
lncsr g`rp`chb`r| hmrepeq{ hu qn~gmhjnb;g`ak`cnbpelemm{l nonbeyemhel n deiqrbh!u h
pexemh!u op`bhrek|qrb, ongbnk!~yhl dpschl
b{qj`g`r| qbnh g`lew`mh! hkh onddepf`r| hu; q
dhqjsqqhei dk! dnqrhfemh! jnmqemqsq` on
ophmhl`elni onkhrhje hkh o`p`kkek|m{l
deiqrbh!l; hkh fe lncsr a{r| jnmqsk|r`vh!lh,m`op`bkemm{lh m` dnqrhfemhe qnck`qh!cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb on bnopnqs jnkkejrhbm{u
pexemhi hkh qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi.
Opnveqq jnmqsk|r`vhi hder meopep{bmn. R`j j`j
opedqr`bhrekh cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb p`anr`~r b
ndmni xr`a-jb`prhpe b Ap~qqeke, jnmqsk|r`vhh
lefds qn~gmhj`lh lncsr opnbndhr|q! b
jp`rw`ixhe qpnjh on opnq|ae k~ancn hg mhu hkh on
hmhvh`rhbe cemep`k|mncn qejper`p! [email protected]`mhgl jnmqsk|r`vhi naeqoewhb`er onqrn!mm{i
dh`knc h xhpnjhe bnglnfmnqrh dk! naqsfdemh! h
p`gz!qmemh! p`gkhwm{u bnopnqnb, b{g{b`~yhu
ng`anwemmnqr|.
Hmncd` s cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb me bngmhj`er mhj`jhu
p`gmnck`qhi h rncd` ophm!rhe pexemhi hder kecjn.Hmncd` qsyeqrbser lmemhe ank|xhmqrb`, mn s ndmni
hkh meqjnk|jhu qrp`m lnfer a{r| dpscne lmemhe, h
b r`jnl qksw`e opedophmhl`~rq! sqhkh! on
sqrp`memh~ p`gmnck`qhi h, oph menaundhlnqrh, on
dnqrhfemh~ jnlopnlhqq`. Eqreqrbemmn a{b`er h
r`j, wrn p`gmnck`qh! me ond`~rq! ophlhpemh~. B
r`jnl qksw`e nrdek|m{e cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{ lncsr
deiqrbnb`r| r`j, j`j nmh qwhr`~r msfm{l. Mh ndmn
cnqsd`pqrbn me ophmsfd`~r opnbndhr| deiqrbh!hkh ophmhl`r| pexemh! opnrhb ecn bnkh. B nayel,ndm`jn, meqlnrp! m` p`qunfdemh! bn bgck!d`u dsu
jnlopnlhqq` na{wmn naeqoewhb`er dnqr`rnwm{e
bnglnfmnqrh dk! dnqrhfemh! nayei onghvhh.Onqke ophm!rh! pexemhi Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl
qn~gnl nmh qr`mnb!rq! b{p`femhel nayei
pexhlnqrh bqeu qrp`m-sw`qrmhv.
Cp`fd`mqj`! qrpsjrsp` M@RN
M`hankee b`fm{l psjnbnd!yhl npc`mnl M@RN
!bk!erq! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qnber. ]rn
edhmqrbemm{i npc`m, swpefdemm{i
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl dncnbnpnl, jnrnp{i ophgb`m
ophmhl`r| bqe pexemh! M@RN. Nm !bk!erq! opefde
bqecn onkhrhweqjhl tnpslnl, jnrnp{i nazedhm!er
opedqr`bhrekei bqeu cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb q vek|~
naqsfdemh! onkhrhweqjhu hkh op`jrhweqjhu
bnopnqnb. Ecn g`qed`mh! lncsr opnundhr| m`
p`gkhwm{u spnbm!u. Nm na{wmn g`qed`er me pefe
ndmncn p`g` b medek~ m` spnbme onqknb j`fdni hg
qrp`m, db` p`g` b cnd m` spnbme lhmhqrpnb
hmnqrp`mm{u dek h lhmhqrpnb nanpnm{ h hmncd` m`
spnbme ck`b cnqsd`pqrb h op`bhrek|qrb.Meg`bhqhln nr spnbm! g`qed`mhi, ophmhl`el{e
40
qnbernl pexemh! hle~r ndhm`jnbs~ qhks h
nrp`f`~r lmemhe op`bhrek|qrb` j`fdni hg qrp`m.Na{wmn ecn g`qed`mh! onqb!yem{ naqsfdemh~
bnopnqnb, b{g{b`~yhu nays~ ng`anwemmnqr| hkh
rpeas~yhu ophm!rh! jnkkejrhbm{u pexemhi, mn
oph }rnl rel`rhj` bnopnqnb, naqsfd`el{u
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl qn~gnl, me ondkefhr
ncp`mhwemh~.
Jnlhrer bnemmncn ok`mhpnb`mh! M@RN g`mhl`erq!ank|xhmqrbnl bnopnqnb nanpnm{ h rel`lh,qb!g`mm{lh q jnkkejrhbm{l bnemm{l
ok`mhpnb`mhel. Nm hgd`er dhpejrhb{ bnemm{l
psjnbnd!yhl npc`m`l M@RN h nak`d`er r`jhlh
fe onkmnlnwh!lh b qbnei qtepe jnloeremvhh, wrn
h Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qnber. Ondnamn
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls qnbers ecn g`qed`mh!na{wmn opnund!r m` spnbme onqknb, mn me pefe
dbsu p`g b cnd opnbnd!rq! qeqqhh q sw`qrhel
lhmhqrpnb nanpnm{. Lhmhqrp{ nanpnm{ r`jfe
pecsk!pmn g`qed`~r b Cpsooe !depmncn
ok`mhpnb`mh!, jnrnp`! `m`khghpser bnopnq{
!depmni onkhrhjh h naqsfd`er xhpnjhi jpsc
bnopnqnb on jnmjperm{l m`op`bkemh!l onkhrhjh,qb!g`mm{l q !depm{lh qhk`lh h ankee xhpnjhlh
opnakel`lh, r`jhlh j`j jnmrpnk| m`d !depm{l
npsfhel h p`qopnqrp`memhe npsfh! l`qqnbncn
onp`femh!. Tp`mvh!, jnrnp`! me bundhr b
nazedhmemms~ bnemms~ qrpsjrsps M@RN, me
sw`qrbser b p`anre Jnlhrer` bnemmncn
ok`mhpnb`mh! h Cpsoo{ !depmncn ok`mhpnb`mh!.
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnls qnbers h Jnlhrers bnemmncn
ok`mhpnb`mh! ondwhm!~rq! lmncnwhqkemm{e
jnlhrer{, b jnrnp{u naqsfd`~rq! jnmjperm{e
`qoejr{ onkhrhjh h b{p`a`r{b`~rq! pejnlemd`vhh
dk! ophm!rh! njnmw`rek|m{u pexemhi. Bn bqeu
r`jhu jnlhrer`u opedqr`bkem` j`fd`! hg qrp`m
M@RN. B j`weqrbe ophlep` lnfmn ophbeqrh
Onkhrhweqjhi jnlhrer, jnrnp{i g`qed`er m`
p`gkhwm{u spnbm!u h jnmqsk|rhpser
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qnber on ck`bm{l
onkhrhweqjhl bnopnq`l qnbpelemmnqrh,g`rp`chb`~yhl onkhrhjs M@RN. Dpscni ophlep -Jnlhrer on `m`khgs bnopnqnb nanpnm{, jnrnp{i
m`ak~d`er g` opnveqqnl jnmqsk|r`vhi, on
pegsk|r`r`l jnrnp{u ophmhl`~rq! pexemh! n
anebnl h whqkemmnl qnqr`be w`qrei h
ondp`gdekemhi, b{dek!el{u cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh b nazedhmemms~ bnemms~ qrpsjrsps M@RN
m` qkeds~yhi ok`mnb{i qpnj. Jnlhrer M@RN on
hmtp`qrpsjrspe p`qql`rphb`er opedknfemh! n
qnbleqrmnl thm`mqhpnb`mhh nazejrnb,hqonk|gsel{u qhk`lh M@RN. ]jnmnlhweqjhi
jnlhrer sdek!er ck`bmne bmhl`mhe }jnmnlhweqjhl
remdemvh!l, meonqpedqrbemmn bkh!~yhl m`
onkhrhjs b qtepe aegno`qmnqrh. Jnlhrer{ on
a~dfer`l bmnq!r opedknfemh! b
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qnber on bnopnq`l jnmrpnk! h
pecskhpnb`mh! cp`fd`mqjncn h bnemmncn a~dfernb,bgmnq{ b jnrnp{e bmnq!r bqe qrp`m{ M@RN.
Jnmqsk|r`vhh opnbnd!rq! on bqels qoejrps
bnopnqnb de!rek|mnqrh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`. Pecsk!pm{e g`qed`mh! Jnmtepemvhh
psjnbndhrekei m`vhnm`k|m{u bednlqrb on
bnnpsfemh!l onqb!yem{ onkhrhweqjhl,}jnmnlhweqjhl h reumhweqjhl `qoejr`l
p`gp`anrjh h g`jsonj bnemmni reumhjh dk!nazedhmemm{u bnnpsfemm{u qhk [email protected]`vhnmm`! qtep` opedqr`bkem` Jnlhrernl
nayeqrbemmni dhoknl`rhh M@RN, de!rek|mnqr|
jnrnpncn qnqpednrnwem` m` hmtnpl`vhnmm{u
opncp`ll`u q vek|~ p`qopnqrp`memh! qbedemhi n
M@RN h scksakemh! onmhl`mh! ee de!rek|mnqrh h
onkhrhjh j`j b qrp`m`u M@RN, r`j h b
cnqsd`pqrb`u-o`prmep`u. Bnopnq{ m`swmni
de!rek|mnqrh h }jnknchweqjhe opncp`ll{
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` naqsfd`~rq! b
M`swmnl jnlhrere h Jnlhrere on b{gnb`l
qnbpelemmnls nayeqrbs. Dpsche jnlhrer{ h
cpsoo{, r`jhe j`j Bnemmn-onkhrhweqjhi
psjnbnd!yhi jnlhrer on opncp`lle «O`prmepqrbn
p`dh lhp`», onlnc`~r p`gbhb`r| h m`op`bk!r|
qnrpsdmhweqrbn q cnqsd`pqrb`lh-o`prmep`lh.
De!rek|mnqr| Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`, b
jnrnpni sw`qrbs~r cnqsd`pqrb`-o`prmep{, r`j`!j`j onddepf`mhe lhp` hkh opncp`ll` OPL,naqsfd`erq! q opedqr`bhrek!lh
g`hmrepeqnb`mm{u op`bhrek|qrb. B
qnnrberqrbs~yhu qrpsjrsp`u, r`jhu j`j Qnber
ebpn`rk`mrhweqjncn o`prmepqrb`, Qnber
Pnqqh!-M@RN h Jnlhqqh! Sjp`hm`-M@RN
opnbnd!rq! jnmqsk|r`vhh. @m`knchwmn }rnls
de!rek|mnqr| b p`lj`u Qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn
dh`knc` naqsfd`erq! qn qrp`m`lh-sw`qrmhv`lh b
Cpsooe qpedhgelmnlnpqjncn qnrpsdmhweqrb`.M@RN ophd`er ncpnlmne gm`wemhe opndnkfemh~
p`anr{ }rhu npc`mnb. Hu b`fmnqr| nqnaemmn
opn!bk!erq! b oephnd{ jphghqnb, jncd` nmh
b{qrso`~r b j`weqrbe tnpslnb dk! naqsfdemh!p`gmnck`qhi h nalem` lmemh!lh.
41
Bnemm`! qrpsjrsp` M@RN
Jnmrpnk| g` de!rek|mnqr|~ bnemmni qrpsjrsp{
M@RN nqsyeqrbk!er Bnemm{i jnlhrer, !bk!~yhiq!b{qxhl bnemm{l psjnbnd!yhl npc`mnl M@RN, mn
oph }rnl nm` nqr`erq! ond onkhrhweqjhl
psjnbndqrbnl Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qnber`. ]rnr
jnlhrer jnmqsk|rhpser Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g
on bnemm{l bnopnq`l. B ecn g`qed`mh!u m` b{qxel
spnbme sw`qrbs~r m`w`k|mhjh cemep`k|m{u xr`anb,mn m` onbqedmebmni nqmnbe cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{
sw`qrbs~r b mel m` spnbme qbnhu bnemm{u
opedqr`bhrekei.
Bnemm{i jnlhrer r`jfe hgd`er dhpejrhb{
ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhl qrp`rechweqjhlh
jnl`mdnb`mh!lh M@RN. B M@RN db` r`jhu
ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhu, b w`qrmnqrh, Bepunbm{i
ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhi NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe (BCJ NBQ
M@RN b Ebpnoe), xr`a jnrnpncn m`undhrq! b c. Lnmq
(Aek|ch!) h Bepunbm{i ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhi NBQ
M@RN on rp`mqtnpl`vhh (BCJ NBQ M@RN on
rp`mqtnpl`vhh), xr`a jnrnpncn m`undhrq! b c.Mnptnkj, xr. Bhpchmh! (QX@).
BCJ NBQ M@RN b Ebpnoe bngck`bk!er
Jnl`mdnb`mhe noep`vhi NBQ M@RN. Els
ondwhm!~rq! bnhmqjhe w`qrh h ondp`gdekemh!,b{dek!el{e M@RN on pexemh~ ee cnqsd`pqrb-sw`qrmhjnb. R`jhl nap`gnl, nm nrbew`er g` bqe
noep`vhh M@RN, meg`bhqhln nr leqr` hu
opnbedemh!, h ndmnbpelemmn q }rhl g`mhl`er onqr
jnl`mds~yecn Ebpnoeiqjhl jnl`mdnb`mhel qhk
QX@.
Bepunbm{i ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhi Qrp`rechweqjhl
jnl`mdnb`mhel NBQ M@RN on rp`mqtnpl`vhh (QJR
NBQ M@RN) b{onkm!er tsmjvhnm`k|m{e g`d`wh. B
j`weqrbe m`w`k|mhj` QJR NBQ M@RN nm nrbew`er
g` qndeiqrbhe meopep{bmnls opnveqqs
openap`gnb`mhi qhk h bnemmncn onremvh`k`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h m`ak~demhe g` }rhl
opnveqqnl. Nm r`jfe qnbley`er qbnh na!g`mmnqrh
q dnkfmnqr|~ jnl`mds~yecn Jnl`mdnb`mhel
nazedhmemm{u qhk QX@.
P`qopedekemhe na!g`mmnqrei lefds }rhlh dbsl!jnl`mds~yhlh qrpnhknq| dn }rncn on
cencp`thweqjnls ophmvhos. BCJ NBQ M@RN b
Ebpnoe nrbew`k g` noep`vhh M@RN b Ebpnoe, `
Bepunbm{i ck`bmnjnl`mds~yhi NBQ M@RN m`
@rk`mrhje (BCJ NBQ M@RN m` @rk`mrhje) - g`
noep`vhh M@RN b gnme @rk`mrhweqjncn nje`m`. B
mn!ape 2002 c. m` op`fqjnl q`llhre a{k`
opedqr`bkem` h srbepfdem` norhlhghpnb`mm`!qrpsjrsp` npc`mnb sop`bkemh! NBQ M@RN. Nm`
nrp`f`er rbepd{i jspq M@RN m` onb{xemhe
qbnecn bnemmncn onremvh`k` h onddepf`mhe
anebni cnrnbmnqrh qhk, menaundhl{u dk!b{onkmemh! g`d`w jphghqmncn pecskhpnb`mh!,onddepf`mh! lhp` h csl`mhr`pmni de!rek|mnqrh b
qbnei rp`dhvhnmmni gnme nrberqrbemmnqrh h g` ee
opedek`lh. B dnonkmemhe j }rnls a{kh ophm!r{
pexemh! n qngd`mhh Qhk pe`chpnb`mh! M@RN h
ophm!rhh Op`fqjncn na!g`rek|qrb` n onremvh`ke
(ql. ck. 3).
O`pk`lemrqj`! `qq`lake! M@RN
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g - }rn
lefop`bhrek|qrbemm`! npc`mhg`vh!, `
op`bhrek|qrbn j`fdncn hg cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb meqer
nrberqrbemmnqr| oeped qbnhl o`pk`lemrnl.On}rnls beq|l` b`fms~ pnk| hcp`er onddepfj`
vekei Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
delnjp`rhweqjh hgap`mm{lh opedqr`bhrek!lh
o`pk`lemrnb. O`pk`lemrqj`! `qq`lake! M@RN
qksfhr lefo`pk`lemrqjhl tnpslnl
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb M@RN h nazedhm!er ebpnoeiqjhu
h qebepn`lephj`mqjhu g`jnmnd`rekei q vek|~
naqsfdemh! bnopnqnb, opedqr`bk!~yhu nayhi
hmrepeq hkh b{g{b`~yhu nays~ ng`anwemmnqr|.
@qq`lake! onkmnqr|~ meg`bhqhl` nr M@RN, nm nm`
b{qrso`er b j`weqrbe qb!gs~yecn gbem` lefds
m`vhnm`k|m{lh o`pk`lemr`lh h
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhl qn~gnl, wrn onlnc`er
op`bhrek|qrb`l swhr{b`r| bnopnq{, b{g{b`~yhe
ng`anwemmnqr| s Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` oph
p`gp`anrje m`vhnm`k|mncn g`jnmnd`rek|qrb`. Nm`
r`jfe qksfhr onqrn!mm{l m`onlhm`mhel n rnl, wrn
lefop`bhrek|qrbemm{e pexemh!, ophmhl`el{e b
M@RN, b jnmewmnl qwere g`bhq!r nr onkhrhweqjncn
ndnapemh! b unde m`vhnm`k|m{u delnjp`rhweqjhu
opnveqqnb. O`pk`lemrqj`! `qq`lake! M@RN r`jfe
onddepfhb`er xhpnjhe jnmr`jr{ q o`pk`lemr`lh
cnqsd`pqrb-o`prmepnb, jnrnp{e m`op`bk!~r qbnhu
opedqr`bhrekei dk! sw`qrh! b g`qed`mh!u h
naqsfdemh! p`gkhwm{u bnopnqnb.42
Pnk| cemep`k|mncn qejper`p! M@RN
Cemep`k|m{i qejper`p| M@RN qonqnaqrbser
opnveqqs jnmqsk|r`vhi h ophm!rh~ pexemhi b
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnl qn~ge h m`op`bk!er ecn
de!rek|mnqr|. Nm opedqed`rek|qrbser b
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjnl qnbere h dpschu ck`bm{u
jnlhrer`u, nj`g{b`! gm`whrek|mne bkh!mhe m`
opnveqq ophm!rh! pexemhi. Nm lnfer b{mnqhr|
bnopnq{ m` naqsfdemhe h hqonk|gnb`r| qbne
onknfemhe meg`bhqhlncn h aeqophqrp`qrmncn
opedqed`rek! dk! m`op`bkemh! dhqjsqqhh j
dnqrhfemh~ jnmqemqsq` b hmrepeq`u qn~g` b
veknl. Ndm`jn, s cemep`k|mncn qejper`p! mer
onkmnlnwhi on q`lnqrn!rek|mnls ophm!rh~
onkhrhweqjhu pexemhi h nm lnfer deiqrbnb`r| nr
hlemh M@RN rnk|jn on qnck`qnb`mh~ q
op`bhrek|qrb`lh cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb.
Nm !bk!erq! ck`bm{l b{p`ghrekel bgck!dnb
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` h bngck`bk!er
Lefdsm`pndm{i qejper`ph`r, jnrnp{i m` p`gm{u
spnbm!u naeqoewhb`er p`anrs cnqsd`pqrb-sw`qrmhjnb b jnlhrer`u M@RN.
Jrn ok`rhr g` M@RN?
Bgmnq{ b a~dfer{ M@RN p`qqwhr{b`~rq! b
qnnrberqrbhh q qnck`qnb`mm{lh tnplsk`lh
p`qopedekemh! p`qundnb h opedqr`bk!~r qnani
khx| meank|xs~ w`qr| nayhu nanpnmm{u
a~dfernb qrp`m M@RN.
Sop`bkemhe a~dfer`lh nayecn
thm`mqhpnb`mh! nqsyeqrbk!erq! b p`lj`u
p`gdek|m{u cp`fd`mqjncn h bnemmncn a~dfernb
h opncp`ll{ hmbeqrhvhi b naeqoewemhe
aegno`qmnqrh.
• Cp`fd`mqjhi a~dfer onjp{b`er rejsyhe
p`qund{ Lefdsm`pndmncn qejper`ph`r` xr`a-jb`prhp{ M@RN, cp`fd`mqjhe opncp`ll{ h
lepnoph!rh!, qrpnhrek|qrbn, p`qund{ m`
}jqoks`r`vh~ h reumhweqjne naqksfhb`mhe
p`gkhwm{u nazejrnb, r`jhu j`j nazejr{ qksfa
opnbedemh! jnmtepemvhi, hqonk|gsel{e dk!g`qed`mhi jnlhrernb h p`anwhu cpsoo.
• Bnemm{i a~dfer onjp{b`er p`qund{ m`
}jqoks`r`vh~ h reumhweqjne naqksfhb`mhe
nazejrnb nazedhmemmni bnemmni
hmtp`qrpsjrsp{, b rnl whqke Bnemmncn
jnlhrer`, Lefdsm`pndmncn bnemmncn xr`a` h
qb!g`mm{u q mhl `cemrqrb, dbsu qrp`rechweqjhu
jnl`mdnb`mhi, ` r`jfe qb!g`mm{u q mhlh
jnl`mdm{u, sop`bkemweqjhu h
hmtnpl`vhnmm{u qhqrel, `cemrqrb,g`mhl`~yhuq! bnopnq`lh m`swm{u
hqqkednb`mhi, p`gp`anrnj, g`jsonj h
l`reph`k|mn-reumhweqjncn naeqoewemh!, Qhk
bngdsxmncn d`k|mecn p`dhnknj`vhnmmncn
nonbeyemh! M@RN.
• Opncp`ll` hmbeqrhvhi b naeqoewemhe
aegno`qmnqrh thm`mqhpser qnnpsfemh! h
nazejr{, jnrnp{e rpeas~rq! M@RN b
dnonkmemhe j rel, wrn qrpn!rq! dk! vekei
naeqoewemhe m`vhnm`k|mni aegno`qmnqrh
nrdek|m{lh cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh, m`op.,qhqrel{ hmtnpl`vhh h qb!gh,p`dhnknj`vhnmm{e qr`mvhh, xr`a{,`}pndpnl{, rnokhbnopnbnd{, qjk`d{, onpr{ h
qpedqrb` m`bhc`vhh.
Jnmrpnk| g` }rhlh a~dfer`lh nqsyeqrbk!erq!Jnlhrer`lh on bnemmnls h cp`fd`mqjnls
a~dfer`l h Jnlhrernl on hmtp`qrpsjrspe,jnrnp{e nrbew`~r g` thm`mqhpnb`mhe nazejrnb
qnbleqrmncn thm`mqhpnb`mh! dk! naeqoewemh!bnnpsfemm{u qhk M@RN. Pe`khg`vh! psjnbnd!yhu
ophmvhonb qnbleqrmncn bnemmncn thm`mqhpnb`mh!m`undhrq! ond jnmrpnkel Ck`bmncn qnber` on
peqspq`l. B }rhu npc`m`u opedqr`bkemn j`fdne hg
cnqsd`pqrb-wkemnb. Bqe a~dfer{ M@RN m`und!rq!r`jfe ond bmexmhl jnmrpnkel.
43
Oepelem{ h opeelqrbemmnqr| > 14
On qp`bmemh~ q npc`mhg`vhei, qngd`mmni b 1949 c.,qnbpelemm`! M@RN qr`k` qnbqel dpscni. Nm`, d` h
lhp bnnaye, p`gbhb`khq| r`jhlh osr!lh, n
jnrnp{u nqmnb`rekh Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn
qn~g`, m`bepmne, d`fe me dnc`d{b`khq|. M@RN
hglemhk`q| on qp`bmemh~ q npc`mhg`vhei,naeqoewhb`bxei nanpnms G`o`dmni Ebpno{ b
rewemhe wer{peu deq!rhkerhi «unkndmni bnim{»,hkh d`fe rni, jnrnp`! m`ak~d`k` g` oepeundm{l
oephndnl b Ebpnoe onqke «unkndmni bnim{» b
deb!mnqr{e cnd{. Wepeg meqjnk|jn ker nm`,meqnlmemmn, qmnb` rp`mqtnplhpserq! b opnveqqe
qjnnpdhmhpnb`mmni p`gp`anrjh lep pe`chpnb`mh!
m` b{gnb{ aegno`qmnqrh, bngmhjxhe oeped ee
cnqsd`pqrb`lh-wkem`lh b m`w`ke XXI bej`. Ankee
rncn, on lepe hglememh! qrp`rechweqjni
naqr`mnbjh M@RN, qjnpee bqecn, ophderq! a{qrpn
p`gbhb`r|q! dk! nrp`femh! mnb{u scpng qbnhl
cnqsd`pqrb`l-sw`qrmhj`l. Ndm`jn, a`gnb{e
ophmvho{ qnrpsdmhweqrb`, b w`qrmnqrh, nayhe
vemmnqrh h hmrepeq{ Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
nqr`~rq! mehglemm{lh h onkmnqr|~
qnnrberqrbs~r ophmvho`l, g`jpeokemm{l b ecn
nqmnbnonk`c`~yel dncnbnpe.
Onqke m`o`demhi m` QX@, qnbepxemm{u b qemr!ape
2001 c., h ophlememh! boepb{e b qbnei hqrnphh qr.5 B`xhmcrnmqjncn dncnbnp`, M@RN m`w`k` opnveqq
cksanjncn oepeqlnrp` qbnei de!rek|mnqrh q vek|~
nrp`femh! scpng{ lefdsm`pndmncn reppnphgl`.Eye dn reppnphqrhweqjhu m`o`demhi
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi qn~g nqsyeqrbk!k
wpegb{w`imn m`op!femms~ opncp`lls
de!rek|mnqrh, bjk~w`bxs~ rph noep`vhh on
specskhpnb`mh~ jphghqnb b a{bxei ^cnqk`bhh,ondcnrnbjs j bqrsokemh~ mnb{u wkemnb h
sjpeokemhe o`prmepqjhu qb!gei qn qrp`m`lh h
npc`mhg`vh!lh b Ebpn`rk`mrhweqjnl pechnme h b
lhpe b veknl. B m`qrn!yee bpel! g`d`w`
naeqoewemh! aegno`qmnqrh qr`mnbhrq! bqe ankee
jnlokejqmni h on}rnls p`gmnnap`ghe
de!rek|mnqrh M@RN r`j bekhjn, wrn me ondd`erq!
b{p`femh~ ndmhl opedknfemhel hkh ukeqrjni
vhr`rni.
M@RN g`brp`xmecn dm!
On lepe p`qxhpemh! Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g`
ophderq! swhr{b`r| hmrepeq{ bqe bngp`qr`~yecn
whqk` cnqsd`pqrb, qrpel!yhuq! deiqrbnb`r| b
smhqnm. Ndmnbpelemmn q }rhl qjnpee bqecn
p`qxhphrq! gnm` qr`ahk|mnqrh b Ebpnoe, wrn
nrjpner oepqoejrhb{ }jnmnlhweqjncn
opnvber`mh!. Ankee rncn, on lepe sjpeokemh!
nrmnxemhi M@RN q Pnqqhei, Sjp`hmni h dpschlh
ebpnoeiqjhlh qrp`m`l Ebpno` nrd`k!erq! nr
qbnecn p`qjnk` b opnxknl h opebp`y`erq! bn bqe
ankee qr`ahk|m{i jnmrhmemr. ]rh onghrhbm{e
remdemvhh onrpeas~r onqrn!mmncn bmhl`mh!.
Meqlnrp! m` hglem!~yhiq! u`p`jrep scpng, q
jnrnp{lh qr`kjhb`~rq! cnqsd`pqrb`-wkem{, h
npc`mhg`vhnmm{e oepelem{ b M@RN, menaundhl{e
dk! hu nrp`femh!, b`fmeix`! nqmnb`
Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjncn qn~g` nqr`erq!
mehglemmni. M@RN nap`gser rp`mq`rk`mrhweqjs~
bnemmn-onkhrhweqjs~ nqmnbs dk! opnrhbnqrn!mh!
b{gnb`l aegno`qmnqrh. Qebepn`rk`mrhweqjhi
qn~g b{qrso`er b j`weqrbe gbem`, qjpeok!~yecn
Ebpnos h Qebepms~ @lephjs, h sp`bmnbexhb`er
lmncnwhqkemm{e m`vhnm`k|m{e hmrepeq{. Ankee
rncn, q p`gbhrhel M@RN h oepeundnl nr qngd`mh!
yhr` jnkkejrhbmni nanpnm{ j opebp`yemh~ ee b
npc`mhg`rnp` deiqrbhi on naeqoewemh~
aegno`qmnqrh b xhpnjnl ql{qke }rncn qknb`, nm`
qr`k` b{p`ghrekel nayhu vemmnqrei, r`jhu j`j
delnjp`rh! h op`b` weknbej`, b rni fe qreoemh,j`j h b{p`ghrekel naymnqrh hmrepeqnb qrp`m.44
2
NATO today is a very different institution to thatcreated in 1949. Both it and the wider world haveevolved in ways which the Alliance’s founderscould hardly have imagined. NATO is a differentinstitution to that which defended WesternEurope for four decades during the Cold War oreven that which oversaw Europe’s post-ColdWar transition in the 1990s. In a few years time,it will no doubt have transformed itself again as itdevelops coordinated responses to the securitychallenges facing member states in the early 21st
century. Indeed, as the strategic environmentchanges, NATO will likely have to evolveincreasingly rapidly to meet new threats to itsmember states. However, the basic tenets ofcooperation within the Alliance, namely sharedvalues and interests, remain true to the princi-ples of its founding treaty.
In the wake of the September 2001 attacksagainst the United States and the invocation ofArticle 5 for the first time in its history, NATO isengaged in a fundamental re-examination of theway in which it operates in order to address thethreat posed by terrorism. Even before the ter-rorist attacks, the Alliance was committed to anextremely intensive programme of activities, run-ning three crisis-management operations in theformer Yugoslavia, preparing the ground to bringin new members and forging ever-deeper part-nerships with countries and organisations in boththe Euro-Atlantic area and the wider world.
Today, as the task of providing security becomesever more complex, NATO has become involvedin too many areas for its activities to be reducedto a single slogan or a sound bite.
NATO tomorrow
As the Alliance continues to enlarge, NATO willhave to accommodate the interests of anincreasing number of countries trying to act inunison. At the same time, the zone of stabilitywithin Europe will likely have grown and with itprospects of economic prosperity. Indeed, as theAlliance forges closer relations with Russia,Ukraine and other European countries, Europeis putting its divided past behind it and becomingan increasingly stable continent. These positivetrends will have to be carefully nurtured.
While the nature of the threats faced by memberstates and the way in which NATO organisesitself to deal with them are changing, the funda-mental underpinning of the Alliance remains thesame as it always has been. NATO provides atransatlantic political-military framework for man-aging security challenges. The Alliance couplesEurope and North America, and balances a mul-titude of national interests. Moreover, as NATOevolves from a collective defence shield into asecurity manager in the broadest sense, it hascome to represent a community of values, suchas democracy and human rights, as much asa community of interests.
Change and continuity > 14
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION
Public Diplomacy Division
1110 Brussels - Belgium
Web site: www.nato.int
E-mail: [email protected]
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