conducting campaigns in the 21 st century importance of the media candidates’ public and private...

Conducting Campaigns in the 21Conducting Campaigns in the 21stst Century Century Importance of the MediaImportance of the Media

CandidatesCandidates’’ public and private lives available for public and private lives available for review and comment 24/7.review and comment 24/7.

Not enough time to personally campaign in every Not enough time to personally campaign in every countycounty

Candidates need to raise large amounts of cash Candidates need to raise large amounts of cash at local, state, and national levels.at local, state, and national levels.

2Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

Conducting Campaigns in the 21Conducting Campaigns in the 21stst Century Century Importance of the MediaImportance of the Media

Television Television Appearance and technique critical Appearance and technique critical Make use of sound bites Make use of sound bites

Radio Radio Older medium, not used as frequentlyOlder medium, not used as frequently

InternetInternet Low cost must be balanced with issues of the medium Low cost must be balanced with issues of the medium Lots of access pointsLots of access points


Conducting Campaigns in the 21Conducting Campaigns in the 21stst Century Century Mudslide campaigns Mudslide campaigns

Low ethics campaigning with avoidance of critical Low ethics campaigning with avoidance of critical public issues public issues

Negative campaigningNegative campaigning


Campaign Reform Campaign Reform Eliminating Negative Campaigning Eliminating Negative Campaigning

The Markle Commission on the Media and the The Markle Commission on the Media and the ElectorateElectorate

Increasing Free Media Access Increasing Free Media Access Need to pay for increased media formats has Need to pay for increased media formats has

forced candidates to raise more money forced candidates to raise more money


Campaign FinanceCampaign Finance Political Action Committee (PAC) donations Political Action Committee (PAC) donations Texas Campaign Finance Laws Texas Campaign Finance Laws

Focus on disclosure not enforcement Focus on disclosure not enforcement Texas Ethics Commission Texas Ethics Commission

Created to monitor lobbyist and candidate Created to monitor lobbyist and candidate campaigns campaigns

All candidates and lobbyist must register with TEC All candidates and lobbyist must register with TEC Campaign Reform Act of 2002Campaign Reform Act of 2002 House Bill 1606House Bill 1606


LatinosLatinos Candidates began realizing potential of Candidates began realizing potential of

Latino voteLatino vote La Raza Unida PartyLa Raza Unida Party Issue of immigration reformIssue of immigration reform

African Americans African Americans Constitute 10 percent of stateConstitute 10 percent of state’’s potential s potential

votersvoters 80 percent of state80 percent of state’’s African Americans of s African Americans of

voting age support Democratic candidatesvoting age support Democratic candidates


HistoryHistory Through 1990, only four women had held Through 1990, only four women had held

statewide public office.statewide public office. In 2000, 2002, and 2006 women led all In 2000, 2002, and 2006 women led all

candidates on either ticket in votes received.candidates on either ticket in votes received. Expanded presence of women in public Expanded presence of women in public

office is changing public policy.office is changing public policy. Increased punishment for family violence and Increased punishment for family violence and

sexual abuse of childrensexual abuse of children Renewed focus on public educationRenewed focus on public education


Obstacles to VotingObstacles to Voting Universal suffrage 1960sUniversal suffrage 1960s Literacy testsLiteracy tests

Required constitutional-interpretation or Required constitutional-interpretation or citizenship knowledge citizenship knowledge

Grandfather clauseGrandfather clause Exempted people from educational, property, or Exempted people from educational, property, or

tax requirements for voting if qualified to vote tax requirements for voting if qualified to vote before 1867, or were descendants of such before 1867, or were descendants of such personspersons

Supreme Court declared unconstitutional in 1915Supreme Court declared unconstitutional in 19159Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

Obstacles to VotingObstacles to Voting Poll taxPoll tax

Texas required citizens to pay a tax to become eligible Texas required citizens to pay a tax to become eligible to voteto vote

Abolished in 1964Abolished in 1964 All-white primariesAll-white primaries

Prevented African Americans and some Latinos from Prevented African Americans and some Latinos from votingvoting

Declared unconstitutional in 1944Declared unconstitutional in 1944 Racial gerrymandering Racial gerrymandering

Packing and crackingPacking and cracking Diluting minority votesDiluting minority votes


Democratization of the Ballot Democratization of the Ballot Federal Voting Rights LegislationFederal Voting Rights Legislation

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 Abolished literacy testsAbolished literacy tests Prohibited residency requirements of more than Prohibited residency requirements of more than

30 days30 days Required states to provide absentee ballot or Required states to provide absentee ballot or

early votingearly voting Allows individuals and federal government to Allows individuals and federal government to

sue to request voting examinerssue to request voting examiners Requires bilingual ballotsRequires bilingual ballots


Democratization of the Ballot Democratization of the Ballot Federal Voting Rights LegislationFederal Voting Rights Legislation

National Voter Registration Act of 1993National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ““Motor voter lawMotor voter law””

1515thth Amendment – prohibits denial of voting rights Amendment – prohibits denial of voting rights because of racebecause of race

1919thth Amendment – prohibits denial of voting rights Amendment – prohibits denial of voting rights because of genderbecause of gender

2424thth Amendment- Prohibits Poll Tax Amendment- Prohibits Poll Tax 2626thth Amendment – set voting age at 18 Amendment – set voting age at 18

Two Trends in SuffrageTwo Trends in Suffrage12Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

Voter TurnoutVoter Turnout TexasTexas’’ voter turnout tends to be significantly voter turnout tends to be significantly

lower than the rest of the nation lower than the rest of the nation Attributed in part to lower percentage of eligible Attributed in part to lower percentage of eligible

votersvoters Elections limited to two uniform datesElections limited to two uniform dates

The second Saturday in May and the first Tuesday The second Saturday in May and the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novemberafter the first Monday in November

Education and income are influencesEducation and income are influences Texas ranks fourth in povertyTexas ranks fourth in poverty

Gender, age, race, and ethnicity are also Gender, age, race, and ethnicity are also influencesinfluences


Administering ElectionsAdministering Elections Qualifications for VotingQualifications for Voting

Native-born or naturalized citizen Native-born or naturalized citizen At least 18 years of age on election dayAt least 18 years of age on election day Resident of the state and county for 30 days preceding Resident of the state and county for 30 days preceding

Election DayElection Day Resident of the area covered on election dayResident of the area covered on election day Registered voter for at least 30 days preceding Registered voter for at least 30 days preceding

Election DayElection Day Not a convicted felon (unless sentence, probation, and Not a convicted felon (unless sentence, probation, and

parole are completed)parole are completed) Mentally competentMentally competent


Administering ElectionsAdministering Elections Voting EarlyVoting Early

Early voting at the courthouse and selected Early voting at the courthouse and selected locations before designated primary, special, and locations before designated primary, special, and general elections for any reasongeneral elections for any reason

Vote by Mail Vote by Mail Vote by fax if in a combat zoneVote by fax if in a combat zone Vote online from spaceVote online from space

Voting PrecinctsVoting Precincts Basic geographic area for conducting electionsBasic geographic area for conducting elections Contains 100-2,000 registered votersContains 100-2,000 registered voters


Administering ElectionsAdministering ElectionsElection OfficialsElection OfficialsVoting SystemsVoting Systems

Paper ballot, optical scan, or Direct-Record Paper ballot, optical scan, or Direct-Record Electronic (touch screen)Electronic (touch screen)

English and SpanishEnglish and Spanish


PrimariesPrimaries The development of direct primariesThe development of direct primaries

Closed primary – must declare party affiliationClosed primary – must declare party affiliation Open primary – does not require party Open primary – does not require party

identificationidentification Top-two (jungle) primary – candidate who Top-two (jungle) primary – candidate who

receives more than 50% of the vote winsreceives more than 50% of the vote wins


PrimariesPrimaries■ Texas PrimariesTexas Primaries

Texas practices both an open and closed primary Texas practices both an open and closed primary system system ■ Declare party affiliation on day of primary and may only Declare party affiliation on day of primary and may only

vote in that partyvote in that party’’s primary for up to a years primary for up to a year

Crossover voting Crossover voting ■ Vote in primaries of one party, then cross over to vote for Vote in primaries of one party, then cross over to vote for

the other party in the general electionthe other party in the general election


Texas PrimariesTexas Primaries Administering primariesAdministering primaries

Prospective Prospective Candidates for statewide office file papers with Candidates for statewide office file papers with

their partytheir party’’s state chairs state chair Candidates for county office file with partyCandidates for county office file with party’’s s

county chaircounty chair Financing primariesFinancing primaries

Paid by candidatesPaid by candidates’’ filing fees, the state of Texas filing fees, the state of Texas Candidates may gather signatures in lieu of feesCandidates may gather signatures in lieu of fees


General and Special ElectionsGeneral and Special Elections Presidential and congressional general Presidential and congressional general

elections elections Midterm electionsMidterm elections


1.1. Analyze the components of a political Analyze the components of a political campaign, specifically how the process campaign, specifically how the process of running and financing a campaign has of running and financing a campaign has changed over the years.changed over the years.

2.2. Describe the role that race and ethnicity Describe the role that race and ethnicity play in politics, focusing on the play in politics, focusing on the importance of minority voters. importance of minority voters.


3.3. Explain the complexities of voting and Explain the complexities of voting and how the voting process promotes, and how the voting process promotes, and inhibits, voter participation.inhibits, voter participation.

4.4. Identify the differences between primary, Identify the differences between primary, general, and special elections. general, and special elections.


conducting campaigns in the 21 st century importance of the media candidates’ public and private...

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