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Advanced Directives:

Thinking and Talking About the Hard Stuff ~

In 1900, average longevity in US was 49.2 years

In 2010, was 78 years.

Initial gain made through advent of sanitation, childhood immunizations.

Since 1960, medical advances allowed lives to be prolonged. Procedures/surgeries, antibiotics, chemotherapy, heart/HTN medications, etc.

People live longer, die differently

Death causes 1900



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31% were relatively quick contagious dz, 14% lifestyle dz

Infectious diarrhea

pneumonia

Death causes 2004

56% are lingering deaths

No contagious disease causes in the top 3 causes

56% of top 3 causes mostly lifestyle diseases

2004

Sometimes cancer just happens Often lifestyle encourages development Lung, bladder, kidney, stomach,

esophageal, oral, lymphoma---smokingBreast ---overweight, lack of exercise,

high fat diet, ETOH, HRTPancreas, stomach ---alcoholColon---low fiber, high fat diet

Is cancer a “lifestyle” disease?

Advances in technology:

• Ventilators• Gastrostomy tubes• Dialysis• Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators• Ventricular Assist Devices

Enter….the machines

“The Dwindles“

The Dwindles --- a cascade of events

Desk-exercise not a prioritySpent life watching football instead of playing

footballSmoke, poor diet, become overweight or obeseKnees develop arthritis, ruptured back disk from wtNow can’t exercise if want to Become DM, HTN, COPDStroke –paralyzed on one side. Can barely walk.

Need spouse’s helpToo big to care for. Strain on familyStratolounger or bed becomes your world Don’t forget the oxygenSmoking, DM, HTN, isolation---Alzheimer’s Inactive---Pneumonia –hosp—ventilator DM --Kidneys –dialysisStroke ---MCS---feeding tube Three junctures enact AD.

Everyone born has a “right to life,” then what about a “right to die?”

Should any law upholding a person’s right to life should inherently include their right to die?

DO WE HAVE THE “RIGHT TO DIE?”

Court Cases-it’s what started it all.

Karen Ann Quinlan -1975

When 21, overdose of ETOH and 2 Rx drugs Stopped breathing >15 min Persistent vegetative state, on ventilator Parents wanted removal , hospital fought Protracted court proceedings, tube removedLived for almost another decade

Stopping ventilators

Two significant outcomes of her case

development of formal ethics committees in hospitals, nursing homes and hospices

and the development of advance health directives

Nancy Cruzen-1990

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After an automobile accident left her in a persistent vegetative state, her family petitioned in courts for three years, as far as the U.S. Supreme Court (Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health), to have her feeding tube removed.

The Court initially denied the family's request, citing lack of evidence of Cruzan's wishes.

Went to the U.S. Supreme Court

“Right to die”

The family's request was ultimately granted by providing additional evidence. On December 15, 1990, the tube was removed and she died 12 days later.

The courts recognized for the first time a constitutional right to refuse treatment in extraordinary circumstances.

Stopping feeding tubes

The Cruzan decision spurred considerable interest in "living wills" which clearly express an individuals desire to discontinue treatment or feeding in specified circumstances.

The Birth of the Right to Die

Terry Schiavo-2005

Terri Schiavo collapsed in her home in full cardiac arrest on February 25, 1990. She suffered massive brain damage due to lack of oxygen and eventually diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state.

Normal CT scan---Terri’s CT scan

Legal battle between her husband and the parents of Terri Schiavo that lasted from 1998 to 2005.

Lack of a living will caused a protracted series of appeals to determine what Terri’s wishes would have been re. life-prolonging procedures.

Legal Battles Extraordinaire

Keeping Terri alive became a focal point for the Right to Life movement

MULTIPLE appeals, motions, hearings, etc.

Florida legislature Florida governor Bush Florida and U.S. Supreme Court Congressional RepublicansPresident Bush

Send in the ____

At issue was whether the husband had the right to make decisions to . The highly publicized and prolonged series of legal challenges presented by the parents and by state and federal legislative intervention effected in total a seven-year delay before life support finally was terminated.

What a mess!

the court finally found that Terri had made reliable oral declarations that she would have wanted the feeding tube removed, allowing her husband’s decision to terminate life support prevail.

The Patient Self-Determination Act requires that healthcare institutions receiving Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement provide patients with written information about their legal rights to participate in medical decisions by completing an advance directive.

An important goal of the Patient Self-Determination Act is to encourage patients to indicate their preferences for end-of-life care before the need arises, thus allowing healthcare providers to honor individual choices, improve the quality of dying and reduce stress for families and caregivers

Patient self determination act of 1991

Self-determination is derived from the principle that an adult has the right to decide what happens to his or her body. An advance directive documents the wish of a person to give directions about future medical care or to designate another person to make medical decisions if he or she loses decision-making capacity.

The law also mandates that healthcare providers document the presence or absence of an advance directive in the patient’s medical record.

A patient’s right to make decisions in an advance directive is protected by federal and state law.

What the Law Intends

Only 14% of Americans have a written advance directive expressing their personal wishes for end-of-life care.

This low percentage has significant implications for the aging U.S. population, as well as for younger adults who often don’t think about the need for an advance directive until they are confronted with a life-threatening terminal medical diagnosis.

Living wills and other advance directives aren't just for older adults. Unexpected end-of-life situations can happen at any age, so it's important for all adults to have advance directives.

Who has Advanced Directives?

Answer: everyone over age >=18.

Younger adults do not consider the need for AD,

not considering death imminent. This age group known for risky behavior. Yet, main causes of death can lead to brain damage/death and an inability to make AD decisions.

Leading causes of death for ages 15-25:1.Accidents, “unintentional injury”, MVA2.Homicide3.suicide

Who needs AD?

People over age 65 whose heart stops outside the hospital setting have about a 2 percent chance of survival. Of those who survive, half will end up permanently in a nursing home. Only 1 percent will return home .

Fully 50 percent of Medicare funds are exhausted caring for patients in the last 6 months of life.

The sickest 1 percent utilize 30 percent of allocated Medicare funds while the top 10 percent consume 80 percent of those funds.

While most Americans wish to die at home, 75% will die in a hospital or nursing home.

The NUMBERS

Healthy, robust 86 year old. Walked 6 miles a day, played tennis 3x/wk

Hit by a car while jay walking. Initial injuries-femur (thigh) and ribs

fracture, closed head injury, punctured lung.

On ventilator. Had a stroke, went into kidney and liver failure. Developed pneumonia and placed on antibiotics. Had a reaction to antibiotics, turned bright red, and skin began to slough. Doctors considered dialysis.

NO MPOA.Family could not agree to appropriate

interventions.3 months; much agony, and $1,000,000

later, he finally died.

My friend’s father

ACUTE- sudden events that require immediate care decisions

Massive strokeHeart attack with/without arrest, heart

failureMVACOPD exacerbation/pneumonia Sepsis (massive infection)Traumatic brain injury

Defining events I

CHRONIC---no sudden event, no clear line of delineation as when to stop interventions

Dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease

“global geriatric decline/debility”—weight loss, falls, frailty, loss of ability to performs Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) “the dwindles”

Cancer, neurologic diseases, autoimmune diseases

Chronic CHF, COPD, CAD Defining events II

A vegetative state is a rare condition, caused by brain damage, in which a person comes out of a coma and is fully awake but they have no sense of awareness.

14,000 people per year

Vegetative states:let’s add to the confusion

Causes

a traumatic brain injury – caused by a severe head injury such as that sustained during a car accident or a fall from a great distance

non-traumatic brain injury – where the injury to the brain is caused by a health condition such as a stroke or Alzheimer's disease

40 % diagnosed with Minimally Conscious State.

there is a condition called "locked-in syndrome" where a person is fully aware but is unable to move any of their muscles, so they are unable to move or speak.

Aphasia, spasticity, blind, deaf, epileptic, paralyzed, amnesic

Unlike persistent vegetative state, patients with MCS have partial preservation of conscious awareness. Squeeze hands, follow objects on command. Consciousness often fluctuates.

Rare, but occasionally awaken (to some degree).

Vegetative v.s. MCS

In a young person under the age of 20 who experiences traumatic brain damage, the chances of making a recovery are around 1 in 5.

A person over the age of 40, who is an persistent vegetative state due to a non-traumatic brain damage, has an extremely small chance of making a recovery.

People who do make a recovery are often likely to have life-long physical and mental disabilities resulting from the damage to their brain.

“Recovery?”

Both conditions require a feeding tube.

If you were in a MCS, what would you want?

How important to you is being independent and self-sufficient?

What would make your life not worth living?

Would you want treatment to extend life in any situation?

Would you want treatment only if a cure is possible?

Do you have a goal in mind that influences your decision about extending your life? (wedding, graduation).

Would you want palliative care or hospice to ease pain and discomfort if you were terminally ill?

What treatments would you want?



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{ {Resuscitation

Resuscitation. Restarts the heart when it has stopped beating (cardiac death). Determine if and when you would want to be resuscitated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or by a device that delivers an electric shock to stimulate the heart.

Can lead to cardiac assist devices (balloon pump) and medications to maintain BP, kidney function.

Ventilators

Mechanical ventilation. Takes over your breathing if you're unable to do so. Consider if, when and for how long you would want to be placed on a mechanical ventilator.

Interventions I




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{ {Nutrition/hydration

Nutritional and hydration assistance. Supplies the body with nutrients and fluids intravenously or via a tube in the stomach. Decide if, when and for how long you would want to be fed in this manner.

IV fluids-basic hydration

“TPN”-IV protein, carbs, fats, fluids

Gastrostomy tube-surgically placed tube for feeding directly into stomach.

Dialysis

Dialysis. Removes waste from your blood and manages fluid levels if your kidneys no longer function. Determine if, when and for how long you would want to receive this treatment.

Treatments 3x/wk for 4-6 hrs Interventions II

Pericardial tapParacentisisThorocentesisSurgery

? comfort versus treatment

Interventions III

Emergency care---do you wish to be hospitalized for further interventions?

Antibiotics -– do you wish to be treated for a pneumonia or sepsis (blood poisoning)?

Do you just wish to remain comfortable and in your own home in your last days?

Is hospice or home-based Palliative Care a better choice ?

Interventions IV



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MD role

Your most important asset is a trusted MD who can provide you with realistic choices/outcome/expectations

Can be treated, but not curedWill get worse over timeGet pneumonia a lotRepeat hospitalizations Wearing oxygenDebilitating, reducing quality of lifeWhat’s it like to be intubated, air

hungry?

Example: COPD



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What are your goals?

What are your thoughts about dying?

Do you want to avoid pain at all costs or do you want to be awake/alert?

What kind of quality of life is acceptable?

What are your goals? Wedding/graduation?

Let’s start with choosing an MPOA.

First, what exactly DO you want?

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Medical or health care power of attorney (MPOA). The medical POA is a legal document that designates an individual — referred to as your health care agent or proxy — to make medical decisions for you in the event that you're unable to do so.

It is different from a power of attorney authorizing someone to make financial transactions for you.Medical power of

attorney (MPOA) aka “Healthcare Proxy”

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Trust is the most important element in choosing an MPOA . Feel free to say what you want and how you feel about End of Life issues.

Prefer a committed, able MPOA who knows what it is to be an agent.

It’s not about what the MPOA wants.

MPOA—your most important decision

Choosing a person to act as your health care agent is possibly the most important part of your planning. You need to trust that this person has your interests at heart, understands your wishes and will act accordingly. He or she should also be mature and levelheaded, and comfortable with candid conversations. Good communication is essential!

Don’t chose someone out of a feeling of guilt or obligation.

Choosing an MPOA

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Your health care agent doesn't necessarily have to be a family member. You may want your health care decision maker to be different from the person you choose to handle your financial matters. It may be helpful, but it's not necessary, if the person lives in the same city or state as you do.

Share your wishes with your family.

Choosing an MPOA



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Who is an incapacitated adult?

Who is an incapacitated adult? An adult “who is unable to

effectively receive or evaluate information or both or make or communicate decisions to such an extent that the individual lacks the ability to satisfy essential requirements for physical health, safety, or self-care, even with appropriate and reasonably available technological assistance.



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Uh-Oh! No MPOA!

Group of “interested parties” get together and choose one of the group to be a Proxy Decision Maker.

Medical Healthcare Proxy form :

www.senioranswers.org

Do not resuscitate (DNR) order. This is a request to not have cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if your heart stops or if you stop breathing. Advance directives do not have to include a DNR order, and you don't have to have an advance directive to have a DNR order. Your doctor can put a DNR order in your medical chart

It is a legal, binding physician order. Does not expire.

DNR



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Notifying your DNR status

File of Life or envelope

on your fridge ID bracelet or

necklace Documentation on

your person? Tattoo?



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The reality of DNR

In hospital setting-is honored as documentation readily available and can ID pt.

Validity of DNR and identity of person need to be confirmed ~any ?~CPR

Advantages:At home –paramedics often follow if

documentation readily available

Deficits:Specific only to resuscitation efforts In the field---rarely gets followed.

DNR

Living will. This written, legal document spells out the types of medical treatments and life-sustaining measures you want and don't want, such as mechanical breathing (respiration and ventilation), tube feeding or resuscitation in the event you are incapacitated.

Not a physician order, rather a directive.

A living will needs an MPOA to enact your wishesLiving Wills

Advantages:Short and sweetGives specific time parametersCan be strictly interpreted but is mostly a

guide for MPOADeficits:Not very detailed No DNRAlmost never happens—MPOA steps in

Living Wills

Wish 1: The Person I Want to Make Care Decisions for Me When I Can't

This section is an assignment of a health care agent (also called proxy, surrogate, representative or health care power of attorney). This person makes medical decisions on your behalf if you are unable to speak for yourself.

Wish 2: The Kind of Medical Treatment I Want or Don't Want

This section is a living will—a definition of what life support treatment means to you, and when you would and would not want it.

Wish 3: How Comfortable I Want to BeThis section addresses matters of comfort

care—what type of pain management you would like, personal grooming and bathing instructions, and whether you would like to know about options for hospice care, among others..

5 wishes

5 Wishes

Wish 4: How I Want People to Treat Me

This section speaks to personal matters, such as whether you would like to be at home, whether you would like someone to pray at your bedside, among others.

Wish 5: What I Want My Loved Ones to Know

This section deals with matters of forgiveness, how you wish to be remembered and final wishes regarding funeral or memorial plans.

Advantages:Comprehensive Contains place for MPOA designation

Deficits A bit longAs with Living Will—guide for MPOA$5.00 ---agingwithdignity.org

5 Wishes

What do you want to know about your condition ?

Strict adherence or interpretation?Where to die?Quality of life? Treatment options SpiritualityOrgan donation Body treatment after death

My Healthcare Decisions

Advantages: Can personalize and add narrative Comprehensive Asks smart questions

DeficitsStill need to assign an MPOA separatelyDoes not contain a DNR

My Healthcare Decisions

Does not need an MPOA consult and to enact.

It is a legal, binding physician order.

Covers resuscitation statusMedical interventions such as full,

limited, and comfort measuresAntibiotics IV therapyTube feeding

MOST FORM

Basically 4 parts

DNRLevel of medical interventions –level of airway

managementAntibioticsArtificial nutrition

The MOST form

Advantages:MD orderComfort measures never optionalMore comprehensive than DNR

Deficits:Not flexible

MOST



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Change your mind?

All Advanced directives documents can be changed or rescinded at any time.

Advanced Directives Documents

DNR Living Will 5 Wishes Heathcare Decisions MOST

MD order/legally binding x x

At discretion of MPOA x x x

includes MPOA doc x x

need bracelet? x x

copy is valid? x x x x x

Do you need a

A. DNRB. Living WillC. 5 wishesD. MPOA E. MOSTF. All of the above ?Multiple choice questions

Most important—MPOA you trust!

Do you want something definitive –DNR/MOST? (no MPOA needed)

Do you want resuscitation then decision by your MPOA?

Most EOL decisions will be made by your MPOA

What do you need?

Your MPOA chooses not to follow your wishes

Disagreements within family and between the MPOA (MPOA has final decision)

The 23 year old who sees his grandfather die on a ventilator and acts impulsively in completing a DNR or MOST

Issues that might come up

Healthcare Affordability Act now allows for one free visit with your primary care physician to discuss AD.

Once you've filled out the forms, give copies to your doctor, the person you've chosen as your health care agent and your family members. Keep another copy in a safe but accessible place. You might also want to keep a card in your wallet that says you have a living will and where it can be found.

Talking with your doctor

Barriers to Completing Advance Directives•Patient and provider reluctance•Time constraints•Assumptions about treatment preferences•Denial and procrastination•Unrealistic expectations•Delaying until a crisis•Discomfort with palliative care planning•Lack of documentation of medical orders•Cultural and health system barriers•Lack of knowledge about the Patient Self-Determination Act and advance directives among community members

Source: Butterworth AM. Reality check: 10 barriers to advance planning. Nurs Pract. 2003;28(5):42-43

Barriers

1.Even when patients have advance directives, they are often vague, incomplete, disregarded by family members or unacknowledged by caregivers.

2.When family members can’t agree on what should be done.

3. Hospitals and physicians often pursue the most aggressive treatment plan possible, even when the patient is close to death.

4. Deciding to curtail treatment in critical care settings poses unique problems.

5. Many patients and their families have had little or no experience with critical care before they face end-of-life care choices.

6. It may be difficult to convince some families that the aim of withholding or withdrawing treatment is to alleviate suffering. “Intervention at all costs.”

Other obstacles

Through this type of advance directive, an individual executes legal documents that provide the power of attorney to others in the case of an incapacitating medical condition.

The durable power of attorney allows an individual to make bank transactions, sign social security checks, apply for disability, or simply write checks to pay the utility bill while an individual is medically incapacitated.

Durable Power of Attorney (DPOA)

A guardian is a person or persons appointed by a court to assist with the personal affairs and make decisions on behalf of a minor or an adult who is incapacitated. A person under a guardianship is called a ward.

Court ordered

A word about Guardianship

My patient, Delores

No Advanced Directives for medical/financial

Small house in LongmontFilthy—never cleaned, fridge science

experimentDogs --vetSignificant dementiaDrove –Kansas, Wyoming, BoulderGero-psych unitPlacementGuardianship by son

A conservator is a person, or persons, appointed by a court to manage finances and property for an adult who is incapacitated, and whose assets may be wasted or dissipated unless management is provided. (Usually there is dementia or emotional instability).

• Charities • Scams• Unscrupulous family members• Poor buying choicesA word about Conservatorship

Different than MPOA as this is after the fact and is court-ordered.

More about conservatorship

Finances and Welfare

POA Guardianship Conservatorship

voluntary x

court ordered x x

financial x x

welfare of person x

You can also specify in your advance directives any wishes you have about donating your organs, eyes and tissues for transplantation-sign up online in the Colorado Organ and Tissue Donor Registry at www.ColoradoDonorRegistry.org

Indicate your wishes on your driver’s license or state ID when you apply for or renew it.

Let your MPOA and family know your wishes. Desire to donate needs to be documented prior to death.

Organ donation

. If you wish to donate your body for scientific study:

Colorado State Anatomical BoardP.O. Box 6511, MS 8501 Aurora, CO 80045 Phone: 303-724-2410 URL: http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/CellDevelopmentalBiology/anatomicalboard/Aboutus/Pages/default.aspx

WHOLE BODY DONATION

Website Resources“Put It in Writing” — uses a Q and A

format to help patients learn about types of advance directives and their importance. www.putitinwriting.org

Partnership for Caring — provides information about end-of-life options and how to document them. www.partnershipforcaring.org

Aging with Dignity — publishes Five Wishes, a tool that helps patients consider their medical, personal, emotional and spiritual needs in planning end-of-life choices.www.agingwithdignity.org/5wishes.html

MOST form –State of Colorado-http://www.coloradoadvancedirectives.com/MOST_Form_08.11.10.pdf

Website Resources



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Growing old is not for sissies.

What is it to live a full and meaningful life?

What must we discover before we die?

What do those at the end of their lives have to teach us?

Why do some people find meaning and die happy?

What does it mean to live a full and meaningful life?

The 5 Secrets

Izzo asked 15,000 people to sent in names of wise elders

1,000 responses received Interviewed 235 ‘wise elders’ ages 59-

105

This is what they said……

Be true to yourself –am I following my heart? Am I focused on things that really matter? Am I being the person I want to be?

Leave no regrets –constantly asking—“ When I get old and ready to die will I regret the step I am about to make?’

Become love—love yourself, treat others w kindness

The Wisdom

Live in the moment—every day, every moment is a gift. Chose to be in the moment.

Give more than you take---make the world a better place. Leave a legacy.

More questions, comments, or for a great green chili recipe:

[email protected]

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contagious disease causes

lifestyle diseases