chemistry – studies matter and the physical and chemical changes it undergoes branches of study...
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Chemistry – studies matter and the physical and chemical changes it undergoes
Branches of study include:◦ Organic – carbon compounds (DNA, etc)◦ Inorganic – non carbon cpds (medicines,etc)◦ Physical – matter/energy changes (atoms)◦ Analytical – material makeup (geometry of atoms)◦ Biochemistry – chemistry of living things◦ Theoretical – use of physics to understand
chemical phenomena (quantum chemistry)
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Matter- anything that has mass and volume
Atom- smallest unit of an element that keeps the properties of element
Element- pure substance made of only one type of atom
Compound- substance made of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded
Molecule- type of compound in which bonds are covalent bonds
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Element◦Composed of identical atoms◦Cannot be made simpler by chemical or
physical means◦EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Compound
◦ Composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio that are chemically combined
◦ Able to be separated by chemical means
◦ Properties differ from those of individual elements
◦ EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.◦ Not chemically combined and can be separated
through physical means
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Homogeneous (solutions)◦ Very small particles◦ Particles don’t settle◦ Appear to be the same throughout◦ Examples: air, brass, salt water
Heterogeneous◦ Medium/large particles◦ Particles may/may not settle◦ Not the same throughout◦ Examples: concrete, cookie dough
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Compound Mixture
One kind of piece-Molecules
More than one kind - Molecule or atoms
Making is a chemical change
Making is a physical change
Only one kind Variable composition
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MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
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Characteristic properties of matter are used to classify substances
Types of Properties:◦ Extensive Property
depends on the amount of matter
Ex: volume, mass
◦ Intensive Property
does not depend on amount
Ex: density, boiling/melting point, ability to conduct heat/electricity
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Examples:◦ boiling point
◦ volume
◦ mass
◦ density
◦ conductivity
intensive
extensive
extensive
intensive
intensive
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Physical Property
◦ can be observed without changing the identity of the substance.
◦ Mixtures separated using physical properties
Chemical Property
◦ describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity
◦ Chemical reactions are evidence
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Examples:◦ melting point
◦ flammable
◦ density
◦ magnetic
◦ tarnishes in air
physical
chemical
physical
physical
chemical
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Physical Change◦ Changes the form of a substance without changing its
identity
◦ Properties remain the same
◦ Phase changes, dissolving, cutting, bending, etc
◦ Mixtures separated with a variety of techniques (filtering, evaporation, boiling, etc)
Chemical Change◦ Changes the identity of a substance
◦ Products have different properties
◦ Combustion, production of odors, gases, light, rusting, precipitation, cooking,etc
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Reactants – The substances that react in a chemical change (stuff you start with)
Products – The substances that are formed by the chemical change (what you make).
NEW PROPERTIES Not easily reversed
reactants product
carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide
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Signs of a Chemical Change
◦ change in color or odor
◦ formation of a gas
◦ formation of a precipitate (solid)
◦ change in light or heat
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Examples:◦ rusting iron
◦ dissolving in water
◦ burning a log
◦ melting ice
◦ grinding spices
chemical
physical
chemical
physical
physical
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Exothermic Reaction- reaction that gives off energy (feels warm on outside)
Endothermic Reaction- reaction that uses up energy (feels cold on outside)
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Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur.
Energy can be in various forms.◦ heat ◦ light
Law of Conservation of Energy.◦Energy can be absorbed or released in a
change, it is not destroyed or created.
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Solids◦ very low KE - particles vibrate but can’t
move around
◦ fixed shape
◦ fixed volume
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Liquids◦ low KE - particles can move around
but are still close together
◦ variable shape
◦ fixed volume
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Gases◦ high KE - particles can separate and
move throughout container
◦ variable shape
◦ variable volume
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Plasma◦ very high KE - particles collide with enough
energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
◦ gas-like, variable shape & volume
◦ stars, fluorescent light bulbs, CRTs
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◦ Particles of matter are always in motion.
◦ As temperature increases, so does speed (Kinetic Energy) of particles
◦ KMT evidence exists in the presence of the four states of matter
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Changing from any state to another state involves the addition or removal of energy from the system
Melting, freezing, vaporizing, evaporation, boiling, sublimation, condensation
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Solid Liquid Gas
Melt Evaporate
CondenseFreeze
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Groups (aka: families)◦ vertical columns◦ numbered 118◦ have similar chemical properties
Periods◦ horizontal rows◦ properties changes consistently across a period
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Metals◦ an element that is a good
conductor of electricity◦ at room temperature, most
are solids◦ malleable- can be rolled or
hammered into sheets◦ ductile- can be made into wire◦ high tensile strength- can
resist breakage when pulled◦ most have silvery or grayish
white luster
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Nonmetals◦ an element that is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity◦ many are gases at room temperature◦ some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable
Various nonmetal elements Various nonmetal elements (a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, and (d) iodine(a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, and (d) iodine
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Metalloids◦ an element that has some characteristics of
metals and nonmetals◦ appear along staricase line◦ B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te◦ all are solids at room temperature◦ less malleable than metals but less brittle
than nonmetals◦ are semiconductors
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Noble Gases◦ generally unreactive gases◦ in far right column of periodic table