基本建设局 bureau of capital construction, cas 1 2015-10-11 institute of tibetan plateau...

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 1123/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 1123/4/21 1123/4/21

Yongqin Liu, Yongqin Liu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin XuTandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin Xu

　　

Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their

Relationship with Environmental and Climate ChangeRelationship with Environmental and Climate Change

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 2223/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 2223/4/21

East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Everest

Guoqu Glacier, Mt.Geladaindong

Palong No. 4 GlacierZadang Glacier, Mt. Niqingtanggula

Bacteria VariabilitiesBacteria Variabilities in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers


Methods Sampling sitesMethods Sampling sites

Glaciers Altitude /m Mean temperature /°C

Highest /lowest temperature /°C

Mean precipitation /mm

Snow pit depth/m

Years of the sampled snow

Guoqu 6621 2.8 18.8/-28.5 314 0.86 From winter of 2004

to Nov.2005

Zadang 5799 1.6 19.2/-23.5 359 1.52 From winter of 2005

to May 2006

East Rongbuk

6520 3.4 23.8/-22.4 174 1.70 From winter of 2003

to Apr.2005

Palong No.4

5507 9.6 28.6/-11.5 648 2.30 From winter of 2005

to Jun.2006


1 Enumerating bacterial abundance

Methods Laboratory analyses Methods Laboratory analyses

EPICS ALTRA II flow cytometer

δ18O：MAT-253 mass spectrophotometer

Concentration of ions ： Dionex Ion Chromatograph model 2010

DOC and TN ： TOC-Vcph (Shimadzu Corp. )

2 Environment index


3 Bacterial community------16S rRNA gene clone library construction

Community DNA extraction

PCR amplification

Restriction digestion with the enzymes Hha I and Afa I

Phylogenetic analysisStatistical analyses

Blast

Primes Sequence

27f AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG

1392r ACG GGC GGT GTG TRC

Methods Laboratory analyses Methods Laboratory analyses


Bacterial abundance and relationship with environmentBacterial abundance and relationship with environment

0 400 800

C ell abundance

X 103 ce lls m L-1

250

200

150

100

50

0

De

pth

cm

0 400 800

D O C

ug L-1

80 160 240

TN

g L-1

0 8000 16000

C a2+

ug L-1

0 400 800

C ell abundance

X 103 ce lls m L-1

0 600 1200

D O C

ug L-1

0 200 400

TN

ug L-1

0 800 1600

C a2+

ug L-1

0 8 16 24

C ell abundance

X 103 ce lls m L-1

0 1000 2000

D O C

ug L-1

40 80 120

TN

ug L-1

0 100 200 300

C a2+

ug L-1

0 200 400

C ell abundance

X 103 ce lls m L-1

0 600 1200

D O C

ug L-1

0 100 200

TN

ug L-1

0 200 400

C a2+

ug L-1

13320

538804

12400

11485

Guoqu Zadang East Rongbuk Palong No.4

Cell abundance in the snow at the northern glaciers was higher than that at the southern ones.

Tibetan Plateau ： 0.68 to 720×103 cells mL-1

Polor and other high mountain regions:200-105 cells mL-1

Among 88 snow samples ， 63% similar with Antarctic ， but lower than

Arctic and other glaciers; 30 % higher than Arctic and other glaciers

Average Ca2+ concentration 2723

Average cell abundance

658

64

69


others, 4%Bacteroidetes,

13%

Firmicutes, 6%

Actinobacteria,18%

γ-Proteobacteria,29%

β-Proteobacteria,12%

α--Proteobacteria,

18%

Bacterial diversity and relationship with environmentBacterial diversity and relationship with environment

The bacterial 16S rRNA genes sequences in snow over the Tibetan Plateau were dominant by γ-Proteobacteria,α-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.

All sequences in snow from the TP were near to the sequences in the GenBank database with identity values of 91-99%.

A majority of the sequences (81% of the total) were similar to sequences recovered from cold environments (glaciers, Antarctic soil , lake/sea ice in the Antarctic or Arctic, permafrost), soil and the aquatic environment.


0%10%

20%30%

40%50%60%70%80%

90%100%

Guoqu Zadang Palong No.4 East Rongbuk

α--Proteobacteria

β-Proteobacteria

γ-Proteobacteria

Actinobacteria

Firmicutes

Bacteroidetes

others


Bacterial genetic diversity in the snow varied at different glaciers

2.5 4.0 2.2 3.1Shannon H



Classification of the environment of the nearest neighbor of snow bacteria

Environment of the nearest neighbor

Total G ZD RBL PL

Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones

Cold environment 33% 43% 41% 71% 37% 39% 36% 16% 28% 55%

Soil 30% 25% 41% 17% 29% 33% 16% 26% 29% 20%

Aquatic environment 18% 24% 14% 6% 17% 14% 44% 58% 19% 12%

Plant 5% 4% 3% 5% 14% 9%

Air 6% 2% 10% 6% 3% 1%

Others 7% 3% 8% 8% 4% 4% 7% 2%


East Rongbuk

Guoqu

Zadang

Palong No.4

Alpha Beta Gamm Actinobacteria Firmicutes CFB others

Among a total of 83 genera, 23 genera occurred in more than one library. Eight genera existed in three libraries: Bradyrhizobium and Ochrobactrum; Acidovorax, Curvibacter, and Ralstonia; Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Bacillus

Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Plateau Plateau

Sphingomonas Polaromonas Genera common to the four libraries


ConclusionConclusion

Abundant bacteria existed in snow at the world highest plateau, most of them were

similar to those in the Antarctica, and less than those in the Arctic and other high mountains.

The abundance of snow bacteria was higher at the northern glaciers than at the

southern ones. Cell abundance were related with the input dust concentration but did not

show obvious correlation with the nutrient condition.

Unexpected high diverse bacteria dwelled in snow over the plateau. Common genera

distributed widely in glaciers located at different regions of the plateau, implying that the

same selective mechanism occur at plateau.

Bacteria in different glaciers showed their own features and connected with their locations,

indicating the relationship between bacteria and environment.


Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change


Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change

East Rongbuk ice core

Geladaindong ice core

Zuoqiupu ice coreNinjingangshan ice core


Length Sample Bacterial abundance AverageSpan of

years

Geladaindong 47 268 3.2×103-8.3×105 4.4×104 69 years1935-2004

Ninjingangshan 54.9 198 3.9×103-2.4×105 2.7×104 70 years1937-2007

East Rongbuk 22.5 173 0.5×103-1.1×106 2.0×104 41 years1963-2004

Zuoqiupu 96.8 384 1.8×104-6.5×104 1.6×104 52 years1955-2007

Bacterial abundance: cells mL-1

Bacterial abundance in ice cores Bacterial abundance in ice cores


Bacterial abundance and the Bacterial abundance and the δδ1818O along different ice coresO along different ice cores


Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along

the Geladandongthe Geladandong ice coreice core

3.2×103 to 8.3×105 cells mL-1

with an average of 4.4×104 cells mL-1


Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance,Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance, Ca Ca2+2+ concentration, and δ concentration, and δ1818O value in Geladandong ice coreO value in Geladandong ice core

R2 = 0.2071n =65

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000

Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)

Ca2+

co

ncen

trat

ion

R2 = 0.1194n =65

- 16

- 14

- 12

- 10

- 8

- 6

- 4

- 2

0

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000

Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)

18O


East Rongbuk ice coreEast Rongbuk ice core

Bacterial abundance correlate positively with NH4+ (r=0.23,p<0.005,n=164)

Bacterial abundance correlate positively with 18O(r=0.16,p<0.05,n=164)

No obvious correlate with Ca2+

Along depth


1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

01000020000300004000050000

0

1

2

3

4

120160200240280320

-20

-18

-16

-1430

40

50

60150200250300350400 C a 2+

N H 4+

D ingri tem perature

D ingri precip ita tion

C ell abundance

RBL Ice Core

y = 0.0003x + 41.74

R2 = 0.3746

0. 00

10. 00

20. 00

30. 00

40. 00

50. 00

60. 00

70. 00

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Cel l abundance (cel l s/ mL)

Conc

entr

atio

n of

NH4

+(u

g/mL

)

RBL Ice Core

y = 0.0011x + 211.81

R2 = 0.1615

0. 00

50. 00

100. 00

150. 00

200. 00

250. 00

300. 00

350. 00

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Cel l abundance

Ding

ri p

reci

pita

tion

RBL Ice Core

y = 3E-05x + 2.148

R2 = 0.3983

0. 00

0. 50

1. 00

1. 50

2. 00

2. 50

3. 00

3. 50

4. 00

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Cel l abundance (cel l s/ mL)

Ding

ri t

empe

ratu

reAnnual bacterial abundances correlate positively with

temperature, precipitation and NH4+ concentrations

East Rongbuk ice coreEast Rongbuk ice core


Zuoqiupu ice coreZuoqiupu ice core

0 20 40 60 80 100

-24

-20

-16

-12

-8

0

20

40

60

80

Ce

ll ab

unda

nce

X1

03

ce

lls m

L-1

0

10

20

30

40

EC

0

40

80

120

160

OC

0

50

200

Dus

t


1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-16

-14

O18

8

12

16

20

24

28

Cel

ls

4

6

8

10

12

14

EC

0

20

40

60

OC

8

8.4

8.8

9.2

9.6

Tem

pe

ratu

re

10

20

30

40

50

Du

st

400

600

800

1000

1200

Pre

cipi

tatio

n

Bacterial abundance and 1818O(r=0.24,p<0.05,n=44)

Annual variation

Bacterial abundance and precipitation (r=-0.36,p<0.01,n=44)

Bacterial abundance and teperature(r=0.70,p<0.005,n=44)

Bacterial abundance and EC/OC (r=0.23, p<0.05 ； r=0.35 ； p<0.01,n=44)

Zuoqiupu ice coreZuoqiupu ice core


ConclusionConclusion

Bacterial abundance shows different correlations with temperature and/or other

environmental factors in ice cores in different parts of the plateau;

Temperature outweighs other factors in determining the bacterial abundance in

different ice cores ;

Bacteria in ice cores are also subject to the influence of different air masses, th

us implying different environmental parameters. Bacterial abundance in Gelada

ndong is mainly influenced by dust from the continent, that in East Rongbuk is

indicative of biologic and anthropogenic activities, while that in Zuoqiupu, sou

theast Tibet, is suggestive of its relationship with masses from southeast Asia.


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基本建设局 bureau of capital construction, cas 1 2015-10-11 institute of tibetan plateau...

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