behavior › you learn by observing change › connections between neurons are formed relatively...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LEARNING
![Page 2: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Behavior
› You learn by observing Change
› Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring
› Change is usually permanent Practice and experience
› Reinforces
![Page 3: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning Stimulus – produces activity in an
organism› Anything perceived by the senses – smell,
touch, taste, sight, hearing Response – reaction of an organism to
a stimulus› Stimulus: Bright light› Response: Close/cover your eyes
![Page 4: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Aristotle Greek philosopher 4th Century B. C. Laws of Association
› Associations are mental connections between two stimuli
![Page 5: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ivan Pavlov Russian psychologist Won the Nobel Peace
Prize Classical
Conditioning Conducted his
research on dogs
![Page 6: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Natural Response Unconditioned Response (UCR)
› unlearned, occurs naturally, no conditioning or training are needed in order to produce this response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) › the stimulus that causes the UCR
![Page 7: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Learned Response Conditioned response (CR)
› Learned response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)› A stimulus presented that wouldn’t
normally cause a certain response
![Page 8: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pavlov’s Experiment
What happens when a dog is given food ?› Gets excited, jumps around, salivates
What happens when you ring a bell?› Gets excited jumps around, NO salivating
What happens if every time you give a dog food you rang a bell?› The dog will eventually salivate
What happens now if you ring the bell?› The dog will salivate
![Page 9: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pavlov’s Experiment UCS
› Food UCR
› Salivation
CS › Bell
CR › Salivation
Why does the dog now salivate to the sound of the bell?› The dog has learned to associate the bell with food – he
learned something!
![Page 10: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pavlov’s Observations
The following 4 areas play a role in classical conditioning› Time between CS and UCS› Repetition› Extinction› Generalization and discrimination
![Page 11: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Applications of Classical Conditioning
1. Counterconditioning› Changing a negative response to a positive
one 2. Flooding
› Having a person face their fear continuously
3. Desensitization› Gradually exposing a person to something
they fear
![Page 12: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Operant Conditioning
A behavior is learned in connection with a reward or punishment
![Page 13: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
E.L. Thorndike Operant conditioning Placed a cat in a “puzzle box”
› One lever in the box would open the door› The cat would claw around and eventually find the
lever› Once the door opened the cat was able to get out
and received a reward (food)› The cat was put back in the box, it would claw
around again and find the lever, get out of the box and receive the reward
› After a number of trials the cat new exactly where to go to get his reward
![Page 14: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
B.F. Skinner Behavior psychologist Respondent behavior
› The response that is involuntary, it doesn’t have to be learned, it happens automatically
Operant behavior› Voluntary behavior, choosing to do
something Reinforcement
› Encourages or discourages a behavior
![Page 15: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Any response followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated
A stimulus is considered reinforcing when it increases the rate of an operant behavior
![Page 16: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Primary and Secondary Reinforcements
Primary › A stimulus that is tied
to some aspect of survival (food, water)
Secondary› A stimulus that is not
necessary for survival, (money, praise)
![Page 17: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Changes in Operant Conditioning
Generalization › when stimuli are similar but not identical,
and the CR still occurs Discrimination
› learning the difference between two similar stimuli
Extinction › getting rid of a response
![Page 18: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Shaping
A method of refining a behavior by reinforcing behaviors that are close to the desired behavior
Eventually the reinforcements will lead to the actual desired behavior
![Page 19: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Chaining Teaching steps to a desired behavior
separately
Once each behavior is linked together you get the actual desired behavior
![Page 20: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
How often must a person receive reinforcement for a behavior to continue?
Fixed Schedule› Given consistently
Variable Schedule › Given at different rates or times
![Page 21: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Ratio Schedule › Based on the number of times a behavior
occurs and the rate at which it’s reinforced Interval Schedule
› Reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time
![Page 22: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Biology of Conditioning
Taste Aversion› Develop a dislike for a particular food if it
resulted in an illness (biological preparedness)
› Adaptive behavior Instinctual Drift
› Instincts› We drift towards certain things because of
inborn tendencies
![Page 23: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Latent Learning Edward Tolman
› Individuals interact with the environment› Form associations between two different
stimuli› Cognitive maps – associations made
previously that can be used at a later time› Latent learning – using a previously
learned behavior at a later time, but when you learned it, it wasn’t obvious that you could use it for something else
![Page 24: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Insight Learning
Wolfgang Kohler Figuring out a method or behavior
› Placed chimpanzees in cages with bananas hanging from the ceiling
› In the cages were several boxes› Chimps tried jumping and climbing to get
to the bananas› After a while they studied the boxes› They then stacked the boxes, climbed on
top and got the bananas
![Page 25: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cognitive Theories
Cognition › Thinking› Memory formation› Learning› Problem solving
![Page 26: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Jean Piaget
French psychologist Mental abilities develop as a function of
biological development & experience Schemas contain info. About
› Objects› Actions› Events› Relationships
Example: Morning routine
![Page 27: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Jean Piaget
Children are already born with certain schema› Suck› Reach › Look› Grasp
![Page 28: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)› Differentiates self from objects› Object permanence – things continue to
exist even when they are no longer present to the senses
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)› Use language, represent objects with
words
![Page 29: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Stages of Cognitive Development 3. Concrete operational (7-12)
› Think logically› Classifies objects by several features
(size, color, shape) 4. Formal operational (12 & up)
› Become concerned with the hypothetical, the present, and the future
![Page 30: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Factors Affecting Learning
Meaningfulness› Words or ideas that have personal meaning
Transfer› Learning new information, but being able to use it
in real world situations Chemical Influence
› Stimulants – caffeine, soda, coffee – inc. brain chemicals and may allow for more rapid learning
› Depressants – alcohol – reduce nerve firing and the potential for learning
![Page 31: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Social or Observational Learning
Albert Bandura› Direct experience› Vicarious experience - observing
![Page 32: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bandura’s Research Divided preschool children into 2 groups
› One watched a film of an adult playing quietly with a doll
› The other watched a film of an adult playing aggressively with the doll Punching, kicking, throwing it around the
room Later, when the children were allowed
to play with toys, those who had seen the more aggressive film were more than twice as likely to act aggressively
![Page 33: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Processes in Observational Learning
Acquisition or modification of a behavior after at least one exposure to the behavior Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Processes Motivation
![Page 34: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Violence in the Media
Observational Learning› Media violence can encourage violent
behavior
› Children brought up in a home where there is no aggressive behavior or punishment are usually less likely to exhibit violent behaviors seen in the media.
![Page 35: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Current Approaches
Individual differences in cognitive processes› The big picture› Minor details› Hands-on › Think or reasoning
![Page 36: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Factors that Influence Learning
Emotions› Advantageous to learning› If emotions are overwhelming, little
learning takes place Evolutionary
› Processes are inborn and are turned on by situations we face each day
![Page 37: Behavior › You learn by observing Change › Connections between neurons are formed Relatively enduring › Change is usually permanent Practice and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e405503460f94b32130/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Factors the Influence Learning
Culture› Values – learning depends on your family
values› Perceptual Processes – how do you
perceive what you come into contact with› Intelligence – varies among people