� First in Height, First in Flight

Nepal Center of North Carolina, Inc.

ISSN 2167-1214

Printed atGriffin Printing Co. • 500 Uwharrie Ct. • Raleigh, NC 27606, USA • (919) 834-9313

Earthquake impacted Bouddha Nath Stupa,

Kathmandu; Photo Courtesy: Dewan Rai

Disclaimer: The information, ideas, articles, and links provided herein do not represent official policies, procedures,

or opinions of Nepal Center of North Carolina, Inc (NCNC). The contents contained in the magaine have come from a variety of sources, including speeches, articles, field visit, and public reporting. Editors may not agree with all the contents of the magazine. NCNC is not liable for the damage

to anyone due to the information contained in this magazine. Any error or information should be mailed to the editor at the above address.

Table of Contents

S.No. Title

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8

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11

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16

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29

30

NCNC Life Members

NCNC Financial Statement

NCNC Past Executive Committees

The GMO Debte The Wake Early College Experience

Why is Soccer a Good Sport?

Gautam Buddha and Buddha Dharma

The Beauties and Heritage of Nepal: Lets visit

Interview with Student Extra Ordinaire

Nepal's Emblems NCNC Earthquake School Project

Grand Challenges for Engineering: Providing Access to Clean Water

Who Affected Science More?

Preserving Nepali Culture and Identity

Immigrant Children and Accuturation

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Informational NCNC

Informational NCNC

Informational NCNC

Article Dr. Dasharath Lohar

Article Prasil Dulal

Article Carrie Devkota

Article Dr. Tilak B. Shrestha

Article Phadindra Neupane

Interview Manoj Pradhan

Informational NCNC Article lshwar Devkota

Article Safal Wagle

Article Ayug Poudel

Article Ayushma Sharma

Article Himanshu N. Kuwar

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Bhimsen Basnet, Treasurer

We came to North Carolina in 2001 straight from Nepal. Since then, I, along with my wife Geeta Basnet, daughter Sadichchha and son Sakar Basnet, have been living in this state. As our kids grew from kids to teenager, and now adults, we have been witnessed a tremendous growth in our Nepali community. It grew from a few families to hundreds of families now. It is always a pleasure to see our Nepali community grow in such a fast pace.

I had served in the Nepal Center of North Carolina as a member of the Board of Directors during 2008-2009 and am currently serving our community in a capacity of its Treasurer. Last year's devastating earthquake in Nepal left all of us in pain and broken hearted. But, during such a difficult time, we all community came together and did our part as we were expected to do. In that sense, our past Board of Directors did a great job of coordinating those efforts. I thank them for their tireless work and time.

It is always easy to complain about things without realizing how hard other people are working selflessly to get things done. Now, it is time for us to think about how we can help one another within our community instead of expecting to receive something from the community.

Mohan Adhikari, BOD Member I've been living in Raleigh, NC for last 2 decades and I am from Panchkhal, Kavre, Nepal. I

am a farther of wonderful 6 years old daughter. For the living, I do Engineering and Technical program management work in Electrical Engineering field. I love outdoor activities and sports.

I am grateful to have such an opportunity to serve this wonderful community as an Executive BOD member. I have witnessed this community growing from handful of us to thousands of us. NCNC has been very successful not only for showcasing our Nepali Culture, tradition and ethnicity in this area but also helping all the community members when there is a need. Let's take some time to celebrate our success and start finding new opportunities to take this organization to the next level. Just like any other successful organization, we need each one of us to take ownership of all community activities to take our NCNC to much higher level. We have a real opportunity in front of us to establish NCNC as one of the elite organization in the Research Triangle Area which is in the short list of all Americans for relocating. Let's work together and take our community to next height!

Amar Ale, BOD Member It has been a great honor to be a part of NCNC and this great community.I= Ever since I moved

from Virginia in 2011, I directly, now as BOD member, or indirectly as community member have been involving in various NCNC organized community events. My family and I are very happy to be part of this community and very friendly community members. It feels a great pride when we all irrespective of our diversified personal & professional backgrounds, beliefs, and geographical locations; come together under one small roof to feel, enjoy and embrace our great Nepali enriched culture. That really makes sense to me saying as "Once a Nepali always a Nepali".

-- God bless Nepal, God bless America.

Dr. Unnati Ojha, BOD Member I have been a resident of North Carolina since the time I arrived in Raleigh in August of 2007

to pursue my graduate study at North Carolina State University. Since that time, I have always been welcomed, guided and helped multiple times by the Nepalese Center of North Carolina. This community stands as an icon of Nepalese unity and camaraderie. For me, it has been a medium that channels in a little bit of home by bringing us Nepalese in and around Raleigh/Cary/Morrisville area together in good times and in bad times: may it be when celebrating our festivities to commemorate our culture or when standing together to help our fellows back in Nepal during devastation.

I feel that now it is my turn to give back to the community what I have received in the past. As a member of the Board of Directors of NCNC, I hope to serve the Nepalese Community to the best of my abilities and shall continually strive to provide that "little-bit-of-home" feeling to all my fellow Nepalese people here in North Carolina.

Ram Poudel "RP", BOD Member In 2008, my wife and I came to North Carolina to visit friends and family. I had a chance to

interact and socialize with our community. In 2011, I migrated from Nepal to the US and chose to reside in NC which I came to love. I soon became a Life Member of NCNC and got engaged in different activities to help maintain as well as spread our culture and heritage. As I saw our community grow with great leadership, I encouraged myself to get involved as a BOD Member of NCNC for the years 2016-17. Together, I believe we can help preserve our culture for the next generation and generations to come. I am very thankful for being given such a great opportunity.

1. Dr. Devendra Man Amatya & Mrs. Azal Amatya

2. Dr. Shambhu Acharya

3. Mr. Narayan Deo & Mrs. Annapurna Deo

4. Ms. Shanti Rajlawat

5. Mr. Ishwor Devkota & Mrs. Kamala Devkota

6. Dr. Samantha Thapa & Mrs. Rashmi Thapa

7. Dr. Jaya Raj Joshi & Mrs. Sundara Joshi

8. Dr. Pete Andrews & Mrs. Hannah Andrews

9. Mr. Mark Tustin & Dr. Marcia Angel

10. Ms. Lynn Knauff

11. Mrs. Rama Dworkin

12. Dr. Narayan Rajbhandari & Mrs. Nirmala Rajbhandari

13. Mr. Bibhor Rimal & Mrs. Pranita Rimal

14. Mr. Janak Marahatta & Mrs. Prabha Marahatta

15. Mr. Madan Risal & Mrs. Meena Risal

16. Mr. Madhab Dhakal & Mrs. Sushma Dhakal

17. Mr. Subodh Gautam & Mrs. Pratima Gautam

18. Dr. Sanjay Bikram Shah & Mrs. Bindeshwari Shah

19. Mr. James Edwards & Mrs. Elizabeth Edwards

20. Mr. Nagendra Neupane and Mrs. Bhagabati Neupane

21. Dr. Ganga D. Sharma & Mrs. Saroj Sharma

22. Mr. Manoj Lama & Mrs. Sushila Lama

23. Dr. Ramesh Amatya & Dr. Sudha Amatya

24. Dr. Padam P. Paudel & Mrs. Usha Paudel

25. Mr. Shree Kanta Gautam & Mrs. Laxmi Gautam

26. Dr. John Paul & Mrs. Jill Paul

27. Ms. Lucy Siegel

28. Mr. Gyanendra Bam & Mrs. Rita Bam

29. Dr. Geni Eng & Mr. Dan Goetz

30. Dr. Quentin & Marjorie Lindsey

31. Mr. Suresh Thapa & Mrs. Sarala Thapa

32. Mr. Lekh Nath Dulal & Mrs. Rajeshwari Dulal

33. Mr. Bhimsen Basnet & Mrs. Geeta Basnet

34. Mr. Sujan Neupane & Mrs. Parita Neupane

35. Mr. Yagya Acharya & Mrs. Sarala Acharya

36. Mr. Shiva Prakash Mishra & Mrs. Sunita Mishra

37. Mr. Manoj Pradhan & Dr. Sushma Pradhan

38. Mr. Madan Rajbhandari & Dr. Dharma Rajbhandari

39. Mr. Udhav Karki & Mrs. Pabita Karki

40. Mr. Madhukar Devkota & Mrs. Rachna Devkota

41. Mr. Shyam Aryal & Mrs. Geeta Aryal

42. Mr. Mohan Adhikari & Mrs. Amrita Adhikari

43. Mr. Krishna Sedai & Mrs. Laxmi Sedai

44. Dr. Harihar Bhattarai & Mrs. Sunita Bhattarai

45. Dr. Bal Krishna Sharma & Mrs. Radha Sharma

46. Mr. Yam Kumar Shrestha & Mrs. Roshani Shrestha

47. Mr. Hare Ram Sharma & Mrs. Sushmita Sharma

48. Mr. Suresh Sapkota & Mrs. Mira Sapkota

49. Mr. Ananda Ghimire

50. Mr. Ashok Khanal & Mrs. Shova Khanal

51. Mr. Binod Dhakal & Mrs. Nisha Dhakal

52. Mr. Arun Dhital & Mrs. Pratima Dhital

53. Mr. Ashish Bhatta & Mrs. Sashi Bhatta

54. Mr. Shailendra Devkota & Mrs. Sapana Devkota

55. Dr. Rajesh Subedi & Dr. Nandita Subedi

56. Mr. Uttam Sedai

57. Mr. Basanta Khadka & Mrs. Santwana Khadka

58. Mr. Kisan Upadhyaya & Mrs. Pam Upadhyaya

59. Dr. Batu Sharma & Puja Sharma

60. Mr. Binaya Manandhar & Mrs. Pinku Manandhar

61. Mr. Bala Krishna Lamdari & Mrs. Buddhi Kumari Lamdari

62. Dr. Shreekant Adhikari & Mrs. Shanti Adhikari

63. Mr. Kumud Devkota & Mrs. Januka Devkota

64. Mr. Thakur Pant & Mrs. Muna Pant

65. Mr. Madhav Bhattarai & Mrs. Mira Bhattarai

66. Mr. Shishir Khanal & Mrs. Rita Khanal

67. Dr. Moha Bhatta & Mrs. Shova Bhatta

68. Dr. Ritesh Poudyal & Mrs. Muna Poudyal

69. Dr. Thakur Karkee & Mrs. Durga Karkee

70. Mr. Yugesh K. Shrestha & Mrs. Raj Kumari Sen

71. Dr. Sachin Mudvari & Mrs. Sradha Mudvari

72. Dr. Dipendra Aryal & Mrs. Santwona Aryal

73. Mr. Bikram Gautam & Mrs. Usha Gautam

74. Miss Deepa Dawadi

75. Mr. Chiranjibi Bhattarai & Mrs. Sandhya Bhattarai

76. Mr. Shiva Bhattarai & Mrs. Nirmala Bhattarai

77. Mr. Sunil Dhungel & Mrs. Sujata Dhungel

78. Mr. Ashok Aryal & Mrs. Pratima Aryal

79. Mr. Ashish Bhatatrai

80. Mr. Bharat Shrestha & Mrs. Pratima Shrestha

81. Mr. Bharat Bhattarai & Mrs. Anju Bhattarai

82. Mr. Baburam Dawadi & Mrs. Bimala Dawadi

83. Mr. Pawan Pandey

84. Mr. Sanjib Baral & Mrs. Susmita Baral

85. Mr. Rabindra Karki & Mrs. Sumitra Karki

86. Mr. Prem Pradhan & Mrs. Gita Pradhan

87. Mr. Hari Shrestha & Mrs. Ranjana Shrestha

88. Dr. Tika Adhikari & Mrs. Chandrakala Adhikari

89. Mr. Dil Bhattarai & Mrs. Menuka Bhattarai

90. Dr. Sitaram Ghimire & Mrs. Kalpana Ghimire

91. Dr. Harish Chandra Mahasheth & Mrs. Yogita Mahasheth

92. Mr. Sharad Acharya & Mrs. Namrata Acharya

93. Mr. Shiva Sharma & Mrs. Sharada Sharma

94. Mr. Jeevan khanal & Mrs. Pushpa Khanal

95. Mr. Ram Poudel & Mrs. Anita Poudel

96. Mr. Khadananda Regmi & Mrs. Titu Regmi

97. Mr. Bidhya Sagar Basnet & Mrs. Rima Basnet

98. Mr. Padam Bhatta & Mrs. Indira Neupane

99. Mr. Dharma Pantha & Mrs. Indira Pantha

100. Mr. Jagadish Parajuli & Mrs. Anita Parajuli

101. Dr. Debendra Koirala & Dr. Neetu Koirala

102. Mr. Dipendra N. Lamichhane & Dr. Archana Pande Lamichhane

103. Mr. Adarsha Acharya & Mrs. Bimala Acharya

104. Mr. Ramesh Khatri & Mrs. Kabita Khatri

105. Mr. Bhakta Khanal & Mrs. Uma Khanal

106. Dr. Achyut Prasad Sharma & Mrs. Mina Sharma

107. Mr. Lalitya Devkota & Dr. Shraddha Devkota

108. Dr. Aaditya Devkota

109. Mr. Mohan Chandra Baral & Mrs. Daxinkali Baral

110. Dr. Bhaskar Kunwar & Mrs. Neelam Karki

111. Dr. Dasharath Lohar & Mrs. Ramrati Lohar

112. Mr. Hari P. Kharel & Mrs. Sabita Gaire

113. Mr. Bishnu P. Kharel & Mrs. Bishnu Maya Bhusal

114. Mr. Nirmal Maharjan & Mrs. Sangita Maharjan

115. Mr. Chet Bhattarai & Mrs. Manju K. Bhattarai

116. Mr. Raj Ghimire & Mrs. Rashmi Ghimire117. Mr. Saroj Gautam & Mrs. Mina Gautam118. Mr. Tauleshwar Prasad Chaudhary & Mrs. Bindu Chaudhary119. Dr. Ghanashyam Shrestha & Mrs. Shristhi Rajbhandari

120. Mr. Ram Krishna Wagle & Mrs. Narottama Adhikari Wagle

121. Mr. Lokendra Chand & Mrs. Shush Chand

122. Mr. Aditya Upretee & Mrs. Tripti Dahal

123. Mr. Arun Sapkota & Mrs. Gita Paudel Sapkota

124. Mr. Rewoti Raj Adhikari & Mrs. Sita Devi Baral Adhikari

125. Mr. Delande M. Hunt & Mrs. Soni Ale

126. Mr. Ganesh Raj Bista & Mrs. Raju Bhatta Bista

127. Dr. Chandra Giri & Mrs. Tejaswi Giri

128. Mr. Bhim P. Timalsina & Mrs. Parbati Timalsina Chaulagain

129. Dr. Unnati Ojha and Mrs. Biva Shrestha

130. Mr. Amar Ale and Mrs.Sunmaya Ale

131. Mr. Sanoj Shakya and Mrs. Ramita Shakya

132. Mr. Arjun Kumar Shrestha and Mrs. Sabu Shrestha

133. Mr. Avesh Dhakal and Mrs. Aastha Neupane

134. Mr. Prasudhan Devkota and Mrs. Bindu Devkota

135. Mr. Laxmi Nath Paudel and Mrs. Sumitra Bhattarai

136. Mr. Birodh Timalsina and Mrs. Arati Timalsina

1. Mr. Rim Khadka2. Mr. Kiran Ulak3. Mr. Pramod Ghimire & Mrs. Prabha Ghimire4. Mr. Ghanendra Adhikari & Mrs. Rama Adhikari

(2013)5. Mr. Narayan Rai & Mrs. Khusbu Rai (2013)6. Mr. Upendra Thapaliya & Mrs. Mona Lisa Thapaliya

(2013)7. Mr. Ganga Khatri & Mrs. Sabita khatri (2013)8. Mr. Rabindra Budhathoki & Mrs. Sumitra

Budhathoki (2014)9. Mr. Ekraj Luitel & Mrs. Shaili Parajuli Luitel (2014)10. Mr. Santosh Nepal & Mrs. Sriju Gurung (2014)11. Dr. Uddhab Bhandary & Mrs. Prakriti Bhandary

(2014)12. Mr. Nirmal Adhikary & Mrs. Prativa Subedi (2014)13. Mr. Niranjan Acharya & Mrs. Shanta Poudel

Acharya (2014)14. Mr. Sharad Pyakuryal & Mrs. Kanti Adhikari (2014)15. Mr. Ram Thapa & Mrs. Niruja Thapa (2014)16. Mr. Anup KC & Mrs. Santoshi Khadka KC (2014)17. Mr. Ramesh Basnyat & Mrs. Sheetal Basnyat

(2014)

18. Mr. Uddhar Sharma & Mrs. Sunita Sharma (2015)19. Mr. Kamal Kafle & Mrs. Preeti Kafle (2015)20. Mr. Chintamani Kandel & Mrs. Prava Baral Kandel

(2015)21. Mr. Ghanashyam Poudel & Mrs. Nanda Kala

Poudel (2015)22. Mr. Amar Ale & Mrs. Sunmaya Ale (2015)23. Mr. Manoj Karki & Mrs. Pragya Thapa (2015)24. Mr. Ishwor Dhakal & Mrs. Gyanu Bhattarai (2015)25. Mr. Phadindra Neupane & Mrs. Saraswati Adhikari

(2015)

26. Mr. David N Kirkman & Mrs. Debra Skinner (2015)

27. Mr. Ajaya Sharma & Mrs. Richa Sharma (2015)

28. Mr. Narayan Luitel & Mrs. Urmila Luitel (2015)

29. Mr. Ananta Poudel & Mrs. Roshani Neupane Poudel (2015)

30. Mr. Udaya Kumar Bista & Mrs. Indira Bista (2015)

31. Mr. Narayan Luitel & Mrs. Urmila Luitel (2015)

32. Mr. Ananta Poudel & Mrs. Roshani Neupane Poudel (2015)

33. Mr. Udaya Kumar Bista & Mrs. Indira Bista (2015)

24-Jun Donation collected at NCNC Picnic-2016 $ 45.00

24-Jun Members fee $ 100.00

24-Jun Members fee $ 150.00

24-Jun Town of Cary I Deposite refund $ 175.00

24-Jun New Year 2073 Ticket sale $ 489.00

27-Jul NCNC Banner/ Volunter's sign $ 113.86

$ 30,956.54

Transaction Earthquake account : 4500

21-Jan Bank Serviced Charges · Prior Period $ 79.00

22-Jan Transferred to Checking for Blanket drive $ 3,200.00

$ 42,949.14

18-Apr Transferred received from Cheking $ 1,800.00

$ 44,749.14

1-Jul Transferred to Gorakha Foundation for School Project $ 36,000.00

$ 8,749.14

Transaction Nepali School Account : 2082

20-Jan New Check Book order $ 28.96

$ 6,983.00

9-Feb Donation from Mr. Chandra Giri $ 125.00

10-Feb School Rent ( Extra hour ) $ 25.00

17-Feb Saraswoti Pooja gift card $ 75.00

19-Feb Saraswoti Pooja Bheti $ 20.10

$ 7,028.10

10-Mar School Rent ( Extra hour ) $ 50.00

$ 6,978.10

2-May Volunteers Gift card/ New Year 2073 celibration $ 250.00

$ 6,728.10

26-Jun New Year 2073 Ticket sale $ 78.00

$ 6,806.10

27-Jul Picnic 2016 $ 692.06

$ 6,114.04

Transaction CD account 4477

Year to Date $ 1.30

$ 2,584.82

Sangalo 2016 - Issue 16, Year 16

For Details of all NCNC activities please visit: www.ncnepal.org

NCNC Past Executive Committees

Since 2000

Executive Committee: 2000- 2001 Executive Committee: 2008- 2009

1. lshwar Devkota (President) 1. Nagendra Neupane (President)2. Dr. Devendra M. Amatya (Vice President) 2. Yagya Acharya (Vice President)3. Annapurna Deo (Vice President) 3. Pam Upadhyaya (Vice President)4. Dr. Bir Thapa (Exe. Secretary) 4. Madhukar Devkota (Exec.Secretary)5. Bibhor Rimal (Treasurer) 5. Udhav Karki (Treasurer)6. Pramod Mishra (BOD) 6. Shanti Rajlawat (BOD)7. Shanti Rajlawat (BOD) 7. Radindra K.C.(Late) (BOD)8. Madan Risal (BOD) 8. Shiva Prakash Mishra (BOD)9. Janak Marhatta (BOD) 9. Bhimsen Basnet (BOD)

Executive Committee: 2002- 2003 Executive Committee: 2010- 2011

1. Annapurna Deo (President)2. Madhav Dhakal (Vice president)

1. Arun Dhital (President)2. Udhav Karki (Vice President)

3. Dr. Dasharath Lohar (Exe. Secretary) 3. Shreekanta Gautam (Vice President)4. Kisan Upadhyaya (Treasurer) 4. Shailendra Devkota (Exec. Secretary)5. Danile Goetz (BOD)6. Shanti Rajlawat (BOD)

5. Uttam Sedai (Treasurer)6. Dr. Rajesh Subedi (BOD)

7. Shreekanta Gautam (BOD) 7. Basanta Khadka (BOD)8. Dr. Padam Poudel (BOD) 8. Shashi Bhatta (BOD)

9. Prabha Marhatta (BOD)

Executive Committee: 2004- 2005 Executive Committee: 2012-2013

1. lshwar Devkota (President)2. Nagendra Neupane (Vice president)3. Madhukar Devkota (Vice President)4. Dr. Roshan Shrestha (Exe. Secretary)5. Madhav Dhakal (BoD)6. Kisan Upadhyaya (Treasurer)7. Bibhor Rimal (BOD)8. Yagya Acharya (BOD)9. Srijana Guiliford (BOD)

1. Shilendra Devkota (President)2. Udhav Karki (Vice President)3. Manoj Pradhan (Vice President)4. Shishir Khanal (Exe. Secretary)5. Bharat Shrestha (Treasurer)6. Madhab Raj Bhattarai (BOD)7. Deepa Dawadi (BOD)8. Dr. Chiranjibi Bhattarai (BOD)9. Rabindra Karki (BOD)

Executive Committee: 2006- 2007 Executive Committee: 2014-2015

1. lshwar Devkota (President)2. Nagendra Neupane (Vice President)3. Dr. Sushama Pradhan (Vice President)4. Madhukar Devkota (Exec. Secretary)5. Lekh Nath Dulal (Treasurer)6. ShantiRajlawat (BOD)7. Basanta Khadka (BOD)8. Kisan Upadhyaya (BOD)9. Rabindra K.C. (Late) (BOD)

1. Dr. Thakur Karkee (President)2. Dr. Tika Adhikari (Vice President)3. Rabindra Karki (Vice President)4. Dr. Batu Sharma (Exe. Secretary)5. Sujata Dhungel (Treasurer)6. Deepa Dawadi (BOD)7. Dr. Shreekant Adhikari (BOD)8. Oil Bhattarai (BOD)9. Balkrishna Upadhya (BOD)

Sangalo 2016 Issue 16, Year 16 6

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in common terms to common peopleliving in our community so that they can thinkindependently about the GMOs. This article isintended to fulfill that need and explain this toour Nepalese community.

Almost everything that we eat today hasbeen genetically modified through time by ourancestors in the past and by professionals atpresent. Careful selection and breeding leadsto the change in taste, appearance, growth andadaptation that we see in crops at present.Many of us would not want to eat the wild andnatural corn today (Figure 1). If almosteverything that we grow and eat is geneticallymodified, then why are we having this debateon GMO? The debate stems from the differencein methods that are used to make the geneticmodifications. The characteristics that can makea plant desirable to farmers, processors, traders,and consumers are called ‘traits’. In so called‘natural’ or conventional methods, we look fordesirable traits in the plant, select the plantswith desirable traits, transfer the desirable traitfrom one plant to another by cross fertilization,and sometimes we even mutate the plant withchemical and radiation for producing desirabletraits. Genetic change (modification) also occursin these methods, since without genetic change,the desirable traits will not transfer throughpropagation (multiplication of the plant eitherthrough seed or some other means). Thesemethods of making better plants, food, feed

My recent visit to a bank would havebeen unremarkable except that it turned out tobe an interesting conversation. No sooner Itold her that I worked for a company that sellscrop seeds, she retorted in a complaining tonethat these companies are playing with natureand making our food ‘Unnatural’. I had a lot ofexplaining to do. First of all, there is only littlenatural in how we live in the current world.Second, I explained that genetically modifiedseeds go through rigorous testing before beingapproved as safe by government agencies.That was the end of that conversation. It is notto belittle the health and safety risk that comeswith unapproved genetically modified organism(GMO). But the same can be said of anytechnology. That is why there are elaborategovernment regulations put in place. The notionthat genetically modified food, feed and fiberareunsafe and are out to destroy everything forthe sake of corporate profit is widespread inmany parts of the world including the UnitedStates. Whether this notion is borne out of anyscientific knowledge of GMO or popular cultureis a good question to ask even though a youtubevideo shows that it is probably the latter. Manyyears ago, I taught a graduate course titled,GMO: the Science and the Controversy. Ibelieve one can find similar courses at manyuniversities for education on GMOs. But theremay be only few students who choose to spendtime and money on this type of course.Additionally, there is a need to explain thescience and the risks associated with GMOs

and fiber are exempted from the GMO debate.

Figure 1. Changes in the appearanceand size of corn ear through time and geneticmodifications. The wild ancestors and first cornswere primitive with small cobs and low yield.Source: http://www.slideshare.net/b4fa/plant-breeding-and-b iotechnology-uganda-november-2012

Genetic modification rendered througha relatively new method, called geneticengineering, is the issue at hand. In this method,the gene (DNA sequence) that can produce adesirable trait is identified, put together withsome other DNA sequences and delivered intothe plant cell for integration into its heritage(Plant DNA; Figure 2). The process is calledtransformation. There are several planttransformation methods, in which a bacteriumcalled Agrobacterium is widely used.Agrobacterium occurs naturally and does planttransformation on its own, and therefore isutilized by scientists as a ‘Genetic Engineer’.Once desired DNA is integrated, it becomes apart of plant DNA and if everything is right,produces the desired trait. The method ofgenetic engineering is precise, relatively fast,and does not bring undesirable DNA along(called genetic drag). Seed produced usinggenetic engineering is variously called astransgenic, genetically modified (GM), biotech,or genetically engineered. Genetic engineeringrevolutionized the way professionals improve

plants for food, feed, fiber, andornaments. The technology of geneticengineering became popular quickly. The seedmade using genetic engineering are liked byfarmers in particular since these GM seedsmake farming easy and efficient, increasingthe farm productivity and profits. GM seeds canalso reduce pesticide sprays on crops.Consequently, biotech crop acreage increasedby more than 100-fold from 1.7 million hectaresin 1996 to 179.7 million hectares in 2015 (ISAAA2015, Beyond Promises: Top 10 Facts aboutBiotech/GM Crops in their First 20 Years. 1996to 2015).

Figure 2. A simplified drawing on geneticengineering of plant

One great limitation on transferring traitsthrough cross fertilization is that not all plantsare cross compatible. For example, we cannotcross rice with corn. Therefore, we cannottransfer good traits, such as corn’s vitamin Amaking proteins, into rice, which does not havethese proteins. In genetic engineering methods,since the DNA sequence is delivered directlyinto the plant cell, there is no need to crossfertilize two plants for transferring a desirabletrait.DNA sequence from any organism can beput into plant, and plant will make it as its own.Usually, the effect of DNA sequence is alsotransferable between organisms so thatthedesirable trait is also produced in the plant

after transformation. This breaking of thebarrier between organisms is probably thegreatest benefit of genetic engineering, whichalso carries the uncertainty, and hence theGMO debate. The risk associated withtransgenic plants stems from the uncertaineffect of the introduced DNA on the transgenicplant itself, on other plants around it, and onorganisms including animals and humansthat can eat it in large quantities. Such plantscan be toxic to flora and fauna, can becomeweedy, and can harm humans. Therefore,such GM plants/seeds are strictly regulatedby governments. Only those GM plants andseeds approved as safe by Governmentagencies after review of data from extensivetesting are permitted for unrestricted releaseinto the environment. There is zero tolerancefor the presence of regulated GMOs inunrestricted environment. In the United States,three government agencies, USDA (UnitedStates Department of Agriculture), FDA (Foodand Drug Administrat ion) and EPA(Environmental Protection Agency), regulateGM plants. GM plants are not deregulated(unrestricted release into the environment)until proven safe based on data from scientificexperiments. For the GMO to be deregulated,these experiments have to prove that the GMplant/seed is equivalent to its non-GMcounterpart in terms of growth habit,reproduction, chemical composition, nutritionalvalue (except if the trait is nutritionalenhancement such as increased vitamin A),and is not toxic to fish, birds and animals.GM seeds that fail one of the tests are notapproved for release to the public. Thesetests take a long time and are very expensive.Typically, to bring a single GMO seed type tomarket can take about 15 years, and can costthe producing company about $150 million.Thus, by the time GM seed goes to a farmerfor production, it has been proven to be safeand approved as such by multiple governmentagencies.

In addition to the safety risks, GM seedis sometimes regarded as security risk (suchas food security) by some governments,particularly in the non-Western world. Thesecurity risk emanates from the fact that GMseed is usually owned by companies based inthe Western industrialized countries. Therefore,supply of seed (and hence food) can be usedas a political tool to make countries ‘fall in line’.Additionally, foreign companies can withholdsupply of seeds if not compensated as per theirdemand. To deal with these security scenarios,usually governments put regulations in placewhile dealing with companies that make andsell GMO seeds.

In summary, it is reasonable to becautious about the GMO products same aswith any technology. The GMO products havebeen in use for over 20 years now, and havebeen found to be safe once approved by theregulatory agencies. One question that comesup time and again about GMO is, ‘but we donot know the long term effect of GMOs’. It is afair question to ask. How can we know the longterm effect of GMOs? With so many otherconfounding factors (such as all sorts of moderntechnologies), and a lack of control population,it will be really hard to ascertain what if wenever had any GMO. The question is similarto ‘what if we never had autos’. Would we beliving longer now or shorter? It is a difficultquestion to answer.If we call economic growtha progress, then we have to go along with thetechnology. The GMO debate is not going toend any time soon. Therefore, the need is tobe vigilant, get educated and make a choicebased on personal preference. Recently, theUnited States put in place a law that mandateslabeling all food packages for the presence ofGMO. The choice of what we want to eat isours!

(The author has worked in the agricultureindustry for over 25 years, employing bothconventional as well as genetic engineering methodsto make better plants. He can be reached atdplohar@yahoo.com. The author thanks to ShubhamUpadhyay for proof reading the draft.)

Ninth Grade

The first day of Wake Early College wasa strange one. When I first went inside of thePerry Health Science Campus lobby, it was aspectacular view. The principal of our school,Mrs. Lisa Cummings was greeting every studentat the door, and the other kids were makingnew friends, and rekindling with their old friends.Afterwards, we received our new classschedules, and made our way upstairs to ourclassrooms.

During the first semester, all of theincoming freshmen were required to take basicfreshman courses, such as,world history,geometry, freshman seminar, and earth science.World history was the best class I had evertaken because Mr. King, my teacher, nevergave any quizzes or tests. He only gave usprimary and secondary analysis documents toanalyze, and the finals at the end of thesemester. Freshman seminar at our school isa little weird because it is both English andFreshman Seminar mixed together.

Nevertheless, freshman seminar was avery easy course because it was mostlymemorizing vocabulary and debating. EarthScience was one of the greatest courses thatI have taken because of our teacher, Dr. Colbert.Dr. Colbert’s teaching methods were very odd,but that was because he was preparing us forcollege courses. He was only there as a guide.He expected us to teach ourselves. In his class,we only talked about the homework from thenight before, and took tests and quizzes tomake sure that we were understanding thematerial. Geometry was very easy for mebecause a cousin of mine, who was here overthe summer time, taught me what I needed toknow for Common Core 1 class.

In August of 2012, I started Wake EarlyCollege of Health and Sciences (Wake EarlyCollege), located in Raleigh, North Carolina.Ipreviously heard about this school from myformer middle school, West Cary Middle School.The first time I heard about Wake Early Collegeand STEM Early College was when the twoschools came to my middle school to give abrief presentation about the schools. After thepresentation, my dad told to me, “Son, WakeEarly College is the best school for you.” Mydad was clearly taken away with how greatWake Early College was. However, I likedSTEM more because the school was locatedon North Carolina State University’s campus,and I knew that if I could do well in the highschool classes and college classes, I wouldhave a great chance of getting into NCSU.However, my dad thought that it would be bestfor me to go to Wake Early College instead ofSTEM because STEM was focused moretowards Engineering and Math, where as Iwanted to focus on Health and Science.

When the applications opened, I endedup applying to both. During the three-monthwaiting period after I submitted my application,I became nervous and anxious as to if I wouldget in to either of them. If I was not acceptedto either one, then I would have to go to mybase school, Panther Creek. In late March, Ireceived good news from both schools. I hadgotten accepted to both schools. That is whenI had to make the tough choice about whereto go. So, I thought about it for a few days and,after much thought and consideration, I decidedthat it would be best to follow my dad’s adviceto go to Wake Early College as I want tobecome a Physician in the future. This is whenthe toughest four years of my life began.

During the second semester, we startedtaking sophomore courses. I took PersonalFinance, English I, Spanish, and Geometry II.Personal finance was a great class because ittaught me about how I should spend my moneyand how to invest it. Spanish 1 was my leastfavorite class, and it was also the least favoriteclass of all the students there. Our teacher’steaching methods were useful for visuallearners, but not for other kinds of learners. Iam a kinesthetic learner. So, her methods didnot work for me. For example, she used tomake us color papers with Spanish words inorder to help us learn, but it did not help me atall. English I was an amazing class becausemy teacher helped me improve my readingskills, and pass the class with an A grade.Geometry II was almost the same as GeometryI with just a few new units.

I also started Science Olympiad with Dr.Colbert and Mrs. Barnes, my10th grade mathteacher. Dr. Colbert said that many studentsbefore me had tried to start Science Olympiadwith him, but, because I asked earlier thanothers, he had enough time to plan. At ourregional competition, my partner and I wereplaced 2nd out of 24 schools in astronomy,and our team came out 8th overall out of the24 competing schools.

Tenth Grade

The first day back for the 10th grade, Ireceived my schedule and I knew that it wouldbe a very tough semester. We began classesthat juniors would take at a traditional highschool, and there was also a college class thatwe had to take in order to earn our High Schooldiploma. Our college class was HEA-110counted as our gym credit. We also tookSpanish II, Biology, and Algebra. Spanish IIwas an extremely tough course for me, and it

still surprises me as to how I passed the course.HEA-110 was my first real college class withcollege students. Because the work-load wasn’tas heavy as high school classes, it was easierto do well in this class. Biology was also a greatclass because of how the teacher taught it.

My father is a biology major. So Ireceived major support from him in order totry my best. However, after taking biology andseeing all of the materials that I had to learn inan introductory course, I decided that studyingto be a physician was not the road I wanted totake. Algebra with Mrs. Barnes was one of thebest classes ever because I enjoy math a lot.It was still hard at times because I had notpracticed over the summer time.

When the second semester started, itwas time for me to start taking courses thatseniors would take at a traditional high school.Before the second semester started, I decidedthat I would have a better future in criminaljustice law. This future was brought to myattention by my friend, Paras Khatri. When Iwent back to school, I had to take civics andeconomics, English II, chemistry, and pre-algebra. Civics and economics was a fun classfor me because I wanted to become a lawyer,and the course taught us a little about law andour justice system. English II turned out not agreat class and did not meet my expectationsas English I. I did not receive the same kind ofsupport that I received as when I took EnglishI. Chemistry with Dr. Colbert was absolutelyamazing. This class was the class that I did notdo as well as I thought I would, but it wasamazing to learn about the chemistry principles,and how we use it every day. Math, thissemester, was slightly harder than beforebecause I hadn’t practiced over the summerand it was also pre-algebra, which I did notwant to take until my semester at North Campus.

That year, I did Science Olympiad again.I earned 2nd place in astronomy out of 24schools, and 2nd in geologic mapping out of24 schools. Our school got 7th place overallout of 24 schools!

For the next semester, we had to takea placement test to determine whether or notwe could move on to the North Campus, andwhen I did, I passed all of the sections with a90% or higher. The administrators told me thatI could make a decision as to whether I wantedto move on to North Campus, or stay back onour Health and Sciences campus for one ortwo more semesters. After discussing thebenefits of staying back on the Health Sciencecampus, and the benefits of going on to NorthCampus, I decided that staying back on HealthScience would be my best option. The reasonthat I decided to stay back was because I couldget my high school diploma at the end of myJunior year, and I could take online classes aswell. My friends moved on to North Campus,but I stayed back. I am proud of that decisionnow.

Eleventh Grade

On the first day of school in the Eleventhgrade, I learned that I would be allowed to takethree online classes and only one regular class.I decided to take only two online classes thefirst semester because I did not know as tohow much work I would have. I chose to takeLeadership Development and American HistoryI classes online because we did not have anyteacher who taught at our school. I also tooktwo classes that were not online: English IIIwith Mrs. Johnson, and Health Science I withMrs. Hill. English III with Mrs. Johnson was achange from English II because Mrs. Johnsonhelped students in any way that she could inorder to help them pass.

Mrs. Johnson was not my English Iteacher, but she and my English I teacher hadmany of the same traits. For example, shehelped me pass the class with a high grade byproviding me with high moral support.Leadership Development and American History1 were both very easy courses, and I endedup with one of the highest grades in both,compared to my classmates. Health ScienceI was a relatively easy course because of myteacher. She was funny and, most importantly,motivated us to do well. She also gave us manyopportunities to retake tests, and even droppedour lowest test grade. Reflecting upon the endof the first semester, I was glad of the choicesthat I had made in taking those courses.

In the second semester, I chose twomore online classes in order to meet therequirements for my High School diploma. Itook American History II and English 4 online,and also decided to re-take Chemistry as I didnot earn a grade that was satisfying to me. Idecided to take Health Term Relations courseas well. Again, the online classes were easy,and I did earn one of the top spots in the class,compared to the rest of my classmates. InChemistry, we did the same work as last time,and because of that, I received a high B. HealthTerm Relations was exactly like Health ScienceI, and I loved it very much. When the secondsemester ended, I had received my High SchoolDiploma, but I needed to stay for my senioryear of High School. So I did I even went toNorth Campus full time.

In Science Olympiad, I again received2nd place in Astronomy out of 24 schools, and5th in Air Trajectory out of 24 schools. Ourschool got 6th place out of 24 schools in total.

Senior Year

My senior year started off amazing. Iwas on a new campus with my old friends andnew teachers and professors. I was also ableto take amazing college classes with collegestudents.In the first semester, the schooldecided the courses I should take. So I tookEnglish 111, Psychology 150, Math 143, andCollege Transfer 122. English 111 is a requiredcourse that every student at Wake Tech needsto take in order to obtain an Associate’s degree.Psychology 150 is an introductory course thatis not required by Wake Tech, but students areadvised to take it. Math 143 is accounting math.College Transfer is a course that is designedto help a student learn about how to transferto a four-year university.It is now a requirementfor all Wake Tech graduates.

The next semester, I was able to choosemy own courses to take. So I decided to takeEnglish 112, Biology 110, Communications

110, and History 131. English was arequirement again, and Biology was a courseI took because my dad asked me to, and Idid not enjoy it. Communications taught usthe basic principles of talking to others andlistening. History was exactly like AmericanHistory I, so it was very easy to pass.

In Science Olympiad, I again came in2nd place out of 24, and our school came 5thplace overall out of 24 schools. This was alsothe first year that our school made it to thestate level competition. In astronomy, ourteam came in 5th out of 156 schools, and inair trajectory, we came in 20th out of 156schools.

When I graduate in May, 2017, I hopeto enroll at Embry Riddle AeronauticalUniversity located in Daytona Beach, Floridawith a major in aeronautical science and aminor in air transportation. I feel that my WakeEarly College has prepared me well for thechallenges ahead.

Do you ever feel bored? Well, soccer isa good sport. This is how you can become aprofessional athlete. By playing soccer yourlife can be better. In soccer there is team work,exercise and fun.

In soccer teamwork happens when theentire team works to get the ball in the goalpost. You also meet new people because youare working with them. In soccer there are 6positions so there has to be at least 6 players.That is how there is team work in soccer. Theplayers in the team support each other. Afterthat, there is a lot of exercise because whenyou are running to get the ball you areexercising. Another way you get exercise isby kicking the ball. You have to dribble the ball

towards the goal then kick it in for it to go inthe post.

Next there is a lot of fun in soccer. Thereis not just winning or losing, you have to havefun. You have to be humorous to support peoplewhen they are sad or hurt. When you arelearning to play , fun keeps it exciting. Soccerincreases confidence , when you score a goalit makes you feel good as you accomplishedit together as a team. Everybody cheers andjumps up and down.

I hope you understand why I like soccer!Teamwork, exercise and fun is what soccer isall about. Try playing soccer with your friends.Remember to have fun.

Divine Buddha is the bright spiritual lightto the world. Siddhartha Gautam Shakya‘Buddha’ was born in Nepal. He is the universalphenomena. Thus, we Nepalese take greatpride in him. The Baishakh Purnima (Full moonday) in the month of Baishakh is the BuddhaJayanti - The day when Buddha was born (InLumbini, Nepal), achieved enlightenment‘Buddha’ (Kashi) and Maha Nirwan (KushiNagar). The Buddha Jayanti this year (May21st, 2016) marked his 2560th birthday. It wascelebrated with special zeal with manyprograms, including an international conferencein Lumbini on Buddha’s teachings and theirapplication in our life and the world, with manyinternational dignitaries and scholarsparticipating from all around the world.

Buddha was born to King Sudhodhanand Queen Maya Devi. The royal astrologersprophesized that the boy is not an ordinaryperson, but will become either the greatestKing or the greatest Ascetic, the world has everseen. King thought bringing the prince in luxurywould avoid being an ascetic. King made surethat the prince is kept totally isolated from anyof the ugliness and the sadness of the life.Prince grew up to be a kind-hearted person.He married gorgeous Princess Yashodhara,and had a son Rahul. He had the best of thelife anybody may imagine of.

He was a prince and brought up inluxury. But he happened to see a sick person,an old person and a dead person. He was toldthat the ugliness is simply a reality, a part oflife, and all of us must face them eventually.The young prince had the shock of his life. Hedecided to go out and find the cure of thisworldly sadness ‘Dukkha.’ He left the luxury ofthe palace and went around to different spiritualteachers and schools. He practiced everythinghe was told to do, and then some more. Finally,he initiated into the ascetic order ‘Sanyash’ inthe ‘Nirwani’ lineage under the ‘Shankhya’school.

He tried many different ways, but didnot succeed. Once he sat under a tree (Pipal,Bodhi) and vowed not to move till he succeeds.There was a long trial and tribulation, but thenall of a sudden he became Enlightened‘Buddha.’ What is Buddhahood? We are notBuddha. Thus, we do not know and cannotexplain. At best we may speculate. Anexplanation is a human intellectual attempt andwill be misleading to deal with the ‘beyond.’ Hemerely explained the ‘way’ worked for him. Itis for the practitioners to plod the way andrealize themselves. He did indicate however,“It is like awakening from a deep sleep. It isbliss.” Buddha had thousands and thousandsof disciples, whom he helped in the way. Manyof the monks realized Buddhahood. The firstknown such monk was Mahakashyap. Beforeall the monks, Siddhartha and Mahakashyapmerely smiled at each other.

Buddha dharma is the empirical spiritualdiscipline. It uses methods only within humanfaculty, not ‘beliefs’ or ‘outside.’ It is not faith,ideology, religion, ethnicity or nationalism. ThusBuddha’s teachings and analyses are withinrational self-examination of the world includingown mind. Buddha Dharma emphasizes onGnan yoga and Raj yoga.

We may notice that Shaiva Dharma,Shankhya Darshan, and Bauddha Dharma allprescribe and emphasize same paths - Gnan‘knowledge’ and Raj ‘meditation’ yogas. Thedifferences are: Shiva Dharma comes with thebelief in ’Brahman’, in Shankhya the believethat the life form is the combination ofmatter / energy and consciousness. BuddhaDharma does not have any beliefs as a priori.Bodhi (Brahman – Pali) is to be realizedpersonally at the end of the journey, if at all.That is the break through. It also makes BuddhaDharma most scientific. However, all of themkeep their root – ‘OM.’ Buddhist mantra - “OmMani Padme Hum – there is the jewel in thelotus.” There is the reality beyond what is visible.

Buddha Dharma focuses on these fournoble truths of life:

1. Suffering exist, this is how our mind work2. Suffering arises from attachment to desires3. Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases4. Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path

Happiness comes from within, not fromoutside. Thus, by nature we are happy. Thenwhy are we still unhappy? Rain falls straightdown; grass grows straight up. Only wind bendsthem. Thus, instead of telling how to behappy from outside, Buddha analyzed thecause of our unhappiness ‘Dukkha.’ If weare able to remove the blocks making usunhappy, then we will, by nature, be happy.As the wind is natural and affects rain andgrass, we are also affected by external factorsleading to Dukkha. Freedom from unhappinessis possible if we discipline our life in controllingdesires by following the eight-fold path ofBuddhism:

The eight-fold path: Buddha also givesan outline of a right (Samyak - virtuous andbalanced) life designed to minimize desires. Itis not a commandment to believe and obey,but to think through, realize its core of wisdom,and apply in your life. Buddha emphasizes onthe ‘Middle path.’ It should be like strings in theSitar, neither too tight, nor too loose. Here isthe eight-fold path grouped into three.

A. Wisdom (panna): 1. Right View, 2. Right Thought

B. Morality (sila): 3. Right Speech, 4. Right Action, 5. Right Livelihood

C. Meditation (samadhi): 6. Right Effort, 7. Right Mindfulness, 8. Right Contemplation

Buddha Dharma explains nothingness‘Sunyabad.’ Suppose there is a big tangled‘knot’ tied out of many colored strings. Suppose

you slowly untangle the knot one string at atime. At the end what will remain out of the‘knot?’ Nothing. If everything and effect havecauses, then if you slowly remove all the causes,what will be left out – nothing. It is to knownothing is permanent and does not have itsown existence, but the result of other causes.Thus as soon as the causes disappear, theresult also will. The dis-tangling is the practice,which leads to the emptiness / nothingness /Sunyabad. Why even bother to do that.Because, you need to be free from preciselysimilar questions.

Buddha Dharma always stresses on‘Now / Present.’ Past is memory, future isexpectation. You have no control over them.You can do something only in present. Theguidelines being facts and compassion for all,as best as we can. Buddha is for being relevantand to concentrate on the problem at hand,and not to be pushed around by theories,doctrines and speculations. If you are stuck byan arrow, what will you do? First, pull the arrowout and put medicine on it. Idle speculationsshould not preclude it. It will be foolish to insiston investigating ‘what kind of arrow it is’ or‘what kind of bow it was shot from’, beforepulling the arrow.

Buddha was getting old and came thetime for Maha-Nirvan. He was served food withmushroom (called pig’s foot mushroom,because pigs find it by scratching the groundwith their feet). Unfortunately, the mushroomhappened to be poisonous. Monks startedcrying. If you have any questions, this is thetime to ask. He opened his palm indicating hedid not hide anything. He touched the groundsymbolizing, the existence is the witness. Afteranswering all the inquiries, Buddha asked threetimes if there are any questions. No more. Thenhe moved ‘Gata’ from physical body to mind.Then he moved ‘Gata’ from mind toconsciousness. Then Karunamaya Gata fromconsciousness to Nirvana.

Buddham Sharanam Gachchhami!May Buddha bless us all!

One day, while seeing the map of theworld, I got interested in the world`s biggestcountries. Giant, huge countries that coversmany square kilometers, can be easily foundin the atlas; whoever searcher be. China, Indiaare such countries, they have hugeness, canbe found easily, whoever searches. What inaddition can be found is a small, very smallcountry that not everyone can find in the atlasvery easily. Yes, between two of world`s giantcountries, there lies Nepal, a small country,with its great value of being small. The smallerthings have high value; like diamond, you neversearch for a big size diamond, there are notdiamond mountains, the rareness values high.Nepal; there is no other country like Nepal, itsrareness values high too.

For people who don’t know Nepal; its“A country somewhere in Asia” while thatdoesn’t make a full Nepal`s introduction. It’s acountry of Himalaya; including that of world`shighest mountain, consider a height of 8848,which nowhere in the world exists, consideryourself in that height seeing other cute smallmountains all around you, all white, all beautiful.Not limited to Everest, 8 of world`s 14 eightthousand mountains lie here; including the holyGauri Shankar, Kanchenjunga (3rd of world),a series of Annapurna, Makalu and many more.A series of mountains from west to the east ofall northern border, white mountains, blackmountains, Rocky Mountains, big mountains.

A country that is scattered from west tothe east; has its clearly divided geographicalstructure. A plain Terai in the south (15%),Green hills in almost half of middle portion(68%) while there are series of world`s highmountains (17%) in the north. The Terai haslarge forests with big cities. Nepal`s big nationalparks, most of which are world heritage sitesare situated in the south, catering the world`srare one horned Rhino, the Royal Bengal Tiger,Elephants, Deers, Wild Buffaloes, flora and

fauna. This is where you can explore the biology;encounter world`s rarest kind of birds, thebiggest rivers flow through Terai, there arecultural variances; from east to the west. TheGreen hill in the middle belt is what the mostof Nepal lies; go through the widest landscapesthat varies in every other place you see, oneof world`s highest gorge lies here, the god ofnature herself has descended from heaven tolive here to show you the Lake at world`shighest altitude, a range of valleys; where thereis difference in culture, lifestyle, water springs,high rapid mountain rivers, a sound of holiness;that of monasteries, chaitya`s and temples.Wake up early morning with an alarm of bird`sbeautiful songs, song of the river feels like it isjust below where you are sleeping, and youare greeted with delicious Nepali “Chiya” withsome beautiful smile early in the morning. Walkthrough the greenery; climb high hills to seethe beautiful valleys, rivers, villages atextremeness of geography, climb down themountain and see beautiful hills with flowers,a series of scattered houses, water flows,landscape in the slope of those beautiful hills.To the north, walk through the Giant mountains,all white. Wake up early morning to see thebeauties of goddess nature, the orange turnedwhite mountains in the sunrise, even the blackrocky mountain turn orange in the morning;there is all white snow around you, deep gorgesmaking you feel another existence of the world,icefalls, glaciers; at the very extremeness ofnature, there are lakes with beautiful blue watereven at this height. This is where all the worldaround you is smiling all the time, they welcomeyou with the same smile all the time, a smilewhere there is no pollution, a smile which makesyou feel smile at your tiredness, tiring walk withenjoyment, you`ll start loving tiredness one yousee, feel, once you are here in the mountainbelt.

Not limited to nature only, it’s a countryof histories, it has a silk road connection inhistory. The world`s largest Pashupatinathtemple is in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepalalong holy bagmati river attracting millions ofHindu tourists each year from throughout theworld. Manakamana (the goddess of wishes),Muktinath (the god for liberation or Moksha) isonly in Nepal. Even though Nepal was onceonly the Hindu country of world, its birthplaceof Lord Buddha; the “Light of Asia” which hasmade cultures, which has made disciplines,which has made history of countries. Lumbiniwith its BODHI tree, the BODHI pond stillwelcomes visitors from throughout the worldpreserving the birthplace of Buddha. The oldprehistoric castles located in various powercenters of historic Nepal, some of which areworld heritage sites hold history within them.Old temples show the art civilization of 13thcentury including that of ARANIKO, whose art,creation are famous in Tibet and China (a lotof his craftsmanship art exist in China) for hisextraordinary art skill. The continuation of history

can still be experienced inside the historicBhaktapur, durbar square (another worldheritage site of Nepal) where you can see theclay art; including pots, statues.

Not limited to nature and history, thereare more than 125 different cultural groups,they have festivals, they have dances, theyhave songs, they have own lifestyle, they haveown food, own language, own style of clothing;own world inside Nepal. These lot of varietiesof world`s inside the small world of Nepal isthat you will not find in big areas. This is whatexists only in Nepal, the flags in the hills wavewith pride, the birds sing with joy to be in thisbeauty, the temples wish the best of your journeywith bells, Shankas` and prayer Mantra`s, themonasteries make your soul cleaner, gives youa reincarnation in this same life, the hospitalityof locals teaches you what real humanity is,the nature is happy to make you feel happy,the rare planet of Terai waits you with itswilderness.

What about a visit to Nepal ?

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Issue 16, Year 16 24

SAT score: Perfect score on Math, 800 outof 800 on SAT, with overall 2290 out of 2400!ACT: Perfect 36 out of 36 on ACTSubject SAT Math: Perfect 100 % - 800 outof 800

It is a dream of every student! It is adream of every parent! - To see a perfect scoreon exams, especially when is for college stakeis even higher.

Swochchhhanda Shrestha is a rising12th grader at Suncoast High School in RivieraBeach, Florida. And he has already receiveda Merit Based Scholarship of $ 40000 (FortyThousands) for college from Kovner OpportunityFoundation. He has also received Quest Bridgegrant. He has also won many honors andawards from many organizations. Below is thewritten interview of Swochchhanda Shrestha:

Q. Now you have left behind all these tests,what are you preparing on?

S. Now I am focused on meeting the other deadlines that come with senior year,particularly those for scholarship and collegeapplications, as well as meeting all of therequirements for the IB (InternationalBaccalaureate) program.

Q. What is the next step towards the college?What is your plan? Tell us more about whatyou will be studying in the college.

S. I plan to study engineering in college. Ihave gotten a couple of scholarships so farand am looking to apply to more in thecoming months. I would highly recommendgetting a head start on scholarships andapplications even in 11th grade, although

there are not very many open to juniors. Asfor college, I plan to attend a larger research-based university such as Stanford, Cornell,MIT or Rice that is hopefully outside thestate of Florida (so that I may havecompletely new experiences).

Q. Why did you choose that career field?

S. I have always been naturally inclinedtowards math and science, so I feel that acareer in engineering gives me the bestchance to make a positive impact in theworld. I have also been very interested asI have grown up in observing the significantimpact that engineers can have on theeveryday lives of so many different people,whether it is through technology or thestructures that define our very environments.

Q. Any plan on other extra-curricular activitiesat college?

S. I am not quite yet sure about extracurricularactivities in college, although I do plan tojoin some sort of cultural organization(whether or not this organization is directlyNepali-related will depend on the Nepalipresence at the college). I also plan to doplenty of internships over my college yearsin order to determine what career path withinengineering is best for me. Hopefully, I wouldalso be able to join a volunteer-work basedorganization, particularly one where thework is centered around engineering.

Q. Now getting back on your tests – SAT/ACTand subject Math SAT, how did you preparefor those? And for how long?

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S. I did not prepare that long for the SAT (whichI took first) and really regretted not preparingmore for its higher level vocabulary. Thiswas the only part of the SAT that reallybamboozled me, especially since the higherlevel vocabulary was in only the answerchoices so I couldn’t use context clues, butI could have learned them with somepractice directed towards that area.Fortunately, the new SAT has eliminatedhigher level vocabulary and thus does notrequire this extra studying. I studied for alonger period – probably a couple monthsor so – and for more every week – closerto 6 hours a week – for the ACT than theSAT because I was motivated to performbetter on the ACT. For each case, I simplyused a certified test prep book to takepractice tests and observed how the makersof each respective test preferred theirquestions be answered. For the SubjectSAT tests, I took the Math 2 and Physicstests. For math, I basically just quicklyreviewed the concepts that would be testedand was pretty much set. I would definitelyrecommend doing this first and then learningor relearning any concepts you don’t feelparticularly comfortable with. For physics,I reviewed and relearned a lot of material,especially material that I hadn’t seen in overa year. The Subject SAT preparation cyclelasted probably a little more than a month,spanning from the time of AP exams in Mayto the actual Subject tests in early June.

Q. Did you make studying for those tests aneveryday routine, assigning certain amountof time every day? If so, please tell how didyou do it?

S. During the school year, it was pretty difficultto allot time every single day for theSAT/ACT tests, so I instead focused onpracticing for these tests during the

weekend. I made it a goal to practice for afew hours every weekend, usually with full-length practice tests to ensure familiaritywith the time constraints that the tests wouldprovide. If I ran into material that wasunfamiliar, I would use my test books or theInternet to understand it.

Q. Did you go to any tutor or take onlinepreparation classes?

S. I actually did not go to any tutor or takeonline prep classes ahead of any of mySAT/ACT tests, but I do recommend usingevery resource that is available, especiallyif it is free or affordable and of a good qualityin terms of helping get ready for the tests.

Q. As you are a perfect person to ask, whatis your suggestion for younger kids on howto prepare for these tests? Please suggestthem from your experience so they can.

S. I think the preparation should involve a heavydosage of practice and understanding ofhow the test creators want their questionsto be answered. While this can beaccomplished and self-learned through atest prep book, it can also be beneficial tohave someone else who is familiar with thetests helping you gain this understanding.Of course, on top of this understanding, itis absolutely vital to gain an understandingof the actual material being assessed aswell.

Q. What is the most important thing for thepreparation?

S. However, I think that arguably the mostimportant aspect of practicing for these testsis learning the timing constraints that thetests place on you. The actual test will feelmore like a marathon than a sprint with its

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different parts, but it will certainly be a quick-paced marathon. Each different part has itsown time constraints that may presentchallenges which different students maystruggle with. Therefore, I highly recommendtaking a few full-length practice tests withthe proper time constraints in order tofamiliarize oneself with the time constraintsof the actual tests and improve how youhandle them.

Q. How did you prepare during last 24 hoursbefore the exam?

S. During the last 24 hours, it is difficult tolearn any new material, so I basically justtook some practice tests on the sectionsthat I felt least comfortable with and alsobriefly reviewed some of the previouslylearned material that I was least comfortablewith. Besides that, I tried to relax knowingthat the work of preparation had been doneproperly and also checked that all my test-taking materials for the next day were goodto go.

Q. If you were to take these tests again, howwill you improvise your test preparation?

S. I think my test preparation for the ACT wouldremain the same, as it proved quitesuccessful anyways. For the SAT, I wouldhave definitely spent more time studyinghigher level vocabulary. For the subjectSATs, I would have probably spent somemore time on certain older physics topicsthat I had largely forgotten by the time Itook the test but were not actually verydifficult.

Q. What are your hobbies? Besides studywhat do you like doing?

S. Besides studying and running, I mostly justlike to relax in normal ways. I enjoy playingvideo games most of the time or just surfingthe Internet. I also enjoy hanging out withmy close-knit group of friends in whateverfashion we may choose to pass time andenjoy ourselves, as well as spending timewith my family.

Q. Do you participate in any competitive sports?

S. I have been competing for my high school’svarsity cross country and track teams sincemy freshman year. Distance running hastruly become a sport that I have fallen inlove with due to its simplicity and the calmingyet uplifting effect it can have.

Q. What about volunteering?

S. I have spent lots of time volunteering atnon-profit Nepali cultural events run by localorganizations. Naturally, being raised goingto these events, I have always felt verycomfortable with this type of volunteering.At other points in my life, I have alsovolunteered for various school eventsthrough our National Honor Society branch,as well as events for track and even a brief(due to injury) stint volunteering as part ofthe theater tech team.

Q. Do you speak any other language otherthan English?

S. I speak Nepali fluently, as it has always beenthe language that is used within ourhousehold and I have also expanded myknowledge of it through our local NepaliPathshala, where Nepali kids can learnabout our language and culture. I have beenstudying Spanish for about 5 years now, butI highly doubt my ability to maintain a rapidconversation fluently.

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Q. How do you express yourself? By music,art or writing? If all three, which one do youprefer most and why?

S. I usually express myself best in writing. Ihave always been pretty good at writing(and bad at both art and music) so I took anatural liking towards it. Besides that, writingalso seems like the best way to conveyconcrete statements and feelings withouthaving quite as much subjectivism as artor music. At the same time, writing can alsobe used with figurative language and othermechanisms to express emotion and apoetic sense in standard writ ing.

Q. What do you like most about Nepali cultureand Nepali community?

S. I really like how united the Nepali communityis and how supportive we tend to be of eachother’s successes. I feel that the Nepalicommunity as a whole considers each ofits members to be a representative of thewhole community, so we are always verysupportive and ready to do anything we canto help. I also like how connected we havestayed to our roots, both in terms of thetraditional Nepali values that impact howwe live and the festivals that we continueto follow year after year despite beingthousands of miles from home.

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Nepali Flag

The National Flag of Nepal is unique in that it is the only national flag in the world notrectangular in shape. This distinctive flag consists of two juxtaposed triangular figures witha crimson base and deep blue borders. The upper part has a white emblem of the crescentmoon with eight rays, while the lower one bears a twelve-rayed white emblem of the sun.

Nepali National Flower: Lali-Gurash

The Rhododendron arboreum (LaliGurans in Nepali) is the most famous and attractiveamongst over 30 species of Rhododendrons found in the hills of Nepal. The tallest of itstrees attains heights of up to 15meters. The LaliGurans, with its beautiful bell-shaped flowers,is widely distributed throughout the whole length of Nepal from 4,000 ft to 12,000 ft of thesea-level. Its blossoming heralds the advent of spring.

Nepali National Color: Simrik

Crimson (Simrik in Nepali), the national color is considered very auspicious and has asignificant place in Nepal's cultural life. It also has a symbolic connotation for Hindus,signifying good luck and fortune.

Nepali National Animal: Cow

Cow is the national animal of Nepal. Most of the people of Nepal are Hindus and cow isworshipped as the goddess of wealth (Goddess Laxmi). Cow is highly revered by Hindusall over the world. Killing of cow (Also considered as ‘GAU-MATA’ - giving her a human faceof a mother) is prohibited in the Hindu religion and in Nepal.

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Nepali National Bird: Danphe

Nepal's national bird, the Lophophorusimpejanus (Danphe in Nepali) is one of themostbeautiful birds found in the kingdom. Listed as an endangered species, this mostexotic of all pheasants inhabits high elevations of the Himalayan range. For this reason,they are also known as Himalayan Communal. In Hindumythological accounts, it isdescribed as a guide to Lord Shiva,who dwelled in the Himalayas.

Important Festivals of Nepal:

- Bada Dashain (Some Newars celebrate the festival as Mohani)- Tihar - NhudayaVintuna (Nepal Sambat)- Lhosar - Chhath- Mata TirthaAushi (Mother’s Day) - MachendraNathJatra- Buddha Purnima - GatheMangal- Guru Purnima - SauneSangranti- Naga Panchami - Janai Purnima/RakshyaBandan/Rakhi- KuseAushi (Father’s Day) - GaiJatra- Krishna Astami - IndraJatra- Haritalika TEEJ - Ganesh Chaturthi- Kartik Purnima - MagheSangranti- Sri-Panchami/ Saraswati Puja - Swasthani Purnima- Maha Shivaratri - Fagu Purnima (Holi)- ChaiteDashain - Ram Nawami- BisketJatra - Several local Jatras- Mani Rimdu (Celebrated by Sherpas at higher altitudes and in the Mount Everest

region)

Popular Religious Destinations of Nepal:

- PashupatiNath - BoudhaNath- SwayambhuNath - Lumbini- Manakamana Mata - MuktiNath- Bajrayogini - GosaiKunda- Swarga Dwari - Bindabasini Devi- Kalinchok Bhagabati - Pathivara Devi- Kalika Mai - GokarnesworMahadev- Budanilakantha - Changu Narayan- Guheswori Bhagabati - Shova Bhagabati- Bhadrakali - Dakshin Kali Mai- Palanchok Bhagabati - Chandeswori Devi

Popular Touristic Destinations of Nepal:

Nepal is an ideal destination for adventure tourism because of its variegated, oftenformidable geography, inherently replete with rich, refreshing nature. Once in Nepal,one can enjoy a number of outdoor activities from Paragliding near the mountains tospotting the Bengal tigers in the dense forest of Chitwan and Bardiya. Being gifted with8 of the 14 highest peaks in the world, including Mt. Everest, Nepal is the hub ofMountaineering, Trekking, Rafting, Jungle Safari, Exploration of Flora and Fauna,Mountain Biking, Bungee Jumping, Paragliding, Bird Watching, Canoeing, Rock Climbing,Mountain Flight, Horseback Riding, Fishing and many more. The following destinationsare the most popular destinations among many:

- Kathmandu Durbar Square - Bhaktapur Durbar Square- Patan Durbar Square - Nagarkot- Dhulikhel - Pachakhal- Pokhara - Chitwan National Park- Lumbini - Everest Base Camp- Sukla Fata National Parks - Annapurna Conservation Area

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I was in Nepal this past summer for themonths of June and July. It was hot and theMonsson season was strong. I had quite a bit ofpersonal work to do, but in the meantime I wasable to take time off to volunteer for social work.

When the Earthquake hit Nepal in April2015, NCNC responded immediately. NCNC -BODestablished “2015 Nepal – Earthquake Relief Fund”during the tenure of NCNC President Dr. ThakurKarki (2014-2015). Our NCNC members gave theirfullest to raise funds. We reached outandcollectedcash, supplies, and provided voluntaryassistance in packing foods, organizing andpresenting drama, music concerts, even fund raisingparties, and simply going out and speaking todifferent groups of people and individuals. NCNCalso organized a special event Run4Nepal andraised funds which weretransferred to Educate theChildren, Inc. to build schools in Dolakha Districts.While we ourselves had to come to terms with thisdisaster, we found ways to come together to helpout.

Many immediate supplies such astents/tarps, solar lamps, blankets, medical supplieswere sent immediately. Approximately $65,000were allocated through HSNC/SEWA, andHSNC/Share and Care Foundation for hostelconstruction for orphans of earthquake and theother victims of earthquake. NCNC effectively raisedin cash and kind approximately $ 150,000. At thispoint, I like to mention that the re-building in theseearthquake hit district has barely started and wehave a long road ahead. Let’s not think that ourtask is over. We have to continue thinking ways wecan help forward until all the fallen can stand.

NCNC also decided to partner with GorkhaFoundation, Inc. to build one school in anearthquake hit area. Paropakar Higher SecondarySchool in Jaubari, Gorkha was selected. I spent

five days in and around Jaubari visiting six schoolsthat were destroyed. I saw partial constructioncompleted in five schools and three of which werebuilt by Gorkha Foundation. All of them will continueto need help. Rebuilding housing needs immediatesupport as well. The British Gorkha WelfareFoundation and the Gorkha Foundation are visiblein building Schools in the area. The monsoonperiod is avery difficult time to work and travel inthe hills of Nepal. Work being carried out undersuch difficult situation by Gorkha Foundation andothers is commendable and is appreciated bypeople.

The NCNC wanted to build a model school,ideally a multipurpose building that can also turninto a conference/theater hall. Such endeavorrequired feasibility study for the site/location, designapproval by the Government, import of suppliesetc. While this all was being worked and is still inprogress, NCNC also felt that we should scale backand provide technology transfer initiative to build itschools fast in whatever form we could. There wasno room for delay. Current NCNC-BOD led by Dr.Sushama Pradhan decided for immediate actionbased on desires of our members. Our partnerGorkha Foundation was also in favor of buildingfast. So we struck a compromise to build as fast aspossible and in the meantime promote appropriateearthquake resistant technology as much aspossible.

We requested Gorkha Foundation basicallyto install: One tie-beams (locally called peti-badhne)around wallsand color them so that local peoplecan see them; two to raise walls to top of doorlevel and reduce fiber glass exposure; three wealso requested to limit the width to length ratio ofbuilding as much as possible; and four to use“Fascia” boards. See red ties in buildings in projectsprior to earthquake:

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I am quite pleased with the “speedy” workof the Gorkha Foundation in such a short time.We have contributed significantly and meaningfullythe money we raised to help earthquake victims. As of now, all of the masonry and roofingwork iscomplete in the 12 rooms. Fiberglass installation,installation of aluminum windows, installation ofgypsum board, and toilet reconstruction is inprogress. The average cost of the GorkhaFoundation built schools are $4000/room andaverage time to construct is 5 months. Forcomparative purpose, it appears, average cost ofthe British Gorkha Welfare type school is$14,000/per room and average time to constructis 12 months. NCNC’s contribution to this Schoolwas $40,000.00.

G o r k h a F o u n d a t i o n a g r e e d b ymemorandum of agreement with NCNC toimplement our request. In field they are implementedas much as feasible. Please note that Governmentof Nepal is also doing all it can to promote thesekind of technologies. They are posting large postersin tea stalls, houses, offices wherever they can topromote “peti-badhne” system. Lack of ties wereidentified causes of destruction/failure duringearthquake.

I took a picture of this house beingconstructed right there in Jaubari next to our School. I also took the picture of tea stall where posterswere installed.

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Providing access to clean water is oneof, if not the most important, grand challenges.The absence of clean water is the cause ofmore deaths than that of war. Almost one outof six people in the world do not have enoughaccess to clean water. In many developingcountries, the lack of water directly affects thehealth of their citizens. In some countries,almost half of their population has little or noaccess to water. Only half of the people, whodo have access to water, have properknowledge of sanitation. It is estimated thatalmost 5,000 children die every day fromdiarrhea related diseases, caused by the lackof clean water.

So, why do people struggle to haveadequate access to clean water? It is notbecause there is insufficient water in the world.Globally speaking, the world holds water inabundant quantities. The problem is the locationof the water and where it is needed. Forexample, water is mostly needed in CentralAfrica, near the Sahara Desert, and the MiddleEast, but the water is sitting unused in Canada.It would require loads of technology andengineering to transport water from Canada toCentral Africa, and into the Middle East, aftergetting permission from the Canadiangovernment. Transporting water from Canadato the Middle East will not solve our problemspermanently. It will only solve temporarily untilthere isn’t enough left for Canadians to use.

We not only need to have the technologyto transport water overseas, but we also need

technology to increase sanitation of water.Some of the goals that need to be accomplishedin order to solve this challenge include creatinga sanitation process scientifically, or creatingphysical bottles that can sanitize the water withease. There is a lot of research being done inthis field, and there are tools that have beenable to sanitize water, but it is too expensiveto use them. An example would be the Lifebottle and the Life Straw devices that are usedto sanitize water while drinking. These devicesuse a method where there are holes in thebottle smaller than the smallest of viruses andbacteria.

There are other processes that couldalso help us achieve this challenge. The processof desalination is a popular way to turn saltwater into fresh water, but it too is expensiveto implement for more than 950 million people.The desalination process is extracting the saltfrom sea water. This process would help millionsof people that live next to the ocean in obtainingfresh water. In fact, they have already tried thisidea around the world, especially in the MiddleEast. Saudi Arabia alone accounts for a tenthof the global desalination, where as Israel usesdesalination process to provide water for afourth of its population. There are more than12,000 desalination plants that are active inthe world as of right now.

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The two most famous physicists areAlbert Einstein and Isaac Newton. But whoaffected science more?

Let’s start with Albert Einstein. Hediscovered General and Special Relativity whichchanged our understanding of space andshowed us that something called space-timecan be bent by an object with mass and themore massive the object is; the more space-time it bends. Our sun bends a lot more space-time than the planets in our solar system. AlbertEinstein also said that the light around starsbends to the viewer and a solar eclipse provedthat a few years later.

Scientists just proved that all of histheories were right and his formula E=MC2 wasright too.This happened 100 years after AlbertEinstein came up with his theory, so this justproves how smart he was. We also know howbig the observable universe is. He figured outit is 92 billion light years and it is that bigbecause the light takes time to travel. He alsofigured out one light year is 9.5 trillion.

Then, there is Isaac Newton whodiscovered gravity and has his laws of motion.He said a force called gravity can make oneobject affect another and that the more massivean object is; the more gravity it has. Eventhough he was smart, someone else mighthave discovered gravity a little after him if hedidn't discover it. He did affect science in a lotof other ways like his forces of motion and histheories did lead to us understanding space alot more. If it wasn't for him, we might havenever understood what gravity is.

It is hard to determine who affectedscience more but there are different categoriesfor science such as physics, astronomy andmany more to help us choose. For astronomy,it was Isaac Newton and for physics, it wasAlbert Einstein. Albert Einstein affected sciencemore overall because there were a lot of smart

people at the time when Isaac Newton thoughtof his theories so they might have had someinfluence on him but Albert Einstein's Theoryof Relativity is too complicated for anyone inthat time to figure it out.

Einstein also showed us that theradiation caused by the sun can affect us butwe have a magnetic field that protects us fromit.His gravitational waves theory showed usthat neutron stars or black holes colliding cancreate gravitational waves that are 1-4000 ofa width of a proton which will help usunderstand “Wasp-17 B” as a planet.

I think Albert Einstein affected sciencemore because he had a lot of contributionsto gravity and relativity but Isaac Newton’stheories were mostly right but 25% or moreof his work was wrong. Another reason I thinkAlbert Einstein affected science more isbecause if you think about it, all Isaac Newtondid was discover gravity while Einsteindiscovered photons, relativity in 2 forms andhis light theories lead to the invention of theTV.

Albert Einstein's Relativity and spacetime predicted that anything that passes ablack holes event horizon will be shreddedinto atoms. Albert Einstein affected sciencein many more ways overall than Isaac Newton.

Einstein also created his ownrefrigerator which was very hard to build atthe time. His link with energy and mass wasintriguing but questionable to a lot of peoplelike Max Plunk (helped Einstein prove histheory of general relativity) and other smartphysicists at the time. In the beginning, noone thought Einstein would be a very smartphysicist but he became the most brilliantphysicist. So it looks like Albert Einstein winsthe battle of who is the best physicist.

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“Jaso gara, je bhana, jata sukai laijaumalai, yo maan ta mero Nepali ho.”-1974AD. For millions of Nepalese immigrants aroundthe world, these fourteen words are ideal inexplaining the feelings of being away fromhome. Leaving behind roots, family, traditions,the divine natural beauty and rich culture isperplexing. However, nearly ten percent ofNepal’s population has migrated abroad. Thequestion is, why? For many Nepaleseimmigrants, it’s in hopes of providing theirchildren with better opportunity. Growing up asthe child of Nepalese immigrants living in theUnited States, I’ve been fortunate to experiencethe best of both worlds.

As said by Frank Smith, “One languagesets you in a corridor for life. Two languagesopen every door along the way.” In a countrywith cultures and traditions much different thanNepal’s, it can get difficult to maintain yourroots. This can cause Nepalese children toforget their mother tongue. One major factorin preserving Nepalese identity is speaking thelanguage. Therefore, learning and upholdingthat skill should be a priority for all Nepalese,no matter where they are raised. Although Iwas just three years old when we migrated toAmerica, I remember so vividly, during theflight, having a talk with my parents about thevalue of our language, and how crucial it is tonever forget it. That day, we made a rule thathas greatly impacted my life. We decided tospeak only in Nepali at home. Because of this,I am fluent in speaking Nepali. Knowing andpracticing our mother tongue is a preeminentway to stay connected with our motherland. Itis unquestionably a skill to pass on to the futuregenerations.

Holidays and festivals are times of joy, laughter, love and celebration. Being a Nepalese child growing up in America, I’ve had the opportunity to celebrate both American, and Nepali holidays. Although I love the carols of Christmas, and the pies of Thanksgiving, nothing compares to the festivals of Nepal. All Nepali festivals are incredible, but I cherish Dashain the most. Nothing beats the aroma of “Khasi ko Masu”, and “Kakro ko Aachar”. Ever since my schooling, it’s been a tradition to stay home for Dashain. When my friends ask about my absence, it provides me an opportunity to explain about our magnificent festival. I elaborate about ten days of Dashain and why the tenth day is the most important. It makes me proud that I am able to spotlight our marvelously rich heritage. Even 7,926 miles away, because of our wonderful Nepalese community, I have gotten the opportunity to experience, learn and teach our prestigious culture, first hand. From this, I’ve learned that amidst the multitudes of American holidays, Nepali festivals always stand out.

My favorite aspect of the Nepali culture, is the value that we give to our family. Throughout the years of living in America, I have observed quite a lot. I made conclusions that Nepalese and American children are raised quite differently. Generally, in a Nepalese household, children are raised to become interdependent. Many grow up in a big, joint family. Living in a joint family for the first three years of my life has played a huge role in who I am today. Being raised to become interdependent, we are taught to never use theword “mine”, but instead to use the word “ours”.Occasionally, I tease my little brother by playingwith his toys. Typically, he yells “that’s mine,not yours! Put it down!”, and I listen. One day,

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my mom heard our argument and explainedthat in our family, nothing is just mine or his,but instead, it is ours. Contrastingly, Americanchildren are raised to become independent.They grow up living with just parents andsiblings, which provides more space for self-dependence. For example, In Americanfamilies, after getting driver’s license, kidsordinarily manage their own schedules. Theyhave a curfew, and as long as the curfew ismet, they manage their time entirely. InNepalese families, parents play a much biggerrole in kids schedules. Generally, in Americanhouseholds, children are encouraged to leavethe house once eighteen, while Nepalese kidsare encouraged to stay long as they want.There are many differences between theAmerican, and Nepalese way of raising kids.However, raising your child the Nepalese waygives them more support throughout their life,especially during the school years. It later helpsthem to become more aware, prepared, andknowledgeable in life.

Even the best things in life come with apinch of bad. The only thing I would changeabout being Nepali is the big expectations that

comes with it. Everyone is bright and talentedin some way, whether it be athletically,intellectually, or artistically. I know that allparents want the best for their children. Forsome kids, high expectations may be a sourceof motivation. But for some, those highexpectations may cause the child to feel asthough he/she is never good enough. Puttingmyself into the shoes of parents who left behindeverything for their children, I entirely understandthe motive for their big expectations. However,not everyone is the same and it’s not fair for achild to be compared with others in anycircumstances.

I am so proud to call myself a Nepali.There is so much to love about the culture andtraditions passed on for ages. I am so beholdenthat even oceans across, I have gotten a chanceto learn and practice my beautiful heritage. Lastsummer, during my trip to Nepal, my favoritepass time was reading road signs. For mycousins growing up there, it was quite silly, butfor me, it was special. It makes me beyondproud knowing that I can speak, write, and readmy mother tongue. I am beyond gratified to beliving the best of both worlds. No matter whereI live, in my heart I will always be a Nepali.

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Every day more and more people arebecoming immigrants. Many of them are movingfrom developing countries to developed ones.Whether or not for good remains unclear tothem. With them, they take their hopes, dreams,and children, who they do it for. With them,they also take their culture. Culture, whereverthey go, will follow them, and wherever theygo, they will be met with new cultures and newholidays.

Our cultures are one of the many thingsthat make us unique from every other specieson the planet. Each and every culture is adifferent and complex manifestation of ideas,events, and achievements that help define whowe are. An acceptance and relationshipbetween people of different cultures can helpus come together. However, a lack ofunderstanding and an attempt to accept,between and within cultures can be a hugebarrier to a proper development of relationshipsbetween ethnic, cultural, and religious groups,or simply, people.

There are many occasions that arecelebrated by a child’s parents and the peoplearound them but it is only celebrated like a“sample” of a culture, and as silly as it maysound, it is what it is. The child doesn’t

understand why something is done, whysomething is celebrated, because the parentsdon’t explain it with enough detail and context.Having left everything behind, they don’t evenhave enough family members to celebrate thefestivals and holidays. Because of this, muchof the culture is lost from generation togeneration. At times like this, people of thesame culture gather and become a family.

They say you change personality withlanguage. You don’t just change personalitywith language. You change lives. You becomeanother person, you either take off the maskor put it on. We just want to be accepted.Doesn’t everybody?

Everywhere I go I see people that cometo America from other countries or the childrenof those immigrants. They try so hard to fit in.We all do. You could say it’s an identity crisis.Where do we belong? Who are we? Whatcultures and customs do we follow? Sometimeswe try to become people who we are not andsometimes the people we become are thepeople that other people expect us to be.Sometimes, we become the people we weremeant to be. We change. We adapt. We learn.

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cfb/0fLo /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6f k/nf]s ePsf]jif{ lbgdf -@)&# ;fn, ;fpg !^ ut]_, jxfFnfO{:d/0f ub}{ jxfF;Fu ;DaGwLt tLgf]6f lstfasf]/fhwfgLsf] k|1f k|lti7fgdf nf]sfk{0f ePsf]lyof] . jxfFsf s[ltx¿ …cfTdsyfÚ / …xfd|f k'vf{x¿Ú/ /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6fsf] JolQmTj, s[ltTj / ljrf/;d]6]/ s';'d e§/fO{n] n]Vg'ePsf]] / 3f]i6 /fOl6ªg]kfn k|f=ln=n] k|sflzt u/]sf] k':ts …lj›f]xLÚ,s'nklt u+ufk|;fb pk|]tL, ;flxTosf/ ;~ho yfkf-Pdfn] g]tf k|lbk g]kfn_, e'tk'j{ k|d'v cfo'Qm >L;'o{gfy pkfWofo, ;flxTosf/ ;?eQm, d]nf]8L lsªzDe'lht af:sf]6f, jl/i7 kqsf/ e}/j l/;fn, jl/i7lrlsT;s 8f= pk]G› b]jsf]6f, 3f]i6 /fOl6ª g]kfnk|f=ln=sf cWoIf sdn 9sfn, slj /fw]Zofd n]sfnLnufotn] ljdf]rg ug{'eof] .

…rL/ x/0fÚ pkGof;sL n]lvsf ;flxTosf/gLnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/sfÚ n] ;+rfng ug{'ePsf]sfo{qmddf ljleGg jQmfx¿n] b]jsf]6fsf] JolQmTjsf]rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't 5g\ oL k':tssf s]xL;f/x¿

…cfTdsyfÚ af6o:ofGt+ g ljb'M ;'/f;'/u0ffM b]jfo t:d} gdM .

b]jb]jL efjgfdf cGtlg{lxt 5g\ jf sxLF klg 5}gg\ . Tof] k/dzlQm sxLF 5 jf 5}g < cfl:tsx¿5 egL dfg]/ p;sf cufl8 e'mS5g\ . ljleGg wfld{s;Dk|bfodf ljeSt /x]sf] cfhsf] ljZj ;dfhnfO{j}lbs lrGtgn] ;dfwfgsf] ;Gb]z lbO/x]sf] 5 .

…ToxL ;fgf] lnulnu kxf8 a[xt\ g]kfnsf]k|f/De e"ld xf] . To;} kxf8sf kfvfdf a:g] gu0odfG5]x¿n] Ps gofF /fHo / /fhfsf] :yfkgf u/]h;sf] cgj/t la:tf/ eP/ g]kfn ag]sf] 5 .Ú o;kfvf]df Pp6f gu0o dfG5] hlGdof] . ltg}sf] sxfgL

n]Vb}5', d tL ;a} ;fgfx¿sf] Pp6f :j¿k– /fh]Zj/b]jsf]6f, hGd ;Dat\ !(*^ cflZjg @# ut]d+unaf/ . …d]/f] syf d h:t} ufpFsf] w"nf]dfn8\al8P/ cf}nf], ljkm/, x}hf, ;'s]h:tf cg]sf}F/f]ul;t n8L plDsg ;s]sf nfvf}F afnsx¿sf];femf syf xf] . …hlGdFb} lvPsf] /f]uL / ¿kxLg–afFR5' afFlRtg, afFr]/} kf] kxf8L hLjgsf] ;+3if{sf]nfos x'Fnf < ;Gtltl;t cfzf geP/ klg x'sf{pgcfˆgf] hLjg nufpg] oL cfdfx¿ xfd|f b]jL b]jtfx'g\ . s}of}F u'd] xf]nfg\, c¿ sf]xL h:t} d plDsPF–

…xfd|f k"jf{rfo{x¿n] ;+;f/nfO{ g} s''6'DjdfgL 1fg–ufyfsf] lj:tf/ u/] clxn] t 1fgzf]if0fsf] dfWod ePsf] 5, Pp6f ;dfh csf]{;dfhsf] zf]if0f u/]/ wgL sxnfpF5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnPp6f kl/jf/– ;+u7g xf] . To; dWo]sf] d Pp6f3/} a;]/ Ps k]6 vfg ;Sg]sf] >]0fLdf k5'{, uj{ug]{ s'g} 7fpF 5}g t/ cfzfsf] ;fy l3l;|Fb}5'– oxLhLjg xf] .Ú sfn / ;ª\utn] dg'ionfO{ h] agfpF5ToxL ;ª\ult xf] . hLjg s]xL ;ª\ult, s]xLlj;ª\ult– b'j}sf] hf]8–hf8af6 aGb} rNb} u5{ .

…:jR5 / lgisk6 lrGtg /fVg] ;fgf]n] klgcfTd–;Gtf]if k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . dfG5]n] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf]rl/qsf] :jR5tfdfly ;Gtf]if ug{ ;sf];\ ;fdflhsk|f0fL ePsfn] ;dfhn] ;Rrl/qsf] dfG5] dfgf];\–of] ;fg} s'/f xf]nf, t/ o;eGbf 7"nf] klg csf]{s]xL 5}g .Ú

xfd|f k'vf{x¿Ú af6æ;Fu} a;f}+, ;Fu} vfcf}+, ldn]/ sd{ u/f}+,

;+;f/df zflGt sfod ug{ ;+u|fd ug{ gk/f];,zflGtdo tl/sfaf6 zflGt k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo k'/fxf]cf];\ .Æ -hgs zLif{s /x]sf] cWofoaf6_æ

39

/fd /fhu2Lsf xsbf/ lyP, ;Ltf /fgL x'g]lyOg\ . t/ lktfn] /fdnfO{ /fhu2L lbg ;s]gg\,ag hfg cf1f lbP . g /fdn] lsg eGg] k|Zg u/],g t ;Ltfn] g} b'Mv dflgg\ . lktf, /fhf / ;gftg\wd{n] eg]sf s'/fdf k|Zg gug'{ / kfng ug{' g} lxGb';+:s[lt xf] .Æ -;Ltf zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_

æa'4 dWoddfuL{ lyP, pgn] s?0ff / ;bfrf/sf]pkb]z lbP . pgn] w]/} lbP, ;bfsf] nflu x'g] ul/lbP, ljZje/sf] nflu lbP .Æ -a'4 lzif{s /x]sf]cWofojf6_

/0f axfb'/ zfxn] eg]sf lyP – æd d/] eg]s]xL x'Gof 5}g, eLd;]g dof]{ eGof b]z 8'AGof5 .Æ -led;]g yfkf zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_

æEffg'eQmn] Pp6} wfuf]df Ps s/f]8 g]kfnLnfO{ufF;]/ Ps ;'Gb/ xf/ agfPsf 5g\ .Æ

-efg 'eQm zLif {s /x ]sf ] cWofojf6_æo'u abNg] sfd h;n] u5{, Tof ] dxfk'?ifdflgG5 .Æ

-lqe'jg zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_æk[YjLgf/fo0fsf rl/qn] jf0fLn] hlxn] hlxn]

g]kfnL lgbfpg yfN5, Tolt Tolt j]nf emSemsfpF5/ k|]/0ff lbG5 .Æ -k[YjLgf/fo0f zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_

ækf6gnfO{ g'gsf] xfxfsf/ x'Fbf uf]/vfn] g'gk7fOlbPsf] lyof] .Æ -g]kfn lgdf{tfx¿ zLif{s /x]sf]cWofojf6_

æ/fhtGq ;dfKt ePsf] 5, t/ /fhfk[YjLgf/fo0fsf] dxTj a9]/ cfPsf] 5 .Æ -g]kfnlgdf{tfx¿ zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_æ/fhf dx]Gb|n] eg]5g\, d d/] klg d]/f] b]zafFrL/xf];\ .Æ -dx]Gb| zLif{s /x]sf] cWofojf6_

tL;} jif{ afFr] klg df]tL/fd }́F /fi6«sf] lglDtafFRg' – pgn] n]v]sf 5g\ –

crn\ emG8f kmsf]{;\ km/km/ u/L sflGtk'/Ldfl/k"sf] dg\ ysf]{;\ y/y/ u/L 5Lg 3l/dfojGn] /fh ubf{ slt kltt lxGb":yn eof]kmut\ of] g]kfNsf] d'n's alr s+rg\ /lxuof] .

40

P l56f] hf== g}=== lgbfO;sL ls Sof xf]===<eGb} cufl8sf] l;ofgfnfO{{ cfFvf 7'nf kfl/lbPFd}n] . n'lsFu Unf;af6 aflx/ x]]/]sf] dfq lyPF, xf]08fn]k5fl8af6 cfFvf tb}{/x]5 . s] u5{;\ t af===, t]/fnflu d}n] p8\g ePg eGb} d}n] klg cfFFvfsf] hjfkmcfFFv}n] lbPF . aflx/ lg:s]/ kfv'/f ;'s{g' kg]{eP kf]To;sf] lhp8fn ljrf/ ug'{, uf8Lleqaf6 ufnLug{nfO{ s] ef] / . P /ft}===8«fOe/sf] l;6df a;]kl5:ofn klg af3 g} x'g'kg]{ < s:tf] xf]nf of] l;6 <cufl8sf] uf8L guP;Dd k5fl8sfn] s]xL gfKg;lsb}g t/ klg ;a}n] gfk' Fnfem} ug} {kg] {===<

cufl8 hfg s]xL rfG; knf{ls eg]/ cfFvfnfO{kNnf] n]gdf nu]F . ptf kmf]8{n] Dof/fy'gd} efulnPh:tf] /x]5 . kmf]8{sf k5fl8 Sofd|L, sf]/f]nf,s'k/ Hofg kmfn]/ cfPsfn] / n]g r]Gh ug{nfO{ cfF6cfPg . pgLx¿ t'kmfgn] x'OlsPsf] b]Vbf 3'6'Ss y'slgNb} cfˆgf] kfnf] kv]{/ la:tf/} hfg' afx]s s]xLlyPg d]/f] . l;ofgfsf] :kL8 lnld6eGbf tnsf]lx8fOn] dnfO{ dfq geP/ d k5fl8 a:g] ;a}nfO{l/; p7L;s]sf] 5 t/klg n]g r]Gh ug{ pko'Qm;do gx'Gh]n;Dd p;s} ;f/df ;a}nfO{ lx8\g s/}nflu/Xof] . aNn aNn csf]{ n]gdf uf8Lx¿ kftnf]ePsfn] xf]08fn] cf]e/6]s uof]{ . n ==n== hf csf]{:6k nfO{6df e]6f}Fnf eGb} kfnf] kv]{/ a;]F d . geGb}s]xLa]/df kNnf] n]gsf uf8L kftlnP / d}n klg:kL8 a9fPF .

zx/af6 ufpF / ufFpaf6 zx/ x'b} ^)dfOnsf] af6f] 8]9306f vr{ u/]/ sfddf k'Ug' /kms{g' cr]n d]/f] b}lgsL ePsf] 5 . zx/df afSn}ePsf uf8Lx¿ ufpF k'Ubf kftlnG5g . slxn]cfkm'dfq x'G5' af6fe/L eg] slxn] g/fd|/L hfddfk5'{ . w]/} a]/ 6f9f lxF8\g' kbf{ uPsf x/]s ldg]6x¿;fx|} dxTjk'0f{ x'Fbf/x]5g . sfddf k'UgnfO{ ;a}eGbf5f]6f] af6f] xfOj] $)! ePsf]n] d}n] ToxL af6f] /f]h]F

hfg cfpgnfO{ . Pp6f dfq n]g ePsf] af6f] ePsf]n]w]/}h;f] cfkm" cufl8 7'nf uf8L e]l6G5g . k;nsf;fdfg af]Sg] 6«snfO{ klg Tolx a]nf lx8g' kg]{, v]thf]Tg] 6\ofS6/nfO{ klg Tolx a]n} lx8g' kg]{ . ltgLx¿bfFofafFof gnfu'Gh]n k~rdLdf kfOnf ug] hlQs}x'G5 . a]nfa]nf t ;fx|} emf]Fs rN5 t/ af6f] ;a}sf];femf xf] pgLx¿n] lx8g gkfpg] s'/} 5}g . af6fdf% ldg]6 l9nf] x'Fbf ;dodf sfddf k'Ug ;lsFb}g .slt lbg 6«flkmsn] ubf{ l9nf] eof] eGg] ;fx|} ufx|f]x'Fbf]/x]5 t/klg eGg s/ nfU5 . xflsd klg $%ldg]6 vr]{/ cfpg] ePsf]n] p;n] a'em]sf] 5 af6fsf];d:of t/ ;a}n] a'em]sf] xF'b}g . dgdf s'/f v]nfpb}v'Nnf af6f] kfP;Dd l56f] hfg sf]lz; u5'{ .

ufpFd} hGd]/ x's]{/ xf]nf zx/af6 ufpF k:bflgs} /dfOnf] nfU5 . af6f]sf] bfofF afofF df};dcg';f/sf] v]tL e]l6G5g . st} ;'tL{ t st} skf;,st} ds} t st} e6df; v]tL b]lvG5g . tL ;a}afnLx¿ km:6fPsf b]lvG5g uf8Laf6 . glhs uP/5fDg] /x/nfO{ afFw]/ dgleq} /fVg'k5{ af6fdflxF8bf . lagf ;'rgf s]xL ug{ kfOFb}g . k/af6 ;w}F;lk|Psf] afnL b]Vbf ls;fgx¿ slxNo} km]n x'Fb}gg\h:tf] nfU5 . cfsfzaf6 ;dodf kfgL gkbf{ Aof8sf]lap 89]/ km]n ePsf ls;fg, v]tLsf] l;hgdf dnlapsf] efp a9]/ lsGg g;Stf km]n ePsf ls;fg,Tolt u/]/ klg s]xL u/L nufPsf] afnL ;k|]/ /fd|f]eOxfn]5 eg] a]Rg] a]nfdf efp 36]/ km]n ePsfls;fgx¿ b]lv/x]sf cfFvfn] ;w}F ;lk|Psf ls;fgb]Vbf crDd nfu]/ cfpF5 . lhDd]jf/ cf]xf]bfdfa:g]x¿ b'/bzL{ eP eg] ls;fgn] klg ;'v kfpF5gls < af6fdf uf8L kftlnPsf a]nf dgdf s'/fv]N5g .

;a} cf–cfˆg} ;'/df lxFl8/fv]sf] a]nf k/k'ln;sf] nfO{6 an]sf] b]lvof] . nf=== cfh s:nfO{vfhf vfof] k'ln;n] eGb} k/ x]/]sf cfFvfnfO{ xQ g

41

kQ cfˆgf] :kL8df NofP/ 7f]SsfP . wGg w]/} s6]sf]/x]g5 . k'ln;nfO{ b]v]kl5 c¿n] klg uf8Lsf] sfglgdf]7]/ lnld6df cfP . glhs} k'Ubf 8hnfO{ k'ln;n];f]wk'5 ul//fv]sf] /x]5 . To:tf] 7'nf] lau|]sf] eTs]sf]s]xL gb]lvPsf]n] ;fob 8hn] l:kl8ud} l6s6 kfPsf]xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . cl3 cf]e/6]s u/]/ hfg] xf]08fkm]/L e]l6of] . dgdg} cl3 a's'{;L df¥ofly; gL===wGg k'ln;sf] km]nf kl/g;\ eGb} la:tf/f] d klgcl3 nfu]F . cln k/ k'u]kl5 dfG5] g xf] ;a} kl5x]b}{ cl3 s'b\b} .

af6f]df ljleGg y/Lsf uf8L e]l6/xG5g .cfˆg} ;f/df lxFl8/x]sf a]nf slxn]sfxLF bfofF afofFdf]l8g] uf8Ln] l;Ugn glbFbf crfgs a|]s nfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . aNnaNn cufl8sf] uf8LnfO{ hf]ufpFbfy'Ss eft] tFnfO{ hfg' lyof] eg] cl3 g} lsg elgg;\eGb} ufnL klg u5'{ . s;}s;}n] t xg{ ahfP/ To;sf];ftf] vfOlbG5g . nfdf] af6f]df b}lgs lx8\bf w]/}s'/fx¿ l;s]Fklg d}n] . cufl8 k5fl8 bfofF afofF;a}lt/ ljrf/ ug{ afgL kb}{ uPF t/ hlt g} l;s]klgcufl8 k5fl8sf uf8Lx¿ s;/L lxFl8/fv]sf 5g\To;df w]/} s'/f e/ kg]{/x]5 .

j]s sfpG6L sf6]/ xfg{]F6 sfpG6Ldf hfFb} ubf{km]/L k'ln;sf] alQ an]sf] b]lvof] . aQL b]v]kl5 ;a}xf]l;of/ eOxfNof}F . b'3{6gf ePsf] /x]5 . PDa'n]G;;fQ} vfg] u/L ;fO/g ahfpFb} cfof] . v'66f y/\/sfd] . s;nfO{ cfh bzf nfUof] lg olt laxfg} eGb}cfO kg]{ g/fd|f s'/fx¿n] dgdf 3/ hdfOxfn] . ;a}uf8Lx¿ /f]s]/ k'ln; clkm;/x¿ lsof / qmfO:n/leqsf dfG5]x¿sf] p4f/ sfddf h'6]sf /x]5g\ .wGg lo b'O dWo] Ps x'g k/]g=== km]/L PskN6v'6\6f;Fu} zl// klg sfDof] . cln w]/} g} k5fl8ePsLn] sqf] rf]6 nfUof] b]lvgF t/ PDa'n]G; /k'ln;sf uf8Lx¿ w}/} b]Vbf 7'n} b'3{6gf ePsf]cg'dfg u/]F . xfdLnfO{ /f]s]/ pgLx¿ ;s];Dd tLla/fdLnfO{ rf F8f ]eGbf rf F8f ] c:ktfn nfgrfxGy] . ;a} /f]lsPsfn] nu]klg . la/fdL nlu;s]kl5xfdLnfO{ la:tf/} kf; x'g lbP . b'3{6gf ePsf] 7fpFdf/utsf 6f6fx¿ cfn} /x]5g\ . Tof] b]v]/ z/L/ To;}

km'n]em}F eof], dg w]/} 8/fof] . d}n]h:t} l56} 3/kms{gsf nflu 5f]/f5f]/L gp7L ltgLx¿ klg sfddflxF8]sf lyP ls==< cyjf kl/jf/sf ;a} st} 3'Dgkf] lgl:sPsf lyP ls ===< s] eP/ To:tf] 7'nf]b'3{6gfdf k/] xf]nfg\ olt laxfg} eGb} dgdf s'/fv]Ng yfn] . Ps dgn] lgs} efa's agfof] . d lsg5f]/f5f]/L / pgLx¿sf af;Fu Ps zAbklg af]NggkfO lxG5' ;w}F < s]xL eof] eg] t ;lsxfNof] lg,s] hfuL/ g} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] xf] / < Ps dgn]eGof] . csf]{ dgn] ;a}s'/f cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 7'n} x'G5,t]/f nflu kl/jf/ 7'nf] xf] t/ t}n] sfd u/]sf]sDkgLsf] nflu t]/f] sfd 7'nf] xf], gq tFnfO{ lsgp;n] tna lbG5===< lxF8bf larf/ u/\ emofp/L===kl5k5'tfP/ s]xL x'b}g, t}Fn] hLjge/L afFRg' k5{, %ldg]6 l9nf] eP/ s]xL x'b}g, % ldg]6 l56f] eP/klgs]xL x'b}g, hLjgsf] tndfly % ;]s]08leq x'g ;S5,ljrf/ u/]/ lx8\, xfa|f] afP/dfq x'G5 < eGb}emkf¥of] . p;n] emkf/]kl5 dklg 7Ls 7fpFdf cfPF/ la:tf/} cl3 nfu]F .

cfˆg} ;f/df u}/fv]sf] a]nf :s"n hf]g /kx]Fnf] 5fgf ePsf] :s"n a; e]l6P . :s"nsf] @, #ls=dL jl/kl/sf] efunfO{ :s"n hf]g eGbf /x]5g\hxfF :kL8 lnld6 #% k/ cfj/ dfOn dfq x'G5 .:kL8 lnld6 b]v]kl5 ;a}n] :kL8 36fP/ lx8of}F .:s"n hf]g aNnaNn s6\of] t/ cfkm" cufl8 :s"na; ePsf]n] p;nfO{ cf]e/6]s ug{ ldn]g . :s"na;nfO{ cf]e/6]s ug{' eg]sf] hl/jfgf lrnfpg'ePsf]n] p bfofFafofF gnfu'Gh]n sfddf hfg]nfO{7'nf] lrGtf x'g] /x]5 . ;a}s'/f cfˆgf] :yfgdf plQs}dxTjk'0fF x'G5g\ . :s"n a;nfO{ gfgLx¿ :s"ndf;s';n k'¥ofpg' dxTjk'0f{ s'/f x'G5 eg] sfddfhfg]nfO{ sfddf ;dodf k'Ug' dxTjk'0f{ s'/f x'G5t/ cufl8 :s"n a; e]l6Pkl5 hlt g} l56f] hfg]n]klg p;sf] ;f/df glxl8 gx'g] ePsf]n] xfdL ;a}ufO{sf] af5f] cfdf;Fu kl5 nfu]h:t} :s"n a;sfkl5kl5 nfUofF} . p lxF8] lx8\of], p ljBfyL{ r9fpg/f]lsP /f]lsof] . lgod gf3]/ hfg s;nfO{ %))8n/ lrnfPsf] 5 / . a]nfa]nf ;f]R5'– sfg'g agfpg'eGbf sfg'g kfngf ug'{ rflxF 7'nf] s'/f /x]5 . sfg'g

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ldRg]n] cfFvf cufl8 ;hfo kfPkl5 ;a}nfO{ dfGgs/ nfUg]/x]5 .

af6f]df uO/xFbf lnlnª6g cfOk'u]5 . ToxfFk'Ubf ;w}F Oltxf;df k9]sf] uf]/vfsf] lnlulnusf]6sf]ofb cfp5 . ;Demgfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ kN6fpFbf /fhfx'gsf nflu lnulnusf]6df w]/}n] w]/}k6s bf}8]sf]lyP t/ b|Aozfxn] dfq bf}8df lht]/ /fhf ePsf]lyP /] . Oltxf;df k9]sf] s'/fnfO{ P]n] d}n] lx8\g]af6f]df e]l6Psf] lnlnª6gn] dnfO{ ;DemfO/xG5 .s]kkm]o/ l/e/ s6\g] lalQs} cfPsf] ;fgf] ahf/lnlnª6g /x]5 . s]k km]o/ laxfg ;w}F ufFhf nfu]/a;]sf]h:tf] b]lvG5 lnlnª6gsf] 5]pdf . ?vsf 7'6fhf]8]/ kf/]sf] w'gL / To;n] agfPsf] s'lx/Ld08nem}FnfU5 lnlnª6g jl/k/Lsf] cfsfz . cfFvfn] !)lkm6eGbf cufl8 b]Vg xDd]xDd] k5{ . vf]nfaf6kfgLsf] afkm cfsfzlt/ hfFb} ubf{ agfPsf] cFWof/f]kgn]cfh klg ;a}nfO{ ;r]t x'g s/ nfUof] . x/]suf8Lx¿n] xtf/ xtf/ tftf]kgnfO{ a9fP/ cufl8sf]l;;f ;kmf u/] . d}n] klg uf8Lsf] l;;f k'5]F . ahf/cfPkl5 la:tf/} s'lx/f] x/fPsf]n] yf]/} dfq ePklgcfFvfnfO{ ;lhnf] eof] .

x/]s ;fgf ahf/ s6\g] lalQs} af6fsf] 5]pdfcsf]{ ahf/ cyjf zx/ k'Ug nfUg] ;do n]lvlbFbfaf6fdf lx8g] ofqLnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] x'g] /x]5 . Aff6fsf]5]pdf ;'rgfafx]s c? s]xL klg ge]l6g] ePsf]n]lx8\g] dfG5]nfO{ klg sltv]/ cfˆgf] uGtJodf k'luG5eGg] WofpGg g} w]/} x'Fbf]/x]5 . lnlnª6gsf] ;fgf]ahf/ s6]kl5 5]pdf cem} d}n] @& dfOn hfg' kg]{b]vfof] . 3/L 38L, 3/L cfˆgf] utL / 3/L af6f]sf]utL x]b{} d tnlt/ nfU5' . 3'DtLdf e]6 ePsf;fyLh:tf nfU5g\ uf8Lx¿ . cl3 ;Fu} lx8]sf

d'l:snn] Pp6f b'O{6f e]l6G5g . hf] hxfF el6G5g\ltgLx¿nfO{ g} ;fyL agfpFb} lxF8\g cEo:t d cgf}7f]dflGbgF cr]n .

sfddf hfFb} ubf{ b'O6f gofF ;'rgf e]l6P .Pp6f af6f] dd{t ub}{ u/]sf] / csf]{ lah'nLsf] kf]nd/dt ub}{ u/]sf] . :kL8 36fpg' kg]{ /] . @ dfOncufl8 g} ;'rgf kfPsf]n] ofq'x¿ ;a} ;r]t x'b}uof}F . geGb} dd{t ug]{ 7fpFdf Pp6f n]g aGbePsf]n] sfdbf/x¿ uf8Lx¿ /f]s]/ kfn}kfnf] ;a}nfO{k7fO/x]sf] /x]5g . Psl5g kvF{bf 38Lsf] ;'O{n] rflxFa's'{;L dfl/xfNg] ePsf]n] cln k|];/ a9]h:tf] x'G5t/ pkfo gePkl5 klv{g s/ g} nfU5 ;a}nfO{ .s]xL ;do klv{Pkl5 cufl8 hfg] kfnf] cfof] .olta]nf;Dd zx/sf] lgs} glhs cfO;s]F5' . :s"'nhf]g, :s"'n a;, ls;fgsf v]t hf]Tg] 6\ofS6/ /af6f]sf sfdx¿ ;a}nfO{ em]Nb} lxFl8/xFbf ;fFRr} cfkm'n]sfd ug]{ clkm; ePsf] zx/ km]otlen b]lvof] . @,$j6fsf] cl3kl5 eP/ lxl8/fv]sf] a]nf PsfPsrf/lt/sf uf8Lx¿ e]l6P/ af6f] el/of] . aflSnPsfuf8Lsf] eL8ef8df cfkm'nfO{ w]/} ;r]t u/fpFb}lxF8\5' . # j6f n]gdf st} v'66f] 6]Sg] 7fpF xF'b}gt}klg n]g r]Gh ug]{x¿ Tolts} e]l6G5g\ . To:t}eL8df km]/L df]6/;fOsnx¿ s'v'/fsf] efn] htfkfof] Tot} s'b]em}F s'b\g vf]H5g . pgLx¿;Fu emg\w]/} xf]l;of/ x'g'k5{ . sfddf k'Ug] ;dosf x/]sldg]6x¿ emg\ w]/} dxTjsf x'G5g l;6L l5/]kl5 .k'ln;x¿n] klg cfˆgf] hflu/ vfO/fv]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{emg\ ljrf/ ug{' k5{ .

P=== ca t sfd ug]{ clkm; g} b]lv;Sof] .s;f] ;dodf gk'luPnf t ====<

43

cfdf ddtfsL vfgL xf} ltdLltdL;Fu 6fl9P/ ljb]zL e"lddf k5fl/Psf] w]/} ef]ltd|f] ofbdf lz/fgL leh]sf] w]/} ef]cfdf, ltd|f] sfvdf Ps kn cf/fd ug{ b]p g dnfO{

;f]r] y]F ltd|f] a'9];sfnsf] ;xf/f aG5'rls{Psf] ltd|f] 3fpdf lztn dnxd nufpF5't/ la8Dagf, Tof] efUo dnfO{ sxfF 5 / <t}klg cfdf, ltd|f] lk8f afFWg] cj;/ b]p g dnfO{

wg ;DkQL / ef}lts ;'v t w]/} ef]luof] oxfFt/ ltd|f] sfvsf] lztn 5xf/L slxF st} e]l6PgdxFuf] lj:t/f t lslgof] t/ ld7f] lgGb|f lsGg ;lsPgcfdf, ltd|f] sfvfdf Psl5g lgbfpg b]pg dnfO{

xKt} lkR5] cg]sy/L pT;j rn]s} x'G5/demd / ;fyLefO{ lar ;w}F x/fPs} x'G5t/ dg leqsf] j]bgf a'em\g] slxF st} e]l6Pgcfdf, ltdLnfO{ c+ufn]/ cfkm\gf] efjgf kf]Vg b]pg dnfO{

;a}sf] cuf8L xfF;]s} x'G5', /fd|f] rNb}5 eg]s} x'G5'km];a'sdf /dfOnf] u/]sf] kmf]6f] 6fF;]s} x'G5'

;a}n] eG5g\, tF t ;fx|} efUodfgL, t/dgsf] 3fp s;}nfO{ yfxf x'Ggcfdf, km]/L Psk6s ;+;f/s} efUodfgL agfpg dnfO{

dfof u5'{ ltdLnfO{, Hofg} lbG5' eGg] w]/} e]l6Pt/ ltd|f] h:tf] rf]vf] dfof s;}sf] x'Gg /}5cfbz{tfsf] gsfa nufP/ leq 5'/f /f]Kg]b]lv 8/fPsf] 5' dcfdf, ltd|f] rf]vf] dfofn] of] dgnfO{ ;]Sg b]p g dnfO{

dflg; w]/} a'l4dfgL, gfktf}n, kmfObf, 3f6f ;a} lx;fa nufpF5g\t/ cfkm\gf] cl:tTjsf] lx;fa nufpg hflgPgt5f8 d5f8sf] le8ef8df af6f] 7Dofpg ufx|f] ef]cfdf, ltd|f] cf}Fnf ;dfpg lbO{ af6f] 8f]¥ofpg g dnfO{

cfdf, d yfls;s]F, d xfl/;s]F hLjgsf] n8fO{dfltdLnfO{ ;Dem]/ w]/} 56\k6fP/ /f]PFcfdf Û cfdf Û elg w]/} lrRofPF, ltdLn] ;'Gof} of ;'g]gf} <cfdf, ltd|f] cFuf]nf]df 8fFsf] 5f]8]/ ?g b]p g dnfO{

ca t rf]6 nfUbf lg P]of eGg gcfpg] e};Sof]lhpFb} 5' of d'bf{ 5', 5'6\ofpg ufx|f] e};Sof]:jf; t rn]s} 5, t/ k|f0f afFsL 5 5}g yfxf 5}gcfdf, km]l/ Psk6s hLjg lhpg b]p g dnfO{

44

!_ csa/L ;'gnfO{ s;L nfpg' kb}{g .@_ csf{sf] afR5f] rf6\of] d''vel/ /f}F .#_ csf{sf] gf;f] unfsf] kf;f] .$_ csf{n] xfQL r9\of] eGb}df, w'/L r9\g" x''Fb}g .%_ csf{sf] hLpsf] h'd|f b]Vg], cfˆgf] hLpsf] e}F;L gb]Vg]^_ cu'N6f]n] xfg]sf] s's'/, lah'nL rDsFbf klg t;{G5 .&_ c3L a"9L] hflgg, kl5 a"9L] dflgg, af3 nfUof] l3Rofpg,

a"9L nfuL lrRofpg .*_ crfgf]sf] kL/ v's'/Ln] hfGb}g .(_ cIftfkftL wfdLnfO{, Aoyf hlt xfdLnfO{ .!)_ clt ug"{ cTofrf/ gug"{ .!!_ clt{ / cf]vtL ld7f] x''Fb}g .!@_ cb''jf vfO ;ef a:g"", d''nf vfO jg k:g"" .!#_ cGwf]sf] b]zdf sfgf] /fhf .!$_ c?sf] nfv eGbf cfdfsf] sfv 7"nf] .!%_ c¿n] vg]sf] af6fdf lxF8\g ;lhnf] x''G5 .!^_ c?nfO{ ufnL u/]/ cfkm" 7"nf] eO{Gg .!&_ c¿nfO{ l;sfpg"", cfkm"""nfO{ lrgfpg"" .!*_ cN5L lt3|f], :jfb] lha|f] .!(_ cfP cfFk uP em6f/f] .@)_ cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/L d/ .@!_ cfuf] tfKg' d'9fsf] s'/f ;'Gg' a'9fsf] .@@_ cfª sGofP/ 5f/f] .@#_ cfh d¥of] ef]ln cf]vtL .@$_ cfˆg} xft huGgfy .@%_ cfkm\gf] y}nL hf]ufpg', c?nfO{ bf]if gnfpg' .@^_ cfkm" enf] t hut} enf] .@&_ cfkm" gd/L :ju{ b]lvFb}g .@*_ cfkm}F t dxfb]j pQfgf] k/] s;n] b]nf j/ Û@(_ cfkm}F af]S;L cfkm}F wfdL .#)_ cfdfeGbf 5f]/L hfGg], v's'/LeGbf sbf{ nfUg] .#!_ cfdfsf] sfFvdf a;L dfdfsf]\ s'/f sf6\g] <#@_ cfdfsf] nfD6f] r';]/ ePg, afa'sf] 3"F8f] r';]/ x"G5 <##_ cf/g tft]sf] a]nf kmnfd s'l6 xfNg'k5{ .#$_ cfn" vfP/ k]8fsf] wfs .#%_ cf]/fn] nfu]sf] d[unfO{ afR5fn] klg v]b\5 .

#^_ cf}Fnf lbFbf 8'F8'nf] lgNg] .#&_ O{v gePsf] 5f]/f / lav gePsf] ;k{ .#*_ OGb|sf cufl8 :ju{sf] avfg .#(_ pNkmfsf] wg, km'k"sf] >f4 .$)_ C0f nfu] g8/fpg', bLg nfu] 8/fpg" .$!_ Pp6f sfF8f lgsfNg csf]{ sfF8f sfd nfU5 .$@_ Pp6f xftn] tfln aHb}g .$#_ Ps kGy b'O sfh .$$_ Ps y'sL ;'sL ;of}F y'sL gbL .$%_ PskN6 kqmfp k/]sf] rf]/ x'nfsL b]Vbf klg t;{G5 .$^_ Pp6f d6]ª\u|fn] b''O{j6f r/f dfg]]{ .$&_ s;}nfO{ sfvf / s;}nfO{ kfvf ug"{ x''Fb}g .$*_ sk8f sf6\g' eGbf klxn] b'O{ k6s gfKg' k5{ .$(_ sldnfnfO{ d''tsf] klx/f] .%)_ sxfF hfnf d5nL d]/} 9l8of .%!_ sxLF gePsf] hfqf xfF8L ufpFdf .%@_ s;}n] tkfOF egf];\ gegf];\ cfkm}F dkfOF .%#_ sd{ gug]{sf] efUo n]lvFb}g .%$_ s:tf–s:tf sxfF uP, d';f rNnf b]vf kf/ .%%_ sfu s/fpFb} u5{ kLgf ;'Sb} u5{ .%^_ sfd ;fFr] cfkm'nfO{ vfgf ;fFr] c?nfO{ .%&_ sfnf] cIf/ e}F;L a/fa/ ,%*_ sfnf uP uf]/f cfpF5g\ .%(_ sfzL hfg', s'ltsf] af6f] <^)_ sfd s'/f] Psflt/, s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ .^!_ sfgf] uf]?nfO{ cf}F;L g k"l0f{df .^@_ sf6]sf] 3fpdf g''gr''s .^#_ sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn' .^$_ sfd kfOg;\ a'xf/L kf8fsf] gfO6f] sGof .^%_ lsg /f]O;\ dª\un] cfˆg} 9ª\un] .^^_ lsg rfpl/;\ dl/r cfˆg} kL/n] .^&_ ls cfF6n] vfG5 ls 9fF6n] vfG5 .^*_ s's'/nfO{ £o' gkr]sf] .^(_ s's'/nfO{ df;' kF}rf] lbP/ lkmtf{ x'G5 <&)_ s's'/sf] k'R5/ afx| jif{ 9"ª\u|f]df /fv] klg afª\u} x'G5 .&!_ s's'/nfO{ dfof u¥of] cfˆg} d'v rf6\5 .&@_ s'rf]n] ug'{kg]{ sfd atf;n] u¥of] .

45

&#_ s''dfn]sf] ufpFdf xfF8Lsf] vfFrf] .&$_ s"/f] / s'nf] htf nUof] pt} hfG5 .&%_ s] vf]H5;\ g]tf s";L{ .&^_ s]6f–s]l6sf] hf8f] afv|fn] vfG5 .&&_ sf}jfnfO a]n kfSof] xif{ g lj:dft\ .&*_ sfFqmf]nfO{ yfFqmf] lbof] yfFqm} wgL .&(_ vr{ g ar{ sfzL hfg''k5{ .*)_ vtLsf] a]nfdf dlt cfpFb}Gf .*!_ vfO{ g kfO{ 5fnfsf] 6f]kL nfO{ .*@_ vfPsf] ljif kf] nfU5 gvfPsf] ljif s] nfUg] .*#_ vfg hfGb}gg\, ksfpg]nfO{ bf]if .*$_ vfg] d'vnfO{ h'Fufn] 5]Sb}g .*%_ v''6\6f] sdfP/ hª\3f/ tl/Fb}g .*^_ v's'/LeGbf sbf{ nfUg] .*&_ vf]nf] t¥of], nf}/f] la:of]{ .**_ vf}nfdf k/]kl5 l8Fuf] klg r]T5 .*(_ uª\uf hnn] ;""o{nfO{ c3{ .()_ uwf wf]P/ ufO{ x''Fb}g .(!_ uwfnfO{ uwfs} ef/L, af]sfnfO{ af]sfs} ef/L .(@_ ul/asf] wg ;o k6s ug .(#_ ul/anfO{ hf8f] ef] eGb}df /flt 3fd nfUb}g .($_ ulx/fsf] 3/nfO{ klx/fsf] 8/, 8fF8fsf] 3/nfO{ n8\g] 8/(%_ ufO{ df/L uwf kf]:g] <(^_ lunf] eft / enf] dfG5]n] lauf/ ub}{gg\ .(&_ u'Gb|'snfO{ ksfpg kb}{g .(*_ uf]8L rNb}gg\ af]8L kmNb}gg\ .((_ uf]? a]r]sf] ;fO{gf]h:tf] .!))_ £o' g t]n, ksf a"9L ;]n .!)!_ 3/sf] af3 jgsf] :ofn .!)@_ 3/ g} eTs]kl5 bfp/fsf] s] vfFrf] <!)#_ 3/sf] g 3f6sf] eof] lar/f Û!)$_ 3fF6L x]/L x8\8L lgNg" .!)%_ l3p vfP klg uf}jf TolxF 5 .!)^_ lrGg]nfO{ >[v08 glrGg]nfO{ v"kf{sf] aLF8 .!)&_ rf]S6f vfg uPsL a"9L emf]ndf 8"a]/ d/L .!)*_ 5f8f 5f]8]sf] ;fF9]n] ufO{sf] /Iff ub}{g .!)(_ 5f]/f kfpg] slxn]–slxn], ef]6f] l;pg] clxn] .!!)_ 5f]/L s"6L a'xf/L t;f{pg] <!!!_ htf cfzL{jfb pt} eSt .!!@_ ha eof] /ftL clg a'9L tftL .!!#_ h;n] dx sf9\5 p;}n] xft rf6\5 .

!!$_ h:sf] sf]O x'b}g p;sf] eujfg x'G5g .!!%_ h:tfnfO{ t:t} l9F8f]nfO{ lg:t} .!!^_ h:tf] u"¿ p:t} r]nf .!!&_ h;sf] zlQm p;}sf] elQm .!!*_ h;nfO{ ltv{f nfU5 p;}n] vf]nf wfpF5 .!!(_ h;f] h;f] afx'g afh] p;} p;} :jfxf Û!@)_ hxfF /fd ToxLF cof]Wof .!@!_ Hfft kmfNg' uxtsf] emf]ndf <!@@_ h'Qfsf] dfnf nufPsf] g]tf, 5fnf b]Vbf t;{G5 .!@#_ h'g hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf] .!@$_ h'g uf]?sf] l;ª 5}g, p;}sf] gfd ltv] .!@%_ h'g yfndf vfof] t]xL yfndf cfrL ug'{ x''Fb}g ..!@^_ h]7f dfdfsf] t efËf|sf] wf]tL sfG5f dfdfsf] s'g ult!@&_ h]7L a"9Lsf] ;a} s'/f lttf], sfG5Lsf] eg] em6f/f] klg

ld7f] <!@*_ Hff] cu'jf pxL af6f] xu'jf .!@(_ hf] rf]/ p;}sf] 7"nf] :j/ .!#)_ hf] xf]rf] p;sf] d'vdf 3f]rf] ug"{ x''Fb}g .!#!_ lemsLb] ufF8eGbf ykL b] ufF8 .!#@_ em'6f] tUb}g ;fFrf] 8Ub}g .!##_ 6fpsf] b'Vbf, gfO6f]df cf]vtL .!#$_ 6f9fsf bfh'–efOeGbf, glhssf] l5d]sL enf] .!#%_ 7"nf] df5fn] ;fgf] df5f vfG5 .!#^_ 9'Ëfsf] e/ df6f] df6fsf] e/ 9'Ëf .!#&_ t?gL xF'bf ;o hgf kf]O dg]{ a]nfdf sf]O{ g sf]O .!#*_ tfsk/] ltjf/L gq uf]tfd] .!#(_ tftf] g 5f/f] .!$)_ ltqfsf] d'v} a}/L .!$!_ yfn sf6]/ dh'/f .!$@_ b'O{ hf]Osf] kf]O, s'gf k;L /f]O .!$#_ lbp;} /ft kfg'{ h:tf] s'/f ug"{ x''Fb}g .!$$_ lbg sf6g] sfn kv{g] .!$%_ b'Mv kfO;\ dª\un] cfˆg} 9ª\un] .!$^_ b"wsf] b"w, kfgLsf] kfgL .!$&_ b'wsf] ;fIfL la/fnf] .!$*_ b"w sxfF kf]lvof], cfˆg} efudf .!$(_ b]Vg]sf] cfFvf km"6] ;'Gg]sf] ;xL .!%)_ b]z u'gfsf] e]if pko'Qm x'G5 .!%!_ wg b]v]kl5 dxfb]jsf klg tLg g]q .!%@_ wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{ /fd|f] xf]Og .!%#_ w]/} vfPkl5 cf}ifwL klg laif x'G5 .

46

!%$_ g cfP s[i0f hL, g ahfP af;'/L .!%%_ gsr/fsf] cf}ifwL x"Fb}g .!%^_ gvfpFm eg] lbgel/sf] lzsf/, vfpFm eg] sfG5f afpsf]

cg'xf/ .!%&_ Gofp/L df/L k5''tf] .!%*_ g 6]Sg] v'l8\snf] g ;dfTg] xfFuf] .!%(_ g la/fpg" g 8/fpg" .!^)_ glrg]sf] rf]/ afp a/fa/ .!^!_ ghfg] ufpFsf] af6} g;f]Wg" .!^@_ glhssf] lty{ x]nf .!^#_ glbg] a/fh' a'waf/ afl5{g .!^$_ Gfkfpg]n] s]/f kfof], af]q}ml;t vfof] .!^%_ gdlRrg] lkªsf] ;o em8\sf .!^^_ g /x] afF; g aHof] afF;'/L .!^&_ gofF af]tndf k"/fgf] kfgL .!^*_ gx'g' dfdfeGbf sfg} dfdf hftL .!^(_ gfª\nf] 76fP/ xfQL t;f{pg] <!&)_ gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 6]9f] <!&!_ lgEg] a]nfsf] alQ h:tf] .!&@_ gofF hf]uL n] w]/} v/fgL 3:5 .!&#_ kl5 cfpg] dfemdf ;'Tg] .!&$_ k6d'v{ b]lv b}a klg 8/fpF5 .!&%_ kz'kltsf] hfqf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ .!&^_ kl/>dsf] kmn dL7f] x'G5 .!&&_ klxnf] ufF;d} 9"Ëf .!&*_ kf8f] kfP klg kf8L kfP klg et'jfnfO{ lauf}tL .!&(_ kfgL lagfsf]]] df5f h:tf] .!*)_ kfgL dflysf] cf]efgf] x'g vf]Hg] <!*!_ kfk w'/Laf6 s'ln{of] .!*@_ lkFw gePsf] nf]6f h:tf] .!*#_ k|]ldsfn] 5f8]sf] slxn], ne–n]6/ n]V5 clxn] .!*$_ ags} r/f] ags} 9'ªf] .!*%_ an]sf] cfufdf £o' .!*^_ aQL d'gL cFw]/f] .!*&_ adf{ uPklg sd{ ;+u}, g]kfn uPklg skfn ;+u} .!**_ aonuf9f r9]/ cd]l/sf k'luGg .!*(_ afv|fsf] 6fpsf]df e};Lsf] l;ª /fv] h:tf] .!()_ afv|fsf] kf7f]nfO{ hlt aif{ k9fPklg Dofp Dofp u5{ .!(!_ Affv|fn] la/fpg] e]8fsf] sfg sf6\g] <!(@_ af3 a'9f] :ofn tGg]/L .!(#_ af3 a'9f] eP kl5 km6\ofªu|fsf] klg lzsf/ u5{ .

!($_ Aff6f] g 3f6f] bf}l8G5 nf6f] .!(%_ afn'jfdf kfgL xfn] h:tf] .!(^_ afx| 5f]/f t]x| gftL, a"9fsf] s'Dnf] sfFw} dfly .!(&_ afx| jif{ /fdfo0f k9\of], ;Ltf s:sL hf]O{ .!(*_ afFb/sf] xftdf gl/jn .!((_ afFb/n] cfkm\gf 3/ klg agfpFb}g, c?sf] 3/ klg eTsfpF5@))_ afFb/nfO{ ln:g' .@)!_ afFb/sf] k'R5/ nf}/f] g xltof/ .@)@_ aLp lbg' e'6]/ ug'{ x'Gg .@)#_ lau|]sf] dfG5] eTs]sf] 3/ htf x]of]{ pt} b}nf] .@)$_ la/fnf]nfO{ b"w s'g{ /fv] h:tf] .@)%_ a}u'gLnfO{ u'gn] dfg"{ .@)^_ af]sfsf] cfdfnfO{ ?gfsf] ?g} .@)&_ af]sfsf] d'vdf s'laG8f] gc6fPsf] .@)*_ Aff]Ng]sf] lk7f] laS5, gaf]Ng]sf] rfdn klg laSb}g .@)(_ af]nfO g 6f]nfO n't] k'R5/ 8'nfO .@!)_ a}Fzdf :ofn klg 3f]n]{ x'G5 .@!!_ eGg ;lhnf] ug{ uf/f] .@!@_ efO km'6] uFjf/ n'6] .@!#_ efn'nfO{ k'/f0f ;'gfP/ vgfof] vfg 5f8\b}g .@!$_ efn''sf] sDk6, lng'' g 5f8\g'' .@!%_ efUodf 5 eGb}df 8f]sf]df b'w c8\b}g .@!^_ le/af6 n8\g nfu]sf] ufO{nfO{ /fd/fd eGg ;lsG5, sfFw

yfKg ;lsGg .@!&_ e'O{sf] l6Kbf kf]N6fsf] v:nf .@!*_ Eofu'tfsf] wfgL{ slxn] k'Ug] .@!(_ e':ofx s's'/ tn k/] klg sfOF sfOF dfly k/] klg sfOF

sfOF .@@)_ d s'6] h:tf] u5'{ ltdL /f]P h:tf] u/ .@@!_ d tfS5' d'8f]], a~r/f] tfS5 3'F8f] .@@@_ dgsf] ax s;}nfO{ gsx .@@#_ dg]{ a]nfdf sldnfsf] kv]6f knfpF5 .@@$_ dg]{] a]nfdf xl/of] sfFqmf] .@@%_ db{sf] af]nL / aGb'ssf] uf]nL slxNo} kms{b}Fg .@@^_ df5f] df5f] Eofu'tf] eof] .@@&_ dfyL kms]{/ y'Sbf cfkm|g} d'vdf l56f kg{ ;S5 .@@*_ df/] kfk kfn] k''0o .@@(_ dftf]{nsf] ;o rf]6 3gsf] Ps} rf]6 .@#)_ d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f .@#!_ d'tL ;Sof] b}nf] b]Vof] .@#@_ d'lt{ rf]/nfO{ kz'klt g u'x]Zj/L .

47

@##_ d'v{sf] ;+ut eGbf la4fg ;+usf] zq'tf a]; .@#$_ df]O{ dfUg hfg] 9'ªu|f] n'sfpg] <@#%_ df}sf cfpF5 kv{b}g au]sf] vf]nf kms{b}g .@#^_ df}sfdf rf}sf xfGg' k5{ .@#&_ df}sfdf lx/f kmf]g{ g8/fpg' .@#*_ /fhfsf] sfd slxn] hfnf 3fd .@#(_ /ft /x] cu|fv knfpF5 .@$)_ /ftel/ s/fof] blIf0ff x/fof] .@$!_ /f]6L lrNnf dL7f, s'/f v;|f dL7f .@$@_ nÍf hnfpg] xg'dfg h; kfpg] 9]8" .@$#_ Nxf;fdf ;'g 5 sfg d]/f] a'Rr} .@$$_ nx/f] tfGbf kx/f] 3ls{of] .@$%_ nf6f] ufpFsf] ufF8f] tGg]/L .@$^_ nfdv'6\6] dfg{ aGb's rnfP h:tf] .@$&_ lnvfsf] af];f] sf8\g] /fd|f] xf]Og .@$*_ nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf] .@$(_ nf]en] nfe, nfen] ljnfk .@%)_ n]v]sf] kfOG5, b]v]sf] kfOFb}g .@%!_ jgsf] r/f] jg}df /dfpF5 .@%@_ jgsf] r/f] jg}sf] 9'ªf] .@%#_ jNnf] 3/sf] g/] kNnf] 3/ ;/] .@%$_ ljgfzsfn] ljk/Lt a'l4 .@%%_ :ofn dfg{ af3sf] ;fdu|L tof/ kfg'{k5{ .@%^_ ;k|g] 3/sf] a]n''sfsf] dtf], lau|g] 3/sf] laxfgsf] dtf]@%&_ ;k{n] sfFr'nL km]/] h:tf] .@%*_ ;Tosf] hLt ;'lglZrt 5 .@%(_ ;a}n] an]sf] cfuf] g} tfKg ?rfpF5g\ .@^)_ ;/f4 ug''{eGbf l;wf k''¥ofpg ufx|f] .@^!_ ;:tf] a];fxf k]6 nflu d/ .@^@_ ;fpgdf cfFvf km'6]sf] uf]?n] ;w}F xl/of] b]V5 .@^#_ ;fFrf] 8Ub}g em'6f] tSb}g .@^$_ ;fF9]sf] h'wfO{ afR5fsf] ldrfO{ .@^%_ l;Q}df kfP tLg kfyL r's klg vfg] <@^^_ l;wf cf}nfn] l3p cfpFb}g .@^&_ ;fFknfO{ b'w v'jfP/ cfkm\gf] x''Fb}g .@^*_ ;fFjfeGbf Aofhsf] dfof a9L .@^(_ ;'gdf ;'uGw .@&)_ ;"o{nfO{ d}g alQ b]vfP h:tf] .

@&!_ ;f}tfsf] l/;n] kf]O{sf] sfvdf lk;fa ug]{ <@&@_ zq'sf] zq' ldq x'g ;S5 .@&#_ xTs]nfn] 3fd 5]lsFb}g .@&$_ xtf/sf] sfd ntf/ .@&%_ xn'jfdf afn'jf .@&^_ xn]bf] eg]kl5 sf]6\ofO /fVg'k5{ / <@&&_ xfQL cfof], xfQL cfof] k'm:;f .@&*_ xfQLsf] b]vfpg] bfFt Pp6f rkfpg] bfFt csf]{ .@&(_ xfQL l5¥of] k'5f/ c8\Sof] .@*)_ xfQL b'AnfP/ af]/fdf c6\b}g, d';f df]6fP/ xfQL aGb}g@*!_ xfQLsf] d'vdf lh/f .@*@_ xfd|f afh]n] l3p vfGy] d]/f] xft ;'F3 ;'F3 .@*#_ xfd|L cfdf slt af7L, rfdn lbP/ lk7f] ;f6L .@*$_ xfjf grnL kft xlNnFb}g .@*%_ lxª geP klg lxª afFw]sf] 6fnf] xf] .@*^_ lxF8\b}5, kfOnf d]6\b}5 .@*&_ lxF8\g g;Sg], bf}l8g vf]Hg] <@**_ x'l66\ofpFn] cfsfz yfD5' eg]/ yfDg ;Sb}g .@*(_ x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft .@()_ x'nd'ndf Hofg hf]ufpg' clgsfndf aLp hf]ufpg' .@*!_ xf}jfdf xf};LFbf sf}jfn] xfts} vf]:nf .

;+sngstf{sf] egfO{ M oL pvfg 6'Ssfx¿ vf; ul/ k|jf;dfa;]sf g]kfnL d"nsf afnlnsfx¿nfO{ l;sfpgsf] lgldQ hDdful/Psf] xf] . d}n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf, ;Dem]sf, clg ljleGg kqklqsftyf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf k9]sf pvfg 6'Ssfx¿sf] ;+sngu/]sf] xf] . o;df d]/f] cfkm\gf] df}lnstf vf; s]xL 5}g . d]/f]b[li6df ljleGg sf/0fn] 7Ls gnfu]sf s]xL pvfg 6'Ssfx¿nfO{ hfgL hflg ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g . of] ;+sng g]kfnsf] lzIffk|0fnLdf k9fOPsf pvfg 6'Ssfsf] dfkb08 cg'?k gx'g;S5 . w]/} eGbf w]/} afnaflnsfx¿n] l;sG'g eGg] p2]Zo ePsf]x'Fbf k|yd k6s Pg ;L Pg ;L cd]/Lsfsf] d'vkq ;+ufnf]dfk|sflzt u/]kl5 ;fdflhs ;+hfn tyf cGo klqsfx¿df k|sfzgug{ rfx]df æ;+ufnf]df klxn] k|sflzt ePsf]Æ egL k|sfzg ug{;lsg] 5 .

48

9'ª\u]wf/fdf ltDnfO{ g} dg k¥of] ;+;f/ ;f/fdf .

k'?iff]Qd Gof}kfg]sf] ld7f] uLtdf k|of]u ePsf] 9'ª\u]wf/fs'g} 7fpFsf] gfd x'g;S5 eg] s'g} 9'ª\ufaf6 kfgLcfpg] wf/f klg x'g;S5 .

o;} u/L 8]dL nf]ef6f]sf] :6f]g sf]N8 uLtdfcfO Pd x\ofKkL km/ o' ;'Gbf eOg] dGqd'Uwn] uLtsf]rfv cf}wL a9fpF5 . 9'ª\uf s} ljz]iftfaf6 ljleGg9'ª\u] gfd /x] . /s P08 /f]n rlr{t ;+uLt a}08hf] !(%) tfsfsf] Anfs ckm l/bd / An" P08x\jfO6 sG6«L Do'lhs ldl;Psf] x]jL la6 l;Dknd]nf]8Lsf] 8fG; Do'lhs lyof] / clxn] klg w]/}n]dg k/fpF5g\ .

s]lx dlxgf cuf8L d a:g] gy{ Sof/f]lngfsf]klZrd pQ/sf] :6f]g dfpG6]g k'u]sf] lYfPF . ;fx|}/dfOnf] / 5'6\6} dx;'; x'g] kbofqf -6«]n_ /x]5 .vf;u/L :6f]g dfpG6]g eGgfn] 9'ª\u} 9'ª\ufsf] kxf8/x]5 . htftt} 9'ª\uf dfq b]lvg] of] kxf8n]] g]kfnsf]kxf8L ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfnfO{ ;Demfpg] ubf]{/x]5 .

cflbd sfn cyf{t lakmf]/ qmfOi6 ^ xhf/b]vL @ xhf/ ;Ddsf] ;do o'unfO{ xfdL 9'ª\u] o'ueG5f}F . To;k5L af]Gh o'u -r/];_ xF'b} wft' o'udfk|j]z u/]sf] Oltxf;df kfOG5 . 9'ª\u] o'udf xfd|fk'vf{ 9'ª\ufsf] cf]8f/df a:y] . 9'ª\uf 3f]6]/ cfuf]afNy] 9'ª\ufnfO{ g} xltof/ tyf cfˆgf nflu rflxg]cf}hf/sf] ?kdf 9'ª\ufsf] g} k|of]u ub{y] . olxljsf;qmddf c+u|]hx¿n] 9'ª\ufnfO{ g} gfKg] OsfOsf]?kdf k|of]udf NofP . cfh klg :6f]g o'lg6sf] rngrNtL 5 h'g !$ kfp08 a/fa/ ! :6f]g / ! :6f]ga/fa/ ^=#% x'G5 . cfh xfdL a:g] 3/ klg st}9'ª\uf df6f]sf] x'G5, st} 9'ª\uf l;d]G6sf] x'G5, tst} ToxL 9'ª\ufaf6 ag]sf] ax'd'No dfj{n / l;d]G6tyf afn'jf ld>Lt Anssf] x'G5 . klxn] ufpFdf

a'9fkfsfx¿ tdfv' ;'tL{ vfg cfuf] kg]{ 9'ª\uf /rSdf kmnfdsf] ;fgf] -8Nnf]_ vNtLdf af]s]/lxF8\y] . cfhsnsf dflg; hlt wgL x'Fb} uof] 3/sf]leqL ;]km afs;df ToxL 9'ª\ufsf] 8fOd08 ?jL/x]sf x'G5g\ . cem kTy/ hl8t cfF}7L k|fosf] xftxftdf b]lvG5 .

:6f]g ax'd'No wft' klg xf] . lx/f, df]tL, ?jLjf kGgf nufot ;+;f/df ePsf ;a} dx+uf wft'kTy/ 9'ª\uf g} x'g\ . kxf8 ag]sf, lxdfn ag]sf,9'ª\uf b]vL xfd|f] 3/ agfpg], af6f] agfpg] / x/]sef}lts ;+/rgfdf k|of]u x'g] 9'ª\ufsf] gfdaf6 7fpFsfgfd tyf c¿ gfd /flvFb} uP . of] rng ;+;f/el/ePsf] kfOG5 . :6f]g jf /s h] eg] klg 9'ª\uf g}xf] . :6f]g cfOn}08sf] sk8f a|f08 h:t} :6f]g //ssf gfdaf6 w]/} y/L gfdfs/0f ePsf] xfdL oqtqkfp5f}F . /sL dfpG6]g, /lsª\3d, /s lxn, /sSof:6n, /sj|Lh, /sn}08, Anf]O8=/s, rDgL/s,:6f]glrDgL/s, :6f]glen, :6f]g p8, kfOk:6f]g,:6f]gjfn, xf]nL:6f]g glen, :6f]g p8, kfOk:6f]g,:6f]gjfn, xf]nL:6f]g cfbL .

xfd|f] g]kfndf klg ufpF3/ ahf/ / lhNnf;d]tsf gfdfs/0f 9'ª\ufn] ag]sf] kfOG5 .cf]vn9'ª\ufb]vL 9'ª\u];fF3', lrKn]9'ª\uf, uf}ynL9'ª\uf,dfGb|]9'ª\uf, cN5L9'ª\uf, cf}/f:g]9'ª\uf, 9'ª\ufd'gL,9'ª\u]3/, af};L9'ª\uf, 7'N9'ª\uf, km'n]sf] 9'ª\uf, af};L9'ª\uf,7'N9'ª\uf, afGb|]cf]8f/ tyf ef]6]cf]8f/ cflb h:tfxhf/f}F 7fpFsf gfd 9'ª\uf;Fu} hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 .cfkm\gf] 7fpFsf efiff / ljz]iftf cg';f/ k"j{hn] tL7fpFsf] gfdfs/0f u/]sf xf]nfg\ .

jf:tjdf k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf pRr tfks|dsf]t/n nfef Hjfnfd'vL la:kmf]6 eO{ aflx/ lg:s]/lrl;Fb} hDb} ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/df k|s[ltdf ag]sf]vlgh g} 9'ª\uf xf] . oxL r§fg k||s[lt cg';f/ sf]xL

49

ax'd'No /Tg eP sf]xL sf}8Lsf] d'Nodf klg glaSg]9'ª\uf eP . s'g} kxf8 eP lxdfn ag] s'g} 3/agfpg sfd nfu] s'g} xfd|f b'Mvsf kxf8 ag] .xfjf, kfgL, 3fd, 5fof / ljleGg k|fs[lts k|ls|ofn]o;sf] cfsf/ kl/j{tg ug]{ / lvOFb} lu6L, afn'jfx'Fb} df6f]df kl/0ft x'g] x'Fbf of] ;+;f/ g} 9'ª\u}9'ª\ufsf]xf] eGbf x'G5 .

cfhsn t ;fx|} alnof] 8/nfUbf] sfd ug]{nfO{xfdL :6]gd]g eG5f}F . ;fx|} s7f]/ x[bo ePsfnfO{9'ª\uf h:tf] dg ePsf] eG5fF} . h'g;'s} wd{ xf];\x/]sn] 9'ª\ufnfO{ dfGg], k'hf ug]{ jf k|fy{gf ug]{u5{g\ . d':nLdx¿ dSsf dlbgfdf ToxL sfjfsf]

kTy/ x]g{ / k|fy{gf ug{ k'U5g\ . cem 9'ª\uf p7fP/lxsf{pg] u5{g\ /] . O;fO{x¿ b j]:6g jfn h]?;nfddfToxL xf]nL:6f]gsf] cuf8L k|fy{gf ug{ hfG5g\ .lxGb'x¿ dlGb/ / wfld{s 9'ª\ufsf d'tL{nfO{ eujfgsf]:j?k 7fgL k'hf dfq x}g lbgx'F ;of}Fsf] eQmhgn]b'w r9fpg] / k|;fb sf]Rrfpg] u5{g\ . dg cflv/dg g} xf] 9'ª\uf h:tf] s8f eP klg skf; h:tf]g/d ePklg, eujfg O{Zj/, k|e" jf cNnfx h] dfg]klg Tof] cf:yfsf] 9'ª\ufsf] cuf8L ;a}sf] l;/lgx'l/Ps} x'G5, cfTdzflGt, ;'v / k|ultsf]sfdgfdf . >4f / cf:yf clg dgf]sfdgfsf nfluc¿n] h:t} d]/f] klg pxL ;a} 9'ª\u] eujfg\nfO{gd:sf/ .

50

em§ x]bf{ k};f / ;'vsf] s] s'/f ug]{ ;a}nfO{yfxf 5 k};flagf ;'vsf] sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsFb}g /of] gx'g' ul/aLsf] cyfx ;fu/df 8'Ag' xf] . k};f g}geO{ s] sf] ;'v sxfFsf] v';L < em§ x]bf{ s'/f ;fFrf]g} xf] . ;+;f/ g} k};fsf] k5f8L eflu/x]sf] b]lvG5;'v / v';Lsf] vf]hLdf . t/ s] of] ztk|ltzt ;Toxf] t eGg] s'/f ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] of] k"0f{?kn] ;To gx'g' klg ;S5 . xf] k};fn] c:yfoL ?kdfs]xL ;do ;'v k|fKt ePsf] h:tf] e|d kg{ ;S5t/ slxn]sflxF k};f g} b'Mvsf] sf/0f klg aGg uPsf]kfOG5 . olb k};f dfq} ;'v xf] eg] ;+;f/df s'g}klg wgLnfO{ lrGtf czfGtL / uDeL/ k|sf/sf/f]uJofwL nfUg gkg]{ xf] . pgLx¿df s'g} lsl;dsf]em}emu8f, snx, wf]sf, if8\oGq, xTof, cfTdxTofcflb x'Fb} gx'g' kg]{ xf] . sl/a #) jif{ cl3 ul/Psf]Ps vf]hdf cd]l/sfdf #% k|ltzt dflg; ;'vLePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof], ut jif{ To:t} cWoogdfcem sd @% k|ltzt dflg; dfq ;'vL ePsf]b]lvof] . t/ pQm ;dodf cd]l/sf clt ljsl;t/ wgL b]zsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . dflg;sf] cfly{scj:yf / ef}lts ;'ljwf cToflws dfqfdf a9]sf]5 . ;a}h;f] JolQm ;DkGg b]lvG5g\ / o;f] x]bf{ ;a}dflg; ;'vL ePsf] h:tf] nfU5 / w]/}h;f] cfgGbdohLjg ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . t/ dflg;x¿ o;sf] pN6f]emg\ emg\ b'MvL ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 / of] PscrDdsf] s'/f ePsf] 5 . t/ cd]l/sf eGbf w]/}u'0ff sd ljsl;t / ul/a l5d]sL b]z d]lS;sf]sfhgtf cd]l/sL hgtfeGbf a9L ;'vL / ;Gt'li6 JoQmub{5g\ . km]/L cd]l/sfdf sltko ul/a b]zx¿ eGbf!)) u'0ff a9L ck/fw x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]s;/L eof] t hasL hDdf %, ^ k|ltzt dfqa]/f]huf/L 5 / x]bf{ ;a}n] /fd|f] nfpg, vfg, a:g/ cGo ;'ljwfx¿ ef]Ug kfPsf 5g\ / s'g} cGo b]zeGbf sd 5}gg\ . t/ ;'vsf] cg'e"ltsf] t'ngf ubf{gfOh]l/of / e'6fg eGbf klg kl5 k/]sf] b]z xf]

cd]l/sf . t/ s;/L < k};fn] dfq ;a} ;'v k|flKtx'g] ePsf] eP o:tf] x'g c;Dej x'g] lyof] xf]nf .oxfFlg/ k};fn] dfq ;'v lsGg ;lsFb}g eGg] s'/fs]xL dfqfdf eP klg rl/tfy{ x'G5 . k};f / ;'vPs cfk;df cToGt glhssf] ;DaGw x'Fbfx'Fb} klgb'O{ ljkl/t lbzflt/ nfU5g\ . Female First Magazineklqsfdf Miley Cyrus n]lV5g\ “Getting moremoney, having more hits, being lead in themovie – those things might stimulate you, butthey don’t make you happy.” cyf{t d;Fu w]/}k};f 5, wgfWosf] hLjg klg ef]lu/x]sf] 5' t/ d]/f]cg'ejn] of] atfpF5 ls k};fn] dfq dflg;nfO{ ;'vLagfpg ;Sb}g of] ;To s'/f xf] . k};f w]/} sdfpFbft/+ulut agfpF5 t/ ;'v k|fKt x'Fb}g . jf:tjdf xf];fdfGo cfjZostf cjZo kl/k"lt{ x'g'k5{ t/ hltw]/} ;DklQ eof] TolQ g} w]/} ;'vL xf]OG5 eGg] s'/f;To xf]Og . of] s'/f Economics sf] Theory Lawof Diminishing Utility n] klg v'n:t ¿kn]atfpF5 . s'g} klg s'/fsf] dxTj Tof] s'/f ;lhn}kfPkl5 la:tf/} sd x'g yfN5 . s'g} klg s'/fsf]clGtd ljGb' x'G5 / ToxfF k'u]kl5 To;sf] dxTjla:tf/} sd x'g'sf] ;fy} Tof] kbfy{sf] OR5f klg 36\gyfN5 / kl5 t To;sf] dxTj a9\g'sf] abnf 36\b}hfg yfN5 . slxn] t ;'vsf] afwssf] ¿kdf ;d]tb]vfk5{ / cj/f]wsf] ¿k klg lnG5 . lsgsL hltsdfof] plt a9L sdfpgsf nflu /ft lbg ldlxg]tubf{ 7"nf 7"nf /f]uJofwL klg nfUg yfN5 . lhpHofg;d]t gegL s8f ldlxg]t ubf{ / if8oGq l/;/fu,prfNg] k5fg]{ lu/fpg] h:tf s'/fx¿n] cg]s k|sf/sf/f]un] u|:t x'g k'U5f}F . cfly{s ;fd|fHo sfod /fVgxfdL ljleGg dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s cj:yf lgDTofpgyfN5f}F / cGQtf]uTjf hLjg gs{ t'No e} cGTo x'g;S5 . elgG5 lg l;Q}df kfof] eGb}df w]/} vfPdfu'lnof] klg cldnf] x'g yfN5 . s;} s;}nfO{ y'kf/]sf]wg klg s;/L arfpg] jf hf]ufpg] eGg] klg 7"nf]lrGtf x'G5 / gflt, kgflt, vgflt ;Dd s;/L a;L

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a;L vfg k'Ug] ;DkQL y'kfg]{ eGg] s'/fn] x/bd 8fx/ lrGtf eO/xG5 / cGtdf oxL Joyfn] hLjg klg;vfk x'g ;S5 . wgn] dfq ;'v x'g] eP cfhLjglg/f]uL / hjfg x'g] lyP xf]nfg\ s/f]8kltx¿ . t/Tof] c;Dej 5 . hLjg / d/0f k|s[ltsf] slxNo}g/f]lsg] rqm xf] / of] 3'ld/xG5 / o;n] s] a'9f] s]tGg]/L sf] ul/a sf] zlQmzfnL sf] hjfg, sf] pd]/k'u]sf] a'9f] s]xL klg eGb}g . o;sf] cufl8 /fhfk|hf ;dfg 5g\ . ;'v k|fKt ug]{ cr's pkfo k};fy'kfg]{ dfq xf]Og ls ePsf] k};fnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{hfGg' klg xf] . s]xL wg c¿sf] ;]jf ug{df vr{ubf{ dflg; hlt v';L x'G5 Tolt v';L 9's'6Ldfy'kf/]sf] k};f uGg a:bf klg x'Fb}g . Tolx k};f;b'kof]u ePsf] v08df o;n] cl;ldt ;'v / zflGtlbG5 . xf] Psbd ul/a 5 eg] b}lgs hLjgsf;fdfGo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x'g' klxnf] dxTjk"0f{s'/f xf] / o;sf] nflu k};f sdfpg' h?/L 5 . t/Tolt kl/k"lt{ x'g' klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] / o;sf]nflu k};f sdfpg' h?/L 5 . t/ Tolt kl/k"lt{ePkl5 dflg;nfO{ wgs} y'k|f]df a:g lbP klg w]/}a9\bf ;'vL x'G5 eGg ;lsFb}g . cTofw'lgs ef}lts;'ljwfn] dfq ;'v x'g] eP nfvf}F nfv cd]l/sL /cGo wgL b]zsf dflg;x¿ g]kfn, ef/t, Dofgdf/h:tf b]zdf b]lvFb}g lyP xf]nfg\ . t/ lbgx'F ef/t/ g]kfnsf w]/} d7 dlGb/x¿df o:tf w]/} ljb]zLx¿3'ld/x]sf] jf TolxF 8]/f hdfP/ ;d]t al;/x]sf]b]lvG5 / ;f]Wof] eg] cfkm\gf] ;dfhaf6 jfSs nfu]/s]xL zflGt / v';L kfOG5 ls elg vf]Hg cfPsf]eGg] u5{g\ . hasL xfdL ;'vsf] vf]hLdf pgLx¿sf]b]zdf hfg hlxn] klg k|ogzLn /x]sf x'G5f}F .pgLx¿;Fu cfjZos ;a} ef}lts ;'ljwf 5g\ t/;'vL jf v';L 5}gg\ xfdLn] ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg]ljb]zdf hfg]x¿ klg w]/} h;f]sf] dgdf leqL cfgGbePsf] b]lvFb }g / stf stf lvGgtf /x]sf ]b]lvG5 . ;xL cy{df w]/} yf]/}n] OdfGbf/Lsf ;fyv';L 5' eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljb]z hfg] k|oTg ubf{slxn] sflxF g/fd|f] ;+ut jf v/fa af6f]df km;LcToGt b'Mv kfO{ cfTdxTof ;d]t u/]sf] klgb]lvG5g\ . t/ of] s'/f ;a}df nfu' gx'g klg;S5 . sltko g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zdf /fd|f] pGglt ub}{

; 'vdo kfl/jfl/s hLjg klg latfO/x]sfb]lvG5g\ . To;}n] ;'vL x'gnfO{ ;'v s] xf] t eGg]a'em\g' klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . nx} nx}df nfu]/xfdkmfNg' klg x'Fb}g t/ dg{ n]v]sf] 5 eg] h] hxfFeP klg dl/G5 eg]/ af9L cfPsf] vf]nfdf xfdkmfNbft cjZo g} dl/G5 . Stanford University sf]cg';Gwfgn] s] eG5 eg] k};fn] dflg; ta v';Lx'G5 ha Tof] k};f c?sf] v';Ldf nufgL u5{ .;+;f/sf] wgL JolQm jf/]g akm]6sf] b}lgs hLjg olt;fwf/0f 5 ls xfdL kTofpg} ;Sb}gf}F . pgL g]a|f:sf/fHosf] cf]dfxf eGg] zx/df w]/} jif{ k'/fgf] lgDgef}lts ;'ljwf ePsf] 3/df a:5g\ . t/ pgnfO{O;f/f dfq ug]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/sf s'g} klg ljnfzLtfsf;fdu|L t'?Gt k|fKt x'g ;5 . ;fy} pgn] cfkm" kl5cfkm\gf] em08} ;a} ;DklQ b'MvL ul/asf nflu bfglbg] afrf klg lnlvt ¿kdf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . clxn]klg To:t} ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ gfkmfsf]lx;fa ug{ eGbf c¿nfO{ ;]jf slt k|ltztn] a9Lug{ ;lsof] eGg] s'/fdf uj{ nfU5 . csf{ wgL lanu]6\; klg To:t} ;/n hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgn];xof]u gu/]sf] lj/n} b]z xf]nf . pgsf] njfO{,vjfO{, a;fO{ x]bf{ eg] pgL lan u]6\; g} t x'g eGg]z+sf ug{ dg nfU5 . ev{/} km];a'ssf dflns dfs{h'a]/ju{n] klg cfkm\gf] ;]o/sf] (( k|ltzt rGbflbg] lg0f{o u/] . t/ xfd|f] b]zsf wgLx¿ wg ;DklQsf]k|bz{g / wfs /jfkm t8s e8s ug{ w]/} g} cufl85g\ h:tf] nfU5 . Pstfsf ;'lgPsf] lyof] 3/dfl6=eL=gePklg 6f]n l5d]sdf cfkm\gf] zfgafg b]vfpgePklg PG6]gfsf] 5ftf 5fgfdf h8fg x'GYof] /eG5g\ . zfob of] s'/f ;To ge} ckmjfx dfq klgx'g ;S5, t/ k'/} c;To xf]nf eGg klg ;lsFb}gg]kfnL ;dfhsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ xfdLnfO{ cfjZosgk/]klg b]vfpgsf nflu dfq ePklg cfw'lgs uh]6k|of]u ug'{k5{ . s'g} s'g} s'/f t g]kfnsf] k|fljlwsl;:6dd} gnfUg] eP klg cfkm\gf] ultnf] :t/ ePsf]b]vfpgsf] nflu sf]lx sf]lxn] lnP/ lxF8]sf] ;d]tb]lvG5 . dflg;nfO{ wgsf] ef]s slt ;Dd nfU5eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf pgn] d;Fu csf]{ Ps 8n/a9L ePdf d v';L x'G5' eg] . xf] hlt eof] Tolta9Lsf] nflu dflg; nfnflot x'G5g\ / b'Mvaf6

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slxn] klg d'lQm kfpg ;lsFb}gg\ . cd]l/sL n]lvsfSuzi Orman n]lV5g\ "Happiness is not tied tohow much money you have – how much youhad in the past or hope to have in the future –but how you deal with what you have right now.”cyf{t ;'v eg]sf] clxn] ltdL;Fu slt k};f 5 .klxn] slt lyof] / kl5 slt xf]nf eGg] cfzf 5af6 x'Fb}g . t/ clxn] ePsf] k};fnfO{ ltdL s;/Lk|of]u u5f}{F To;d} ;'v n's]sf] x'G5 . c¿nfO{ lbP/cfkm\gf] clnslt sd eP klg c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ubf{dflg; w]/} v';L / ;'vL ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] k};fg} ;'v k|flKtsf] d"nåf/ xf]Og cfkm";Fu ePsf] wg

;DkQL s]xL k|ltzt cfkm"eGbf sdhf]8 ju{sf];xof]udf vr{ ubf{ h'g cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 / ;f] k|fKtug]{ JolQmsf] v';Lsf] cfF;' / cflz{jfbaf6 hlt zflGtldN5 Tof] c¿ s]xLaf6 klg k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf]cj:yfdf ;'v k};fn] lsGg ;lsFbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fklg ;xL xf] ls h:tf] nfUg ;S5 .

(Janardan Mishra is a retired civil servantof Nepal Government and currently reside inChesapeake, Virginia with his family.)

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PSsf;L PDa'n]G;sf] cfjfh cfof] . bdsn/ k|x/L ;lxt lemlns / ldlns ub}{ 5]pdf cfP//f]lsP . km6fkm6 :6«]r/ lnP/ 8«];wf/L o'jsx¿ 5]j}dfcfP . lxFl8/x]sf uf8Lx¿ To;sf] 5]p k/]gg\ . otfsfuf8L ot} / ptfsf uf8L pt} . d 5Ss k/]F . d]/f]5]pdf cfP/ c+u|]hLdf ;f]w] . v} s] s] ;f]w] d}n]a'lemgF cG;f/n] p4f/ ug{ cfPsf h:tf nfu]/ d}n]g]kfnL d} elglbPF . ev{/ g]kfnaf6 cfPsf xf}FxKtflbg ef] . lbgel/ 3/ al;of] . a]n'sf ePkl5udL{ 5}g ca t eg]/ Olelgª jfNsdf lg:s]sf] .cfwf 306f klg ePsf] 5}g lg:s]sf] . udL{n] xf]nf-cfd}lt/ b]vfpFb}_ logL t a]xf]; eP/ nl8g\ ;fx|}udL{ /}5 xf} . xfd|f] g]kfnsf] udL{ t o;sf cufl8s]xL xf]Og /}5 P dg]sf af eGb} lyO{ 8\ofª\} nl8 tu} . g kmf]g 5 ;fydf g 3/sf] 7]ufgf 5 . d]/L 5f]/L;ldtf / HjfO{F /3'gfy x'g\ . nf}g 5f]/L HjfO{FnfO{af]nfO{ b]cf] .

of] s] cfkt\ cfOnfUof] dnfO{ . b}jn] klg d}h:tf] b'MvLnfO{ l;sf/ agfpg] < afh]sf kfnf b]lvg} xfdLn] b]ptf k"h]sf] oltsf nflu kf] /x]5 . a"9faf 6f]kL km'sfn]/ cfFvf k'R5\b} ?g kf] nfu] . of]a]nfdf pgn] ug]{ Tof] afx]/ s]xL lyPg . cfd}nfO{:6]r/df xfn]/ uf8L leq nu] . a'9f s] ug]{ g s]ug]{ cjfs eP . olts}df :s'n a; csf]{ ;fO6af6cfO{/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF 5]j}df :s'n a; /f]lsof] .h]l;sf a;af6 pqL . h]l;sfn] Tof] le8 / le8dfcjfs eO{/x]sf ;Gtaxfb'/ a'9fnfO{ b]v]/ a; /f]SgnufP/ pq]sL /lx5g\ . a'9fsf] 5]pdf cfP/ h]l;sfn]

;f]lwg\ . 6kfO{ d]g'sfsf] 8\of8sf] 8\of8 xf] < cfOdLg d]g'sf u]|]g8\of8 /fO6 < a'8fn] s'/f cfwf a'em]em}F d'G6f] xNnfP . d d]g'sfsf] xh'/afaf xf] . ltdLsf] xf} < d]g'sfnfO{ lrGg] eP em§} p;nfO{ kmf]gub]{p g af < a'9f ?Fb} cfkm\gf] 5f]/L e]6] em}F h]l;sfnfO{5]j}df cfP/ eGg yfn] . h]l;sfn] kmf]g nufO{ /afnfO{ ukm ug{ lbO{ . gfltgL dg]sfsf] :j/ ;'g]/a'9f km// 36gf eGg yfn] . gfgL lxF8\b lxF8\b} t]/Lxh'/cfdf af6fd} km]G6 eP/ n8L . t]/L cfdfn] teg]sL lyO{ udL{ 5 lxF8\g] a]nf efsf] 5}g eg]/ .gfgL df]6L dfG5] udL{n] xf]nf af6}df g/fd|/Ln8L . k'ln; cfsf 5g\ v} s;/L cfP . :6«]r/dfxfn]/ uf8Ldf nu] . dnfO{ xftn] y'dy'DofP . sxfF5f} em§ cfp n ddL 8\of8LnfO{ lnP/ . To} kf/Lk§Lsf]laqmLdf /fv]sf] 3/sf] kNnf] r} af6fdf 5f}F . P Pn n h]l;s};Fu ;f]w g t eGb} kmf]g h]l;sfnfO{lbP . sxfF 5f} ltdL PShfS6 7]ufgf eGb]p t af .

h]l;sf pm ;Fu cª\u|]hLdf s'/f ug{ yfnL .a'9f dgdg} h]l;sf;Fu l/;fP . slt cª\u|]hL dfq}e6\ofO /x]sL v'?Ss 7]ufgf lbP/ of] 7fpFdf cfcf]eg] t e} hfGYof] . slt e'NofO{ /x]sL . P nf} .olQs}df 7\ofSs} cuf8L cfP/ HjfO{s} uf8L h:tf];]tf uf8L kf] /f]lsof] . geGb} xf] klg /x]5 . HjfO{F5f]/L cfP kl5 kf] aNn ;fx; cfof] . Ps} l5gdfzfGtfnfO{ klg k|fylds pkrf/ u/]/ Ao'tfP5g\ .p;nfO{ klg xf];\ cfP5 . xfdLnfO{ Tof] uf8Ld}8fs] . g]kfnsf] Joyf ;Dem]F ToxfF o:tf] ef eP <e]nf eP/ kfgL 5\ofKg] sfd x'GYof] . 7"nf b]zsf]

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crDd} x'g] /}5 ufF7] . h]l;sf eGg] d]gsfsL ;fyL/}5 To;n] arfO{ ltdLnfo{ . pxfFsf] cf}Fnfn] h]l;sflt/b]vfP af n] . Tolt egL ;Sbf 5]pdf al;/x]sf];/f]hn] d';'Ss xfF;]/ eGof] . h]l;sfn] x}g h]l;sfls cfdfn] (!! sn u/]/ aRg' ef] xh'/cfdf . xh'/sf;a} s'/f d}n] ;'gL /x]sf] lyPF . d}n] -k|fyldspkrf/lt/ b]vfpFb}_ lognfO{ c+u|]hLdf atfOlbPFtkfO{Fn] eGg'ePsf] 36gf ljj/0f ;a} . k|fOe/Lpkrf/d} pxfF Ao'Fltg' eof] . kmf]g ug{ Psl5g l9nfePsf] eP s] x'GYof] . Tof] t b}j hfg'g\ . a|]g x]df]/]hxg' ;Sg] lyof] . ePg /fd|f] eof] . t}klg dgsf]zflGtsf nflu Pp6f O=;L=hL= r} u/fpg' xf]nf . h]

xf];\ h]l;sfsL cfdf d]l/gf ;fIfft\ eujfg x'g xfdL;a}sf nflu pgn] 3/af6} cfdf km]G6 ePsf] b]v]sL/}5g\ / (!! sn ul/lbO{ 5g\ . cfdfsf] efUo b/f]/}5 . ;/f]h km:6 P08 6'sl8sf] Pp6f ;b:o/x]5 . a'9f dVv kb}{ . cld|sf 3'Dg} 5 lg . To;}dl/G5 ls Sof xf] s;f] a'l9 < cfdfsf] xft;dfpFb} . gd:t] u/]/ ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbFb} . nwGojfb 5 x} ;a}nfO{ . h–h;n] ;xof]u ul/ logsf]k'gh{Gd lbnfO{ lbg'eof] . :ofgf] xf];\ of 7"nf] xf];\36gfdf pkrf/sf nflu ;a}sf] ;xof]u plQs} dxTj/fVb5 . udL{ xf];\ of hf8f] gofF 7fpFdf x]nr]S|ofO{gu/f}F .

d ltgtnf dflysf] ‰ofnaf6 aflx/sf] b[io x]l//x]sf] 5'cfxf Û slt cUnf ;'Gb/ ejg / 9sdSs k'mn]sf au}+rfslt /fd|f] lrNnf gfua]nL k/]sf af6fx¿hxfF lrNnf / dx+Ëf uf8Lx¿ s'lb/x]sf 5g\r/fx¿sf] lr/la/ lr/la/ cfjfh;Fu} xl/0fx¿ gflr/x]sfTof] 7'nf] ej ;fu/df /fhxfF;x¿:jtGq ?kdf hnlqm8f ul//x]sf 5g\ .

slt :jR5Gb / ;kmf 5 oxfFsf] cfsfznfUof] of] Pp6f :ju{ g} xf] vf]O{s'GgL s] eof]x]bf{–x]b}{ d]/f] cfFvfaf6 cfF;' em¥of]clg esflgFb} d asasfpg nfu]Fafa' tFnfO{ s:tf] 5 < eGb} ds}, e6df; / ;fFw]sf] u'Gb'|s;Fu} dlx NofP/ lbg] cfdfsf] dfof 5}g oxfF .d]/f] afa'sf] 9f8; / e/f]iff vf]Hg sxfF hfpF <

s;/L nfpg ;S5' d c++u|]hL ¥ofk ;Fusf] lk/tLd t nf]s ‰ofp/], 8Dk'm / dfbn';Futfndf–tfn ldnfPsf] dfG5]5}g Tof] kf6L kfvf eG‰ofË psfnL cf]/fnL / rf}tf/Lclg v} t < lt d]/f bf]x/L ufpg] bf}t/LdnfO{ t r/df 8fFkm] g} dg k5{ k"mndf nfnLu'/fF;ljZjsf] ;af]{Rr lzv/ d]/f] b]z,dnfO{ dgk5{ cfˆg} efiff / e]if .hlt g} d]/f] c+u|]hL /fd|f] ePklgdnfO{ d]/} efiff af]Nbf dHhf cfpF5 .;'Gb/tf 5f]6f–5f]6f n'ufdf xf]Og,u'Gof}rf]nL nufP/ cfpg] nHhfdf 5 .h;n] h] hlt u/] klg hft–hftLefiff ;F:s[ltdf v}nf–a}nf .d t eG5' d]/f] b]z g]kfn / g]kfnL klxnf .

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ljut s/La Ps bzsb]lv cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;ub}{ cfPsL n]lvsf gLnd sfsL{ lgxfl/sf g]kfnL;flxTo k|]dLx¿sf nflu gf}nf] gfd xf]Og . b]z aflx//x]/ klg g]kfnL efiff–;flxTo If]qdf lg/Gt/ lqmoflznlgxfl/sfsf] s]xL ;do cl3 k|sflzt …csL{ cfOdfO{ÚpkGof;n] k|z:t rrf{ / jfxjfxL a6'Ng ;kmnePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#! ;fndf kfNkfdf hGd]sL;flxTosf/ lgxfl/sfsf] o; cl3 xjg -syf ;+u|x_,a|]g lkme/ -sljtf ;+u|x_, sfuhdf b:tvt -syf;+u|x_, gLnd sfsL{ lgxfl/sfsf sljtf -sljtf ;+u|x_/ a]nL -syf ;+u|x_ nufotsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzteO;s]sf 5g\ . sljtf n]vgaf6 z'? ePsf] gLndsf];flxlTos ofqf syf x'Fb} pkGof;df df}nfPsf] 5 .xfn} dfq pgsf] …rL/x/0fÚ pkGof; k|sflzt ePsf]5, h'g o; jif{sf] dbg k'/:sf/ / kß>L ;flxTok'/:sf/ kfpg ;Sg] k':tsx¿sf] >]i7 ;"rLdf kg{;kmn ePsf] 5 .

dxfef/tsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/n]lvPsf] rL/x/0f pQm ljifoj:t'df gf/L ;flxTosf/n]g]kfnL efiffdf n]v]sf] klxnf] s[lt xf] . Ps nfveGbfal9 Znf]sx¿df cfa4 dxfef/tsf] ljifoj:t'dfxhf/f}F s[lt tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . dxfef/tnfO{ cfwf/dfg]/ g]kfnL efiffdf c? k':tsx¿ klg n]lvPsf5g\ . h:t}M /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6fsf] åGåsf] cj;fg,ljgf]bk|;fb lwtfnsf] of]hguGwf, dbgdl0 bLlIftsf]dfwjL, t/ kfq 5gf]6 / k|:t'ltdf rL/x/0f c?eGbfk[ys 5 . k[ys of] cy{df 5 ls n]lvsfn] rL/x/0fdf

åfk/ o'uLg kfqx¿nfO{ slno'udf ljr/0f u/fPsLl5g\ / kfqx¿sf] cfTdsyfsf] dfWodåf/f b'O{ o'uaLrsf] ;dfgtf bzf{PsL l5g\ . n]lvsfn] pkGof;n]Vg'kg]{ sf/0faf/] k|i6 kfb}{ eg]sL l5g\, æu2L df]xePsf w[t/fi6« cfh klg 5g\, efOefO n8fpg] zs'gLcfh klg 5g\ . lbgx'F gf/L cl:dtfsf] rL/x/0f ePsf]36gf cvaf/df 5flkG5, hGdb} kl/Tofu ul/Psfs0f{ h:tf gjhft lzz'sf] syf klg sd 5}g .Æ tL;a} åfk/ o'uLg kfqx¿ slno'udf hLljt eP/cfPsf 5g\ / pkGof;df k|o'Qm kfqx¿sf] cfTdsygsf]z}nLn] k':ts cem /f ]rs aGg uPsf] 5 .

gf/Låf/f n]lvPsf] / pkGof;df dxfef/tsf]syf klg gf/L kfqx¿af6 dfq k'gs{yg u/fOPsf]n]k':ts d"ntM gf/L pTkL8g / ;+j]bgfdf s]lGb|t5 . n]lvsf :jo+sf] d"n Wo]o klg s;/L o'uf}Fo'ub]lvgf/Lx¿ ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf / kl/l:yltsf] sf/0fk|tfl8t eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] b]vfpg' ePsf]n] pgLcfkm\gf] Wo]o l;4 ug{ ;kmn /x]sL l5g\ . gf/LkL8fsf cnfjf ;Qf df]x / if8oGqsf] sf/0f ljlIfKtePsf] b]zsf] /fhg}lts b'/fj:yf pkGof;n] p7fPsfcGo ljifo x'g\ . pkGof;sf] zLif{s rL/x/0f ePsf]n]k':ts sf}/j ;efdf rL/x/0f ul/PsL b|f}kbLsf] af/]dfx'g;Sg] nv w]/}n] sf6\g ;S5g\ h'g :jefljs klgxf] . t/ n]lvsfn] cfkm\gf] n]vg p2]Zo cg';f/dxfef/tsf gf/Lkfqx¿nfO{ pkGof;df oyf]lrt:yfg lbPsL l5g\ . ;TojtL, clDasf, cDaflnsf,ufGwf/L, s'GtL, b|f}kbL, pn"kL, efg'dtL cflb kfqx¿n]

56

cf–cfkm\gf] syf dfkm{t To; a]nfsf] /fhg}lts Pj+;fdflhs kl/j]zdf gf/Lx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8f/fd|f];Fu k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z k'?if kfqx¿s'g} g s'g} ?kdf kL8s eP/ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .slxn] lktfsf] ?kdf, slxn] kltsf] ?kdf, slxn]k'qsf] ?kdf, slxn] b]j/sf] ?kdf clg slxn]bfh'efOsf] ?kdf, o; cy{df rL/x/0f gf/L pTkL8gsf]dxfef/tL xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm n]lvsfn] gf/LdfcGtlg{lxt O{iof{n' efjnfO{ cfkm\g} lbbLalxgL ;f}tfaGg uPkl5 Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gåf/f phfu/klg u/]sL l5g\ .

syfsf] k|f/De ;TojtLaf6 x'G5 . xl:tgfk'/g/]z zfGtg';Fu ljjfx u/]sL ;TojtLsf] hGddf5fsf] k]6af6 ePsf]n] pgnfO{ dT:ouGwfelgGYof] . cfkm";Fu} hGd]sf bfh' dT:o/fhnfO{ lktfn]5f]/f ePs} sf/0f ;Fu} /fv]sf] / dT:ouGwfnfO{ Tofu]/cs}{nfO{ lhDdf nufPsf] kL8fn] ;TojtLnfO{ cfhLjglk/f]ln/xG5 . eLid k|lt1f k|Zrft zfGtg'sL dxf/fgLaGg k'u]sL ;TojtLsf] sf]vaf6 lrqfª\ub / ljlrqjLo{gfds b'O{ 5f]/f x'G5g\ . ljlrqjLo{sf] ljjfxsf] nflulrlGtt eLidn] cfkm' cfhLjg a|Xdrf/L /xg] k|lt1fdfePsf] hfGbfhfGb} sfzL/fhsf tLg 5f]/Lx¿ cDaf,clDasf / cDaflnsfsf] x/0f ug{af6 kl5x6\b}gg\ . :joDa/ ;efaf6} afx'ansf] e/df Pp6fk'?ifn] gf/Lx¿sf] x/0f ug'{ slt Gofof]lrt xf] <gf/L clwsf/sf] xgg\ ug{af6 eLid klg c5't /xg;s]gg\ . ljlrqjLo{sf] csfnd} d[To' ePkl5pQ/flwsf/Lsf] cefjn] lrlGtt ;TojtLsf] cfu|xdfclDasf / cDaflnsfn] j]bJof;sf] ;xof]udf w[t/fi6«/ kf08'nfO{ hGd lbG5g\ . /fhg}lts pb]Zosf] lglDt;Gtfg k|fKt ug{ gf/Ln] hf];Fu eP klg ;xjf; ug{

/fhL x'g'kg]{ Tof] a]nfsf] afWotf ;Qf cf/f]x0fsf]nflu h'g;'s} kf6L{sf] klg a'O{ r8\g] of] a]nfsf]/x/df tflTjs leGgtf w]/} 5}g . b[li6xLg w[t/fi6«;Fuljjfx lglZrt ePb]lv kltj|tf wd{ gfddf cfFvfdfk§L afFw]sL ufGwf/Lsf] kL8f klg sd 5}g . b'of]{wg,b'zf;g nfufotsf ;o ;GtfgsL cfdf eP/ klgcfkm\g} klt / k'qx¿sf] s'a'l4sf] sf/0f cGTodf l/Qf]sfv x'g k'u]sL ufGwf/L dxfef/tsf] o'4 /f]Sg cg]sf}Fk6s k|of; ubf{ klg klt / k'qaf6 x/]s k6sk/flht ePsL l5g\ . To;dfly cfkm\g} efO zs'gLn]cfuf] dfly l3p yk]sf] b[Zo g]qxLg ag]/ r'krfk;xg ljjz l5g\ . s'df/L cj:yfd} hGd lbPsLgjhft lzz'nfO{ ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] sf/0f TofUg'kg]{ s'GtLsf] afWotf rL/x/0fn] p7fPsf] gf/LpTkL8gsf] csf]{ kf6f] xf], h'g clxn]sf] ;dfhdfklg JofKt 5 . lszf]/ cj:yfdf s'GtLn] u/]sf]uNtLsf] ;hfo pgn] hLjg ko{Gt kfO/xlG5g\ .cfkm\g} 5f]/fn] cfdf :jLsf/ ug{ cfgfsfgL ug'{ /;Gtfgaf6 >flkt x'g' s'GtL dfly ;dfhn] nufPsf]snª\s xf] .

kf08' k'q kf08j kTgL b|f }kbLsf] kL8fdxfe/tsf cGo gf/Lx¿sf] kL8f eGbf ulx/f] ePsf]n]n]lvsfn] k':tssf] gfdfs/0f klg b|f]kbLs} hLjg36gfdf cfwfl/t eP/ u/]sL l5g\ . pkGof;df jl0f{tljzfn ;efdf cfhsL cl:dtfsf] pkl:yltn] klgbf}kbLsf] kL8fnfO{ yk k'li6 ub{5 . aGb sf]7f leq}lsg gxf];\ gf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] cl:dtf n'l6g' kbf{sf]hlt kL8fbfoLs/0f c? s'g} x'g ;Sb}g, cem To;dflyel/ /fh;efdf cfkm\g} dfGohgx¿sf cufl8 b]j/af6cfkm\gf] a:qx/0f ePsf] b|f}kbLnfO{ slt kL8fbfoseof] xf]nf . b|f}kbLsf] ;'Gb/tf g} pgsf] nflu clezfk

57

aGg k'U5 / pgL af/Daf/ lsrs h:tf of}glkkfz'sf]tf/f] aGg k'lU5g . :joDa/ ;efaf6 ch'{g;Fu ;fynu]/ cfPsL b|f}kbL lgoltjz kfFr k'?ifdf klxn] g}afFl8g k'lU5g . kfFr klt;Fu hLjg latfpg' b|f}kbLsf]klxnf] /f]hfO kSs} xf]Og . cfkm\gf} ldq tyf cf/fWos[i0faf6 klg kfFr kf08jsL kTgL /xg'df g} b|f}kbLsf]enfO{ x'g] hfx]/ ePkl5 pgL;Fu cGo pkfo afFsL/xb}g . kfFr};Fu /xFbf klg cfkm\gf] ;a} eGbf lk|och'{gn] k6s k6s ;f}tf xfNg' b|f}kbLsf] 3fpdf g"g5s{g' h:t} x'G5 . kfFr kltsL kTgL ePs} sf/0f;dfhn] klg b|f}kbLsf] gfd x]osf] b[li6n] x]5{ en}lxGb" wd{zf:qdf pgL kGrsGof dWo]sL Ps sGoflsg gx'g . pkGof;df pNn]lvt dxfef/tsf cGogf/L kfqx¿ klg s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k'?ifaf6 kLl8tePsf] n]lvsfn] b]vfPsL l5g\ . pn"kLsf] dfof nfO{nTofP/ ch'{gn] ;f}tf xfn]sf] k|sf/0f xf];\ jfb'of]{wgn] hah{:tL x/0f u/]/ leq\ofPsL efg'dtLsf]Joyf xf];\ tL ;a}df gf/L kL8Lt ePsf] kfpg;lsG5 . pkGof;sf] cGTodf kL8s k'?ifx¿af6Ifdfrfogf u/fP/ n]lvsfn] ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf]kl/sNkgf u/]sL l5g\ . kfFr ;o eGbf a9L k[i7dfkm}lnPsf] rL/x0f ;+/rgfTds 9ª\un] rf/ cWofodfafFl8Psf] 5 s]xL cWofox¿ v08v08df ljeflht5g\ . dxfef/tsf] syf klxn] g} yfxf kfO;s]sfkf7snfO{ pkGof; k9\g k§of/ nfUbf] x'g ;Sg];DefjgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ n]lvsfn] gf/LjfbL

b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ub}{ rt'¥of{O{sf ;fy cf}kGofl;shnk nufP/ syf cuf8L a9fPsL l5g\ . oBlkkfqx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] …/fhsLo efiffsf]Ú sf/0fpkGof; 7fpF7fpFdf af]lemnf] k|tLt x'G5, efiff;Dkfbg / ;/nLs/0fdf Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] eP ;'gdf;'uGw x'GYof] .

rL/x/0fsf] csf] { p2]Zo kf7s ju{nfO{-ljz]iftM o'jf lk+9L_ dxfef/tsf] syf kfqaf/] lj:t[thfgsf/L u/fpg' klg /x]sf]n] pkGof;df o:tf 36gf/ kfqx¿ klg b]vfk/]sf 5g\ h'g n]lvsfsf] d"np2]Zo;Fu ;f]em} ;/f]sf/ /fVb}gg\ . tyflk ltgsf]pNn]vn] pkGof; /f]rs / hfgsf/Ld"ns x'g uPsf]5 . xfdL dWo] sltnfO{ g} yfxf xf]nf / dxfef/tsfkfqx¿sf] hGdsf] syf w[t/fi6 lg cGwf hGd] <kf08' s;/L /f]uL x'g k'u] < ;o sf}/j / kfFrkf08jsf] hGd s;/L eof] < o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf;fy} ;lhn} vf]Hbf ge]l6g] kfqx¿ klg ;dfj]zul/Psf]n] k':tsn] dxfef/tsf] af/]df oy]i6 hfgsf/LlbPsf] 5 . oltsf] uxg ljifoj:t' / bfz{lgs 3gTjaf]s]sf] s[lt tof/ kfg'{ kSs} klg rfgr'g] sfdxf]Og, o;sf nflu ulx/f] cWoog, lj:t[t cg';Gwfg/ k|z:t kl/>dsf] vfFrf] k5{ . kfFr jif{ nfuP/n]lvPsf] rL/x0fn] n]lvsfnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosfzdfPs pHHjn gIfqsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .pgLaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTon] cem uxlsnf s[ltx¿kfcf];\, gLndnfO{ z'esfdgf Û

58

Jffl;+6g l8;Lsf] lgs} Ao:t hLjgaf6 clns aflx/hfg] lgwf] eof] t/ sxfF hfg] < uGtJosf] 6'ª\uf] nflu;s]sf]lyPg . gofF 7fpFdf kl/jf/ ;lxt a;fOF ;g{' ;f]r] hlt;lhnf] lyPg . nfdf] ;dosf] ;f]r ljrf/ kl5 gy{Sof/f]lngfsf] s]/Ldf a;fO ;g]{ lgwf] ef] . s]/L xfd|f] nflugofF ;+;f/ . lrghfg / ;fyL efOx¿ sd} lyP .

s]/L a;fOF;/fO{sf] s]xL lbg kl5 ;fyL Nff]s]Gb| rGbn]eg] æhf8f] df};d ;lsP kl5 elnan v]Ng' k5{ x} u'? ÛÆsf] sf] x'G5g / v]Ng] < d}n] lh1f;f /fv] . pgn] eg]æg]kfnLx¿ g} x'G5g lg v]Ng] . g]kfnLx¿sf] elnjn Snjlg 5 .Æ dg pT;fxLt eof] . lxpFb uof] . s]/Lsf lbgx¿tfTb} uP . ?vx¿df kfn'jf knfpg yfn] . elnjn v]Ngsf]nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f aGb} uof] .

cd]l/sfsf] Jo:t hLjg, ljz]if cj;/ afx]sdfG5]x¿df lj/n} e]63f6sf] jftfj/0f aG5 . sfd, 3/,kl/jf/ clg slxn] sfxLF 3'dlkm/ . glhs}sf ;fyLx¿;Fuklg e]63f6 d'l:sn x'G5 . t/ v]ns'bn] xfdLnfO{ ;fyLx¿aLrdf e]63f6sf] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . gv]Ng] g]kfnLx¿ klge]63f6sf] nflu elnan sf]6{ cfpg' x'G5 . cd]l/sfdfcfkmGt e]6\g cfpg' ePsf cfdf a'afx¿ klg /dfOnf] x]g{elnan sf]6{ k'Ug' x'G5 .

v]ns'bn] w]/} g]kfnL dgx¿ hf]l8lbPsf] 5 . sltkod]/f cfTdLo ldqx¿ v]n d}bfgdf e]l6Psf x'g . s]/L d]/fnflu gofF 7fpF eP klg v]ns'bn] d cfkm\g} ufpF 7fpFdfePsf] dx;'; u/fpF5 . a]nf a]nfdf ;d'bfodf x'g]dgf]/~hgfTds / rf8kj{ ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿df afx]s v]ns'b

g} e]63f6sf] ultnf] dfWod xf] . o;nfO{ cem Jojl:ytu/fpg, a]nf a]nfdf agef]h sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ tof/Lul/Fb} 5 . To;f] x'Fbf v]ns'bn] kfl/jfl/s ldngsf] e"ldsfklg v]Ng]5 . eljiodf v]n a'n]l6g k|sfzg ug]{, v]ns'bsf]ljsf;sf] nflu sfpG6L;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ / o'jfx¿nfO{k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ ;lsP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .

elnan t Pp6f dfWod g xf] dfG5]x¿ h'6\g] .sf]6{df k'u]kl5 ;fyLefOx¿;Fu e]63f6 x'G5 . slxn] sfxLFb'Mv ;'v afl8G5 . b]z, b'lgof, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] af/]dfs'/f x'G5g\ . Jofkf/, Joj;fo, k]zf, /f]huf/sf] af/]dfhfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg ul/G5 . lbg b'MvL, cfkt ljktdfk/]sfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;xof]uL xftx¿ h'6\5g\ . s]xL;do cl3 u'NdLsf SofG;/ kLl8t lzIfs /fd k|;fbe08f/Lsf] pkrf/sf] lglDt ;xof]u /sd p7fP/ pgsf]kl/jf/nfO{ k7fOPsf] lyof] . Tof] kmG8 /]lhª cleofg v]nd}bfgaf6 z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . lzIfs e08f/Lsf] af]g Dof/f]6 «fG;KnfG6 sfo{ ;kmn ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

elnan dfq xf]Og, s]/Ldf cGo v]ns'bsf sfo{qmdx¿klg cfof]hgf x'G5g\ . ;s/ -km'6an_, af:s]6an, ;fOsn/]; nufotsf v]nx¿df g]kfnL o'jfx¿ ;+nUg 5g . ljBfno:t/Lo v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx¿df g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf] lgs};s[otf kfOG5 . elnan h:t} ;s/ -km'6an_ nfO{ klgJojl:yt ug{ ;lsP eljiodf o'jf ;s/ v]nf8Lx¿ xfd|};d'bfoaf6 ljsf; ug{ ;lsGYof] . clwsf+z o'jfx¿df;s/k|lt df]x b]lvG5 t/ lgoldt k|flS6; ug]{ pko'Qmjftfj/0f, v]nd}bfg / ;s[o l6dsf] cefjdf ;s/sf] ljsf;t'ngfTds ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] kfOFb}g .

59

s]/Ldf v]ns'b ultlawLlgoldt elnjn k|flS6;

v]ns'b zf/L/Ls Jofod / s;/t dfq xf]Og, of]dgf]/Ghgsf] dfWod klg xf] . x/]s ;fFem lx8g cf]S;8\fOedf elnjn k|fS6L;sf] nflu v]nf8Lx¿ h'6\5g . k|fos]/L, Pk]S; / df]l/:eLn ;L6Laf6 v]nf8Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt/xg] u/]sf] 5 . slt ah] v]Ng] < sf] sf] ;xefuL x'g] <eGg] s'/f efOa/ u'|kdf k7fPsf va/n] lgwf{/0f u5{ .afxL/L df};d / v]n d}bfgn] ;fy lbPg eg] ;fd'bflosejg / OG8f]/ sf]6{x¿df ;d]t v]lnG5 .

lgoldt v]nsf] nflu rflxg] elnjn, g]6, kDk /k|fylds pkrf/sf] nflu cfjZos cf}ifwLx¿ v]nf8Lx¿ldn]/ vl/b ul/Psf] 5 . df};dn] ;fy lbPsf] a]nf x/]s;fFem elnan k|fS6L; v]n v]lnG5 . oL v]nx¿df k|foxfO:s'nsf ljBfyL{ / o'jfnfO{ Hofbf k|fyldstf / k|f]T;fxgug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . b}lgs h;f] v]lng] oL v]nx¿df cfnf]kfnf] ul/ em08} $) v]nf8Lx¿sf] ;s[o ;xeflutf /xg]u/]sf] 5 .

s]/L elnjn k|ltof]lutfuPsf] d] dlxgfdf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+u7g (NRN)

gy{ Sof/f]lngf RofK6/n] :yflgo g]kfnL elnan l6dx¿aLr elnan v]n k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . gy{ s]/Lkfs{df cfof]lht pQm k|ltof]lutfdf Pg ;L Pg;L nufotsf^ j6f l6dx¿ aLr k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] lyof] . ljhoL klxnf],bf]>f] / t]>f] 6f]nLnfO{ gub k'/:sf/ / k|df0f kq ljt/0ful/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf df]l/:eLnsf Mayor Mr. MarkStoleman and Mayor tem-pro Mr. Stev Rao ;d]t pkl:yltlyof] .

Gfy{ Sof/f]nLgf Pe/]i6 Snj elnan RoflDkogzLkuPsf] d] dlxgfdf Gfy{ Sof/f]lngfsf] :yflgo Pe/]i6 sNan]cGt/ /fHo :t/Lo elnan k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u¥of] .s]/Lsf] aG8 kfs{ sDo"lg6L ;]G6/df ;DkGg ePsf] pQmk|ltof]lutfdf Baltimore (Maryland), CFNS NRNA Chicago(Illinois), Kentucky Nepali Youth Club-KNYC (Kentucky),Atlanta Thunders (Georgia), Triad Spikers (Greensboro,NC) / Everest Volleyball Club-A&B (Cary, NC) nufPt;ft l6dsf] ;xeflutf lyof] .

lnu dfWodaf6 v]lnPsf] pQm v]nsf] ;]dL kmfOgndfAtlanta Thunders nfO{ EVEREST Club n] / KNYC nfO{Baltimore n] k/flht u/L kmfOgndf k|j]z u/]sf lyP .kmfOgndf Baltimore ljh]tf / Everest Volleyball Clubpklah]tf ePsf lyP . Snasf cWoIf z/b cfrfo{, pkfWoIo/fh' e08f/L / sf]iffWoIf /ljGb| sfsL{n] lah]tf / pklah]tf6f]nLnfO{ k'/:sf/, d]8n / k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug'{ePsf]lyof] . k|yd x'g] 6LdnfO{ USD !)))=)) / bf]>f] x'g]nfO{USD %))=)) /sd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . Pe/]i6 elnanSnjn] u}x| cfjf;Lo ;+u7gx¿n] cfof]hgf ug]{ ljleGgk|ltof]lutfx¿df efu ln+b} cfPsf] 5 .

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;+ljwfgM ;+ljwfg eg]sf] b]zsf] d'n sfg'gxf] . ;+ljwfgsf] kl/wLleq /x]/ /fHon] cGo lgod /sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf jfdg;fo ljkl/tsf] cy{ nfUg] u/L cGo sfg'gx¿ ag]jf agfPdf To:tf sfg'g cdfGo x'g] x'Fbf :jtM vf/]hx'G5g\ . ‘Constitution’ zAbsf] k|of]u ;fwf/0ftof;fdfGo / a[xt ?kdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g}/fHosf] zf;g k|aGw ;DaGw ;a} gLlt lgodx¿;+ljwfgs} dftxtdf x'g] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg'gjf ;jf]{Rr sfg'g elgPsf] xf] .

/fHox¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /x]/ lgodsfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf k|lts'n aGguPdf To:tf sfg'gx¿ vf/]h of]Uo x'G5g\ . olbljwflosfaf6 To:tf lgod sfg'g alg xfn] eg] /fHosf];jf]{Rr Gofofnoåf/f vf/]h x'g'kg]{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] JofVof/ ljj]rgf ;lxt vf/]h ug]{ ul/G5g\ .

k|foh;f] /fi6«x¿sf cfkm\gf lnlvt sfg'gsf?kdf ;+ljwfgnfO{ lnkLa4 u/fO{Psf] x'G5 eg] sltko/fi6«x¿n] clnlvt ;+ljwfs} dfWoddf /fHo ;~rfngul//x]sf x'G5g\ . lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] 7"nf] Oltxf; ag]sf]/fi6«df ef/t / cd]l/sf kb{5g\ eg] a]nfot clnlvt;+ljwfg k|s[ofaf6} ljsf; ePsf] d'n's xf ] .

dfly pNn]v u/]em}F ;+ljwfg lnlvt Pj+ clnlvtb'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . lnlvt ;+ljwfgnfO{ -ef/tLo, g]kfn/ cd]l/sg ;+ljwfg_ / s]xL ;+slnt n]Vo -:jLl8z;+ljwfg_ nfO{ dflgG5 . t/ h'g ?kdf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogx'G5 p;sf] JofVofgt k"0f{tof lnlvt x'G5 jf g tclnlvt g} x'G5 . a]nfotsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ clnlvt

;+ljwfg elgG5 t/ lnlvt PS6x¿ 1701 O{ Act ofsettlement, / s]xL Representations of peopleact 1911Pj+ 1949 sf] parliament act af6n8\;;efsf] clwsf/ ;Lldt x'g uP . 1679, 1816 Pj+1862 sf] …x ]aLo;sf/k;P]S6Ú tyf 1947 O{dfqmfpgk|f]l;l8+UhP]S6 lgdf{0f eof] . dflysf lnlvtlgodx¿sf] dxTj, a]nfotsf] Oltxf;df clnlvt ;lbof}Fb]lv rlncfPsf k/Dk/f tyf Jojxf/ eGbf sd P]ltxfl;s5}gg\ . 7Ls o;sf] ljkl/t #(% wf/f ( cg';"rLdflj:tf/ ul/Psf] ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfglnlvt ;+ljwfg ePtfklg s]xL clnlvt lgod k'/s?kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 h:t} ljwfg ;ef ;b:ox¿sf]ljz]ifflwsf/, /fi6«klt tyf /fHokfnsf] dGqL kl/ifb\;Fusf];DaGw ;+j}wflgs ;+s6h:tf ljifox¿df ;+ljwfgsfcltl/Qm clnlvt lgodx¿ k|rng dfGotf / efjgfx¿nfu" x'g] ub{5g\ .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf kl5 clwstd b]zdflnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] k|rng x'g yfn] . lnlvt ;+ljwfgljwflosfåf/f lgdf{0f x'G5 cd]l/sg cfl6{sNh ckmsGkm8/]zgn] cd]l/sfdf / cfl:6«o gxu]l/og ;+3n]!*^& df cli6«ofdf lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . t/ k|mfG;nufotsf sltko /fhf dxf/fhf / ;d|f6x¿n] Tof]eGbf klxn] klg lnlka4 ;+ljwfg NofO{;s]sf] Oltxf;kfOG5 . g]kfndf klg nfdf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf; gePklgw]/} ;do;Dd a]nfotdf em}F wd{ ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f,rngrNtL / wd{zf:qsf cfwf/x¿df /fHo rnfPsf]cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

:ki6 ?kdf n]lvPsf lnlvt ;+ljwfgx¿df g]kfn;/sf/ ljwfg @))$ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg

61

@))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg @)!( -k+rfot_ x'Fb} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg@)$& g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / clxn]sf] gofFg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&# ;Dd cfPsf] kfpF5f} .

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ul/Psf ] x ' G5 . d 'Votof hgdt ; +u |xaf6;+ljwfg;efx¿af6 ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ x'Fbf g]kfnsf]gofF ;+ljwfg @)&@ klg hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt jf r'lgPsfhgk|ltlgwLx¿ sfg'gljbx¿ ;d]tsf] ;ef h;nfO{;+ljwfg;ef elgG5 . ToxL ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0fePsf] ;+ljwfg xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fdflhs,cfly{s /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s cj:yf, cf:yf/ k|rngx¿ /fi6«sf] ef}uf]lns e'jgfj6 ;fy} /fli6«o;j{dfGo dfGotfx¿sf] ljz]if Vofn ul/Psf] x'G5 .;+ljwfg;efaf6 sltko dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿df hgtfsfhgdt / ;'emfjx¿ lng] ul/G5g\ .

cToflws ?kdf cfPsf ;'emfjx¿nfO {;+ljwfg;efn] c+lusf/ ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . To:tf;'emfjx¿nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] hgdt ;+u|xs} ?kdf lng';+ljwfg;efsf] st{Jo xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu /fHosfk|b]lzs If]qx¿sf] ljefhg juL{s/0f tyf wfld{slg/k]Iftfsf ljifodf hgtfx¿sf tkm{af6 cToflwsrf;f] / ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng ePsf lyP .

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;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] a'em\g h?/L x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cy{df;/sf/ eg]sf] hgtfx¿af6 g} 5gf}6 u/L k7fPsfk|ltlgwLx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x jf c+u xf] . h;n] sfg'gx¿agfpg] / nfu' u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} /fHo ;~rfngul/Fb}5g\ . ;/sf/ ;~rfng ubf{ hgtfx¿sf] ;jf]{kl/lxt / sNof0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;/sf/sf] klxnf]k|fyldstf x'G5 . xf] oxL ;/sf/ hgtfx¿ larsf] xs

clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ng ug]{ sfd ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf]x'G5 . h:t} ;/sf/sf ltg k|d'v c+ux¿ sfo{kflnsfJoj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf lardf Ps csf] {nfO{zlQmzfnL x'g glbO{ a/fa/ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] ub{5 .;+3Lo ;/sf/ -s]lGb|o ;/sf/_ sf] clwsf/x¿sf] l;df+sgug]{ sfd cyjf olt;Ddsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ sfg'g lgdf{0fu/ jf /fHo u/ eg]/ ;+ljwfgn] tf]Sg] sfd u5{ ;/sf/n]dgkl/ u/]df ;+ljwfgn] /f]Sg] ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjemg\ a9]sf] xf] . of] ;+ljwfg @)&@ tdfd g]kfnLx¿/ g]kfnsf] nflu Pp6f ;'gf}nf] eljio ag]/ hlGdPsf]5 .

x/]s g]kfnLn] of] ;+ljwfgaf6 w]/} g} pGglt,k|ult / kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsflgdf{0f;Fu} s]xL sdhf]/L q'l6x¿ cefj / sdLx¿xf]nfg\ . To;}n] lt ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg ;+ljwfgsf];+zf]wgaf6 ug{ ;lsg] pkrf/fTds l;4fGt of] cfw'lgs;+ljwfgn] af]s]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf]Uof/]G6L, hgtfsf df}lns xs clwsf/x¿ af]Ng] :jtGqtf,wfld{s :jtGqtf, :jtGq k|];sf] :jtGqtf e]nf hDdfx'g] h'n';df efulng] :jtGqtf nufotsf w]/} j}olQms:jtGqtfx¿sf] Uof/]G6L ul/lbPsf] 5 . To; pk/ slxNo}h:tf];'s} kl/l:ylt k/] klg k|ltaGw nufO{g] 5}g elgPsf]xf] .

of] ;+ljwfg /x];Dd of] clwsf/x¿ afFlr/xG5g\eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] k|hftflGqs Jojxf/df:jtGq h'n';dfyL kx/L bdg ug]{ s'6lk6 ug]{ y'Gg]ul/G5 af:tjdf Tof] :jtGq lxF88'n ug]{ ;ef h'n';ul/g kfpg] clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] dflgG5 . To;/Lhgtfsf clwsf/x¿ l5Gg kfO{Fb}g .

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62

zf;g;lxtsf clwsf/x¿sf] Uof/]G6L lnPsf] 5 .;+ljwfgn] ;lbof}Fsfn b]lv rlncfPsf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z,s]lGb|o t/ PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfn] ;[hgf u/]sf ;a}lje]b / pTkL8gx¿sf] cGo u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ ;a}k|sf/sf]lje]b 5'jf5'tsf] cGTosf ;fy cfly{s ;dfgtf ;d[l4/ ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL/ ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtf d"ns;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;kgf af]s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgn]gful/ssf g};lu{s clwsf/x¿ df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, aflnudtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rgx¿,k|];:jtGqtf ;fy} lgikIf Gofokflnsf sfg'gL/fHosf]cjwf/0ff nufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdfcfwfl/t Ps cfbz{ /fHosf] kl/sNkgf ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]5 . of] ;+ljwfg gofF / dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx¿df ;+j}wflgs/fi6«klt, ;+l3o /fHo Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf,sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf larsf] zlQm ;Gt'ngsfnflu ;+j}wflgs cbfnt ;lxtsf] :jtGq Gofokflnsf,Pj+ wfld{s :jtGqtf /x]sf] 5 .

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;Sb}g . /fi6«k|lt gful/ssf] w]/} dxTjk"0f{ bfloTjx¿/x]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf] lgdf{0f ljsf;, ;~rfng cflb ;a}gful/sx¿n] g} ub{5g\ . s'g} klg b]zsf gful/sx¿n]lglZrt pd]/ k'u]kl5 gful/stf k|fKt ub{5g\ / vf;dfTolx gful/stfn] gful/ssf] j}wflgstf k|fKt ub{5 .gful/sx¿n] gful/sx¿s} nflu gful/sx¿ dWo]af6}k|ltlgwLx¿ r'Gg], ;/sf/, ;dfh / k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfx¿u7g ug]{ ub{5g\ . x/]s /fi6«x¿df o;/L g} ;/sf/ag]sf] x'G5 . zf;s zfl;t b'j} hgtf g]kfnL x'g hgtf/ gful/s k|ofo zAb xf] . JolQmn] gful/stf k|fKt ug'{eGbf cl3 cfkm\gf hGdl;4 g};lu{s clwsf/x¿ lnP/cfPsf] x'G5 eg] gful/stf k|flKt kl5 sfg'g k|bQ ykdf}lns xsx¿ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;a} df}lns xsx¿,d}lns clwsf/x¿ dfgj clwsf/ leq kb{5g\ t/ ;a}df}lnsxsx¿ sfg'g kbQxs leq kb}{gg\ . sfg'g k|bQeg]sf] sfg'gdf jf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] xsclwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . /fi6«x¿sf 5'§f5'§} sfg'gx¿ x'G5g\To;}n] s'g} b]zdf 3f]lift clwsf/ csf]{ b]zdf gx'g;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cd]l/sfsf gful/sn] csf]{b]zsf] gful/stf lnP/ vf;} km/s kb{}g t/ g]kfnef/tsf gful/sn] csf]{ b]zsf] gful/stf lnPdf w]/};+j}wflgs xs clwsf/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{sfg'g leq ;d]l6Psf df}lnsx¿ dfq hgtfn] k|rlntug{ kfpg] s'/f xf] . To;}n] Bill of Rights / Magnacrate leqsf dfgjsf clwsf/x¿ g;d]l6Psf] ;+ljwfgaf]s]sf /fi6«x¿nfO{ k|hftflGqs /fi6« eGg ;lsFb}g .cem ;lhn} a'em\gsf nflu gful/stf eg]sf] s'g} klg/fi6«n] cfkm\gf hgtfnfO{ sfg'gL ?kdf k|bfg ul/g] Tof]cflwsf/Ls k|df0f xf] h;df gful/ssf xs clwsf/bfloTj / kmfObfx¿ Jojl:yt ul/Psf x'G5g\ . h:t}g]kfnL gful/stf glnPsf] JolQm s'g} r'gfjdf efulng ;Sb}gg\ s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf efu lngsf nflug]kfnL gful/stf lnPsf] x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 .g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;]jf ug{ / s'g} klg ;/sf/L hflu/df/xg klg gful/stf gePsf] JolQm c;dy{ x'G5 .

63

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gful/stf#= ;+;f/sf ljz]if VoftL k|fKt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;/sf/sf]

lg0f {osf cfwf/df dfgfy { gful/stf$= u}/ cfjl;o g]kfnLx¿sf nflu ljz]if gful/stf

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f !$df elgPsf], u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfgug{ ;lsg] .

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t/ gful/stf k|fKt ubf{sf avt lghsf cfdf/ afa' b'j} g]kfnL gful/s /x]5g\ eg] g]kfndf hGd]sf]To:tf] JolQmn] j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stfk|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnL gful/stf kmfObfx¿MPs lsl;dsf] bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] k||fawfg h:t}

af]s]sf] gofF gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfn] xfdL ljb]zdfa:g] k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]z /fi6« / hGde"dLg]kfndf lagf /f]stf]s cfjthfjt ug{ cfkm\gf efiff,lzIff, ;+:s[ltsf] cjnDag ub}{ hGde"ldsf] ;dfhpTyfgdf ;xefuL x'g] cleofgdf ;l/s x'g ;'gf}nf]9f]sf v'nfPsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5f} F . of] k|fawfgsfdfWodaf6 xfdL / xfd|f ljb]zd} hGdL x'ls{Psf gfgLafa'x¿sf] eljiosf nflu klg of] lgs} kmnbfoL x'g]ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}F . ;a} ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf] rfxgf/ dfunfO{ cfTdf;fy ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;a} /fhg}ltsbnx¿ o; k|sf/sf] lg0f{odf k'Ug ;kmn ePsf]df xfdLw]/} g} v';L ;fy cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}F . cfk|jf;L g]kfnLx¿n]of] gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfn] lgDglnlvt kmfObflng ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ .

64

!= lagf /f]stf]s u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnLx¿ hlt;'s};do ;Dd klg g]kfn e|d0f ug{ a;]af; ug{kfOg] .

@= s'g} Joj;fo ug{ cg'dltM cfkm"nfO{ dgk/]sfdg nfu]sf Joj;fox¿ 8fS6/, jlsn, g;{OlGhlgo/, pBf]u, jfl0fHox¿ ljb]zdf l;s]sf1fg l;k / cg'ejsf of h'g;'s} Joj;fox¿ug{ kfpg] .

#= ;/sf/L gf]s/L afx]ssf cGo k|fOe]6 klAnsskf]{/]6x¿df gf]s/L ug{ kfpg] .

$= cWoog cWofkg ug{ kfpg] .%= /fhg}lts bnafx]s cGo ;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng

;~rfng ug{ kfpg] .^= /fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmsf clwsf/ afx]s

cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿pkef]u ug{ kfpg] .

&= 3/hUuf vl/b laqmL ug{ / pBf]u Joj;fox¿dfnufgL ug{ kfpg] .

*= olb s'g} JolQm /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;d]t k|fKtug{ rfxG5 eg] nuftf/ g]kfndf % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf w]/} ;do a;]df /fhg}lts clwsf/sf]k'gj{xfnL x'g] clwsf/ ;d]t gofF ;+ljwfg @)&@n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

a]kmfObfx¿M!= ;/sf/L hflu/, k|x/L / ;}lgsdf egf{ x'g

gkfpg] .@= /fhg}lts clwsf/ cGtu{t r'gfjdf efu lng

pDd]bjf/ aGg / ef]6 xfNg gkfpg] ./fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmx¿ k|ltaGw

#= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] ljb]zdfa:g] cfd g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cGo s'g s'g ljifox¿df;xhtf NofPsf] 5 eGg] ;jfndf yk s]xL rrf{u/f}F .

s_ 3/hUuf ;DkQL ef]urng v/Lb laqmL / ;~roMcGtl/d ;+ljwg @)^# cfO;s] kl5 u}/cfjf;Lo

g]kfnLx¿n] u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;+3sf] tkm{af6 klgcfkm" hlGdPsf] x'ls{Psf] jf cfkm\gf] /fi6«df s]xL ug'{k5{eGg] dfGotfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf If]qx¿dfnufgL ul/gsf nflu nufgL k|aw{gsf] jftfj/0f tof/ug{ u/fO{lbg / u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnLx¿nfO{ a:gsf nflu3/hUuf vl/b laqmLsf ;jfndf :ki6 x'g g]kfn ;/sf// /fhg}lts bnx¿;Fu nfdf] ;dob]lv kxn eO{/x]sf]lyof] . o;} cg'?k ;g\ @)!@ df g]kfn ;/sf/ / Pgcf/ Pg lar s]xL ;xdltx¿ ePsf x'g\ To; dWo Pgcf/ Pgn] sf7df8f}+df cfjf;sf nflu @ /f]kgL;Dd /pkTosf aflx/sf gu/ If]qx¿df * s7\7f ;Dd hUuf3/ cfjf;sf nflu lng;Sg] eGg] eb| ;xdltx¿ ePsflyP .

t/ ljBdfg ;+ljwfgn] ef]urng laqmL ljt/0f,Pj+ ;~rodf s'g} ;Ldf+sg tf]s]sf] 5}g . To:t} nufgLk|a4{g af]8{df Pg cf/ Pg ;d]t ;b:o /xg] u/L gofFJoj:yf ldnfOof] h'g u}/cfjf; g]kfnLx¿sf nfludxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf] .

v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljB't\ kl/of]hgf, ko{6g / s[lifljsf;sf nufot cGo If]qx¿df ;d]t u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ lglZrt eO{ nufgL ug{/ To;sf] ;+/If0f / zflGt ;'/Iff nufotsfUof/]G6L ug{ ;a} /fhg}lts bnx¿af6 arga4tf hfx]/ eO{;s]sf] x'Fbf ca gofF ;+ljwfgsf]efjgf cg'?k k|r'/ nufgLsf ;Defjgfx¿b]lvPsf] 5 . h;n] xfd|f ;fgf ;fgf kF'hLx¿nfO{PsqLt u/L Psd'i7 cfkm\g} b]z ljsf;df nufgLug]{ jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5 .hxfF;Dd ;DkQL vl/b laqmLsf] s'/f 5 . dfly

65

pbfx/0f k]z u/]klg d g]kfnsf] sfg'gsf] ljBfyL{sf]x}l;otn] s] ts{ k]z ub{5' eg], g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf cGtu{t u}/cfjf;Log]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljz]if gful/stf lbg] 3f]if0ff x'Fbf /fhg}ltsclwsf/ afx]s cGo ;fdflhs cfly{s, wfld{s / cGo;a} clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ljz]if gful/stfk|bfg ug{ ;lsg] elg;s]kl5 cfly{s / ;fdflhsIf]qx¿df s'g} /f]sfj6 5}g . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿n]klg cGo gful/s ;/x ;DkQL pkef]u v/Lb laqmL ug{kfpg] :jtM l;4 b]lvG5 . olb ca sfg'gx¿ aGbf of]

k|fjwfg jf k|fKt clwsf/nfO{ s6f}tL x'g ]u/L sfg'gag]df ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg hfg] x'Fbf To:tf] sfg'g algxfn]klg :jtM vf/]h x'g] cj:yf x'g]x'Fbf xfdL cfkm\gfcfo;|f]tsf cfwf/df ;DkQL vl/b laqmL, ef]urng /;~rosf] ;jfndf cfkm\gf cGo gful/s ;/x clwsf/k|fKt 5f}F eGg] d]/f] b[9 ts{ xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LMg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@

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