LESSON 2 : Nature , Prevention and Control of Emerging and

Re-Emerging Diseases

PRESENTATION BY: GROUP 2

CHAIN OF INFECTION

SWINE FLU

Also called as swine influenza ,that is caused by a different strain of anorthomyxovirus subtype (H1N1) from those found in swine.

SYMPTOMS

Fever Sore throat Cough Chills Body aches Fatigue Diarrhea Vomiting

THINGS TO DO IF ONE HAS FLU SYMPTOMS

If you get sick with flu-like symptoms this flu season, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people except to get medical care. Most people with 2009 H1N1 have had mild illness and have not needed medical care or antiviral drugs and the same is true of seasonal flu.

However, some people are more likely to get flu complications and they should talk to a health care provider about whether they need to be examined if they get flu symptoms this season.

TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH SWINE FLU

AntiviralsThe antiviral medications oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

and zanamivir (Relenza) may be used to treat some people with swine flu. Your GP will decide if these are necessary.Antivirals are not a cure for swine flu, but will help:

reduce the length of time you are ill by around one day

relieve some of the symptoms reduce the potential for serious complications

such as pneumonia

TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH SWINE FLU

AntibioticsAntibiotics are used to treat swine flu

patients who develop complications. They help combat bacterial infections such aspneumonia.

In hospitals, antibiotics will be used to treat the most ill patients and may reduce the length of hospitalisation

LEPTOSPIROSIS

is an infectioncaused by bacteria of the Leptospira type. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.

TYPES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

MILD LEPTOSPIROSIS the patient

experiences muscle pains, chills and possibly a headache. 90% of cases are of this type.

SEVERE LEPTOSPIROSIS

can be life-threatening. There is a risk of organ failure and internal hemorrhaging. This occurs when the bacterium infects the kidneys, liver and other major organs. Experts are not sure why some patients develop the severe form - people who are already very ill, such as those withpneumonia, young children under five, and elderly individuals are more likely to suffer from severe Leptospirosis.

HOW LEPTOSPIROSIS DIAGNOSED

Leptospirosis can be difficult to diagnose in its mild early stages, as it shares symptoms with other more common infections.

Many cases may initially be mistaken for conditions such asinfluenza (flu). Leptospirosis is therefore usually only diagnosed if symptoms are severe.

To diagnose leptospirosis successfully, a detailed personal history is usually required.

A diagnosis of leptospirosis can be confirmed by running a series of blood and urine tests to detect the presence of the leptospira bacteria in your blood or urine.

Scans such as a chest X-ray may also be carried out if it is felt your organs have been affected.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS

Leptospirosis is usually treated with a course of antibiotics, although their effectiveness has not been conclusively proven.

Most cases of leptospirosis are mild and can be successfully treated with a five to seven-day course of antibiotic tablets. Penicillin or a tetracycline antibiotic called doxycycline are the preferred choices.

PREVENTION OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

The risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals.

Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil because of their job or recreational activities.

MENINGOCOCCEMIA

Meningococcemia is a bacterial infection caused by the Neisseria meningitides bacteria. This is the same type of bacteria that causes some types of meningitis. When the bacteria infect the membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord, the infection is called meningitis. When the infection remains in the blood, but does not infect the brain or spinal cord, it is called meningococcemia.

MENINGOCOCCEMIA CAUSE Neisseria meningitidis, the

bacteria that causes meningococcemia, can harmlessly live in your upper respiratory tract. However, simply being exposed to this germ is not enough to cause this disease. According to the Indiana State Department of Health, up to 10 percent of people may carry these bacteria (ISDH)—and not all of these people become sick.

An infected person can spread these bacteria through coughing and sneezing.

SYMPTOMS You will generally only have a

few symptoms at first. These symptoms are common and include:

a fever a headache a rash consisting of small spots nausea You might also feel irritable or

anxious. As the disease progresses, you

will develop more serious symptoms. These include blood clots and patches of bleeding under your skin.

DIAGNOSE

Blood tests will be done to rule out other infections and help confirm meningococcemia. Such tests may include:

Blood culture Complete blood count with differential Clotting studies (PT, PTT) Other tests that may be done include: Lumbar puncture to get a sample of spinal fluid

for CSF culture Skin biopsy and Gram stain Urinalysis

TREATMENT

Meningococcemia must be treated immediately. You will be admitted to the hospital and possibly kept in an isolated room to stop the bacteria from spreading.

You will be given antibiotics through a vein (intravenously) to begin fighting the infection. You will probably also receive intravenous fluids.

Other treatments depend on the symptoms you have developed. If you have blood clots, for example, you will receive care to treat them. If you are having difficulty breathing, you will receive oxygen. If your blood pressure becomes too low, you will receive medication to help treat that issue.

Meningococcemia can sometimes lead to bleeding disorders.

PROGNOSIS

Early treatment results in a good outcome. When shock develops, the outcome is less certain.

The condition is most life threatening in those who have:

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) - a severe bleeding disorder

Kidney failure Shock

PREVENTION

Preventive antibiotics for family members and contacts are often recommended. Speak with your health care provider about this option.

A vaccine that covers some -- but not all -- strains of meningococcus is available, and has been suggested for use by college students who live in dormitories. You should discuss the appropriate use of this vaccine with your health care provider.

HAND-FOOT-MOUTH AND DISEASE

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a human syndrome caused by intestinal viruses of the picornaviridae family.Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) are the most common strains known to cause HFMD, but many other strains of coxsackievirus or enterovirus are known to cause this viral syndrome.

CAUSE

The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection with the coxsackievirus A16. ... The illness spreads by person-to-person contact with an infected person's:› Nasal secretions or throat discharge.› Saliva.› Fluid from blisters.› Stool.› Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a

cough or sneeze.

DIAGNOSIS

A number of viruses can cause sores and ulcers to develop in the mouth – not just those responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease.

However, your GP should be able to distinguish hand, foot and mouth disease from other viral

Hand, foot and mouth disease can be confirmed (or ruled out) by taking a swab of the affected skin, throat or rectum and checking it for infection. For children, a stool sample may be used instead

TREATMENT

There is no specific treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease. The condition usually clears up by itself after 7-10 days.

It is caused by a viral infection, meaning it cannot be treated withantibiotics. Antiviral medications are also ineffective in treating hand, foot and mouth disease.

TREATMENT

You can help ease your child’s symptoms by:

encouraging them to rest and to drink plenty of fluids (water or milk are ideal; avoid anything acidic like cola or orange juice)

offering them soft foods such as mashed potatoes and soups, as eating and swallowing will be uncomfortable

using medication to relieve symptoms

ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT:

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CUREand

Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country

can have

THANK YOU FOR PAYING ATTENTION

GOD BLESS FOR THOSE WHO

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