* all living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * carbohydrates are the foods...
TRANSCRIPT
* All living things need energy to carry out their life activities.
* Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy.
* When food is broken down part is released as heat the rest is stored as chemical energy.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
PPP
1 adenine
1 ribose
adenosine
3 phosphate groups Triphosphate
*Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
• Energy is released by breaking the last phosphate bond “high energy bond” and this transfer to another compd is called:
Phosphorylation
PP P P P P+
ATP ADP + Pi (Adenosine Diphosphate)*has less energy than ATP
ATP
Energy from food Energy for cell use
ADP + Pi
ATP CYCLE
Glucose is the most common food substance from which we obtain energy.
*Glucose itself contains too much energy for the cell to use all at once so it is broken down and stored in ATP.
1 Glucose = 38 ATP 1 Triglyceride = 146 ATP 1 Protein = 38 ATP
Hydrogen Receptors (coenzymes) -NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide*Each of these 2 molecules can accept hydrogen atoms.
FAD + 2H FADH2NAD + 2H NADH
As the hydrogens are transferred the coenzymes gain energy (temporarily)
Hydrogen is passed along in this wayuntil the last step in the pathway whenanother substance is used as a final acceptor.*The energy is used to make
ATP from ADP + Pi *either oxygen or another substance
light energy chemical energy
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT-only in light (day) - light or dark (day/night)
-takes place in thylakoid - dependent on chemical membrane of chloroplasts products of light rxns
- take place in stroma of chloroplasts
light
Grana
Thylakoid
Stroma
•Light dependent rxns : membrane of thylakoid•Light independent rxns : stroma
* Take place in thylakoid membrane
Light absorption = 1st step
2 Light Absorbing Forms* Photosystem II* Photosystem I
Purpose : Convert ADP ATP Convert NADP NADPH
Energy from electrons (e-)
(contain chlorophyll)
e-
e-
electron acceptor
ADP + P
ATPE.T.C(thylakoidmembrane)
e-
e- acceptor
2 NADPH
2 NADP
Photosystem IPhotosystem II (chlorophyll)
2H2O 2H2 + O2
(chlorophyll)
2 H+
1. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem II2. H20 is split into ½ O2 and 2H3. Hydrogens pumped across the thylakoid membrane and e-’s passed along ETC.4. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem I, e- energy used to produce NADPH5. Using the hydrogen gradient ATP Synthase makes ATP
2H2O + Light ATP + NADPH + O2
Light Dependent Rxn : Thylakoid membrane
Carbon fixation - incorporation of CO2 into an organic compd during photosynthesis.
Calvin Cycle = light independent rxn = dark rxn
(RuBP - 5 carbon sugar starting &ending compound
Calvin Cycle/Light independent rxn : stroma6CO2 C6H12O6
glucose
CO2
1. Carbon Fixation CO2 + RuBP
6 carbon sugar
2. The 6-carbon compd splits into 2 PGA (3 carbon compds)
2 PGA2 ATP
2ADP + 2P2 NADPH
2 NADP
PGAL 3. ATP & NADPH produced in light rxn provide energy to convert PGA to PGAL
PGAL
PGAL/G3P
4. SIX cycles produces 2 PGAL which combine to form 1 glucose molecule
Glucose (2PGAL/G3P)
RuBP
ATP
ADP + P
5. ATP and PGAL rebuild RuBP so that the cycle can begin again
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O light
CO2 + RuBP 2 PGA (3 carbon compd) 2 PGAL/ 2 G3P RuBP
ATP & NADPH provide energy
Used to make more
6 CO2 12 PGAL (G3P) -10 PGAL
Used to makemore RuBP
2 PGAL/2G3P
1 GlucoseFORM
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=62625&title=Photosynthesis
Aerobic : presence of oxygen
Anaerobic : absence of oxygen
*Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with thesame rxn: Glycolysis
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-CPGAL PGAL
Glucose
C-C-C C-C-C
NADNADH
2 ADP + 2 P2 ATP
NADNADH
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP
Pyruvate Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 P
PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) is oxidized by losing 2 hydrogen atoms and changes to another 3-carbon compound called Pyruvate.
*4 ATP - 2 ATP (used) = 2 ATP (Net)
2 ATP used
4 ATP made
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
Net Production*2 NADH*2 ATP
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html
*Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient. It takes 20 Glucose molecules to make as much ATP as an aerobic organism can make with 1 Glucose molecule.
Fermentation : conversion of Pyruvate to some other product with no further release of energy.
- yeast converts to CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol- some bacteria create substances into cheese- your cells make lactic acid
Glucose
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
Pyruvate
Fermentation
Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol + CO2
Without O2
yeastAnaerobic bacteria, Mammal muscles
*Aerobic Respiration begins with Glycolysis. The remaining steps take place in the mitochondria.
C-C-C C-C-C
Pyruvate Pyruvate
C-C C-C
Acetyl - CoA Acetyl - CoA(2 carbons) (2 carbons)
CoA CoA
CO2CO2
Kreb Cycle Kreb Cycle
NAD NAD
NADH NADH
Net Production*2 NADH*2 CO2
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
* 2 CYCLESAcetyl-CoA
6 Carbons
5 Carbons
4 Carbons
4 Carbons
4 Carbons2 Carbons
CO2
CO2
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
FADH2
NADH
NAD
FAD
ADP + PATP
NET Production after 2 Cycles: 2 ATP6 NADH2 FADH2
4 CO2
(citric acid)
Net Production:
1. Glycolysis = 2 ATP = 2 NADH
2. CoA = 2 NADH= 2 CO2
3. Kreb Cycle = 6 NADH= 2 FADH2
= 2 ATP = 4 CO2
Total = 10 NADH 2 FADH2
6 CO2
4 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
http://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - a highly organizedsystem of enzymes, coenzymes and proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
•NADH and FADH2 contain stored energy that will be used to create additional ATP.
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html
10 NADH 2 FADH2
12 H+12 H+ or e- are used to produce ATP
The e-’s from the hydrogen receptors are passed down the proteins in the ETC and a H+ gradient is formed. ATP Synthase converts the energy from the Hydrogens to 34 ATP (per glucose). The final hydrogen acceptor for the H+ ions is Oxygen.
12 H2+ + 6 O2 12 H2O
34 ATP http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 38 ATP
Per Glucose : ETC = 34 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP
38 ATP
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg