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Faculty Of Medicine - ASU

Student Union Scientific Committee (SUSC)

Examination Note -1st year P a g e | 1

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Content :

- Anatomy …………… 3 • Complete exams ………. 11

- physiology ……………..……. 24 • Complete exams ……….. 33

- Biochemistry …………………... 39 • Complete exams ……………. 49

- Histology ………………………... 82 • Complete exams ……………. 88




ANATOMY




Introduction

M u s c l e:

Concerning the muscles of the body, give an account on:

• Site & types of attachment of the muscles

• Shape of fibers in relation to the muscle axis

• Types of muscles

J o i n t s:

• Give an account on the types of joints in the body & describe their main

anatomical features giving examples.

• Add a note on the stability of the shoulder joint

• Give 2 examples on fibrous joints.

• Give an account on the types of cartilaginous joints & give an example on each

• Give an account on the structure of synovial joints.

• Classify types of joints in the body. Describe their main anatomical features & give

examples.

B o n e:

1- Comment on different types of bones & its functions.

2- Describe parts of a long bones.

3- Give an account on ossification & growth of bone.

Other q u e s t i o n s:

• Give the items required for the following:

1 2 func+ons of the periosteum.

2 Two sites in the body with lymphatics.

3 An example of an anatomical end artery.

4 Anatomy of a typical spinal nerve.

5 An example of a bone developing in membrane.

6 Types & sites of attachment & arrangement of muscle fibers in the body.

7 Name the group of muscles acting together.

• Give an account on the muscles of the body with reference to:

1 Types.

2 Shape & arrangement of fibers.

3 Sites & types of insertion.

4 Function of the skin.




5 Lymphatic system.

6 Deep fascia.

7 Pelvic & pectoral girdles.

8 Cardiovascular circulation.

9 Types of anastomosis between Blood vessels

U p p e r l i m b: Pectoral, shoulder, scapular re gion, axilla & arm

• Enumerate Boundaries of (Quadrangular space – Upper and Lower Triangular

spaces).

• Give an account on serratus anterior Muscle.

• What are the causes of winged scapulae?

• Describe anastomosis around scapula.

• Write short notes on: axillary nerve. Add a note on the effected its injury.

• Write short notes on adduction of shoulder joint.

• Give ashore account on the brachial artery(Beginning – Termination – course –

Relations – branches).

• Give an account on axillary lymph Nodes. Mention The Nerve supply of the Muscles

forming the ant. and post. Axillary folds.

• Mention the Nerve supply of the muscles forming the anterior and posterior axillary

folds.

• Describe the relation of the cord of brachial plexus to the second Part of axillary

artery.

• Give short account on Third part of axillary artery.

• Enumerate the branches arising from the medial cord of brachial plexus.

• Give The relations and branches of second part of axillary artery

• Give an account on cubital Fossa.

• Mention The nerve lateral to third part of brachial plexus, what is the result of its

injury.

• Two branches the third part of axillary artery.

• Root Value of the lateral Cord of brachial plexus.

• Nerves arising from upper trunk of brachial plexus.

• Enumerate Vessels piercing the clavi-pectoral fascia then mention its attachments.

-Ligaments attached to inferior surface of the clavicle.




Forearm and H a n d

• Give an account on

• the ulnar nerve in the forearm and hand. Mention the effects of its lesion at the

wrist.

• on the flexor synovial sheaths in the Palm. Mention their functions and clinical

importance.

• the interosseous Muscles of the hand.

• flexor retinaculum of the wrist.

• the course and distribution of the Median Nerve in the forearm and hand. Name

the deformity due to its injury at wrist.

• Inervation of the forearm.

• the palmer aponeurosis.

• Mention type of Radio ulnar joints and possiple movements.

• the radial artery in the forearm.

• Give short notes on

• arterial anastomoses around the elbow.

• at the Motor and cutaneous nerve supply of the hand.

• Motor affection due to Median nerve injury at elbow joint.

• the muscles on the index finger.

• Mention briefly the arterial blood supply of the hand.

• Describe briefly the distribution of the radial nerve in forearm and hand.

• Describe the attachment and compartments beneath the extensor retinaculum at

the wrist.

• Enumerate Structures passing through Carpal Tunnel.

• State the relation between (Superficial Palmar Arch – Deep Palmar Arch).

• What are The causes of:

1 Ape hand Claw hand.

General q u e s t i o n s:

• Give an account on:

1 Flexor synovial sheaths of the long flexor tendons of the fingers and thumb. Give

the clinical importance.

2 Axillary nerve.

3 ulnar artery and its distribution.

4 The venous drainage of the upper Limb.

• Give detailed anatomy of the flexor retinaculum of upper limb and is related

structures.

• Describe briefly anatomy of the radial nerve in the upper Limb.

• Give short account on Cutaneous Nerve Supply of the upper limb.




• Give short notes on lymphatic drainage of upper limb.

• Give the origin, course, distribution of the ulnar nerve describe the effect of its

injury above the elbow.

• Mention nerve supply and action of the following muscles (Extensor Pollicis Longus

muscle – Supinator muscles – Extensor carpi Radialis muscle – Abductor Pollicis brevis

muscle – Adductor Pollicis muscle).

• Enumerate tributaries of Axillary Vein.

• Enumerate Cut. Branches of (Radial nerve – Axillary nerve – medial cord of Brachial

plexus) then mention parts of skin supplied by.

• Enumerate origin, insertion, nerve supply, action of these muscles (Pectoralis major

muscle – Deltiod muscle – Teres Major muscle - Latissimus Dorsi muscle – Brachialis

muscle – Tricepes muscle – Pronator teres muscle – Brachioradialis muscle – Flexor

Digitorum Superficialis muscle)

• Movement of Shoulder Joint and muscle producing it.

• Describe Lymphatic drainage of the Breast.

• Predict results of:

Thorax

Lung and pleura

• Mention the differences between the right and left lung ( 80)

• Give an account on surface anatomy of leE lung and pleura. (82,84)

• Give an account on mediastinal surface of right lung. (78, 81, 87)

• describe the surface anatomy of :

• Horizontal fissure of lung

• Lower border of lung.

• Lower border of pleura.

• give an account on hilum of both lungs ( 85)

• Give short notes on broncho pulmonary segments of right lung.

• Give an account on surface anatomy of right pleura, right lung and its fissures.

Heart:

• Describe the arterial supply of the heart. (78, 84)

• Give a short account on: surface markings of the heart and its valves. (80,81,82,85)

• Give an account on coronary arteries. (82, 85)

• Give a short account of the interior of right atrium. (82,91,94)

• Give a short account on leE ventricle of the heart. (Sep 90)

• Give and account on the serous pericardium,add a note on its nerve supply.




Mediastinum:

• Describe the division of the mediastinum and main contents of each.

(89)

• Enumerat the contents of superior medias+num. (90)

• give an account on superior medias+num (96)

Nerves in thorax:

• Give a short account on typical intercostal nerve.

• Describe the course, relation and distribution of the right phernic nerve.

Vessels in thorax:

• Give an account on arch of the aorta.

• Give an account on: azygous system of veins.

• Give short notes on arteries supplying a typical intercostal space.

• Give an account on the internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery in thorax.

Lower limb region & popletial fossaThe thigh, gluteal

• Give an account on the profunda femoris artery & its collateral circulation.

• Describe the course & distribution of the femoral nerve.

• Give an account on obturator nerve in the thigh, its root value, course &

distribution.

• Mention the sites of beginning & ending of the femoral vein in relation to the

femoral artery.

• Enumerate structures deep to the gluteus maximus.

• Give the effect of cutting the common peroneal nerve at the neck of fibula.

• Men+on 5 structures emerging from the greater sciatic foramen below the

piriformis.

• Describe the anatomy of the femoral triangle & mention its contents.

• Give an account on the femoral sheath.

• Describe the boundaries of the femoral ring.

• Give an account on the attachment, nerve supply & action of the gluteus medius &

minimus.

• Describe the course, relations & distribution of the common peroneal nerve.

• Give an account on the great saphenous vein.

• Give an account on the femoral hernia.




• The leg, foot & joints in the lower limb

• Give an account on the dorsalis pedis artery.

• Describe the arterial anastomoses around the knee.

• Give an account on the cutaneous nerve supply of the front of the leg.

• Give an account on the popliteus muscle.

• Describe the structures seen inside the knee joint.

• Give an account on the relations of the hip joint.

• Give an account on movements of the knee joint, & name the muscles producing

these movements.

• Give an account on the peroneal muscles.

• Mention the attachments of the medial ligament of the ankle joint (the deltoid

ligament).

• Discuss the movements of inversion & eversion, &muscles & joints involved.

• Describe the extensor retinaculae of the lower limb.

• Give an account on the arches of the foot describing factors maintaining them.

• Give an account on the cutaneous nerve supply of front of the thigh.

• Enumerate structures around the ankle joint.

• Enumerate muscles acting on the big toe & their nerve supply.

• Give an account on the muscles maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot.

• Give an account on the muscles maintaining the transverse arch of the foot.

• Give an account on the plantar aponeurosis.

G e n e r a l Q u e s t i o n s:

Give an account on:

• Lymphatic drainage of lower limb.

• Great and small saphenous vein.

• Tributaries of greet saphenous vein at inguinal region.

• Bony structures deep to gluteus maximus.

• Vertical vessels participating in cruciate anastomosis.

• Action of popliteus muscle.

• A vessel and a nerve passing anterior to medial malleolus.

• Ilio-tibia tract.

• Termination of posterior tibial artery.

• Formation of arterial plantar arch.

• Two main nerves innervating foot.

• Muscle elevating heel on the ground.

• Two muscles originating from linea aspera of the femur.




• Tendons within the groove of lateral malleolus.

• Joints at which inversion and eversion occurs.

• Movements of ankle joint.

• Two structures attached to A.I.I.S.

• Nerve supply of adductor magnus.

• Two Structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen.

• Main abductor of hip joint and its nerve supply

• Root Value of femoral nerve and muscles that it innervates.

General Embryology: • Give a short account on:

• Placenta Previa.

• A labeled diagram of the tertiary Chorionic Villi.

• Mention the embryonic Stage at which implantation occurs.

• Enumerate the stages of oogenesis that occurs in the ovary in the prenatal life.

• After folding, mention the structure that lies at the most cephalic end of the

embryo.

• Describe the results of folding of the embryo.

• Describe the following:

• Definition of spermatogenesis.

• Time of extrusion of first and second polar bodies.

• Chromosomal formula of spermatid.

• Two derivatives of paraxial mesoderm.

• Two derivatives of the intra embryonic coelum.

• Cells in the blastocyst responsible for formation of the embryo.

• Main sources of intraembryonic mesoderm.

• Implantation.

• Placenta.

• Structure of Graffian Follicle.

• Discuss trophoblast.

• Describe the sites of Normal and abnormal implantation.

• Describe the development, Contents and anomalies of the umbilical cord.

• Give an account on the deciduas.


• Chorion.

• Development of Chorionic villi.

• Development of secondary mesoderm.




Complete Exams




9999 6666 1111 9999

MayMayMayMay

1. Name the types of joints in the body. Mention the characteristics of each type and

give examples.

2. Describe the anatomy of the thumb including its blood supply nerve supply, venous

drainage. Name the muscles attached to it and their actions.

3. Describe the anatomy of the femoral triangle.

4. Describe the development of the chorionic villi. Mention its fate.

5. Give an account on the superior Mesenteric artery.

6. Give an account on the anatomy of the rectum with is blood supply and lymphatic

drainage.

7. Describe the development of the pancreas and Mention its anomalies.

1998199819981998

MayMayMayMay

Give an account on:

1. Lymphatic system. (10 marks)

2. Brachial plexus, its branches, formation and lesions. (15 marks)

3. Popliteal artery: its course, rela+ons and branches. (15 marks)

4. Lesser sac of peritoneum. : Walls and openings. (15 marks)

5. Uterus; parts, positions, peritoneal coverings, blood supply and factors supporting it.

(8 marks)

6. Placenta. (8 marks)

7. Development of male urethra. (7 marks)

1999199919991999

MayMayMayMay

Give an account on:

1. Cartilaginous joints. (10 marks)

2. Quadrangular space. (5 marks)

3. Flexor retinaculum of the hand and its clinical importance. (10 marks)

4. Femoral sheath. (8 marks).

5. Movements at the knee joint. Mention the Muscles producing each Movement and

Their Nerve supply. (7 marks)

6. Anatomy of the testis, Coverings, blood supply and lymphatic drainage. (15 marks)

7. Anatomy of the anal Canal (sphincters not required). Add a note on its development.

(15 marks)

8. Implantation. (10 marks)




2000

MAY

Give an account on:

1. Anatomy of spinal nerve. (10 marks)

2. Anatomy of mammary gland, its blood supply and lymphatic drainage. (15 marks)

3. Describe course and relations of femoral nerve-Enumerate its branches. (15 marks)

4. Give the relations, peritoneal covering and blood supply of the stomach. (15 marks)

5. Name the surfaces of urinary bladder. Give the relations of its posterior surface. Add

a note on its development. (15 marks)

6. Give the results, sites and mechanism of fer+liza+on.(10 marks)

2000

September

1- Ossifica+on. (10 marks)

2- Describe the distribu+on of ulnar nerve in forearm and hand . (10 marks)

3- Anastomosis around scapula. (5 marks)

4- Enumerate structures passing through the greater sciatic foramen.

5- Origin, inser+on , nerve supply and the ac+on of +bialis posterior muscle . (8 marks)

6- Anatomy of the spleen (15 marks)

7- broad ligament of uterus . (10 marks)

8 Implanta+on (normal and abnormal) (8 marks)

9- Fate and deriva+ves of mesonephric duct in male and female. (7 marks)

2000

MAY

1- describe in brief the growth of a long bone.

2- Give “origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of the deltoid muscle.

3- Give a brief account on the superficial veins of the upper limb.

4- Mention beginning end relations and branches of popliteal artery.

5- Mention root value course relations and branches of sciatic nerve.

6- Give the anatomy of the stomach.

7- Give the anatomy of the uterine tube.

8- Describe the development of the anal canal.

9- Give in brief account on the spermatogenesis.




2 0 0 2

May

All questions are to be answered :

Give an account on :

1- Structures of synovial joints and their types .

2- Latissimus dorsi muscle – origin , insertion , nerve supply and actions- .

3- Femoral nerve (root value, course and relations and distribution).

4- Relations and blood supply of the right kidney.

5- Prostate ( position , relations, lobes, blood supply and development ).

6- Fertillization ( sites, steps, results ) .

2 0 0 2 September

Give an account on:

1- Ossification of a long bone .

2- Venous drainage of upper limb.

3- Gluteus maximus ( origin, insertion, nerve supply and action. Enumerate structures

lying under the muscle.

4- Anatomy of portal vein. Enumerate sites of porto-systemic anastomosis.

5- Anatomy of urinary bladder and its evelopment.

6- Chorionic villi.

2 0 0 3

May

1. -The structure of synovial joint. (10 marks)

2. Course, relations &branches of median nerve in forearm &hand... mention the

effect of its injury. (15 marks )

3. Subsartorial (adductor) canal &its content. (15 marks)

4. Portal vein formation, course, relations & tributaries.,. enumerate sites of

portosystemic anastomoses. (15 marks)

5. Uterus dimensions, parts, position, relations, peritoneal covering,

ligaments &blood supply... add a note on its development (20 marks)

6. Chorion. (5 marks)

2 0 0 3

September

1. Describe types of ossifica+on giving examples. (10 marks)




2. Give an account on axillary artery ( beginning, end, rela+ons & enumerate its

branches). (15 marks)

3. Give origin ,inser+on ,nerve supply & ac+on of gluteus maximus muscle...enumerate

its deep rela+ons. (15 marks)

4. Give rela+ons of right kidney &its blood supply. (15 marks)

5. Describe the reflec+on of peritoneum in the male &female pelvis. (10 marks)

6.Give an account on folding of embryo. (8 marks)

7. Give an account on deriva+ves of cloaca. (7 marks)

2 0 0 4

May

Answer all questions:

1- Describe ossifica+on of a long bone .(10)

2- Give beginning , end , rela+ons , and branches of axillary artery. (15)

3- Give nerve supply and action of the following five muscles:

adductor magnus ,semitendinosus , tibial is posterior, gluteus medius , flexor digitorum

accessories. (15)

4- Give the beginning ,end , walls & structures passing through inguinal canal. (15)

5- Give the position, relations, ligaments , blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the

ovary. (10)

6- Give an account on implanta+on (8)

7- Discuss development of limbs (7)

2 0 0 4

September

Give an account on:

1- Classify muscles according to their shape.(10)

2- Pronation and supination (joints , muscles , & their ner supply ).( 15)

3- Femoral artery (beginning, course, end, & branches ).(15)

4- Portal vein (beginning, end, course , tributaries, &portosystemic anastomosis) (15 )

5- Uterus (parts, posi+on, reLE+ons, peritoneal covering, & blood supply. (1O)

6- Enumerate deriva+ves of int mesoderm (8)

7- Development of pancreas (7)




2 0 0 5

May

1- Classify types of skeletal muscles according to the arrangement of their fibers

giving one example for each type. (10)

2- Give the beginning, end, and enumerate branches of the axilary artery. Mention

the anastmosis shared by this artery and its branches. (15)

3- give origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of: adductor magnus, tibialis

positerior,semitendinosus, and iliacus. (15)

4- Mention position, relation, ligaments, and blood supply of spleen. (15)

5- Mention parts, dimensions, position, peritoneal covering, and blood supply of the

uterus. (10)

6- a- describe chorionic villi (10)

b- Give brief account on the development of anal canal. (5)

2005

September

Answer all questions

1- Classify fibrous joints giving ONE example for each type. (10)

2- Name superficial veins of upper limb giving teir course, end, and clinical importance.

(15)

3- Give origin, insertion, nerve supplly &action of the follwing muscles:

- peroneus tertius. - gluteus medius. - rectus femoris. (15)

4- Describe the wall & contents of the inguinal canal. (15)

5- Enumerate branches of internal iliac artery. (10)

6- Enumerate layers forming the early &late placental barrier. (5)

7- Describe the development of pancreas. (10)

2 0 0 6

May

Answer all questions:

1- Give an account on secondary car+laginous joints (structure and examples). (10

marks)

2- Men+on the distribu+on of the ulnar nerve in the hand (motor and sensory). ( 5

marks)




3- Give the nerve supply and the action of the following muscles: deltoid, brachialis,

flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor carpi ulnaris and first lumbrical. (10 marks)

4- Give a short account on femoral sheath (how it is formed, compartment and

content). (5 marks)

5- Give a short account on great and small saphenous veins (where it begins, ends

and a brief descrip+on of their course). (10 marks)

6- Men+on the site, surface anatomy, rela+ons and blood supply of the spleen. (15

marks)

7- Give the parts and content of broad ligament of the uterus. (10 marks)

8- Give a brief account on implantation and chorionic villi.

(15 marks)

2 0 0 6

September


1. Give types of synovial joints, men+oning one example for each. (10)

2. Give the boundaries, roof and floor of the cubital fossa and enumerate its

contents. (10)

3. Men+on the beginning, termina+on, branches of axillary artery. (5)

4. Mention action and nerve supply of the following muscles: gluteus maximus,

rectus femoris, biceps femoris and soleus. (8)

5. Give the distribution of the obturator nerve. (7)

6. Give the beginning, termination and tributaries of the portal vein. Mention sites of

porto-systemic anastomosis. (10)

7. Name structures in the stomach bed. (5)

8. Give the peritoneal covering of the following organs: urinary bladder, rectum and

duodenum. (10)

9. Men+on the results of folding. (15)

2 0 0 7

May


1- a- Define anatomical posi+on. Name the 3 main different planes of the body.

b- Enumperate the different types of fibrios joints giving one example for each.

(10 marks)

2- a- Give the distribution of the median nerve in the hand and mention the effect of

its injury at the wrist. (10 marks)

b- Describe lymphatic drainge of breast (Mammary gland) (5 marks)




3- Give the anatomy of the femoral artery in the femoral trianlge (beginning, end, main

relations and enumerate its branches). ( 10 marks)

4- Name the joints at which inversion and eversion occur.

Name muscles producing the movements and their nerve supply. (5 marks)

5- Enumerate sturctures in the stomach bed and enumerate arterial supply of the

stomach (give origin of each artery). (15 marks)

6- Give the boundaries and contents of the ischiorectal fosse. (10 marks)

7- Describe types of choricnic villi. Enumerate structures forming placental barrier (15

marks)

2 0 0 7

September


Give and account on:

1- typical spinal nerve (10 marks)

2- ulnar nerve in the hand (10 marks)

3- name main muscles in the arm acting on the elbow joint.

Mention their action and nerve supply. (5 marks)

4-Beginning, end and branches of the poplitealt artery (6marks)

5- femoral sheaht. (9 marks)

6- relation of the kidneys (15 marks)

7- relations of the urinary bladder in the male (10 marks)

8- decidua (7 marks)

9- enumerate deriva+ves of the paraxial mesoderm(8 marks)

2 0 0 8

May

(Case 1)

After receiving a deep intramuscular injection in the center of the

buttock (gluteal region) , a patient felt numbness over the anterior & lateral sides

of the leg and on the dorsum of the foot . His leg felt heavy and weak . (5 Marks)

a) Which nerve was likely injured ? (1 mark )

b) Which muscle groups are supplied by this nerve or one of its branches ?




c) Why is sensa=on over the medial side of the leg not affected ? (1 mark)

d) What is the safest site for giving intramuscular injection in the buttock ?

(Case 2)

A surgeon performing an appendicectomy (removal of the appendix )

found many adhesions as he opened the patient's

abdomen. He tried to find the base of the appendix

but it was difficult .

a) With your anatomical knowledge , can you recommend a way to find the

base of the appendix? (1 mark)

b) What is the most common posi=on for the appendix? (1 mark)

c) Describe the surface anatomy of the vermiform appendix? (1 mark)

d) While operating, the surgeon cut through muscle fibers directed

downward, forwards and medially . Name this muscle. (1 mark)

e) Why is appendicular pain felt first around the umbilicus then shifts to the

right iliac fossa? (1 mark)

1. Classify types of synovial joints according to the axis of movements giving on

example for each type . (10 marks )

2. Compare deformity and muscles affected by ulnar nerve lesion at the elbow with

that at wrist . (10 marks )

3. Name rotator cuff muscles , Mention their collective function (significance) and

nerve supply of each muscle . (7 marks )

4. Compare between great and small saphenous veins (beginning , course, end)(8M)

5. Describe the peritoneal covering, relations and arterial supply of the first part of

duodenum. (8 Marks)

6. Enumerate the contents of the ischiorectal fossa. (5 marks)

7. Enumerate branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery. (5 Marks)

8. Mention structures forming the placental barrier. (7 marks)

9. State results of fer+liza+on, (5 marks)

2 0 0 8

september

Case(1):

In an operation for treatment of chronic gastric ulcer, it was found that the




posterior wall of the patient's stomach was stuck to his posterior abdominal wall .

a) Which structures lie behind the stomach and can be involved in the

disease? (2 marks)

b) Name a large artery that runs behind the s

tomach and maybe eroded by the chronic ulcer? (1)

c) Enumerate the arteries which supply the stomach?

(2 marks)

Case(2):

A 45 year-old woman visited her doctor after discovering a hard ,

painless lump in her left breast. The doctor examined both breasts and both

axillae. He saw dimpling of the skin in the left breast and the lady was diagnosed

as a case of cancer breast.

a) Why was there dimpling in the skin of her leB breast ? (1 mark)

b) Why did the doctor examine both breasts? (1 mark)

c) Enumerate the arteries supplying the breast? (1 mark)

d) Briefly mention the lymphatic drainage of the breast? (2 marks)

1. Name parts of a growing long bone. Men+on how it increases in length &

breadth. (10 marks)

2. Describe the aNachments & contents of lesser omentum. (10 marks)

3. List parts & dimen+ons of both the uterus & uterine tube. Give their arterial

supply. (10 marks)

4. Give the course & distribu+on of the median nerve & the effect of its

compressinon in carpel tunnel. (10 marks)

5. Discuss inver+on & eversion (joints involved & names of muscles producing

the movements). (5 marks)

6. Describe course and give branches of femoral artery. (10 marks)

7. Men+on parts of decidua and fate of each part. (5 marks)

8. Enumerate deriva+ves of ectoderm. (5 marks)

2 0 0 9

May

1. Compare primary and secondary car+laginous joints. (8 marks)

2. Describe course and distribu+on of the radial nerve. (10 marks )

3. Comment on the origin, course and branches of profunda

femoris artery, add a note on its related anastomosis. ( 10 marks )

4. Compare the hila and bronchopulmonary segments of both lungs. (15marks)




5. Comment on causes and results of ovula+on, men+on fate of corpus luteum. (7

marks )

6. Comment on fate of truncus arteriosus and its anomalies. (5 marks)

Case 1

A 31-year-old woman had a blunt trauma to the lateral aspect of her right leg with an

associated fracture of the neck of the fibula. She complains of decreased sensation in

the anterolateral aspect of her leg down into the dorsum of foot. She also has

footdrop with inability to dorsiflex or evert her right foot.

Questions

1. Damage to which major nerve is suggested in such injury? (1 mark)

2. Name the muscles producing dorsiflexion. (2 marks)

3. Loss of eversion is due to the affec+on of which nerve? (1 mark)

4. Name the cutanous nerve that supplies the cleft between big toe and second toe.

(1 mark)

Case 2

A 34 year old male presents with difficulty in walking. He leans to the right side while

walking. When the doctor asked him to stand on one foot (left foot),his right hip

tilted downwards.

Questions

1. Which nerve is injured? Identify the side of the affected nerve. (2 marks)

2. Name muscles supplied by this nerve and their ac+ons. (3 marks)

Case 3

A 40 year old woman concerned about a mass she detected during a breast self-

examination presented to the physician's clinic. The physician detected the mass in

the left breast & ordered a mammogram. A biopsy of the mass was examined &

proved to be cancer breast. Mastectomy(surgical removal of breast) was performed.

Questions

1. Which group of lymph nodes receive most of the lymph from the breast? (1 mark)

2. Name a change that occurs in skin of breast in case of cancer. (1 mark)

3. Name a nerve vulnerable to injury during mastectomy operation. (lmark)

4. Name four arteries that supply the breast. ( 2marks)

Case 4

A 15 year old boy presents to his physician for a

follow up visit 2 month after fracture of his right

humerus. On examination, the physician notices




loss of contour of right shoulder (flat shoulder).

Questions

1. Which nerve was injured? ( 1 mark)

2. Which part of the humerus was probably fractured?( 1 mark)

3. Name 2 muscles supplied by this nerve. (2 marks)

4. Which movement is mostly affected by that nerve injury? ( 1 mark)

2010

May

1-classify synovial uniaxial joints .Mention the axes ,movements &two examples for each.

(10 marks) 2-describe the superficial veins of the upper limb. (5 marks) 3-Give the distribution of the ulnar nerve to the hand .Predict the deformity produced by

its lesion at the wrist. (5 marks) 4-Enumerate the structures passing through the great scia+c foramen. (5 marks) 5-Mention movements occurring at the knee joint. Name muscles producing these

movements and their nerve supply. (5 marks) 6-List beginning ,end and branches of descending thoracic aorta. (7 marks)

7-Give surface anatomy of the valves of the heart and their auscultatory areas. (8 marks)

8-Describe fate of bulbus cordis. (5 marks) 9-Describe forma+on &fate of connec+ng stalk. (5 marks)

Case 1 A 65 years old woman slips on the floor and falls. She complains of pain in her leE hip and

cannot stand up. She is taken to the hospital and she is recommended that she has a

total hip replacement involving removal of the femoral head and replacing it with a

prosthesis. The surgeon indicates that this procedure is necessary because of the

interruption of the predominant blood supply to the head of femur.

Questions :

1. enumerate the arteries supplying the hip joint . (2 marks )

2. which blood vessel gives rise to a branch that is the major source of blood supply to

the head of femur? ( 1 mark ) 3. in which direc+on the is commonly dislocated ? which nerve is liable to be injured in

such disloca+on ? (2 marks )




Case 2 A 45 years old mother& father brought their 6 months old girl to the doctor for check up.

The doctor looked at the baby's face and palm, then asked for karyotyping (chromosomal

pattern ). The karyotype proved that the baby was Down's syndrome (mongolism)

Questions :

1. Write the chromosomal formula for Down's syndrome ? (1 mark )

2. what features in the face aNracted the doctor's aNen+on,

and made him asked for a karyotype ? (1 mark )

3. Name other congenital anomalies with abnormal chromosomal paNern . (2marks ) 4. list another factor that could cause congenital malforma+ons apart from gene+c

factor. ( 1 mark )

Case 3 A 45 years housewife complains of burning sensa+on in her hand that started 3 weeks

ago . the surgeon diagnosis was carpal tunnel syndrome

Questions :

1. define carpal tunnel . ( 2 marks )

2. which nerve is compressed in the carpal tunnel ? ( 1 mark )

3. List the muscles that could be affected by this nerve compression . ( 2 marks )

Case 4 A football player received a strong kick to his knee, he felt sever pain and was

transferred to hospital. The doctor diagnosed him as having an injured meniscus

Questions :

1. which meniscus is likely to be injured and why? (2 marks )

2. what are the func+ons of the meniscus ? (1 mark )

3. enumerate the arteries supplying the knee joint. ( 2 marks )




PHYSIOLOGY




Nerve and Muscle • Draw a labeled diagram of the strength-duration Curve of excitable tissue.

• Define resting Membrane potential and discribe different phases of Action Potetial

in the nerve.

• Discuss briefly the molecular basis of skeletal muscle Contraction.

• Discuss Neuromuscular transmission.

• descripe Exitation contraction coupling insmooth muscle.

• Describe energy sources of muscle contraction.

• Explain why the action potential is all or non in character.

• Describe the structure and function of sarcotubular system in skeletal muscles.

• Describe salutatory conduction in nerve.

• Describe physiological gradation of skeletal muscle performance. Explain their best

mechanical efficiency in the body.

• Compare and Contrast between slow and fast skeletal muscle units.

• Draw a labeled diagram showing details of a potential recorded with one electrode

inside the cell.

• Describe the changes in the membrane permeability and ionic changes during the

action potential.

• Define the term: Motor unit.

• Describe the sequence of events in Contraction and relaxation of skeletal Muscle.

• Describe the sequence of events by which ATP

provides energy before and during Contracting of the skeletal Muscle.

• Mention the importance of the following in skeletal

• Muscle contraction:

• T-tubules

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Tropomyosin.

• Describe the effect of pre-load and after-load on contractility of the skeletal

Muscle.

• Describe The Metabolic changes in the skeletal Muscle during rest, Contraction

and recovery.

• Explain the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle Contraction.

• Compare and Contrast fart and slow response action potential.

• Describe the role of calcium in smooth and skeletal Muscle contraction. Explain

the effect of Calcium blockers on both types of Muscles.

• Describe the Molecules Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction. Compare to

that in the skeletal and cardiac muscles.




• Give an account on events (contraction and relaxation) of the skeletal Muscle.

• Discuss changes in excitability of skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system • Describe the different sites of release of acetyl-choline. How is this chemical

transmitter destroyed?

• Define Autonomic Ganglia , mention there types and function.

• Descripe effect of Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on (Eye – heart –

respiratory system – GIT – Pelvic organs)

• Name two anti-cholinesterase substances. Describe their effect.

• List the different sites within the autonomic nervous system of release of Ach.

• Compare and Contrast between the nicotinic and muscurinic receptors of Ach

regarding their location, function and mode of blockage.

• Explain the effect of Sympathetic stimulation on cardiac properties.

• Discuss the effect of autonomic stimulation on eye and stomach.

• Describe the effect of vagal stimulation on heart and pancreas.

• Mention two blockers of action of acetyl-choline and their mechanism of action.

• Describe how Ach is inactivated in the body. Mention

the types and functions of anti-cholinesterase.

• Mention how the nicotinic effect of Ach could be

• demonstrated experimentally?

• Compare and contrast the nicotinic and muscurinic

• actions of Ach Mentioning the drugs that can block each of these.

• Describe the mechanism of destruction of catecholamines.

• Describe the effect of stimulation of greater splanchnic nerve.

• Describe the role of vagus nerve in regulation of respiration.

• Explain the function of adrenal Medulla.

• Describe types of autonomic ganglia.

• Compare and contrast between alpha and beta adrenoreceptors as regard their

functions.

• Describe The effect of stimulation of sympathetic nerves on:

1 Ciliary muscle.

2 Bronchial passages.

3 Urinary bladder.

4 Sex organs.

5 Adipose tissue.

• Give an account on the functions of adrenergic receptors.




• Discuss the functions of autonomic parasympathetic supply to the eye, stomach,

and sex organs.

• Discuss locality and functions of the different types of B-adrenergic receptors.

C. V. S. • Give an account on the events during isovolumetric ventricular contraction phase.

• Mention the importance of ARP incardiac muscle fibers.

• Compare between slow and fast response cardiac muscle fibers.

• Give an account on the causes of increased interstitial fluid volume and edema.

• Give an account on the neural and chemical Control of Coronary blood flow.

• Discuss Auto regulation of cardiac out put.

• compare between long and short term regulation of arterial blood pressure

• What are the factors affecting pulmonary blood pressure? And how the pulmonary

edema occurs?

• Draw a labeled diagram of the normal E.C.G. Mention the Causes of each wave and

timing of it in the Cardiac cycle.

• Discuss the nervous regulation of the arterial blood pressure.

• Explain the role of veins and its innervations in circulatory adjustments during:

1 Hypovolemia. (Hemorrhage).

2 Hypervolemia.

• Compare and contrast heterometric and homeometric

regulation of stroke volume.

• Discuss briefly The importance of isovolumetric contraction and relaxation phases

of the Cardiac Cycle in the following:

1 Left ventricular pressure.

2 Central venous pressure.

3 Blood flow in the left coronary artery.

• Describe briefly the rapid Mechanism of arterial blood pressure Control.

• Discuss briefly the different forces acting in the tissue fluid formation.

• Describe changes in tissues during Muscular exercise.

• Discuss briefly the local mechanisms through which the peripheral tissues may

regulate their blood flow, despite marked change in perfusion pressure.

• Explain the mechanism of postural hypotension.

• Discuss the role of different factors involved in counter acting the effect of gravity

on venous return from regions below the level of the heart.

• Define edema and explain the mechanism of is formation in:

1 Congestive heart failure.

2 Liver disease.




3 Triple response.

4 Lymphatic obstruction.

• Compare and Contrast the circulation in pulmonary and systemic vessels.

• Describe briefly the innervations of the resistance vessels in skeletal muscles, and

explain the effect of its stimulation in:

1 Muscular exercise.

2 Hemorrhage.

• Explain the vasomotor tone. Describe the role of afferent impulses in its control.

• Mention the characteristics of the pace maker tissue in the heart. (S.A. Node)

• Describe the mechanism of formation of angiotensin II. List three of its actions.

• Describe the changes in blood flow in the left coronary artery during the cardiac

cycle.

• Define the term: central venous pressure. Mention its normal range in man.

Explain the effects of two main factors the affect this pressure.

• Enumerate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the Cardiac out-put.

• Describe briefly the factors that determine the myocardial oxygen Consumption.

• Mention the physiological significance of isovolumetric phases of cardiac cycle.

• Define shock. Explain its mechanism. Mention the importance of measuring the

central venous pressure in shock.

• Discuss briefly the measurement and factors affecting Capillary blood pressure.

• Compare and contrast between the short-term and Long-term regulation of

arterial blood pressure.

• Define: peripheral resistance. Enumerate its components and explain the

difference in control of pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance.

• Describe central of cerebral blood flow.

• Discuss the effects of gravity on venous circulation.

• Describe the mechanism of regulation of myocardial contraction force.

• Define the determinants of venous return to the heart, and mention the factors

affecting it.

• Relate the different heart sounds to the cardiac Cycle. Discuss the Causes of each

sound.

• Describe the mechanism of control of heart rate.

• Define Contractility of cardiac muscle and mention the factors modifying it.

• Discuss the role of renin-angiotensin system in the regulations of arterial blood

pressure.

• Describe and explain the autoregulation of the coronary Circulation.

• Discuss briefly the heterometric auto regulation of cardiac output.

• Describe the normal waves of E.C.G. State the characteristic waveforms associated

with atrial fibrillation.




• Discuss the role of Baro-receptors in Control of arterial blood pressure.

• Compare and contrast between the regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle

microcirculation.

• Describe and explain volume changes during the cardiac cycle.

• Describe the long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure.

• Discuss changes in coronary blood flow during cardiac cycle.

• Discuss the events occurring during isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac

cycle.

• Describe the electrocardiogram in atreoventricular (AV) heart block.

RESPIRATION • Draw a labeled diagram showing the O2 dissocia+on curve and explain its

significance.

• Define dead space and mention its types and function.

• Enumerate factors affecting air way resistance.

• Compare between O2 and CO2 dissocia+on curve.

• Define hypoxia and mention its types and causes.

• Discuss chemical regulation of respiration.

• Sufactant.

• Discuss the Factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin.


1 Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.

2 Work of breathing.

• Discuss the chemical regulation of respiration.

• What is meant by:

1 Dead space.

2 Lung Compliance.

• Discuss the Types and causes of hypoxia. Comment on the oxygen tension and

contents in the arterial and venous blood in each type.

• Discuss the different lung volumes and capacities.

• Discuss briefly 4 main causes of hypoxia.

• Discuss the Vagal and pontine influences on breathing.

• Discuss the changes in ventilation at onset, during and after muscular exercise.

• Explain briefly each of the following:

1 Importance of the impulses From the Lung in regulation of respiration.

2 Role of brainstem chemoreceptors in inspiration.

3 Apneustic breathing.

4 Gas exchange in the lung.




• Describe the carriage of oxygen by blood. Mention the factors affecting the affinity

of Hb to oxygen.

• Describe briefly each of the following:

1 Decompression sickness.

2 Oxygen toxicity.

• Discuss causes of hypoxic hypoxia.

• Discuss the functions of chemoreceptors in brainstem in regulation of respiration.

• Discuss the ventilatory response of inhalator of Carbon dioxide and Lack of oxygen.

Men+on the effect of hypoxia on Co2 response Curve.

• Discuss control of Bronchial tone.

• Discuss oxygen treatment and toxicity.

• Define and discuss the diffusion Capacity of the lung to oxygen and Carbon dioxide.

• Discuss the physiological shunt.

• Define myoglobin and discuss its function.

• Draw the oxygen dissociation curve. Explain the factors influencing the delivery of

oxygen to tissues.

• Discuss the effect of gravity on:

1- Ventilation of different regions of the long during inspiration.

2- Forced expiration.

• Describe the ventilatory response to changes in acid-base balance.

• Describe the mechanisms of regulation of pulmonary blood flow.

• Describe the role of chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration.

• Define the physiological dead space and describe its measurement.

• Enumerate the factors affecting the oxygen delivery to tissues.

• Describe two types of hypoxia and the effect of oxygen treatment in each one.

• Discuss briefly the blood and tissue buffers.

• Discuss neural control of respiration.

• Describe Carbon dioxide transport in blood.

• Compare and contrast the role of peripheral and central chemoreceptor in

regulation of respiration.

• Describe chloride shift phenomenon and its physiological importance.

• Describe the adult oxygen dissociation curve. Enumerate the factors affecting it.

• Describe role of vagus nerve in regulation of respiration.

• Define hypoxia. Discuss The Causes and effects of hypoxic hypoxia.

• Describe the actions and effects of decreased arterial Po2, increase arterial PCo2

and increased arterial H+ in control of ventilation.

• Describe the physiological importance of surfactant. State the effect of its

deficiency.




• Discuss the Chyne-Stoke breathing.

• Discuss briefly physical, nervous and chemical factors that alter airway resistance.

BLOOD • Give an account on types and functions of plasma proteins.

• Explain how the body can stop bleeding from an injured vessel?

• Discuss Rh incompatibility and how to avoid it.

• List three inhibitors of Haemostasis. Explain why heparin can be used in vivo and in

vitro while dicumarol is used in vivo only.

• Explain briefly:

1 The occurrence of Polycythemia in individuals living in high altitudes.

2 The mechanism of pernicious anemia.

• Describe the functions of plasma proteins. Explain the decreased level of AIG in

liver disease.

• control of erythropoesis.

• Sate the fractions of RBCs. Explain the effect of

• hypoxia on erythrocytes Count.

• Explain briefly the Causes of:

1- Decrease of A/G ratio in liver disease.

2- Coagulation defect in vit K deficiency.

3- Erythroblastosis foetalis.

• Indicate the mechanism of anticoagulant action of heparin and dicumarol.

• Discuss briefly the intrinsic mechanism of blood Coagulation. Define the role of

platelets in this process.

• Explain the Causes of bleeding tendency in case of vit K deficiency.

• Explain the causes of increased RBCs Count in persons living at high altitudes.

• Describe the blood groups. Describe briefly the erythroblastosis foetalis.

• Discuss the ABO system of blood groups.

• Hemolytic anemia of the new born.

• Enumerate factors affecting erythropoiesis.

• Discuss the defensive functions of WBCs.

• Discuss the Characteristics and functions of erythrocytes. Explain the hypoxic effect

on their count.

• Discuss mechanisms involved in Haemostasis.

• Describe the danger of giving Rh+ blood to Rh- woman.




G.I.T • Describe the mechanisms concerned with the release of gastric hormones. What

are their functions?


1 Insulin test for gastric function.

2 Galactose tolerance test for gastric function.

• Describe the mechanism of exocrine pancreatic secretion and its control. What is

the role of pancreas in digestion?

• What is the cause and mechanism of vomiting?

• Explain the effect of fatty meal on the gastric and intestinal secretions.

• Discuss the hormonal mechanism concerned in gastric secretion.

• Write short notes on:

1 - Gastro-colic reflexes.

2 - Cholagogues.

• Write short notes on Secretin hormone.

• Discuss the types and mechanisms of small intestinal secretions.

• Enumerate the gastrointestinal hormones and describe the release and function of

one of them.

• Discuss the functional gall bladder and its evacuation.

• Discuss the mechanisms of secretion and formation of gastric HCl. Mention the

different stimuli that affect it.

• Describe the mechanism of deglutition.

• Discuss the hormonal phase of gastric secretion.

• Discuss the hormonal control of pancreatic secretion.

• Discuss the mechanism of gastric secretion.




Complete Exams




1 9 9 6

Question I:

1. Define the absolute and relative refractory periods of the cordial muscle. Compare

excitability characteristics of fast and slow response fibers.

2. Define cordial output. Indicate its normal resting value and describe briefly is

intrinsic regulation.

3. Describe the role of kidney in regulation of arterial blood pressure.

Question II:

1. Describe the CVS adjustment to gravitational Stresses.

2. Compare O2 and CO2 transport in blood.

3. Describe mechanism of action and contribution of decreased arterial Po2 in control

of ventilation.

Question III:

1. Discuss briefly the factors affecting erythropoiesis.

2. Describe role of platelets in Haemostasis.

3. Describe the functions of cervical sympathetic ganglia and the effect of its lesion.

Question IV:

1. Describe the role of bile salts in fat digestion and absorption.

2. Describe mechanisms of pancreatic secretions.

3. Describe modulation of skeletal muscle mechanics by loading exercise and exercise

training.

2 0 0 0

May

1.Discuss briefly the volume charges during the different phases of cardiac cycle. List

the changes occurring during isovolumetric contraction phase, and state the

importance of this phase. (8 marks)

2. Discuss briefly the role of Baro-receptors in regulation of arterial blood pressure (8

marks)

3. Describe briefly functions of the RBCs. Explain the effects of hypoxia and vitamins

on erythropoiesis. (8 marks)

4. Describe briefly the mechanism of skeletal muscle contrac+on and relaxa+on (6

marks)

5. Compare and contrast the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

on the eye, bronchial muscle and heart. (6 marks)

6. Draw a labeled diagram representing the different lung volumes and capacities.

Mention the factors effecting vital capacity. (8 marks)




7. Discuss briefly the chemical regula+on of respira+n.(8 marks)

8. List the important gastro-intestinal hormones. Discuss briefly two of them (8

marks)

2 0 0 0

September

1.Draw and label the normal E.C.G. and mention the causes of the different waves.

Indicate the significance of the P-R interval and S-T segmen. (8 marks)

2.Describe and explain the mechanism of cardiac reserve.(8 marks)

3.Define Haemostasis and describe its mechanism. (8 marks)

4.Describe sequence of events occurring during neuromuscular transmission (6 marks)

5.Describe dead space. State its types and describe one method for its measurement

(8 marks)

6.Describe the effect of generalized sympathe+c S+mula+on.(6 marks)

7. Define hypoxia and enumerate its different types. Describe types of hypoxia

associated with cyanosis. (8 marks)

8.Outline the phases of gastric secretion. Explain the first two phases (8 marks)

2 0 0 1

MAY

1- Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the force of contraction of

the cardiac muscle.

2- Discuss the long term regulation of the arterial blood pressure.

3- Mention the type of plasma proteins. Describe their function.

4- Describe the effects off generalized sympathetic stimulation.

5- Draw a labelled diagram of the action potential of a nerve . Explain the ionic bases

and accompanying excitability changes.

6- Define pulmonary surfactant. Discuss its function and effects of its deficincy.

7- Describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. Mention the cause of its shift to

the right.

8- Mention functions of bile and discuss the regulation of bile secreation by the liver.

Compare between hepatic and gall bladder bile.

2 0 0 2

MAY

1- Draw a labelled diagram of the action potential of nerve . Mention the exitabilty

changes during the different phases of the action potential.




2- Mention the origin of the parasympathetic outflow .Describe the effects of

stimulation of the vagus nerve on different organs.

3- Define cardiac output. Discuss briefly the heterometeric and homeometeric

regulation of cardiac output.

4- Discuss briefly the pace – maker potential and its ionoic basis. Mention the effect of

sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the pace maker potential.

5- Draw a labelled diagram for oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. Explain the

factors that affect the affinity of Hb to oxygen.

6- Define hypoxia. Discuss briefly its different types and causes.

7- Describe the regulation of gastric secreation.

8- Describe the different haemostatic mechanisms with special reference to the role of

platelets.

2 0 0 2

September

1- Draw labeled diagram of the action potential of nerve . Mention the excitability

changes during the different phases of the action potential.

2- Mention the origin of parasympathetic outflow . Describe the effects of stimulation

of the vagus nerve on different organs.

3- Define cardiac output. Discuss briefly the heterometric and homeometeric

regulation of cardiac output

4- Discuss briefly the pace-maker potential and it's ionic basis. Mention the effect of

sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the pace maker potential

5- Draw labeled diagram for oxygen – hemoglobin dissociation curve. Explain the

factors that affect the affinity of HB to oxygen.

6- define hypoxia . Discuss briefly its different types and causes

7- Describe the regulation of gastric secretion.

8- Describe the different haemostatic mechanisms with special reference to the role

of the platelets

2 0 0 3

May

1- Explain briefly the mechanism of neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle. (8

marks),

2- Describe the processes &control of erythropoiesis. (8 marks)

3- Compare &contrast between muscarinic &nicotinic cholinergic receptors of

acetylcholine regarding their loca+on & func+on. (8 marks)

4- A) Describe the role of surfactant in the alveoli &effects of its deficiency.

5- (7 marks)

B) Describe the transport of Co2 in the blood. (7 marks)




6- Discuss functions of gall bladder —mention the factors affecting gall bladder

emptying. (8 marks)

7- A) Explain cardiac pace maker potential. What are the effects of sympathetic

&parasympathetic stimulation ‘on the slope of pace maker poten+al. (7 marks)

B) Discuss the immediate compensatory reac+ons in acute hemorrhage (7 marks)

BIOPHSICS

A- Discuss briefly the voltage gated ion channels. (3 1/2 marks)

B- Discuss Reynolds number & its significance. (3 1/2 marks)

BIOSTATISTICS

A) List the measures of central tendency &men+on the advantages of one of them. (3

marks)

2 0 0 3

September

1- Compare the excitation — contraction coupling in skeletal muscle &smooth

muscle. (8 marks) 2- Describe the role of the vagus nerve s+mula+on on the heart, lung &GIT. (8

MARKS) 3- a) Define lung compliance &discuss the factors affec+ng it. (6 marks)

b) Draw the oxygen — Hb dissociation curve. Discuss the factors shifting the curve to

the right. (6 marks) 4- Describe the causes of hemoly+c anemia in man. (8 marks)

5- A) Discuss the role of baroreceptors in regula+on of arterial blood pressure. (8

marks)

B) Discuss the factors affec+ng the coronary blood flow. (8.marks) 6 - List 4 GIT hormones. Discuss two of them. (8 marks)

BIOPHYSICS

A) Summarize the factors affecting the transfer of gases through tissue sheet (Fick’s

law) (4 marks)

B) Describe the Laplace law &explain its significance in dilated heart.(3 marks)

BIOSTATISTICS

A) Enumerate different types of data. (1 1/2 marks)

B) List the measures of dispersion (scaNering). (1 1/2 marks)




2 0 0 4

May

1- Discuss the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. (8 marks)

2- Compare and contrast between different types of adrenergic receptors. (8 marks)

(a) Describe the heterometric regulation of cardiac output. (8 marks)

(b) Discuss the immediate compensatory reactions in case of acute hemorrhage.(8) 3- Describe the three steps of hemostasis, including a comparison of the intrinsic and

extrinsic pathways by which the clotting cascade is triggered. (8 marks)

5- a) Describe the role of chemoreceptors in regula+on of respira+on. (6 marks)

b) Explain chloride shift phenomenon at the tissue level.

(6 marks)

6-Discuss regula+on of gastric secre+on. (8 mark

BIOPHYSICS

A- Describe the Laplace law and explain its significance in dilated heart. (4 Marks)

B- Describe the Na - K pump and its significance. (3 Marks)

Mention one measure of central tendency and its advantages BIOSTATISTICS

2 0 0 4 September

ALL QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED

1- Compare functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the pelvic

viscera. (8 marks)

2- Describe how depolariza+on of skeletal muscle fiber ini+ate muscle contrac+on. (8

marks)

3- Enumerate principle protein constituents of blood plasma. Indicate site of their

forma+on and their major func+ons. (10 marks)

4- Men+on the types and causes of hypoxia. (10 marks)

5-

a- Draw ventricular myocardial cell action potential. Describe changes in the

membrane permeability that underlie the poten+al changes. (8 marks)

b- Discuss factors concerned in formation and drainage of tissue fluid. How edema

may be produced. (8 marks)

6- Discuss the causes and mechanism of vomi+ng. (8 marks)

7- Biophysics and biosta+s+cs: (10 marks)

a- Compare simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. (4 marks)




b- Explain the basis of sounds of Kortokov. (3 marks)

c- What are the advantages and disadvantages if the mean. (3 marks)

2 0 0 5

May

All questions in all sections are to be answered.

SECTION 1: [17 MARKS]

a-explain what is meant by nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and state

the distribu+on of these receptors in the body. [5M]

b-what is the normal percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes and by plasma?

What is the hematocrit? What is the buffy coat? [6M]

c-explain how aspirin, coumarin drugs, citrate, and heparin function as anticoagulant.

Which of these are effec+ve when added to a test tube? Which are not? Why? [6M]


a-list the arrhysmias classified as disturbances in conduction. Explain the

electrocardiographic characteris+cs of one of them.[6M]

b-mention the causes of the a, c,and v waves of jugular venous pulse diagram

temporal rela+on ships between right atrial and jugular venous pressures. [6M]

c-summarize the baroreceptor reflex response that occurs when the blood pressure

become elevated above normal.[6M]


a-list the steps of respiration. Which respiration steps occur by diffusion and which by

bulk flow? [6M]

b-explain the negativity of the intra pleural pressure. Why the lung collapses when the

chest wall is opened? [6M]

c-what is the significance of the plateau(flat) and the steep por+ons of the O2-Hb

dissocia+on curve? [5M]


a-list the different gastrointestinal hormones. State the ac+on of one of them. [6M]

b-explain the mechanism of vomiting and mention the effect of prolonged severe

vomi+ng. [6M]

c-list the sequence of events between the motor nerve impulse and skeletal muscle

contrac+on.[6M]

s=cs) [10 MARKS]SECTION 5: (Biophysics & Biosta=




a-which part of the cardiovascular system contain the most blood? Which part

provides the greatest resistance to blood flow? Which part provides the greatest

cross-sec+onal area? Explain. [3M]

b-what are the relationships between airflow, resistance, and airway diameter? Use

equa+ons to support your answer. [4M]

c-mention one measure of the central tendency and discuss its advantages and

disadvantages. [3M]

2 0 0 5

September

Sec=on 1: [18M] ♦

a-how can you prevent acetylecholine destruction? What manifestations would occur?

[6M]

b-list the factors that normally inhibit coagulation in the vasculture.

c-list the major cells in the immune system. [6M]

M]Sec=on 2: [18 ♦

a-draw and explain a diagram of the human electrocardiogram(ECG).how may the ECG

be altered in coronary thrombosis? [6M]

b-explain starling’s law of the heart. [6M]

c-name the forces involved in the movement of water across the capillary wall. Explain

how these factors work. [6M]

Sec=on 3: [17M] ♦

a-define pulmonary compliance and elastance. State two clinical conditions that alter

the lung elas+city. [6M]

b-where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors located? to what do the

peripheral chemoreceptors respond? [6M]

c-what is the difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia? List the causes of

hypoxemia. [5M]

]Sec=on 4: [17M ♦

a-what are the major physiological functions of salivary secretion? How is salivary

secre+on regulated physiologically? [6M]

b-how is the pancreatic exocrine secretion regulated during the cephalic, gastric and

intes+nal phases of diges+on? [6M]

c-what is the ionic bases of the ac+on poten+al in nerve cell? [5M]




]Sec=on 5: [10M ♦

a-what are the two general types of cardiac ac+on poten+al? [4M]

b-list the characteristics of active transport. What are the two types of active

transport? [3M]

c-men+on the advantages and disadvantages of the mean. [3M]

2 0 0 6

May

All questions in all sections are to be answered. The questions of each section must

be answered in successive pages. Each question in a separate page.

Sec=on 1: (17 marks)

a- State the essential reactions in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting.

Explain interac+on between both. (6 marks)

b- Define anemia. Contrast the functional characteristics of iron deficiency and

vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. (5 marks)

c- Draw a ventricular action potential. Mention the changes in membrane

permeability that underlie the potential change. If all plasma membrane calcium

channels in cardiac muscle were blocked with a drug, what would happen to the

ventricular ac+on poten+al? (6 marks)


a- Explain the effects of first, second and third degree AV block on the

electrocardiogram. (6 marks)

b- Define the terms preload and after load and explain how these factors affect the

cardiac output. (6 marks)

c- Contrast short-term and long-term mechanisms for arterial pressure control. (6

marks)


a- Does your chest expand because your lungs inflate, or do your lungs inflate

because your chest expands? Explain. (6 marks)

b- State the function of pulmonary surfactant. What happens when surfactant is

absent? (6 marks)

c- Explain the mechanism of action and contribution of decreased arterial PO2 in

control of ven+la+on. list four general causes of hypoxic hypoxia. (5 marks)





a- State the mechanisms concerned with the release of gastrin hormone. What are

the major ac+ons of this hormone? (6 marks)

b- Compare the effect of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation in the cardiovascular

and diges+ve systems. (6 marks)

c- Compare the mechanism of excitation coupling in striated with that in cardiac

muscle. (6 marks)

Sec=on 5: (Biophysics and biosta=s=cs) (10 marks)

a- Extracellular potassium concentration in a person is increased with no change in

intracellular potassium concentra+on. What happens to the res+ng poten+al? (3

marks)

b- Contrast nega+ve feedback systems and posi+ve feedback systems. (4 marks)

c- List the measures of central tendency and mention the advantages and the

disadvantages of one of them. ( 3 marks)

2 0 0 6

September

All questions in all the sections are to be answered. The questions of each section must

be answered in successive pages: each question in a separate page.

(17 marks)Sec=on 1:

a- Explain how the rate of erythropoiesis is regulated. (6 M)

b- Explain hemoly+c disease of newborn. (5 M)

c- Why is the heart incapable of summa+on of contrac+on? State its significance. ( 6

M)

Sec=on 2: (18 marks0

a- Define arrhythmia. List the arrhythmias classified as disturbances in the impulse

forma+on. (6 M)

b- Define cardiac reserve and explain its mechanisms. ( 6M)

c- State and explain the long term mechanisms for arterial pressure regula+on. (6 M)


a- Define the various lung volumes and capacities and explain the factors affecting

them. (6 M)

b- List the physical factors that alter airway resistance. Contrast the causes of

increased airway resistance in asthma and emphysema. (6 M)

c- Contrast O2 and CO2 dissocia+on curves. (5 M)




=on 4: (18 marks)Sec

a- Explain how pancrea+c juice secre+on is regulated by nerves and hormones. (6 M)

b- Dis+nguish between isometric and isotonic contrac+on. (6 M)

c- Explain how the cholinergic receptors are categorized and state the effects

produced by stimulation of these receptors.

Sec+on 5: (biophysics and biosta+s+cs) (10 marks)

a- Explain how the volume of the total body water is measured. (3 M)

b- Explain how the law of Laplace applies to lung function and state the role of the

pulmonary surfactant. (4 M)

Men+on the advantages and the disadvantages of the mean. (3 M)

2 0 0 7

May

Answer the following questions:

- sec=on "1" (18 marks )

a- explain how a blood clot is destroyed. (6 Marks)

b- explain how the rate of erythropoiesis. (6 marks)

c- summarize the spread of exitation from the SA Noda through the rest of the heart.

(6 marks)

- Sec=on "2" (18 marks)

a- compare supraventricular tachycardia w2iht ventricular tachycardia in terms of its

nature, ECG pattern, and seriousness.

(6 Marks)

b- list and explain the cactors insfluencing cardiac output .(6 marks)

c- explain how the baroreceptor reflex helps to compensate for a fall in blood

pressure.

Why will a person who is severely dehydrated have a rapid pulse? (6 marks)

-Sec=on "3" ( 17 marks)

a- define transmural pressure, and equilibrium voulme of a structure. Why the lung

collapeses when the chest wall is opened?

(6 marks)

b- compare the concepts of compliance and elastance in the normally functioning

pulmonary system. (6 marks)

c- Compare and contrast O2 and CO2 dissocia+on curves.(5marks)

- Sec=on "4" (17 marks)




a- how is salivary secre+on reuglated physiologically? (6marks)

b- How can gradation of skeletal muscle contraction be accomplished? (6marks)

c- a person is taken a drug that causes, among other things, dryness of the mouth and

speeding of the heart rate but no impairment of the ability to use the skeletal

muscles. What type of receptor does this drug probably block? (5Marks)

- sec=on "5" (10 Marks ) (Biophysics & Biosta=s=cs)

a- list the three factors determining the magnitude of pulse pressure.

(3marks)

b- compare gallop rhythm and heart murmurs. (2marks)

c- explain why splitting of the first heart sound is difficult to detect by auscultation.

(2marks)

d- men+on three fun+ons of sta+s+cs. (3Marks)

2009

September

Sec=on (1): ( 18 marks)

1. Explain how a cut in the skin intiates both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting

pathways. Which pathway is shorter? Why? (6 marks)

2. List and explain the different causes of hemoly+c anaemia in man? (6 marks)

3. Define absolute and rela+ve refractory periods in cardiac muscle. Compare

excitability characteristics of fast-and slow response fibers. (6 marks)

Sec=on (2): (17 marks)

1. Explain the effects of atrial and ventricular premature contrac+ons on the

electrocardiogram. (6 marks)

2. State the causes of the a, c and v waves of a jugular venous pulse(JVP).

Explain the effects of tricuspid stenosis and insufficiency on the JVP. (5M)

3. Explain how the kidneys regulate blood pressure. (6 marks)


1. List the major muscles of respira+on and explain their func+on. (6 marks)

2. Compare normal ven+la+on and perfusion from the apex to the base of the

lung. What is the major result of ventilation-perfusion inequalities throughout

the lung? (6 marks)

3. Define and explain cyanosis. Why is cyanosis does not develop in very cold

weather? (5 marks)





1. Trace the pathway of forma+on, conjuga+on, and excre+on of bilirubin and

explain how jaundice may be produced. (8 marks)

2. Explain how tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contraction and

relaxation and state the role of Ca and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitation-

contrac+on coupling. (5 marks)

3. List the neurotransmiNers of the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the

sympathetic and parasympathe+c systems. (5 marks)

Sec=on (5): (10 marks) (Biophysics & Biosta=s=cs )

1. Dis+nguish between physiological and paradoxical splitting of the second heart

sound. (4 marks)

2. Define the following: cardiac output, ejec+on frac+on, end-systolic volume,

ventricular preload , aEerload, and cardiac reserve. (3 marks)

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the median? (3 marks)

2008

May


1. Men+on the events that occur during both isovolumetric contrac+on and relaxation

phases of the cardiac cycle. (6 marks)

2. Discuss nervous (short-term) regula+on of arterial blood pressure . (6 marks)

3. Compare and contrast between fast response and slow response ac+on poten+al of

the cardiac muscle . (6 marks )


1. Define circula+ory shock , men+on its types and discuss its compensa+on.(6marks)

2. What are the normal factors preven+ng cloXng inside vessels? (6 marks)

3. Explain the physiological process ini+ated by injury of a small blood vessel. (6M)


1. Compare atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressure during both

normal inspira+on and expira+on . (6 marks)

2. Explain the significane of the plateu and steep por+ons of the O-Hb

dissociation curve. What are the primary factors that determine the precent

hemoglobin satura+on ? (6 marks )

3. What are the sources and func+on of pulmonary surfactants ? (5 marks)





1. Discuss the factors affec+ng gas+c emptying. (6 marks)

2. Compare and contrast the various types of

autonomic ganglia . (6 marks)

3. Describe briefly the sequence of events that occur

at neuromuscular junction upon arrival of a stimulus .

Sec=on (5): (10 Marks) (Biophysics & Biosta=s=cs)

1. Men+on the causes of res+ng membrane poten+al. (5 marks)

2. Describe the transport of glucose into the gastrointes+nal tract and renal tubules.(2

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the median? (3 marks)

2009

May

1. Mention the factors affecting erythropoiesis. Explain the role of the principle

stimulus for

erythropoiesis. [7 Marks]

2. a) Compare and contrast local potential and action potential. [4 Marks]

b) Describe neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle. Marks]

3. a) Explain how the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system can

beantagonistic or complementary. Give example for each. [4 Marks]

b) List the types of autonomic ganglia. Discuss briefly their func+ons. 3Marks]

4. Draw a labeled diagram for the fast response action potential in the heart and

mention its ionic basis. [7 Marks]

5. Describe the pressure changes that occur in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle.

Explain how these pressure changes relate to the occurrence of heart sound. [7

Marks]

6. Define cardiac contractility, preload and afterload. Explain briefly how these factors

affect the cardiac output. [7 Marks]

7. Describe short-term compensatory reactions to hemorrhage. [7 Marks]8.

8. Mention the characteristics of the coronary circulation. Describe briefly factors

affecting coronaryblood flow. j7 Marks]

8.Draw and label a normal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Describe briefly

thephysiological significance of the portion of the curve that operates at the

pulmonary capjllaries.

9.Explain the meaning of shift of the curve to the right




and the importance of shift to the tissues. [7 Marks]

10.Describe origin and composition of pulmonary

surfactant and explain the mechanism of its function.

What will happen to an infant born with its deficiency.

[7 Marks]

* Biophysics at Biostatistics

1.Give short account on the Na+- K

+ pump. [4 Marks]

2.What are the ion channels responsible for: [3 Marks]

a.resting membrane potential.

b.neuromuscular transmission.

c. action potential.

3.Mention the advantages and the disadvantages of the mean. [3 Marks]

2010

May

All the following questions are to be answered :

(1) A- outline the different natural anti-clotting mechanisms

b- enumerate the different types of T lymphocytes and mention the role of each in

the immune response.

(2) A-define the chronaxie and mention the significance of it's measuring B- compare and contrast between mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling

in striated muscles and in smooth muscles.

(3) compare and contrast between the different types of cholinergic receptors,

regarding their sites , subtypes , structure , mechanism of action and drug acting.

(4) men+on the forms of Co2 transport in the blood , and describe the Co2 ac+on at

the tissue capillaries.

(5) define hypoxia , list its' types and define the causes of each , outline the

importence of O2 therapy .




(6) draw a normal electrocardiogram , label it's different waves , segments , and

intervals and relate each one to it's cause . Enumerate the ECG changes following coronary artery occlusion and clarify the cause

of each

(7) discuss briefly the characteris+cs and the ionic bases of slow response ac+on

potential of the heart . explain the effect of sympathetic stimulation on it .

(8) define the cardiac cycle and compare the different events occurring in the two

isovolumetric phases of the cardiac cycle . explain the significance of each phase .

(9) what's the rela+on between the cardiac output and the venous return ?

Discuss the factors affecting the venous return to the heart .

(10 ) define the following pressures : arterial blood pressure , pulse pressure , and

mean arterial pressure

discuss long term regulation of arterial blood pressure

*Biophysics Give an account on : vesicular transport

reynold's number equation and it's relation to different types of blood flow

*biostatistics : Mention three functions of statistics in the medical field




Biochemistry




Carbohydrates 1. Give an example with the formula for each of the following:

o Hexoses. (May 87)

o Amino sugar. (May 87)

o Pentoses. (Sept.87)

o Deoxysugar. (Sept.87)

o Non-reducing disaccharides (Sept.87)

o Sugar acids. (Sept.87)

2. Give one example of the following:

o Glucosaminoglycans. (May 88)

o Aldo-pentoses. (May 88)

o Sugar alcohol. (May 88)

o Reducing disaccharides. (May 88)

o Structural animal glucose. (June 90)

o Structural non-diges+ble plant polysaccharide. (June 90)

o Dietary digestible glucosan. (June 90)

o Fructosan. (June 90)

3. Write the structural formula of:

o D-glucopyranose.

o D-glucoronic acid. (May 88)

4. Mention the name & hydrolysis products of:

o Storage form of carbohydrates in liver cells

o Non-fermentable disaccharide. (May 88)

5. What is the importance of:

o Glucosamine.

o Deoxysugar

6. What is the action of alkali on aldoses? (June90)

7. Discuss the properties of monosaccharides that can be used in medical practice.

(May 88)

8. Hexoses may be aldoses or ketoses. What is the structural difference between them?

(June 90)

9. Enumerate tree glucosaminoglycans &mention the hydrolytic products of each. (Sept

90)

10. Write short notes on carbohydrates can be present in the form of acids in the form

of alcohol. Enumerate the types of every form & state the structure of every example.

(May 90)

11. Enumerate the carbohydrates that can reduce the copper ions.

12. Write the structure formula of different forms of glucose.

13. Give an account on difference between the glycogen & starch.




PROTEINS

1. Give one example of the following:

o Phosphoprotein.

o Metallo protein containing zinc.

o Essential hydroxyl amino acid. (May 88)

2. Give one example with the formula of each of the following:

o Tripeptides. (May 87)

o Aromatic amino acid. (May 87)

o Essential amino acid. (May 87)

o Sulphar amino acid. (Sept.87)

o Essential hydroxyl containing amino acid. (Sept. 87)

o Dicarboxylic amino acid. (Sept. 87)

3. Write the structural formula of phenylalanine. (May 88)

4. What is meant by primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of protein?

(May 88)

5. Summarize the nature of protein structure:

o Peptide bond.

o Hydrophobic bond.

o Disulphide bond.

6. Define:

o Isoelectric point.

o Essential amino acid

7. State the types of bonds in protein structure. (June 90)

8. Mention one indispensable amino acid:

o Aromatic.

o Basic.

o Sulphar containing. (Give the structural formula of each)

9. Enumerate conjugated proteins giving two examples. (June 90)

10. Write the formula of the tripeptide formed from glycine, cysteine, gutamic acid,

knowing that it is N-glycine. Name this tripeptide.

11. Mention the difference between the fibrous and globular proteins as regards:

structure, physical properties, and function. (Give an example of each)

12. Men+on 3 types of conjugated proteins. Give one example of each.

(Sept. 90)

13. Give short notes on:

i) Polar & non-polar amino acids.

ii) Amphoteric properties & ph of amino acids.




iii) Structure &biological significance of:

o Isoleusine.

o Tryptophane.

14. Give four examples of polar & four examples for non-polar amino acids, give one

example of each group.

15. What are the different levels of protein structure, give two examples of two

biological active peptides.

16. Give two examples of:

oBasic proteins.

oSclero-proteins.

oProteins of low biological value.

17. Define:

o High biological value proteins

o Electrophoresis.

LIPIDS

1. Give one example with formula for the following:

o Lipids containing choline fatty acids

o Steroids

o Non-essential fatty acids

o Phospholipids containing serine

o Essential fatty acids

o Sterol

o Saturated fatty acids

2. Define iodine number.

3. Enumerate the lipids that contain sphingosine base & write the structure formula of

one of them.

4. Enumerate five of the unsaturated fatty acids. Write the structural formula of the

essential fatty acids.

5. To what compounds does cholesterol belongs? Write its structural formula.

6. Draw the structural formula of tri-glyceride & mention its important functions.

7. Write the structure formula of the tri-acyl-glycerol.

8. Enumerate phospholipids & the structure of cholesterol. State three important

compounds related to its structure.

9. Mention the structure of plasma lipoproteins & the name of two isomers and three

chemical properties.

10. Describe the structure & the function of micelle.




11. Mention the different plasma lipoproteins & the bases of their classification.

12. Write short notes on both physical & physiological properties of fatty acids

determined by their length & degree of saturation.

Vitamins

1. Give an account on the biochemical mechanism of retinol.

2. Give an account on chemical structure, activation and function of vit D3.

3. Give the name of substances used for treatment of:

o Xerophthalmia.

o Scurvy.

o Beri-Beri.

o Prothrombin deficiency.

o Pernicious anemia.

o Osteomalacia.

o Sterility.

o Pellagra.

4. Give the structural formula of:

o Vitamin containing an imidazole structure.

o The product of pyridoxal Kinase action.

o The substrate of Flavin Kinase enzyme.

o The vitamin that cures bleeding from gums.

o Pyridoxal.

o Thiamine.

o Anti scurvy vitamin.

o Retinol.

5. Mention two manifestations of:

o Beri-beri.


o Rickets.

o Pellagra.

o Vitamin A deficiency.

o Scurvy.

6. Enunciate 4 members of Vit B complex. Mention the name of one co-enzyme

derived from each.

7. Mention the name of vitamin precursors for each:

o FAD.

o Co-carboxylase.

o TPP.

o COASH.




8. Give an account on:

o Rhodopsin.

o Vit. D3 ac+va+on.

9. Give an account on chemistry, synthesis, mode of ac+on of 1,25 dihydroxy-

cholecalciferol in Calcium metabolism.

10. Pantothenic acid is a component of important Co-enzyme in the body. Mention this

Co-enzyme, its constituents and functions.

11. Imaret the Co-enzymes of vit. B complex that act as Hydrogen carrier.

12. What is the role of Vit K in blood clotting?

13. Discuss steps of activation of cholecalciferol. Write the formula of activated product.

14. Illustrate the formula of retinal.

15. Enumerate vitamins containing sulfur.

16. Give the name of the disease resulting from deficiency of the following:

o Thiamine.

o 1,25 cholecalciferol.

o Cyanocobalamine.

o Niacin.

o L-ascorbic acid.

o Retinol.

17. Mention the biological importance of:

o Pantothenic acid.

o Pyridoxal.

18. Enumerate vitamins containing sulfur and mention their importance.

19. What are the Co-enzymes having the nicotinic acid derivatives in their structure?

20. What are the possible functions of Vit E?

21. State the deficient vitamin in the following diseases:

o Xerophthalmia.

o Coagulopathy.

o Megaloblastic anemia.

o Osteomalacia.

o Beri-beri.

22. Mention the name of retinoids and their role in:

o Vision.

o Cell growth and differentiation.

o Cancer.

23. Mention the mechanism of action of:

o Active Vit D.




o Vitamin K.

24. What are the biological function and deficiency of:

o Vitamin C.

o Nicotinic acid.

o Riboflavin.

o Thiamine.

o Vitamin B12.

25. State the difference in structure between:

o Vit D1, and D3.

o Pyridoxal phosphate and pyrimedine.

o Glucose and L-ascorbic acid.

26. Enumerate the most important functions of the following vitamins:

o B12.

o Biotin.

o Thiamin.

o Niacin.

o Vit K.

27. Mention the biological functions of:

o Vit A.

o Vit E.

o Vit C.

o Niacin.

o Riboflavin.

o Pantohenic acid.

28. Mention the Co-enzyme participating in following enzymes:

o Transketolase.

o Oxidase.

o Acylase.

o Carboxylase.

29. Demonstrate which vitamin shares in the following reactions:

o Conversion of Homo-methionine to Methionine.

o Oxidation-decarboxylation of acid.

30. what are the functions and effects of deficiency of:

o Retinoids.

o Calciferol.




31. Write briefly on the role of vitamin K in blood clotting.

32. Give an account on Nicotinic acid and is role in metabolism.

Enzymes

1. Discuss how km determination is important to evaluate the inhibitors and enzyme

inhibition.

2. Give the significance and example for non-functional plasma enzymes.

3. Give an account on each of the following:

o Enzyme induction and inducible enzymes.

o Covalent modification regulation in control of

catalysts.

o Reversible non-competitive inhibition.

o Intracellular localization of enzymes.

o Quantitative measurement of enzyme activity.

o Plasma enzymes of clinical importance.

(Give 2 examples)


o Allosteric enzymes and their role in control of

enzyme activity.

o Km and importance of its determination.

o Lyases and ligases.

o Isozymes and their medical importance.

o Structural specificity.

o Irreversible non-competitive inhibition.


o Different types of enzyme inhibition with illustration.

o Induced fit catalytic model.

o Principles of isolation of an enzyme from liver tissue sample.

o Clinical mage of an enzyme giving two examples.

o Induction in activity regulation.


o Protein kinases and phosphatases in regulation of enzyme activity. (giving two

examples)

o Functional classification of co-enzymes and their role in substrate binding.

o Lysozymes and Lysosomes.

7. What is meant by enzyme induction?

8. Explain regulation of catalytic efficiency by covalent modification.




9. Illustrate diagrammatically the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of

enzyme reaction.

10. Whet is the origin of non-functional plasma enzymes? (Give examples)

11. Give one example for the following classes of enzymes:

o Transferases.

o Ligases.

12. Explain the following:

o Catalytic site.

o Allosteric site.

o Apo-enzyme.

13. Define the Km and the Vm in Case of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors

by drawing using the double reciprocal plots.

14. Give two examples of isozymes of clinical importance.

15. Write short notes on the change of catalytic activity of an enable by change in

temperature.

16. Type the specificity of the following enzymes towards their substrates:

o Aspartase.

o Maltase.

o Lipase.

o Chymotrypsin.

17. Why enzyme activities are usually determined in serum rather than plasma? Give

two examples of serum enzymes used as diagnostic tools.

18. Define the following:

o Isozymes.

o Lysozymes.

o Enzyme activator.

o Zymogens.

19. Mention the different classes of enzymes and mention the function of each class.

20. Outline by a graph the effect of substrate concentration on reaction velocity for an

enzyme catalyzed reaction.

21. How can you determine km precisely?

22. Define the following:

o Isozymes.

o Inhibitors.

o Catalysts.

o Co-factors.




Nucleic acid and DNA

1. Give an account on difference between DNA and RNA.

2. Give an account on two of the nucleotides giving examples of each.

3. Give one example for:

o Pyrimidine base.

o Purine base.

4. Mention the Pyrimidine entering the structure of nucleic acids. Give one example

of one of them.

5. Mention the Structure of t-RNA. Comment on its general features and functions.

6. Give one example with formula for nucleotides.

7. What are the main nucleotides entering the structure of nucleic acids? Mention

the compartments of each.

8. Mention the naturally occurring adenosine derivatives and draw the structure of

one of them.

9. Comment on the heterogonous nuclear RNA.

10. Draw the Structure of t-RNA and mention the function of each part.

11. Mention the nucleosides and nucleotides derived from adenine.

12. Enumerate the biologically active nucleotides functioning in the body.

13. Mention two ways for DNA repairing.

14. Discuss the role of m-RNA in protein synthesis.

15. Give an account on initial step of protein biosythesis.

16. Mention the name and functions of each of the components involved in

replication.

17. Mention the name of components involved in initiation and elongation steps of

protein synthesis.

18. Define gene, and genetic codon.

19. What is meant by: Replication, Transcription and Translation?

20. Give short notes on:

o Genetic codon and anticodon.

o Replication of DNA.

Immuno-chemistry

1. Describe the basic structure of immunoglobulin.

2. Describe briefly IgG.

3. Discuss immunoglobulins and haptens.

4. State the 5 classes of immunoglobulins. On what bases they are dandified?

5. Illustrate diagrammatically the topography of a molecule of IgG.

Biological membranes

1. Give an account on the structure of a biological membrane.

2. Discuss types and functions of membrane proteins.




Complete Exams




1 9 9 8

MAY

1. Write short notes on:

o Active site.

o Zymogen.

o Allosteric enzyme.

2. Give an account on regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification and

induction-depression.

3. Discuss functions and deficiency of:

o Retinoids.

o L-ascorbic acid.

o Calciferol.

4. Men+on the names and func+ons of 4 members of Vit B complex and the names

end func+ons of 4 co-enzymes derived from them.

5. Mention the hydrolytic products of:

o Adenylic acid.

o Grrp.

o Tripahnitine.

o NAD.


o Genetic codon, its characteristic features.

o Mutation.

7. Role of calcium and vitamin K in blood clotting.

1 9 9 9

MAY

i) Give short notes on: (without formula)

o Lactose.

o Heparin.

o Glycogen. (6 marks)

ii) Mention only the hydrolytic products of:

o Hyaluronic acid.

o Sucrose.

o Chondroitin sulfate.

o Inulin. (2 marks)

iii) Men+on the name and structural formulae of 2 sugar acids and sugar alcohols.

iv) Enumerate the different types of phospholipids and mention their importance.

(6 marks)




v) Discuss lipid peroxidation, natural anti-oxidants. (4 marks)

1 9 9 9

Septemper

1. Give an account on;

i) Types of mutation.

ii) Structure and role of t-RNA in protein synthesis.

2. Give short account on:

iii) Anticoagulants. (5 marks)

iv) Structure and function of IgG. (2 marks)

v) Membrane proteins. (2 marks)

vi) Fibronectin and keratin. (2 marks)

i) Mention the name of deficient vitamin in the following conditions:

o Rickets.

o Pellagra.


o Beri-beri.

ii) Give an account on:

o Denaturation of protein. (3 marks)

o 2 types of enzyme inhibi+on. (4 marks)

iii) Men+on the names of 4 co-enzymes derived from vit B complex.

(2 marks)

iv) Enumerate 4 essen+al amino acids and write the Structural formula of one of

them. (3 marks)

2 0 0 0

MAY

1. Give 2 examples for each of the following: (15 marks)

i) Plasma proteins.

ii) Enzyme inhibition.

iii) Factors affecting rate of enzyme reaction.

iv) Aromatic amino acids.

v) Peptides of physiological importance.

vi) Types of normal Hemoglobin.

vii) Eicosanoids.

viii) Sphingolipids.

ix) Steroids.

x) Essential fatty acids.




xi) Lipoproteins.

xii) Saturated fatty acids.

xiii) Glycosaminoglycans.

xiv) Non-functional plasma enzymes.

xv) Covalent and non-covalent bonds.

2.

i) Give short account on: (with formula)

o Ribose.

o Hyaluronic acid.

o Sucrose. (3 marks)

ii) Give an account on:

o Function of membrane proteins. (3 marks)

o Endocytosis as process of transport of large

molecules. (3 marks)

o Enumerate different anticoagulants in vivo and

Vitro. (4 marks)

3. Write the major difference between: (15 marks)

i) Essential and non-essential amino acids.

(Give examples) (No formulae)

ii) a helixand B pleated sheets.

iii) Lecithins and cephelins.

iv) Active and allosteric Sites.

v) Collagen and elastin.

vi) IgG and IgA.

4.

i) Mention the biological importance and deficiency symptoms of: (9 marks)

o Explain Retinol.

o Tetrahydrofolate.

o Vitamin K.

ii) the activation and function of Vit D3. (6 marks)

5.

i) Write short account on the post-translational modification of proteins.

(8 marks)

ii) Mention the name of Two of The following: (8 marks)

o Purine bases.

o Nucleotide acting as Co-enzymes.

o Nucleotide analogs of medical importance.

o RNA.




2 0 0 0

Septemper

Enumerate 2 vitamins containing sulfur. Men=on their Co-enzymes and deficiency

symptoms

i) Explain the absorption, transport of vit A and is role in visual cycle (5 marks)

ii) Discuss chemistry, sources, and deficiency of L-ascorbic acid. i) Give short notes on enzymes used as therapeutic agents.

Enzyme synthesis may be affected by induc+on and repression. Explain. (5 marks) Give 2 examples for each of the following: (10 marks) Sulfur Containing amino acids.

i) Fibrous proteins.

ii) Essential aromatic amino acids. iii) Unsaturated fatty acids. iv) Nucleotides. v) Glycerophospholipids.

vi) Simple polysaccharides. vii) Conjugated proteins.

viii) Abnormal Hb. ix) Hexoses epimers.

1. Give short account on: i) Primary structure of protein. (6 marks)

ii) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. (6 marks)

iii) Lung surfactant. (6 marks) iv) Zwiter ion and isoelectric point. (6marks)

2. Give an account on: i) Chemistry and role of t-RNA in protein synthesis. (6 marks)

ii) Mutation. (6 marks) 3. Explain:

i) Membrane proteins and its functions. (5 marks) ii) Different types of plasma proteins and their func+ons. (8 marks)

2 0 0 1

MAY

1- Give one example and write the structural formulae of each of the following:

i- Essential amino acid containing benzen ring.

ii- Phospholipid containing choline.

iii- Purine base

iv- Water soluble vitamins containing six carbon atoms.

2- a- Define isozymes give 2 examples and men+on their clinical importance.

b- Explain compe++ve inhibi+on , give 2 examples.

3- a- Explain the biological functions and deficinecy manifestation of:

- Retinol. - L-ascorbic acid

b- Mention the nam of the co-enzyme involved




in the following reactions:

- Carboxylation reaction.

- Transamination reaction.

- Dehydrogenation.

- Oxidative decaboxylation.

4- a- Describe the structures of RNA.

b- Explain the mechanism of fibrinolysis.

c- Men+on types, levels and func+ons of 3 major plasma proteins.

5- a- Explain the genetic codoes, its features and consequence. Of its alterations.

b- What is the function of each of the followings:

- Helicase.

- Topoisomerase.

6- Enumerate 2 examples for each of the following :

i- Compounds related to cholesterol structure.

ii- Sulfated glycosaminoglycans.

iii- Plasma lipoprotein.

iv- Metalloprotein.

v- Peptides of biological importance.

vi- Pyramidine nucleotides.

vii- Lipids containing sphingosine base.

2 0 0 1

September

ALL QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED :

I- Give One example and write the structural formulae for each of the followings:

(10 Marks )

- Essential amino acid containing indole ring .

- Sugar acid derived from glucose .

- Pyrimidine base .

- Steroid compound containing OH group .

- Aldopentose .

II- Define each of the following giving ONE example for each : ( 10 Marks )

- Isoenzymes .

- Zymogens .

- Non functional plasma enzyme .

- Protein denaturation .

- Optical activity .




III- Mention the name of the hydrolytic products of each of the followings .

( 24 Marks )

- A non reducing disaccharide - Lecithin .

- Sphingomyclin . - DNA .

- NAD . - GSH .

- ATP . -Triacylaglycerol .

- Non sulfated glycosaminoglycan . - Guanosine .

- FAD . - COASH .

IV- Give short account on :

- DNA replica+on . ( 5 Marks )

- Ini+a+on of protein synthesis. ( 5 Marks )

- Essen+al amino acids. ( 5 Marks )

- Plasma lipoproteins. ( 5 Marks )

- Levels of protein organiza+on. ( 4 Marks )

V- For each of the following vitamins give the Coenzyme(s) and deficiency

manifesta+ons. (12 Marks)

- Vit. B1.

- Niacin.

- Vit. B12.

- Folic acid.

2 0 0 2

MAY

1- A- Give one example and write the structural formula for each one of the

following: - Ketotriose. – Amino sugar.

- Sugar alcohol. – Acidic amino acid.

- Aromatic essential amino acid

- Pyrimindine base .

- Sulfur containing amino acid.

- Purine base .

- Choline containing phospholipid.

- OH containing steroid.

B- Give the name of the vitamin used in treatment of :

- Rickets.

- Pellagra.

- Pernicious anemia.




- Xeropthalmia.

- Scurvey.

- Beri-beri.

2- A- Give short notes on :

i- Non functional plasma enzymes used in diagnosis.

ii- Plasma lipoproteins.

iii- Restriction enzymes.

iv- Plasma proteins.

v- Gene mutation.

vi- Zymogens.

B- Enumerate 3 components of an eukayo+c cell . Give one func+on for each of

them

3- A- Mention the nam and function of enzymes

used in replication .

B- Give one function of each of the following :

1- m-RNA.

2- T-RNA.

3- Retinol.

4- Ascorbic acid.

C- Give the nam of the structural unites of each of the following:

- Glutathione.

- Cardiolipin.

- Sphingomyelin.

- Maltose.

- NAD.

- Tristearin.

- Guanosine.

- ATP.

- Sucrse.

4- Compare between :

i- DNA and RNA.

ii- Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.

iii- Replication and transcription.

iv- œ helix and B pleated sheets.




2 0 0 2

Septemper

Answer the following questions

1- Illustrate the structural formula for each of the following:

- Glucose. – Cholesterol.

- Deoxyribose. – Tyramine.

- Ascorbic acid.

2- Men+on the names of 2 examples for each of

the following:

3- Essential fatty acids.

4- Plasma lipoproteins.

5- Covalent bonda in proteins.

6- Milk proteins.

7- Plasma proteins.

3- Define each of the folollowing:

v- Zymogens.

vi- Isoenzymes

vii- Replication.

viii- Transcription.

ix- Genetic code.

4- Men+on the names of 5-members of B-complex and the names of 5-coenzymes

derived from them.

5- Enumerate the structural components ( hydrolic products ) of:

i- Heparin.

ii- NAD.

iii- Lecithin.

iv- Sphingomyelin.

v- Glutathione.

6- Compare and contrast between:

i- Sucrose and lactose.

ii- DNA and RNA.

iii- œ – helix and B – pleated sheets of proteins.

7- Give short account on each of the following :

i- Clinically important enzymes.

ii- Essential amino acids.

iii- Vitamin – D – activation.




2 0 0 3

MAY

(NO FORMULA ARE REQUIRED)

1- Give an example for each of the following: (14 marks)

a) Sugar acid having an aldhyde group.

B) Glucose epimer.

C) Sugar alcohol containing 5 carbon atoms.

D) Non essential sulfur containing amino acid.

e) Polar uncharged amino acid.

f) A non protein amino acid.

g) Iron containing metalloprotein ._

h) Zinc containing enzymes.

i) Essential glucogenic amino acid.

j) Steriod compound having carboxylic-group.

k) Lipid containing sphingosine.

I) Fat soluble vitamin with antioxidant activity.

2- Give short notes on:

a) Hemoglobin structure &different types of hemoglobin. (5 marks )

b) Func+ons of bile salts. (4 marks)

c) Chemical nature &biological function of arachidonic acid. (4 marks)

d) Sulfated glucosearninoglycans. (5 marks)

3- SECTION (A):

I) Ac+va+on &func+on of vitamin D3. (5 marks)

II) Give the name of five members of vitamin B complex. What’s the

deficiency manifestation of each vitamin &mention its function.

(10 marks)

SECTION (B):

I) Regula+on of enzyme ac+vity by covalent modifica+on. (5 marks)

II) Illustrate diagramma+cally effect of compe++ve inhibitors on Km &Vmax. (3 marks)

III) Define lsoenzymes.Give 2 examples &their clinical importance. (5 marks)

4- a) Enumerate different mechanisms of repair of thymine dimers. Give short account

on one of them. (7 marks)

b) What is mis-sense muta+on?What t effect of this muta+on. Give one example. (8

marks)

c) Give short notes on heterogeneous m RNA splicing - genetic codon .5 ( marks)




2 0 0 3

Septemper


SECTION (A):

1- Give one exam for each of the following: (6 marks)

a) Phosphoprotein. B) Cu containing metalloprotein.

C) Heterocyclic amino acid. d) Uronic acid.

e) Essential ketog amino acid. f) Amino sugar.

2- Enumerate the hydrolytic products of: (9 marks)

a) Lactose. B) Heparin.

C) Glutathione. d) FAD.

e) Lecithin. F) Guanosine

SECTION (B):

3- Give short notes on: (20 marks)

a) Difference between glycogen &starch.

b) Function of phospholipids.

C) Difference between alpha helix &B- pleated sheet.

d) Abnormal hemoglobin.

SECTION (C):

4- a) Give the name of vitamin used in treatment of: (3 marks)

Night blindness -Pellagra-Osteomalacia -Pernicious anemia -Scurvy - Beri-beri.

b) Give a short account on functions of vitamin K. causes &manifestations of its

deficiency (6 marks)

c) Give the name of one coenzyme catalyzing the following reactions:

Decarboxylation of amino acid -Acetylation -Carboxylation - Oxidative decarboxylation

of alpha keto acids. (2 marks)


a) Compe++ve inhibitors with two examples. (6 marks)

b) Importance of non-func+onal plasma enzymes with 3 examples.

(6 marks)

c) Zymogens. (4 marks)

SECTION (D):




1- Compare between leading &lagging strands in DNA replica+on. (6 marks)

2- Give short notes on post transcriptional modification of RNAs.

(9 marks)

3- Define gene, genome &gene+c code. (3 marks)

2 0 0 4

MAY

ALL QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED


SECTION A: (20 MARKS)

1- Give one example for each of the following: (6 marks)

a- Aromatic non essential amino acid.

b- Cu containing enzyme.

c- Fibrous protein rich in sulfur.

d- Non heme iron containing protein.

e- Atypical tripeptide.

f- One derived amino acid not present in protein structure.

2- Give short notes on: (5 marks)

a- Amphoteric proper+es of amino acids. (2 marks)

b- Defect in sickle cell anemia and its diagnosis. (3 marks)

3- Define: Antigen- Antigenic determinant- Hapten (3 marks)

4- Give 3 differences between: (6 marks)

a- Collagen and elastin.

b- Hemoglobin and myoglobin.

SECTOIN B: (25 MARKS)

1- Define Km. Mention its importance. Illustrate diagrammatically effect of

competitive and non competitive inhibition on Km and Vmax. (6 marks)

2- Explain each of the following:

a- Enzymes as therapeu+c agents. (2 marks)

b- Four func+ons for vitamin C. (4 marks)

c- Causes of vitamin D deficiency and its manifesta+ons in children and adults. (5

marks)

3- What is the biochemical explanation of each of the following: (8 marks)

a- Night blindness in vitamin A deficiency.

b- Use of an an+tuberculous drug can result in B6 deficiency.

c- Use of sulfonamides as antibacterial drugs.




d- Deficiency of folate results in megaloblastic anemia.

SECTION C: (15 MARKS)

1- Give ONE example of each of the following: (6 marks)

a- Dicarboxylic sugar acid.

b- Disaccharide having β- linkage.

c- Omega3 (o3) PUFA faNy acid

d- C21 steroid.

e- Glycerol containing phospholipids.

f- Non sulfated glycosaminoglycan.

2- Importance of proteoglycans. (3 marks)

3- Define free radicals giving 3 examples. What are their sources and damaging

effects? (6 marks)

SECTION D: (20 MARKS)

1- Define and explain briefly the importance of: (8marks)

a- Reverse transcriptase.

b- Restriction endonuclease.

2- Enumerate the 2 methods of excision repair. Explain one of them. (6 marks)

3- Give 3 examples of post-transla+onal changes in proteins. (3 marks)

Define: Plasmid- Promoter- Proof reading

2 0 0 4

Septemper

Answer All The Following Questions

(No FORMULA ARE REQUIRED):

SECTION A (20 MARKS)

1- Give one Example For each of the following: (6 Marks)

a- Semi essential amino acid.

b-Glucogenic & Ketogenic amino acid.

c-Amide derivative of amino acid

d-MetaIloprotein . . .

e-Derived amino acid present in prothrombin

f- Heme containing enzyme

2- Give short notes on: (10 Marks)

a- Zwitter ions and isoelectric point. (3 Marks)




b-Primary structure of proteins and its importance (4 Marks)

c-Role of 2,3- bisphoglycerate on 02 dissocia+on curve of adult and fetal hemioglobin

(3 Marks)

3-Compare between Ig G and 1gM as regards structure and func=on (4Marks)

SECTION B: (25 MARKS)

1-Define allosteric enzymes and explain their properties? Illustrate diagramatically

effect substrate concentration on reaction rate in presence of positive and negative

allosteric regulators (5 Marks)

2- Explain each of the followings : (8 Marks)

a-Non functional plasma enzymes giving two examples.

b-Causes and deficiency manifestations of niacin

3- Enumerate two vitamins containing sulfur. Mention the coenzymes derived from

each one and their deficiency symptoms.

(4 Marks)

4- What is the biochemical explana=on of each of the followings : (8 Marks)

a- Use of dicoumarol as an anticoagulant

b- Deficiency of vitamin C may cause anaemia.

c-Vitamin D is considered as atypical vitamin and a hormone

d- Changes in pH affects enzyme activity.


1-What are the hydroly=c products of: (5 Marks)

a- Lecithins b- Heparin

c- Ceramide d- Lactose

e- Glutathione.

2- What is the structure and func+on of fibronec+n ? (4 Marks)

3- Give short notes on different types of antioxidants including antioxidant enzyme

system. (6 Marks)


1- Explain causes and types of muta+ons. (6 Marks)


a- Post transcrip+onal processing of mRNA (4 Marks)

b-Characteris+cs of the gene+c code (4 Marks)

c-Telomerase (3 Marks)

d-PCR (3 Marks)




2 0 0 5

MAY

SECTION A:

1-compare between each of the following: (10M)

a-sickle cell anemia and thalassaemia.

b-iga and igm.

c-glycogen and cellulose.

d- hydrolytic products of lecithin and sphyngomyelin.

e-leading and lagging strand synthesis.

2-give short notes in collagen structure and func+on. (3M)

3-define isoelectric point. Explaine briefly a method of protein separation based on

this property. (5M)

SECTION B:

1-On biochemical base explain :(12M)

a-hormonal regulation of enzyme activity may be short term or long term.

b-drugs used as enzyme inhibitors have different mechanisms of action.

c-deficiency of vitamin A mat result in night blindness.

2-define isoenzymes. Give 2 examples and men+on their importance.(7M)

3-enumerate 3 water-soluble vitamins. Give one enzyme derived from each one and

its func+on. Give one deficiency manifesta+on for each vitamin.(12M)

SECTION C:

Give short notes on: (9M)

a-heparin.

b-arachidonic acid and its importance.

c-lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes.

SECTION D:

1-explain briefly regula+on of gene expression by methyla+on and acetyla+on. (4M)

2-what is the func+on of each of the following(6M)

a-reverse transcriptase.

b-excinuclease.

c-aminoacyl tRNAsynthetases

3-define: (7M)

probe-promotor-capping-plasmid-wooble rule-exons-tumor markers.




2 0 0 5

Septemper

Sec=on A: (25M)

1-compare between the following: (20M)

a-collagen and elastin

b-igG and igA

c-hemoglobin S and hemoglobin A2

d-point mutation and frame shift mutation.

2-enumerate different methods of protein separation according to size. Explain one of

them. (5M)

Sec=on B: (23M)

1-enumerate three hydrogen carriers derived from 3 different vitamins. Give the

deficiency symptoms of two of these vitamins. (10M)

2-explain:

a-hormonal regula+on of enzyme ac+vity. (5M)

b-non compe++ve inhibi+on. (8M)

Sec=on C: (11M)

give short notes on:

a-functions of phospholipids. (5M)

b-sources of free radicals and an+oxidants. (6M)

Sec=on D: (21M)

1-give 6 examples of post-transi+onal processing of proteins. (6M)

2-outline the func+on of the following: (15M)

a-telomerase (3M)

b-taq polymerase (3M)

c-topoisomerase (3M)

d-restric+on endonuclease (6M)

2 0 0 6

MAY

NO FRMULA ARE REQUIRED

SECTION A: (36 MARKS)

1- explain each of the following: (20 marks)

a- Genetic defect in sickle cell anemia and its result. (8 marks)




b- Regula+on of enzyme ac+vity at the gene+c level. (6 marks)

c- Structural components and importance of 2 examples of glycosaminoglycan

(one sulfated and one non sulfated) (6 marks)

2- Electrophoresis and molecular sieving are methods used for protein separation.

Explain. (10 marks)

3- Illustrate diagrammatically monomeric structure of an antibody. Give

characteristics of the antigen-antibody binding.

SECTION B: (11 MARKS)

4- Biochemical func+ons of vitamin C (6 func+ons) (6 marks)

5- Initiation of protein synthesis. (5 marks)


6- Chemical nature and men+on ONE func+on for each of the following: ( 8 marks)

a- 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.

b- Lung surfactant.

c- NADP.

d- Na glycocholate.

7- Types of membrane proteins and their func+ons. (6 marks)



a- Types and effects of muta+on. (9 marks)

b- Post transcrip+onal modifica+ons of mRNA. ( 4 marks)

9- Define: Cosmid cDNA cloning PCR

2 0 0 6 Septemper

NO FORMULA ARE REQUIRED

26 MARKS)( SECTION A:


a- Types and characteris+cs of bonds involved in protein structure. (8 marks)

b- Specificity of enzyme catalysis. (4marks)

c- Basic requirements for DNA replica+on. (6 marks)

d- Collagen: structure and function. (8 marks)

(23 MARKS) SECTION B:

4- Define Km and explain its importance. Illustrate diagrammatically effect of

competitive and non competitive inhibition on Km and Vmax. (9 marks)

ONE and ederived coenzymFor each of the following vitamins give the name of the -5

of the coenzyme: function




Thiamine – vitamin B6 – folic acid (6 marks)

6- Vitamin K: role and causes of deficiency. (8 marks)


7- Chemical nature and hydroly+c products of each of: (8 marks)

a- Cerebroside.

b- Heparin.

c- Lecithin.

d- Glutathione.

8- Define free radicals and give two examples. Explain briefly radicals scavenging

enzymes system. (10 marks)

(13 MARKS) SECTION D:


a- Base excision repair. (3 marks)

b- Point mutation and its effects. (5 marks)

c- t-RNA: structure and func+on. (5 marks)

2 0 0 7

May

Sec+on A: (23 Marks)

1- Give short notes on hydrogen bonding, explain its role in protein and DNA

structures. (10 Marks)

2- Hemoglobin S, Hb M and Hb C are the result of a change in one amino acid residue.

Explain. (6 Marks)

3- lllustrate diagrammatically structure of lg G and mention two structural features.

Explain its fucn+on. (7Marks)

Sec+on B: ( 31 Marks)


a- Non compe++ve inhibi+on giving 2 examples. (10 Marks)

b- irreversible covalent modifica+on of enzymes. (4 marks)

c- enzymes can be used as as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. Give one example

for each. (4 Marks)

d- importance of folate antagonists giving one exapmle (3marks)

5- lllustrate diagrammactically visual cycle and explain briefly one deficiency

manifesta+on of vitamin A. (4 marks)




6- for each of the following vitamins, give the name of the dreived conenzyme and one

funtion of the conenzyme.

Thiamine – riboflaivn – Biotin – B12 (6 Marks)

Sec+on C: (22 Marks)


a- proteoglycans and their importance. (4 marks)

b- functions of phospholipides. (4 marks)

c- factors affecting membrane fluidity (4 Marsks)

8- Give one example for each of the following: (10 Marks)

a- essential non polar amino acid b- alcohol containing steriod

c-antioxidant enzyme d-biologically active tripeptide

e-a method of protein separation based on molecular weight.

Section D: (14 marks)

9- a-(1) importance of DNA polymerase I (6 marks)

(2) post transla+onal porcessing of proteins (4 examples)

(4marks)

b- Define PCR and give two applications (4marks)

2 0 0 7

September

Sec=on A: (19 marks)

1- give short notes on quaternay structure of proteins. Explain its role in hemoglobin

fucn+on. (6 Marks)

2- explain genetic defect in sickle ceil anemia and thalassemiass (7Marks)

3- enumerate 2 methods for protei, separa+on based on charge. Explain one of them.

(6 marks)

sec=on B: (27 Marks)

4- Explain each of the followings: (21 Marks)

a- fucntional and non functional plasma enzymes. Give one example for each.

(8 marks)

b- effects of pH on enzyme activity. (4 Marks)

c- Role of vitamin K in blood coagulation (4 marks)

d- causes and manifestations of B12 deficiency (5 marks)

5- give the name of the deficient vitamin for each of the following manifestations:




xerophthalmia – beriberi – osteomalacia – pellagra – scurvey – megaloblastic anemia.

(6marks)

sec=on C: (25 marks)

6- a- fibronection: structure and importance (6 Marks)

b- enumerate antioxidant enzymes and vitamins (4 Marks)

c- Types and functins of plasma lipoproteins (5 Marks)

7- Give one example for each of the following: (10 Marks)

a- Coenzyme having nucleoticle structure

b- Non heme containing iron protein

c- pentameric immunoglobulin

d- omega3 fatty acid.

e- polar non essential aromatic amino acid.

Sec+on D: (19 Marks)

8- Exaplain each:

a- reverse transcriptase (6 Marks)

b- woobie rule (5 Marks)

c- amine acid activation for translation (2 Marks)

d- vectors (6 Marks)

2008

may

Ilustrate your answers with labeled diagrams whenever possible :

1. Enumerate cell organelles involved in the synthesis of protein. Describe in details

the organelle responsible for modification and packaging of this protein. (5 marks)

2. Enumerate only structures related to the microtubules. Describe the

microscopic structure of the axoneme (shaE of the cilia) (5 marks)

3. Give a short account on the interphase of the cell cycle .(6 marks)

4. What is meant by:

1- Triasomy 21

2- Turner's syndrome

3- Philadelphia syndrome. 4- Acrocentric chromosome.

5. Enumerate only the different types of stra+fied epithelium. Men+on two

sites for each type. (5 marks)

6. Enumerate the different types of cell responsible for the formation of elastic




fibers. Describe (L/M & E/M) of one of them. (5 marks)

7. Describe the microscopic picture and func+on(s) of :

• Osteoclast. ( 5 marks)

• Blood platelts. (5 marks)

8. In table compare between :

• Medium sized artery and vein. (5 marks)

• Axon and dendrites of nerve cell (5 marks)

9. Give short notes on :

• Eccrine sweat glands (5 marks)

• Alveolar epithelium. (5 marks)

10. Write short account on the red pulp and marginal zone of the spleen.

2008

september

Ilustrate your answers with labeled diagrams whenever possible :

1. Describe the structure and fate of the secondary lysosomes. (5 marks)

2. Classify chromosomes according to the posi+on of centromere. (5 marks)

3. Enumerate the different specializa+ons (modifica+ons) of the apical surface of

epithelial cells. Describe the EM structure and correlated function of one of

them. (5 marks)

4. Classify simple epithelium. Give two examples for each type. (5 marks)

5. Describe the origin, structure (LM & EM) and correlated function of the

plasma cells. (5 marks)

6. Describe the LM structure present in a transverse sec+on of a compact bone.

(5 marks)

7. Compare between the skeletal muscle fibers and the cardiac muscle fibers.(5

marks)

8. Describe the structure (LM & EM) of a nerve cell body (perikaryon). (5 )

9. Describe a sec+on of the aorta. (5 marks)

10. Enumerate the layers of the epidermis of the thick skin. Describe the

structure of the kera+nocytes in the different layers. (5 marks)

11. Describe the structure (LM &EM) and correlated functions of the blood

eosinophils. (5 marks)

12. Enumerate the component of the paracor+cal zone (deep cortex) of the




lymph node. (2 marks)

13. Describe the structure and correlated func+on of the Blood-thymus barrier.

(3 marks)

14. Describe the LM structure of a transverse sec+on of the trachea . (5 marks)

15. Describe the alveolar macrophages. (2.5 marks)

2009

may

Q1 A-Describe the structure (LM & EM), types and functions of ribosomes.(5)

B- Classify chromosomes according to the position of their centromeres.(3)

C-Describe the EM structure of chromatin.(2 marks)

Q2 Classify glandular epithelium according to their mode (mechanism) of secre+on.

Describe each and give one example for each type.(5 marks)

Q3 A- Describe the EM structure of the intercalated disc.(2.5 marks)

B- Describe a section in the aorta.(5 marks)

Q4 Describe the structure (LM & EM) of the nerve cell body (perikaryon).(5)

Q5 A- Outline the structural adaptations of the red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) to their

functions. (5 marks)

B- Describe the blood-thymic barrier, with reference to its significance function).(5

marks)

Q6 Describe the structure (LM & EM) and correlated func+ons of the:

A- Plasma cells(5 marks)

B- Osteoclasts(5 marks)

C- Type II pneumocytes(5 marks)

Q7- Draw a labeled haematoxylin and eosin stained section of hyaline cartilage. (10)




2010

september

1)Enumrate non memberanous organelles.describe in detail the structure correlated

functions of one of the organelles involved in cell division. (10 marks)

2)Describe the structure and correlated func+ons :

a)neuroepithelium. ( 4marks)

b)Gap junc+on . (4 marks)

3)In atable form ,men+on five histological differences between each of the following:

a)Meduim sized arteries and veins. ( 5marks)

b)lymph npdes and spleen . (5 marks)

4)Describe the structure and correlated func+ons of :

a)plasma cell (5 marks)

b)smooth muscle fiber ( 5 marks)

5)Give an account on the structure and correlated func+ons of :

a)osteoclast ( 5 marks)

b)Eosinophils ( 5 marks)

c)clara cell ( 5 marks)

6) Evaluate the role of the following:

a)The presence of neuilemmal sheath in the nerve fiber ( 1.5 marks)

b)The presence of synovial membrane in articular cartilage ( 1.5 marks)

c)The presence of langerhan's cells in the epidermis of the skin ( 1.5 marks)

7)Draw and label adiagram of transverse sec+on (T.S) of Ear pinna (10 marks)




HISTOLOGY




Cell

• Describe the microscopic structure of golgi complex and men+on 2 of its func+ons.

• How can the cell deal with a phagocytosed particle?

• Give an account on cytoplasmic filaments.

• Give an account on nuclear chromatin.

• Give an account on structure of cell membrane.

• Give an account on mitochondria.

• Give an account on endoplasmic reticulum.

• Enumerate the organelles characterizing a protein-secreting cell. Describe in details

one of these organelles.

• Enumerate the non-membranous organelles of the cell. Discuss structure and

function of centrioles.

• Give detailed account on the structure of nuclear envelope.

Epithelium • Enumerate types of simple epithelium and give example for each.

• Men+on 5 characteris+cs of epithelium.

• Classify the exocrine glands according to duct system and shape of secretory units.

Give one example for each type.

• Discuss gap junction.

• Describe the transitional epithelium. Where does it occur?

• Connective tissue

• Describe structure and function of mast cell and plasma cell.

• Describe the haversian system.

• Describe in details the structure of two types of bone cells.

• Give an account on osteoclasts.

• Describe the EM picture of a macrophage.

• Enumerate the differences between cartilage and bone.

• Give an account on the cells involved in process of remodeling of bone.

• Discuss intra-membranous ossification.

• Give an account on Structure of haversian system.




Muscle Tissue

• Describe Sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscles.

• Men+on 5 structured differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

• Describe the structure of a cardiac muscle.

• Men+on the types of muscle fibers. Men+on 4 histological features of each type.

• Give an account on sarcoplsmic reticulum.

• Describe a section in the wall of the heart.

• Describe structure of sarcomere.

• Describe the structure and ultra structure of striated muscle.

Nervous tissue 1. Mention five differences between a section of a spinal ganglion and a sympathetic

ganglion.

2. Describe structure of perikaryon.

3. Describe the fine structure of synapses and is relation to function.

4. How myelin is formed in peripheral nerve fibers?

5. Describe the histological changes that are observed in a peripheral nerve distal to the

site of injury.

6. Enumerate cells of neuroglia proper. Give an account on two of them.

7. Classify nerve cells according to number of processes. Mention the differences

between the axon and dendrites.

8. Give an account on myelin formation.

Blood

1. Give an account on polychromatophil erythroblast.

2. Give an account on the ultrastructure of blood platelets.

3. Give an account on astrocytes and megakaryocytes.

4. Give an account on reticulocytes.

5. Give an account on lymphocytes.

6. Give an account on granular leukocytes.

7. Give a full account on blood platelets.




Vascular system 1. Describe the light and electron microscopic picture of blood capillaries.

2. Enumerate the structural differences between a section in IVC and aorta.

3. Describe the structure of wall of inferior vena cava.

4. Give an account on blood capillaries. Mention the other arterio-venous connections.

5. Give an account on blood capillaries. Mention the differences between them and

lymph capillaries.

6. Give an account on large arteries.

Lymphatic system 1. Describe the structure of thymic lobule and mention its blood supply.

2. Describe the structure of red pulp of the spleen.

3. Describe the structure of medulla of a lymph node.

4. Describe the structure of splenic lobule.

5. Give an account on splenic circulation.

6. Give an account on the imcapsulated lymphatic nodules in their different forms.

Macrophage System 1. Enumerate 2 cells of macrophage system. Describe in details one of them.

2. Enumerate the phagocytic cells. Discuss the ultrastructure of a microphage.

Respiratory system

Respiratory system 1. Describe the lining epithelium of the pulmonary alveoli.

2. Give an account on the inter-alveolar septum.

3. Describe the structure of trachea as seen in longitudinal section.

4. Describe the respiratory portion of the lung.

5. Describe the lung lobule.

6. Describe the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.

7. Give an account on olfactory epithelium.




Labeled diagrams 1. Aorta.

2. Spleen.

3. Trachea.

4. Lymph node.

5. Inferior vena cava.

6. Thick skin.

7. Thin skin.

8. Spinal ganglion.

9. Medium sized artery.

10. Medium sized vein.

11. Thymus.

12. Wall of the heart.




Complete Exams




1 9 9 6

Illustrate your answer with diagrams.

1. Give a full account on plasma cell.

2. Discuss the Structure of haversian system.

3. Give an account on blood-thymus barrier.

4. Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of:

o Transverse section in a medium-sized artery.

o Transverse section in trachea.


o Nucleolus.

o Fibroblast.

o Osteoclast.

o Oligodendrocyte.

1 9 9 8

MAY


1. Give full account on lymphocytes. (10 marks)

2. Describe the epidermis of thick skin with reference to its different cell types. (10

marks)

3. Give a detailed account in structure of blood capillaries. (10 marks)

4. Discuss the structure of respiratory por+on of the lung (10 marks)


o Nucleolus.

o Fibroblast.

o Osteoclast.

o Oligodendrocyte.

1 9 9 8

September


1. Discuss endoplasmic reticulum.

2. Give full account on the cells involved in the process of remodeling.

3. Give a detailed account on blood platelets.

4. Give a detailed account on skeletal muscle fibers.

5. Give an account on the structure of thymic lobule with reference to its blood supply.

6. Describe the structure of a section of trachea.




1 9 9 9


1. Describe the plasma cell and give a detailed account on one of the organelles that

related to its function. (10 marks)

2. Give full account on palatine tonsil. (10 marks)

3. Give a detailed account on epithelial lining of the trachea. (10 marks)

4. Compare the structure and function of the aorta in relation to medium sized artery.

(10 marks)

5. Give an account on Sarcomere. (5 marks)

6. Describe OSteoclasts. (5 marks)

7. Give an account on Keratinecytes. (5 marks)

8. Describe a megakaryohecyte. (5 marks)

2 0 0 0

MAY


1. Give a detailed account on mitochondria.

2. Give a full account on connective tissue macrophage with relation to its function.

Mention the other cells of mononuclear phagocyte system.

3. Give full account on hyaline cartilage. Mention its differences with the structure of

bone.

4. Classify the nerve cells according to the number of precesses and give one example

of each. Mention the differences between the axon and dendrites.

5. Discuss blood platelets.

6. Discuss the respiratory portion of lung.


o Blood Capillaries. 0 Glands of skin.

8. Draw and label a section in spleen.

2 0 0 0

September


1. Discuss the structure and functioned the endoplasmic reticulum.

2. Give an account on macrophage Cell. (5 marks)

3. Give an account on: (10 marks)

o Peripheral nerves.

o Process of myelin formation.

4. Discuss the histological structure of hyaline Car+lage. (10 marks)

5. Give a detailed account on neutrophils. (10 marks)




6. Give an account on glands of skin. (10 marks)

7. Discuss the histological structure of lung alveoli and the inter-alveolar septum.

(10 marks)

8. Draw and label a section in lymph node. (10 marks)

2 0 0 1

MAY

Illustrate your answers with diagrams:

1- Enumerate the membranous organelles. Discuss two of them involved in muscle

contraction.

2- Discuss the different types of cells forming collagen. How collagen is formed?

3- Give a full account on red blood corpuscle and their formation.

4- Give an account on multipolar nerve cells.

5- Give an account on blood capillaries.

6- Compare between the structure of extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary bronchi.

7- Give an account on Langerhans cells.

8- Draw and label a colored diagram of a section of lymph node stained with H&E.

2 0 0 1

September

Answer all the following questions:

1-Discuss the structure and func+on of golgi apparatus. (10 marks)

Enumerate the branched connec+ve +ssue cells. Discuss 2 of them. (10 marks)

3-Discuss the light and electron microscopic structure of cardiac muscle fiber. (10 )

4-Give an account of small lymphocyte. (10 marks)

5-Give an account of hyaline car+lage. (10 marks)

6-Write short notes on the structure & func+on of each of the following : (10 marks)

a-Bronchioles. b-Lung alveoli.

7-Give an account of sweat glands. (5 marks)

8-Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of medium sized artery and vein. (10)

2 0 0 2

MAY

Answer all the following questions.

Illustarte your answers with diagrams.




1- a – Describe the sturcture and function of lysosomes.

b- What are the cells rich in lysosomes ( mention two cells ).

2- a- Describe the EM picture of protein secreating cells.

b- Describe the structure and function of two connective tissue .

3- Describe the structure of cardiac muscle fiber ( LM and EM ) .

4- A- What are the different types of bone cells ( enumerations) .

b- Describe structure of bone forming and bone resorbing cells .

5- Give an account of:

i- Red pulp of the spleen.

ii- Megakaryocytes.

iii- Aorta

iv- Glands of the skin.

6- Draw and label a section of the trachea.

2 0 0 2

September


Answer all the following questions.

1- Give a detailed account of the nuclear envelope.

2- Discuss in details the cardiac muscle fibers.

3- Give an account of granular leucocytes.

4- Discuss in details the histological structure of nerve cell body

5- Give an account of the following:

a- Blood sinusoids. b- Melanocytes.

6- Discuss in detail the structure of lymph node.

7- Draw a labelled diagram of compact bone.

2 0 0 3

MAY

(Illustrate your answers with diagrams)

1- Give an account of lysosomes & enumerate cells rich in lysosomes (10 marks)

2- Give a detailed of glandular epithelium. (10 marks)

- Answer the following in detail: (15 marks)

*eosinophil leukocyte

*Blood capillaries

4- Discuss in detail:

*Epidermis of thick skin. (10 marks)




*Structure of nerve fiber. (10 marks)

5- Discuss In detail the structure of trachea with

epithelium. ( 10 marks)

6- Draw a labelled diagram of T.S compact bone. (10 marks)

2 0 0 3

September

1- Enumerate specializations of the, free surface of epithelial cells &discuss in details 2

of them. ( 10 marks)

2- Give an account of compact bone. (10 marks)

3- Discuss the light &electron microscopic structure of nerve cell body.

10 ( marks)

4- Give a detailed account of the blood platelet. (10 marks)

5- Discuss in detail the histological structure of the aorta. (10 marks)

6- Answer the following:

*Kera+nocytes. (10 marks)

*Macrophages. (5 marks)

7- Draw a lebelled diagram of the pala+ne tonsil. (10 marks)

2 0 0 4

MAY

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 75 MARKS.

ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWERS WITH DIAGRAMS.

1- Discuss the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum.

2- Give a detailed account of:

a) Plasma cells. (7M) b)osteoclast. (7M)

3- Discuss in detail the structure of skeletal muscle fiber. (10M)

4- Give a detailed account of blood capillaries. (10 MARKS)

5- Discuss the histological structure of the following: (15M)

a) Glands of skin. (1OM) B) Megakaryocyte (5M)

6- Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of spleen.

2 0 0 4

September

1- Discuss in detail the structure related to protein secre+on. (10 marks)

2- Give an account of the following: (15 marks)

a- Plasma cell.

b- Neutrophil




3- Discuss in detail the histological structure of compact bone. (10 marks)

4- Discuss in detail the structure of peripheral nerve special reference to myelin

forma+on. (10 marks)

5- Discuss the following:

a- Respiratory por+on of the lung. (10 marks)

b- Kera+oncytes. (10 marks)

Draw a labeled diagram of lymph node. (10 marks)

2 0 0 5

MAY

ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWERS WITH DIAGRAMS.

1-give an account on:(15M)

a-structure and function of lysosomes.

b-enumerate cells rich in lysosomes.

2-discuss in details cell junctions .(10M)

3-give an account on the thymus. (10M)

4-give an account on the following:(20M)

a-melanocyte

b-intrapulmonary bronchus.

c-synapse

d-eosinophil

5-discuss in detail blood capillaries. (10M)

6-draw a labeled diagram of compact bone. (10)

2 0 0 5

September


1-enumerate the nuclear components. Discuss in detail the nuclear envelope (10M).

2-enumerate the connective tissue cells sharing in the immune process. Discuss in

detail two of them. (15M)

3-discuss in detail the smooth muscle fiber. (10M)

4-give an account on: (5M)

a-sweet glands. b-red pulp.

5-give an account on: (5M)

a-blood platlets. b-astrocytes.

6-draw a labeled diagram of a sec+on of trachea. (10M)




2 0 0 6

MAY

ILLUSRATE YOUR ANSWERS WITH DIAGRAMS

1- give an account of: ( 5 marks each)

-Nuclear envelope. -Microtubules. -Desmosomes.

2- Give an account of the structure of red bone marrow. Discuss the structure of the

cardiac muscle fibers. (10 marks)

3- Give an account of synapses.

4- Give an account of: ( 5 marks each)

-Melanocytes -Alveolar epithelium.

5- Give an account of thymic lobule. ( 10 marks)

6- Draw a labeled diagram of compact bone. (10 marks)

2 0 0 6

September

ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWERS WITH DIAGRAMS

1- Give an account of the structure of: (10 marks)

-Nuclear chromatin. -The cilia.

2- Give full account of: (10 marks)

-Elastic fibers. -Basement membrane.

3- Discuss the structure of white bulb of spleen. Describe spleenic circula+on. (10

marks)

4- Give an account of: (15 marks)

-Megakaryocyte. - White fibrocartilage. -Astrocytes.

5- Give an account of myofibrils in different types of muscles with reference to

muscle contrac+on. (10 marks)

6- Discuss the structure of: (10 marks)

a- The respiratory portion of nasal cavity.

b- IVC.

7- Draw a labeled diagram of sec+on in thin skin. (10 marks)

2 0 0 7

May


Illustrative your answers with diagrams. (75 Marks)

1) Men+on the organelles concerned with collagenous fibres forma+ons and secre+on

and role of each. Describel one of these organelles. (15 marks)




2) give full account of:

a) reticulocytes. b) eosinophils.

3) Discuss the structure of the cortex of lymph node in rela+on to func+on.(15 Marks)

4) Give an account of:

a) Nerve fibres and their myelination. (5 Marks)

b) coronary artery. (5 Marks)

5) discuss the histological differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres.(10 )

6) Give an account of:

a) secretory part of eccrine sweat glands. (5 Marks)

b) olfactory area of nasal mucosa. ( 5 Marks)

7) draw a labelled diagram of hyaline car+lage. (10 Marks)

2 0 0 7

September

All questions are to be answered:

Illustrative your answers with labeled diagrams whenever possible. (75 Marks)

Q.1- a) describe the molecular (biochemical) structure of the cell memberane. (8

marks)

b) Dscribe the cellular changes that occur during interphase as well as during the

prophase of mitosis. (5 marks)

Q.2- a) classify the multicellular exocrine glands according totheir duct system and the

shape of the glands. Give one example for each one (6 marks)

b) dscribe the most characteristic microscopically structure (L. M. and E. M.) of the

following cells :

i. Ion transporing cells. (2 marks)

ii. steroid hormone secreting cells. (2 marks)




Q.3- a) Give an account on cells secreting heparin (site, L.M., E. M. and functions). (8

marks)

b) give an account on the structure of sarcomere. (4 marks)

Q.4- in tables compare between:

a) osteoclast and megakaryocyte. (3 marks)

b) different types of tonsils. (4 Marks)

c) unilocular and mul+locular adipose cells (3 Marks)

Q.5- a) describe the structure of a spinal ganglion. (6 marks)

b) enumerate cells lining the blood capillaries. (Discuss the histological picutre

and funciton of each cell). (4 marks)

Q.6- a) give and account on the non-Kerationcyte cells of the epidermis of the skin.

(6 marks)

b) enumerate the different types of cells found in thymus. Mention the function

of each with special refernce to the blood thymus barrier. (4 marks)

Q.7- draw a labeled colored diagrams for the following:

a) T. S. of trachea (7 Marks)

b) Erythropoiesis (3 marks)

2008

may

Sec=on A: (36 Marks )

• Give short notes on :

(24 MARKS)

1. Km : Defini+on ,importance and effect of different types of inhibitors .

2. Biochemical role of vitamin K

3. Caspases and their role in apoptosis

• Compare :

1. Oxygen dissocia+on curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin . (12 MARKS)

2. alpha helix and B sheet.




(12 MARKS)

Sec=on B: (20 Marks )

• Give the biochemical explanation of each of the followings:(14MARKS)

1. Hormonal regula+on of enzyme ac+vity may be short term or long term

2. B12 or Folate deficiency results in anemia

• Mention the name and function of the coenzymes derived from each of

the following vitamin : Niacin - Pantothenic acid – Bio+n (6 MARKS)

Sec=on C: (22 Marks )


(14 MARKS)

1. Glycosaminoglycans : Structural components and importance

2. Biologically ac+ve compounds derived from polyunsaturated faNy acids

• What is the BOND ( type & nature) involved in each of the following:

1. Adenine – thymine base pairing (2 Marks)

2. Elas+n polypep+de chains (2 Marks)

3. Heavy and light chain of an immunoglobulin (2 Marks)

4. an+gen – an+body interac+on (2 Marks)

Section D: (12 Marks ) • Give short notes on :

1. Point muta+ons and its effects giving ONE example .

2. Amino acyl t-RNA synthetases : reaction

and importance

2008

september

Part I :

• Mention the types and sites of two bonds in each of the following :

a) Plasminogen b)α-helix

c)Starch (6 M)

• Enumerate :

Four essen+al amino acid (4 M)

Three func+ons for membrane proteins. (3 M)

Three func+ons of cholesterol . (3 M)

Three types of hemoglobin . (3 M)

Four intracellular an+oxidants . (4 M)

Three characteris+cs of gene+c code . (3 M)




Hydrolytic products of sucrose and sphingomyelin .

Part II : ( 40 Marks )


(10 M)

a) Isoenzymes b)Michaeli's Constant c)Therapeutic uses of enzymes

• Mention three characteristics for each of the following : (15 M)

a) Coenzymes

b)Non-functional plasma enzymes .

c) Competitive inhibition . d) Transfer t-RNA e)Lactose

• Give one main func=on and one deficiency manifes=on for : (10 M)

a) Retinol b)Cholecalcifirol c)α-Tocopherol d)L-ascorbic acid

• List one coenzyme derived from : (5 M)

a) Thiamine b)Riboflavin c)Niacin d)Pyridoxine e) Folic acid

Part III : (20 Marks )

• Define thymine dimer and explain molecular steps of its repair . (5 M)

• compare between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase (5 M)

• Give short accounts on :

a) Denatura+on of proteins . (5 M)

b) Inhibi+on of DNA replica+on . (5 M)

2009

may

Ques=on 1:

A) Define and give one biological importance for :

Zymogens - Active transport- Electrophoresis- Km- DNA Replica+on.(10 Marks)

B) Physiological role and deficiency manifesta+ons of vitamin C. (5 Marks)

C) Maturation of mRNA (post transcriptional modification) (5 Marks)

Question 2:

A)Men+on 3 points of comparison between apoenzyme and coenzyme. (6 Marks)

B)Mention3 characteris+cs of:

a)Non-functional plasma enzymes. Give 2 examples (6 Marks)

b) Competitive inhibition of enzymes. Give 2 examples.. (6Marks)

c) Summarize oligonucleotide excision repair of thymine dimer. (7 Marks)

Ques=on 3:




a) Enumerate 4 second messengers which mediate hormone ac+on. (4 Marks)

b) Show in a diagram the source of different carbon and nitrogen atoms

In a purine ring. (5 Marks)

c) Explain how oxygen molecules bind normal hemoglobin. (6 Marks)

Ques=on 4:

Give the reaction(s) required for each of the following conversions:

1-IMP to AMP and GMP. (6 Marks)

2- Ribose-5-P to Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). (4 Marks)

3- Heme to bilirubin. . (8 Marks)

Ques=on 5:

A)Mention three examples for:

1- Branched chain amino acids. (3 Marks)

2- Extracellular matrix proteins. (3 Marks)

B)Mention three functions of membrane proteins. (3 Marks)

C)List three types of glycerol- containing phospholipids constituting

biological membranes. (3 Marks)

2010

May


illustrate the answers with diagrams:

1)classify the living cellular structure in the cytoplasm.

describe the LM and EM structure of the organelle involved un energy produc+on. (8

marks)


a)Mast cell (4 marks)

b)spot desmosome (4 marks)

c)Blood-air barrier (4 marks)

3) correlate between the strucutre and fuc+on of the thymic lobule with special




reference to the blood thymic barrier (10 marks)

4)In atable form,men+on five histological differences between each of the followings:

a)chondroblast and osteoblast (5 marks)

b)spinal and symapthe+c ganglia (5 marks)

c)thin and thick skin (5 marks)

5)Enumrate granular leucocytes . Give an account on the cell which increase in acute

pyogenic infec+on (8 marks)

6)Asess the value of the following :

a)presence of vasa vasora in the advetitia of large blood vessles (1.5 marks)

b)High fluid content in the matrix of hylaine car+lage (1.5 marks)

c)the presence of Gap junc+on between cardiac Myocytes (1.5 marks)

7) Draw and label a diagram of transverse sec+on(T.S) of trachea (10 marks)

2010

September


illustrate the answers with diagrams:

1)Enumrate non memberanous organelles.describe in detail the structure correlated

func+ons of one of the organelles involved in cell division. (10 marks)

2)Describe the structure and correlated functions :

a)neuroepithelium. ( 4marks)

b)Gap junc+on . (4 marks)




3)In atable form ,men+on five histological differences between each of the following:

a)Meduim sized arteries and veins. ( 5marks)

b)lymph npdes and spleen . (5 marks)


a)plasma cell (5 marks)

b)smooth muscle fiber ( 5 marks)

5)Give an account on the structure and correlated func+ons of :

a)osteoclast ( 5 marks)

b)Eosinophils ( 5 marks)

c)clara cell ( 5 marks)

6) Evaluate the role of the following:

a)The presence of neuilemmal sheath in the nerve fiber ( 1.5 marks)

b)The presence of synovial membrane in ar+cular car+lage ( 1.5 marks)

c)The presence of langerhan's cells in the epidermis of the skin ( 1.5 marks)

7)Draw and label adiagram of transverse sec+on (T.S) of Ear pinna (10 marks)

Good luck




؟ دراستك يف تتفوق كيف : اصال دراستك يف التفوق تريد ملاذا

على حتث اليت والنصوص) فليتقنه عمال احدكم عمل إذا( يقول الكرمي الرسول وجل عز هللا ارضاء .1 عديدة العلم وطالب العلم

الوالدين بر من وهذا املرات عشرات اعفةمض تكون ابنها بنجاح االم فرحة فإن لوالديك ارضاء .2 اجلبال صعود يتهيب ومن( القوم دون مع يكون ان يرضى ال الطموح الشخص فإن لنفسك ارضاء .3

( احلفر بني الدهر ابد يعش

: ؟ بدراسيت أتفوق كيف

اهلدف حدد (1 األجل ويلةط أخر وأهدافاً األجل قصرية أهدافاً ألنفسهم حيددوا أن من للطالب بد وال

عشرة إىل أسبوعني خالل بالكامل وحتقيقها مهماا إجناز ميكن اليت هي األجل القصرية فاألهداف أسابيع

الفصل هذا يف ممتاز تقدير على احلصول أريد: مثل ملنحة بعثة على واحصل، ممتاز مبعدل اجلامعة من التخرج أريد: مثل فهو األجل الطويل اهلدف وأما

التخصص جمال يف العليا الدارسة متابعة وأ، دراسية

: اهدافك يف طموحا كن (2 كان ومن ، الثمانني على حصل التسيعني اىل طمح ومن ، التسعني على حصل للمئة طمح من

احلظ حيالفه مل النجاح طموحه مقبولة فالنتيبجة جيدة ادؤه كان ان االنسان ألن جيدة النتيجة ممتاز ادؤه كان وان

متميزاا ادؤك يكون أن جيب ممتازة النتيجة ونتك ولكي انت من لك اقل صديقك من يل قل: فائقة بعناية أصدقائك اختر (4

الذاتية بقدراتك ثق (5 الدراسية النجاح متطلبات أول مها الذاتية بالقدرات والثقة بالنفس الثقة أن

: النجاح ادوات كل ما متلك انت (6




: احلقائق هذه امسع ا اهللا اكرمنا بصري_ حس استقبال عصب مليون مئة االنسان ميلك واألداء العمل باهر التصميم رائع الدقة بالغ مسعي نظام االنسان ميلك يريد أينما حتملع جسمه يف عضله) ٥٠٠( االنسان ميلك عظمه) ٢٠٠( من وأكثر واألوردة الشرايني شبكات من متراً كيلو) ١٠٠( من وأكثر الدم من جالون آالف أربعة من اكثر ويضخ ، توقف دون يومياً نبضة ألف مائة من أكثر بضين وقلبا سحريا حال اريد يل تقول مث نفسك كافأ (

اإلجناز هذا على نفسك تكافئ أن فيستحسن ممتاز درجه على احلصول لنفسك حدد إذا فمثالً : الشخصية املشكالت حل حاول (9 ( افكارك ترتب مكتبك رتب ) : عندك الصرب تنميه حاول(

: بذكاء وجباتك تناول (5 ( ذلك يف االختصاص اصحاب اىل ارجع )

جناحك يف السبب تكون قد معلومة غياب ، حماضرة غياب( الدراسية مقرراتك حضور على واظب (6

) لنفسك دراسياً جدوالً ضع (8

اماالي خالل دراستك يف ونوع ، الدوام وايام العطل ايام تراعي ( قلبني من ألحد اهللا جعل وما( الدراسة أثناء التركيز تطوير حاول (9

خطأ ، احملاضرات ، االغاين مساع مع الدراسة للدراسة مناسبا مكانا اختر (10

كم املهم ، تدرس ساعة كم املهم ليس أجيب كنت للدراسة الالزم الوقت عن اسأل كنت حينما ( 11 أال املهم ، ساعات ست يف تنجزه وقد ساعات ٣ يف منك املطلوب جزتن فقد ، الساعة هذه يف تنجز واجباتك أجنزت قد وأنت إال اليوم ميضي

العكس من ابدأ ، ألخره يصل حىت الكتاب أول من يبدأ دائما الطالب فإن: الدراسية عاداتك تغيري (12 العكس من وابدأ ، تدرجييا قلي وانتباه االنسان تركيز معدل ألن الكتاب ألول الكتاب آخر من ابدأ ،

املادة استيعاب استطعت اذا النقاط مستوى على العكس من وابدأ ، الوحدة دروس مستوى على معلوماتك ثبتت قد فإنك الطريقتني بكال

وسجلها صغري دفتر يف ضعها( نسياا سرعة ، الفهم صعبة ، الفهم عسرية النقاط (13 ثانية وادجمها الكتاب ارجع مث جيدا واحفظها وافهما ، الدرس عن مبعزل منفصلة وادرسها

) مبفتاحك اغلقته أن ظهرك فوق البيت حتمل ألن داعي ال( املفتاح استرتيجية واستخدم افهم (14 تتذكرها حينما االمتحان يف ألنك معينة كلمات على الفكرة نقاط حفظ يف ركز ، أوال الفكرة افهم




فإنك ميدالية عمل تستطيع وكما) مفتاحا فكرة لكل اجعل( كاملة الفكرة تكمل ان تستطيع مفيدة مجلة لتؤدي الكلمات تلك مجع تستطيع

تدرس كنت ان ، وامشي قف جالسا كنت ان وضعيتك من غري دراستك اثناء بامللل تشعر ال كي (15

قليال خترج ال ملا غرفة يف كنت ،أن ذهنك يف املعلومة يركز ألنه نفعا االكثر وهذا صوتك ارفع بصمت الرياضية احلركات ببعض وقم الشمس حتت

هذا فكل واالمتحانات والكورسات وامللخصات االوراق بآالف حتتفظ وال واحدة نسخة من ادرس (16

ارباكك على يعمل يف ألننك) ، صورة صورة الكتاب صور ختزن كامريا عينك وكأن ختيل كتابك نسخة يف تركز حينما )

النقاط ترتيب شكل من االجابة تتذكر حياناال من كثري

ذاكرتك يف ستختزن ألا ذلك يف وابدع والتصاميم واالشكال التوضيحية بالرسومات استعن ( 17

: املالحظات تدوين مهارة تعلم (18 رموزك استخدم ، خطوطا ضع ، التحديد اقالم استعمل ، جديدا كتابا تؤلف ال ، مالحظاتك دون

وهكذا ، مهم غري : x ، حفظ: صح ، مهم: مةجن: اخلاصة

ملن تنتبه بأن االمساء كحفظ الدراسي التفوق على تساعدك مهارة: وفعلها املالحظة دقة تعلم (19 يف فقدت اليت السلعة ما ، صفك يف الغائب هو من ، املعلم يلبس كان ماذا ، لك نفسع يعرف

( عندك ستتكون املمارسة مع( ، السوبرماركت ( .... عنقي ربطة تتكون لون كم من حتدد أن تستطيع هل اآلن عينك اغمضت لو: لك سؤال : قصة

يف املرور أشهر ستة وملدة يوم كل اعتادوا مساعديه من وعشرين سبعة أن إديسون توماس اكتشف) .نيوجرس بوالية) منلوبارك( يف الرئيسية املصانع إىل املصابيح مصنع من توصل معينة طريق أي الشجرة هذه بوجود يشعر مل ذلك ومع الطريق، جانب على تقوم كرز شجرة هناك وكانت .والعشرين السبعة هؤالء من شخص : ويقول

املالحظة على قدرتنا وضعف املشاهدين، عيون تراه مما ألف من جزءاً اليالحظ العادي اإلنسان عقل إن) .يصدق اليكاد ـ مالحظة أية ـ




مدخل

؟ العامل يف ذاكرة أسوأ متتلك بأنك يوماً تشعر هل · ؟ وآخر درس بني التنقل بسبب التركيز بعدم يوماً شعرت هل · ؟ الدراسية املواد بعض بكراهية يوماً شعرت هل · ؟ االمتحانات من باخلوف يوماً شعرت هل · ..... تتصور مما أكرب فذاكرتك تقلق ال ·

اجلامعة يف سنوات/ ٥ -٢/ من عليها يضيف وقد ، املدرسة يف نةس/ ١٢/ ً عادة منا اإلنسان يقضي املدة هذه وخالل ، األخرى التعليمية الدورات إىل باإلضافة ، والدكتوراه املاجستري يف يتابع وقد

إنّ حتى اآلخرون يوفق ال وقد البعض يوفق وقد ، للنجاح بقليل ليس جهداً منا الفرد يبذل الطويلة للدراسة مناسبة وسيلة جيد أن اإلنسان استطاع إن ولكن ، وآخر شخص بني متفاوتة قالتوفي درجة

..... والتعب اخلسائر بأقلّ املراحل هذه اجتياز على هذا سيساعده جمتمعة تكون ونصائح خططاً حتتوي واليت القليلة السويعات هذه خالل من عليه سنتعرف ما هذا

. للدراسة فعالة طريقة

: العصيب اجلهاز برجمة: أوالً : السليب والتفكري االجيايب التفكري .1

: اإلجيايب أكثر يومياً نفسه مع يتكلّم اإلنسان أنّ الدراسات أثبتت وقد ، مفيدة بطريقة النفس مع التفكري هو . والتركيز احلفظ على يؤثّر مما وخوف وتردد تشاؤم فيها سلبية منها%٨٠ ، كلمة/ ٥٠٠٠/ من( مثل أحكاماً تطلق وال السلبية اإلحياءات واحذر ، تؤجل وال) سوف( كلمة قاموسك من احذف: لاحل ( فاشل أنا – وقت يوجد ال – ضعيفة ذاكريت – احلفظ على قادر غري أنا ؟ وكيف ؟ ملاذا نفسك اسأل وإنما ؟ وقيت أنظّم كيف ؟ ريتذاك أقوي أن ميكنين كيف ؟ املعيقات هذه أزيل كيف ؟ قادر غري أنا ملاذا ؟ وأتذكّرها أحفظها اليت األشياء عدد ما: اسأل ؟ أنساها اليت األشياء عدد ما تسأل أن من وبدالً

( املشكلة يف يفكر والفاشل احللّ يف يفكّر الناجح ) عاماً ثالثني من توفّي قد رجالً ترى فأنت ، األحالم هي حجمها وكرب الذاكرة سعة على دليل واكرب

. املفاجئ االستدعاء وكذلك : اإلجيابية للروح الست بالقواعد فعليك السلبية النظرات هذه تغير أن أردت إذا




انظر) الذهنية اخلريطة( احلفظ على قادرين غري اننا نعتقد: الكاملة احلقيقة ليست اخلريطة .1 معتقد إىل السليب معتقدك غير) الواقع( احلفظ على قادراً نفسك ستجد وجرب حيفظون للذين . ( الضفادع قصة( داخلية أم خارجية واحلفظ العمل على تؤثر السلبية الرسائل ألنّ إجيايب

....و أطباء جتد فلن لغريه العلم منا كل ترك إذا: مسؤول أنت إذاً جدير أنت .2 . يل ممكن لغريي ممكن هو ما .3 ( جيرب مل من هو يفشل ال الذي: وخربات نتائج ولكن فشل اليوجد .4

( الباب ذلك سيفتح الذي هو األخري املفتاح يكون فلربما تيأس ال( إيديسون : تقول اليابانية اجلنون وحكمة ، متغيرة الطريقة ولكن ثابت اهلدف: املرونة .5

( خمتلفة نتائج ويتوقّع مرة كل يف نفسه الشيء يفعل من انون ) اهلدف إميان عمل ؟ هلدفا حتقق هل نعم نتيجة

ال اهلدف حتديد مرونة

منهم كل يعيش لكي البشر لدى داخلي توق من ينبع اإلنسانية احلضارة عاشته الذي التقدم كل ) حتصل اليت النتائج تغير فلن دائماً تفعله ما تغير مل إذا) ( احلالية إمكانام كل تتجاوز حياة . ( عليها

. ختدمين نتيجة؟ ختدمين بطريقة تفكري+ حدث: حيدث ما جتاه تفعله ما إمناو حيدث ما املهم ليس .6 . واحلفظ السابقة املواد مراجعة اجل من فرصة فرآها رجله كُسرت طالب: مثال

( البناءة األفكار هو اهلدامة األفكار ضد والفعال املؤثر الوحيد السالح ) غري األفكار من أوالً نتخلص أن جيب ولكن ، لضروريةا غري األعمال من فقط نتخلص أن اليكفي )

( للثانية نتيجة دائماً األوىل ألن الضرورية : السلبية األفكار مع تتعامل كيف

. اإلحباط ودرجة السليب املعتقد اكتب .1 صحته عدم على الدليل اكتب .2 فيه الشك اغرس .3 ( اليوم سأبدأ فعال أنا – وقيت سأنظم – قادر أنا – حفظا فيين أنا( إجيابياً معتقداً منه بدالً اكتب .4 فالعقل: اجلذب قانون يعمل وهنا) احلسية الكثافة( تسمى ما تنشأ كي االجيايب املعتقد هذا كرر

فحني ، قناعة االجيايب املعتقد هذا من جتعل أن وعليك) الليمونة( واخليال احلقيقة بني مييز ال الباطن : إجيابية بقناعات نستبدهلا أن نستطيع السلبية القناعات تشكّلت كيف نفهم ( يعتقد ما نتاج اإلنسان( مصري؟ شخصية؟ عادة؟ فعل؟ القناعة

لك وقيل ، صباحاً التاسعة الساعة حىت عادة تنام: مثال سيتحقق نريد ما على دماغنا برجمنا فإذا ؟ ستفعل فماذا ، كامل أسبوع ملدة صباحاً دسةالسا الساعة من استيقظت إذا جائزة ستأخذ إنك بذرة عن عبارة فكرة كل( سلبياً موقفاً ال ذاتياً جهداً تتطلّب تفكري عملية هو اجليد احلفظ أنّ اعلم . عنباً لتجين شوكاً تزرع فال




: النفسية الصحة: ثانياً : اخلوف

أهدافك حتقيق يف صعوبة تواجه ال حىت الذهين تركيزك يف بالتدخل واخلوف للقلق تسمح ال اجليم على السيطرة يتولّى حيث الدماغ جذر إىل احلواس طريق عن تدخل فاملعلومات. الدراسية

موقف ففي ، التنفس عملية وعلى القلب دقات على أيضاً وسيطر للخطر اإلنسان يتعرض حني عن اجلسم إلبعاد املتاحة هطاقات الدماغ ويسخر ، الفرعية املهام مجيع الدماغ جذر يوقف اخلوف . به احملدق اخلطر

و) األدرينالني( مادة اجلسم يفرز حيث ، ثا/ م١٢٠ بسرعة الدماغ يف تنتقل العاطفية املعلومات إنّ اجلسم فيبدأ) . الشارع وقطع الشاحنة: ( مثال. تقريباً التفكري عملية توقف اليت) الكورتيسول(

النبضات القلب ويسرع ، الفعل لردة للتأهب األطراف إىل العصيب هازاجل شرايني من الدم بإرسال . اجلسم حياة إنقاذ اجل من األطراف إىل الدم يوصل كي

خباليا األذى إحلاق إىل تؤدي) الكورتيسول – األدرينالني( اجلسم يف) الكيماويات( نسبة زيادة إن - فاملشاعر الدماغ على سلبية آثار من هلا وما) االمتحانات من اخلوف ، الرعب أفالم( الدماغ

. الكيماويات هذه إفراز إىل تؤدي واألحاسيس والعواطف ولكن منك أكثر املتميزين من فقط صديقني أو صديق عن احبث: الوقت وقتلة السوء رفقاء احذر -

كنت فإذا اجتماعية جمموعة أم دراسة جمموعة هي هل وحدد ، باإلحباط تصاب ال حىت بكثري ليس الذي بالشخص لك حاجة وال ، وجدية صارمة االجتماع أوقات واجعل ، باألوىل تتظاهر ال الثانية تريد . اجلاد عملك يستغل أن ويأمل ممكن قدر أقل يعمل أن يريد

( اجلميع يتثاءب احدهم تثاءب إذا أنه االجتماعات يف كامالً اتفاقاً يلقى الذي الوحيد الشيء ) ( الصعاب ويتجاوزون املشاق يتحملون أقوياء أناس مبساعدة إال املنال بعيدة أهدافك إىل تصل لن ) من أهم االجتماعات تصبح الزمن مرور ومع ، االجتماعات من كثري عقد يف املشكلة تتسبب )

( املشكلة يتعلّم أن يستطيع ال واإلنسان ، املمارسة طريق عن إالّ السباحة تستطيع ال: الذايت النشاط -

يف جسمك تبلل حىت السباحة تتعلم لن ألنك واجلهد بالعمل فابدأ ، ممارسته طريق عن إالّ التفكري . املاء

. ( تستطيع ما كل وافعل ، تسمع ما كل تصدق وال ، ماتعرف كل تقل ال ) املعرفة وسائل أهم وهي الكائنات من غريه عن اإلنسان ا امتاز القراءة أن واعلم

جمردة فرص توجد فال ، العمل مبالبس دائماً تأتيهم ألا تواجههم اليت الفرص معظم لناسا خيسر ) .( النيام إال األحالم يف الفرص يقابل وال ، األحالم يف إال اجلهد من

سيشعرك ذلك ألن حتفظ ما تسميع على مصمم أنك احلفظ يف البدء قبل لنفسك تؤكد أن جيب - محاس يف العمل إىل العقل يدفعان واألمان فالطموح ، احلفظ وسرعة التركيز على قدرتك بازدياد . التعب من اجلسم نال مهما

( للحاضر معىن هناك يكون لن حتماً املستقبل يف أمل لديك يكن مل إذا )




( أهدافك تناسب اليت بالقدرات فكر بل ، قدراتك تناسب اليت باألهداف تفكر ال ) ( القدوة( األعلى املثل وخذ ، متفوق وأنت فيه تتخرج يالذ اليوم تتخيل أن جرب - ( عظيم هو ما إىل التطلع عن يصرفك جيد هو مبا االكتفاء ) ( الكثري تنجز الكثري نتوقع فعندما ، العالية التوقعات شكل تأخذ والسامية العالية اإلجنازات ) غري النتائج( أي االجيابية النواحي على ركزو ، القصرية األهداف حتقق أن تستطع مل إذا مهتك تفتر ال -

. بالنفس الثقة مضاعفة؟ ) املتوقعة . اآلخرين على واعرضه بعملك فخوراً كن - ما مجيع تتذكر أن تستطيع أنك التدريب مع وستجد احفظ ، بذاكرتك ثقتك فتفقد جباناً تكن ال -

. حتفظه الوحيد الطريق هو الناس نفوس إىل والسعادة البهجة إدخال( ألنّ عائلتك مع عالقتك حسن -

. ( ضغطه يتم مل ما شيء أي يدفع أن الغاز يستطيع ال( انه وتأكد) إلقناعهم اإلنسان انتصار عدا ما ، هزمية تقابلها االنتصارات كل( ألنّ عليك تسيطر الشريرة األفكار جتعل ال -

. يتعلم ال خيطئ ال فمن) نفسه على مما احلقيقي الزمن عن وخيتلف قصري األفالم زمن ألنّ السهل النجاح لك تقدم اليت فالماأل عن ابتعد -

. والتعب اجلهد من الرغم على باإلحباط يصيبك والعمل التحفيز لزيادة حيلة وهذه ، الدراسة مهارات صقل يف اجليد بقرارك وأصدقائك عائلتك أخرب -

. إالّ نرامها أن نستطيع ال ولكن ، بأعيننا أعيننا نرى أن أي ، بالعقل العقل لرؤية حماولة هو التفكري -

. ( والسلوك والفعل العمل( هي املرآة وهذه ، صافية ماء بركة يف أو باملرآة . الراحة من قسط بأخذ العمل يف جيدة درجات على احلصول عند نفسك كافئ - . اآلن تفعله شيء كل تغري ألن مستعداً كن - . اآلن تبدأ أن هي الوقت الستثمار طريقة أفضل أنّ تذكر -

: االمتحاين القلق ( عالجها – ظهورها على املساعدة العوامل – احلالة أعراض )

باخلوف تتصف نفسية حالة وهي واألهل للطالب القلق أعراض بعض االمتحانات فترة يصاحب . العقلية املهام على سلباً يؤثر مما التركيز مع تتداخل سلبية فكرية وانشغاالت

: الطبيعي غري القلق حالة أعراض - . الوسواسية األفكار بعض وتسلّط الشهية وفقدان بالضيق الشعور - وأمل األطراف وبرودة ، اليدين وارتعاش العرق وتصبب والشفتني احللق وجفاف القلب خفقان تسارع -

. والغثيان البطن : أسباا -




جند وهنا طبيعي قلق هو القلق وهذا للشخصية ديد موقف االمتحان موقف يف يرى الطالب أنّ -. واألداء التركيز مستوى زاد الطبيعي القلق زاد كلما( أنه على ينص الذي) دارسون بركس( قانون ( التركيز ضعف الطبيعي غري القلق زاد وكلما

: احلالة ظهور على املساعدة العوامل - . القلقة الشخصية - . لالمتحان الطالب استعداد عدم - . نتائج من عليه يترتب وما االمتحان عن اخلاطئة التصورات - خالل من واملعلمني األسرة قبل من االمتحانات من اخلوف تعزيز -

. العقاب . القلقني لنموذج تقليد خالل من اآلخرين من االجتماعي التعلّم -

: العالجية األساليب . بأنفسهم لطالبا ثقة تعزيز - ( راجع – مسع – اقرأ – تساؤل – تصفح( بالدراسة) تتسر( طريقة اتباع - .( احلسنة القدوة( النموذج توظيف -: اإلحيائي التخيل خالل من العميق االسترخاء حالة على والتدريب السليمة غري بالطريقة التنفس -

. للقلق املثرية األفكار سيطرة دون حتول االمتحانب ارتباط هلا ومتحركة مرحية مجيلة صورة ختيل : والتمرينات - جمموعة وإرخاء العميق بالتنفس البدء مثّ مريح مكان يف العينني وإغماض ، الظهر على االستلقاء -

تبعث داللة ذات معينة فكرة على ومركزاً) اليدين بع\أصال من تبدأ( اجلسم عضالت من صغرية . الراحة

املوقف على عممت سابقة سلبية خربات عن الناجتة واخلاطئة السلبية األفكار عن عاداالبت - . االمتحاين

( شاي – قهوة( املنبهة املشروبات من التقليل - وسيلة هو االمتحان بأنّ والعلم ، العالية الدرجات حتصيل يتركه الذي الطيب األثر على التركيز -

. فقط تقييم . االمتحان ليايل طيلة النوم من الكايف القسط أخذ - . االمتحان قاعة دخول قبل املادة من جزء أي مراجعة عدم - . متخمة أو خالية معدة على االمتحان إىل الذهاب عدم -

: التغذية: ثالثاً من يأكل من ولكن ، األكل مبتعة اإلحساس أجل من األطفال ويأكل ، اجلوع أجل من يأكل اإلنسان إنّ ·

( لتأكل كل( وليس) لتتعلم كل( ؟ والتفكري التعلّم مستوى عرف اجل




إالّ البالغ اإلنسان وزن من% ٢ سوى يشكل ال الدماغ أن من الرغم وعلى ،% ٨٧ الدماغ يف املاء نسبة إنّ - ، سا/ جالونات ٨ إليه تصل اليت الدم كمية تبلغ حيث ، اجلسم طاقة من% ٢٠ حوايل يستهلك أنه التوازن من حالة إجياد على املاء ويعمل ، اجلسم طاقة ربع يستهلك فهو ، اليوم يف/ ونجال ١٩٢ أي ويسبب ، املاء من كأس) ١٢ -٨( إىل يومياً حيتاج إنتاجه ذروة إىل الدماغ يصل ولكي ، الدماغ يف

( لتتعلّم اشرب) ( والنعاس الكسل( اجلسم يف املاء نقص . السريعة اجلاهزة املأكوالت عن امتنع - من بط ما سرعان ولكن ، القصري املدى على وتركيزك انتباهك تصعد ألا ، املنبهات من خفّف -

( هو الذاكرة وغذاء وهيدروجني أكسجني هو واملاء ، اجلسم من املاء تسحب فالقهوة ، جديد ( تنشيطي – تفريغي: ( الذاكرة يف التنفس لدور نأيت وهنا) والسكر األكسجني

: التعلم على الدماغ قدرة من تزيد اليت املأكوالت من -

الفستق – اجلوز – الدهون من اخلايل األمحر اللحم – الفواكه – األمساك – الورقية اخلضراوات ) - يف املعلومة تثبيت إىل تؤدي اليت) األسيلكولني( مادة على حيتوي الذي: الزيتون زيت – اللوز – احلليب . األمد ةالطويل الذاكرة

الناقلة احملاور بتنظيف تقوم اليت) الكالبني( مادة على حيتوي الذي: اللنب : السحرية الوصفة

. الريق على ملعقة تؤكل) زبيب+ صنوبر+ عسل كغ مع ختلط – الربكة حبة غ٥٠ – زجنبيل غ50 ) : والتعلّم الفضالت طرح الصايف الدم يصل وهكذا إلخراجه متهيداً املثانة يف وخزنه الدم من البول باستخالص الكليتان تقوم

عمل يتوقف بتفريغها اإلنسان يقوم وال بالبول املثانة متتلئ عندما ولكن ، الدماغ إىل البول من خالياً على حيتوي الدماغ إىل يصل الذي الدم أن يعين وهذا الدم يف البول نسبة وترتفع ، جزئياً ولو الكليتني . والتفكري التعلّم على قدرته من وختفف الدماغ تؤذي اليت الضارة األمالح من نسبة : املكان: رابعاً

ضوء يف القراءة واألفضل ، للعني محاية أكثر األبيض الضوء ألنّ) اللمبات( األصفر الضوء جتنب -1 . الطبيعي النهار

حيتفظ حىت د) ٢١ -١٥( بني حرارا تكون حبيث التهوية حسنة الدراسة حجرة تكون أن جيب -2 . طويلة لفترة ويستمر بنشاطه القارئ

. بالتسلية الدراسة اختلطت وإال املرتل يف واحلركة الضوضاء أماكن عن البعد جيب -3 - املنبه ذات الساعة( أمامك تتحرك اليت األشياء أبعد: والتركيز الذهن مشتتات عن االبتعاد جيب -4

( الشموع – الذباب – الدقّاق الرغبة وتولّد الكآبة تبعث املبعثرة األشياء ألنّ ومرتب نظيف) مكتب – طاولة( مريح عمل سطح -5

وله باللني مفرط وال القسوة يف مفرط هو ال كرسي على منتصباً اجلسم يكون أن وجيب ، باملغادرة . املثالية حلالةا وهي سم) ٣٥ - ٢٥( والنص عينيك بني املسافة تتراوح حيث ، مستقيم ظهر مسند




تضيع ال حىت الطاولة على) النوط( مثل الالزمة األدوات وضع ، دراستك يف ترتاح كراستك نظّم -6 . والقعود بالقيام الوقت

: التذكّر وسرعة احلفظ لزيادة العملية الطرق:خامساً

( واحد كتاب( واحدة نسخة من احلفظ .1 املخصص الوقت من قليالً كان ولو شيء إهدار وعدم ، للجلوس األوىل اللحظة يف بالدراسة البدء .2

. احملدد الوقت من االنتهاء فعليك الدراسة بدء جددت أنك ومبا للدراسة خالل الرابع الدرس سأي: ( مثل هلا الّالزم والوقت ، موضوعات من ستدرس ما حتدد أن جيب .3

( ساعة . درسال يف األساسية النقاط على تعرف .4 . احفظ مثّ وحدات إىل النص قسم .5 البصرية احلركات تتابع البشرية فالعني ، اهلامة النقاط حتت إشارات لتضع القلم بيدك أمسك .6

البصر بني أو والعني املخ بني احتاد إىل يؤدي القلم رأس وهو واحد مكان يف وحصرها احلواس وتوجيه( والسمعية البصرية الصور هي قوة الذكريات وأكثر النظرب تبدأ عقلي عمل فالقراءة. والعقل

( اإليقاعية . جهرية قراءة وبوضوح باحلركات اقرأ أي الغمغمة عن ابتعد .7 الدرس اية يف املوضوعة األسئلة على جتيب أن تستطيع حبيث تاماً فهماً الدرس فهم من التأكّد .8 الّالواعي العقل يتمكن كي/ دقيقة مخسني أو ساعة كل دبع/ د) ١٠ – ٥( بني ما راحة فترة خذ .9

. الترتيب فترة تطول؟ الدراسة فترة تطول فعندما ، ختزينها متّ اليت املعلومات ترتيب من . األول املوضوع من كبري قدر ونسيان جديد مبوضوع الذهن انشغال ?

منظّم وبشكل واحدة ورقة على ريدهت ما رسم على تعتمد رائعة طريقة وهي: الذهنية اخلارطة .10 من ممكن قدر أكرب تضع وجتعلك ، الدراسة موضوع عن شاملة صورة وتعطيك التذكر يسهل

. مركز بشكل ورقة يف املعلومات فتخيل أخرى خلية بألف ترتبط إا يقال خلية فكل ، شبكي شكل هو الدماغية اخلاليا شكل إن

أن وجيب أسرع بشكل واسترجاعها ختزينها ليتم التشعبية يةالشبك األمور استقبال إىل الذاكرة شطرين إىل ينقسم الدماغ ألنّ واألعداد واألشكال األلوان اخلارطة هذه يف تستخدم اخليال – األلوان – باإلبداع ويهتم: األمين الشطر . التخطيطي الرسم – التسلسل – األعداد – والكالم باملنطق ويهتم: األيسر والشطر

( إمكانياته نصف يستخدم إنساناً ختيل) كلّ أواخر وبصرياً صوتياً اربط ، احملسوسات أو باملكان الربط وهو) الرومانية احلجرة نظام: ( الربط .11

. الصويت التكرار خالل من تليها باليت فقرة؟ الطويلة إىل نقلها مثّ ومن ، املدى القصرية الذاكرة يف احملفوظة املعلومات إحياء: فائدته: التكرار .12

. الذاكرة يف رسوخها




. التذكّر يف خطأ إىل يؤدي ألنه النطق أو اللفظ يف اخلطأ وعدم) الفهم مع( واعياً التكرار يكون أن جيب : اخلاليا من نوعني من يتكون الدماغ إنّ عند عددها ويبلغ) ونعصب( الواحدة وتسمى ، التفكري بعملية وتقوم% ١٠ وتشكل: العصبية - أ

( أو) الناقل احملور( يسمى ما طريق عن بعضها مع وتتصل ، عصبون) مليار ١٠٠( البالغ اإلنسان انتقال يسهل مما الناقل احملور بعزل تقوم واليت) املايلني( تسمى مادة عليه تترسب الذي) األكسون . املعلومة حفظ؟ اضياعه أو تشتتها دون الناقل احملور داخل املعلومات

مما ، الناقل احملور حول املايلني مادة ترسب تزايد؟ للمعلومات العصبونية الشبكة استقبال تكرار إنّ ( الكهربائية األسالك يشبه وهذا( واالستدعاء التذكر يسرع وهذا العزل يزيد مناسب وسط وفريوت العصبونات بتغذية وتقوم ، الدماغ خاليا من% ٩٠ وتشكل: الصمغية - ب

. حلركتها متقاربة بفترات تراجع أن جيب تعلمته ما معظم نسيت انك وشعرت باملراجعة بدأت إذا: املراجعة .13

أقوى التذكّر كان قصرياً واملراجعة التخزين بني الزمن كان فكلّما ، بيوم يوماً راجع ، قبل ذي من أكثر : إىل تؤدي املراجعة ألنّ فظاحل مقدار بيان - أ النجاح متعة؟ احلفظ يف باملتعة أكرب جهداً بذل على حافزاً تعطي - ب

. والتثبيت التخزين على يساعدان واالستراحة النوم ألنّ حفظت ما استرجع مباشرة النوم قبل ؟ شيئاً أجنزت هل ؟ أخرى مرة اليوم هذا يعود أن تريد هل: واسأل النوم قبل يومك قيم .14 ؟ التايل اليوم يف خمتلفة بطريقة تقوم أن تريد هل شاء إن دروس) ١٠( مثالً التايل اليوم يف واحفظ ، نشيطاً استيقظ أن أريد: النوم قبل دماغك شوق .15 ( املستقبل يف مستقبالً لديك يكون فلن املستقبل يف تفكر مل إذا( اهللا

. املتقطع من أفضل املنظم اليومي احلفظ -: أن تأكد .16 . التعب يرافقها اليت من نفعاً أكثر الصباح يف مباشرة االستيقاظ بعد راسةالد - جيب سيئة عادة لديك أنّ يعين فهذا كبرياً وقتاً تقضي أنك حني يف دراستك يف ببطء تتقدم كنت إذا -

. جيدة بعادات تستبدهلا أن . اإلرهاق أو امللل وقت حتفظ ال - .تقرأ فيما ديناجلا الدراسة زمالء مناقشة حاول - . احلاضر بالدرس البدء قبل املاضي الدرس راجع - . والضيق للملل دفعاً اليوم يف مادة من أكثر دراسة على احرص - الرياضية التمارين بعض ومارس آلخر حني من الدراسة عن توقّف -

اجلسد رياضة- الوراء واىل األعلى إىل دائماً ذراعيك مد . . دقائق بضع ةالدراس مكان غادر -




– التلخيص – التكرار – الربط – التخيل – الراحة – احلماسة( ب التذكّر وادعم النسيان قاوم - .( املراجعة

. األولويات عليه حتدد شهرياً ، أسبوعياً ، يومياً جدوالً وضع وقتك نظّم - العني رياضة ؟ عينيك عن تعرف ماذا: الرائعتان عيناك ؟ تقرأ أن تستطيع سرعة بأي املختلفة؟ األلوان من ماليني عشرة حوايل بني متيزا أن تستطيعان عينيك أنّ تعلم هل

: التركيز على العني لتدريب التمارين بعض : رأسك حترك أن ودون إجهاد دون وخف بسرعة انظر - اليسرى العني زاوية إىل اليمىن العني زاوية من مرات ١٠ - أ اليمىن العني زاوية إىل اليسرى العني زاوية من مرات١٠ - ب . اليمىن العني زاوية إىل اجلبهة باجتاه اليسرى العني زاوية من مرات١٠ - ت) ١٠( احلالة كرر مرة معكوس وبشكل مرة الساعة عقارب باجتاه ترمسهما وكأنك عينيك شكّل - ث

. مرات اليدين بني ما افتح وبعدها ، كامل سترخاءبا الظالم إىل دقائق بضع اآلن انظر مث بيديك عينيك غطّ -

. فشيئاً شيئاً الضوء على عيناك تعتاد كي ، شديد ببطء . واسترخائها طراوا على لتحافظ بعينيك اغمز -

: الدراسي اجلدول: سادساً والراحة املمتاز التحصيل يوفّر فهو الدراسي والتفوق النجاح على تساعد اليت القضايا أهم من . والصحية فسيةالن

( الوقت إدارة إساءة عن ناجتة والندم السيئ احلظّ حاالت معظم ) يدركوا مل ألنهم ، اتباعها يستطيعوا مل ولكن ، اجلدول إلعداد ناجحة مبحاوالت مروا الطالب من كثري

. خاص بشكل والدراسة املذاكرة جدول وبني ، عامة الوقت تنظيم بني الفرق : فوائده

. رسوبك يف سبباً فتكون املواد إحدى مل ال حبيث مادة كل لدراسة الالزم الوقت حتديد - والتسميع للحفظ الكايف الوقت لك يتوفر وبذلك ، الدراسي العام من ساعة كل أمهية إدراك -

. واملراجعة . الضطرابا عن أيضاً وتبتعد احلفظ مادة اختيار يف الوقت ضياع عن تبتعد حيث القراءة مواد حتديد - . احلياة شؤون مجيع تنظيم على بالقدرة الشعور -

: للجدول الرئيسة األبواب




استعادة املخ خاليا تستطيع حىت متواصل بشكل األقل على ساعات ست: للنوم الالزم الزمن .1 نلك الكبري اهود من الرغم على بأنه الفرد يوهم فاإلرهاق ، والتثبيت والفهم العمل على قدرا . ينسى ما سريعاً ملرة تستيقظ أن منك وطلب ، صباحاً/ ٩/ الساعة يف تستيقظ عادة أنك فلو ، نومك عادات يف انظر يتم شاء كيفما ساعة للدماغ إنّ ؟ ستفعل ماذا معينة مادة يف تنجح أن مقابل/ ٦/ الساعة يف

. ربطها تساعدك الصحيحة اإلجابة ؟ للدراسة جحتتا الوقت من كم: نفسك اسأل: للدراسة الالزم الزمن .2

على وقتك تنظيم ؟ الدراسة يف تقضيه الوقت من كم

( لنشاطك خمططاً ضع ) يؤدي مما مبكّراً استيقاظه لعدم) اإلفطار( الطعام يهمل من الطالب من كثري: للطعام الالزم الزمن .3 . اهلدوء أو االستقرار وعدم الذهن تشتيت إىل . تعقبها اليت الراحة أمهية إدراك مع دوء تناوهلا جيب: الغداء وجبة ، النوم يف والرغبة بالكسل تشعر ال -االستقرار - حىت وخفيف مبكر بشكل تكون: العشاء وجبة . بالفيتامينات الغنية السوائل مع الراحة فترات أثناء السندويشات تناول من مانع وال

املتعلقة املعلومات جتمع الداخلية األذن قنوات ألن واحلركة ضةبالريا قم: الفراغ أوقات تنظيم .4 الرياضية والتمرينات ، الدماغ أجزاء بقية على بتوزيعها يقوم الذي املخيخ إىل وترسلها باحلركة؟ والتفكري احلركة بني التفاعل تنشيط إىل يؤدي مما الداخلية اإلذن يف السائل حتريك على تساعد . أفعال إىل التفكري وحتويل ماجلس حركات توازن

: اجلدول تنفيذ يف وأعداؤك الوقت لصوص

. سلبيون) أقارب – أصدقاء( احمليطون .1 . حبزم معها التعامل جيب وهنا) تلفاز – راديو( التسلية وسائل .2 األسرة مسع؟ إخوته سأل؟ املرباة عن حبث؟ مكسور قلمه؟ الدراسة وقت أتى: التافهة اإلضاعة .3

من ضرر ال أنه نفسه أقنع؟ إذاعياً برناجماً تذكر؟ معهم اخنرط؟ اهتمامه أثار مبوضوع تتحدث . الذكريات له أعادت؟ الصور بعض ملح أو ، مساعه

( ... الكوخ فيغدو أحبب( وللمدرسني الدراسية املواد لبعض كراهيتك .4 جنحوا كثريون يوجد أنه تأكد ولكن ، فيها السابق الفشل بسبب املواد بعض بصعوبة شعورك .5

( ..... فشل ال( السابق فشلهم على قائماً جناحهم وكان بتفوق . منها التخلّص مثّ حتديدها أو معرفتها جيب: اخلاصة املشاكل .6




: اجلدول يف االستمرار اجل من . طاقاتك حدود يف يكون أن جيب - . مادة كل دراسةل الالزمة الساعات عدد مالحظة - . فيها بالضعف تشعر اليت للمادة األكرب الوقت توفري - . دراسية ساعة كل بعد الراحة أوقات إىل االنتباه - . تثبيتها؟ اهلامة األجزاء ملراجعة النوم قبل ساعة نصف عن يقل ال وقت وضع -

. ومتدرج ممكن أمر األهداف لنيل العمل: أن واعلم ( املرونة( اجلديدة األوضاع مع والتكيف العقبات من الرغم على لبالعم االستمرار - . مشروعك يف تستمر جتعلك اليت اإلرادة امتالك - . األخطاء من للتعلّم االستعداد - . يوم كل جديد شيء تعلّم على العمل - . واالنفعاالت بالعواطف التحكم - . الوقت لصوص من وهم جاحالن لذّة املرء حيرمون الذين األشخاص من التخلص - . الراحة بفترات والتمتع العمل يف التفاين بني اجلمع - . بك احمليطني مع التفاهم - . القرار اختاذ حال يف العمل بدء -




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