asituatedcogni.onapproachtosocial ...ag3 0.93 0.27 ! ’ i false ag4 0.89 0.91 !’ i false ag5 0.94...

A Situated Cogni.on Approach to Social Modeling of Teams in Complex Systems

John S Gero Krasnow Ins.tute for Advanced Study

George Mason University

NASA Goddard May 9 2012

Common Assump.ons in Modeling Complex Engineered Systems

Perfect or bounded ra.onality

Lossless or near lossless informa.on transfer LiKle or no learning

LiKle or no cogni.ve behavior LiKle or no social behavior

Primarily third person knowledge

Krasnow Ins.tute for Advanced Study

SITUATED COGNITION


Third-‐Person Knowledge •  Knowledge from physical sciences •  Knowledge from engineering science •  Knowledge from computer science •  Knowledge from organiza.onal science

First-‐Person Knowledge

•  Knowledge from doing •  Knowledge from interac.ng in the world

Where you are when, maKers



I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinerv.sy, it deosn't mKaer in waht oredr the lKeers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt .hng for esay rdeinag is taht the frist and lsat lKeer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Amz3nig huh? Yaeh, and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmoranK.

What you are looking for affects what you see


No unique representa.on of world: depends partly on your expecta.ons


What you see is not necessarily what you get


What you see is not necessarily what is there

Vasarely


Memory and remembering

“Remembering is not the re-‐excita.on of innumerable fixed, lifeless and fragmentary traces. It is a … reconstruc.on, or construc.on, built out of the rela.on of our a4tude towards a whole ac.ve mass of organised past reac.ons or experience, and to a liKle outstanding detail which commonly appears in image or in language form.” BartleK (1932)


Construc.ve memory

•  memory is reasoning process •  index need not be explicit •  index changed by its use •  content changed by its use •  memory structure changed by its use

•  memories constructed through need to have memory •  memories function of past interactions and interactions at time and place of need to have memory

Construc.ve Memory


SITUATION

EXPERIENCE MEMORIES


Construc.ve memory


Experiences

“subsequent experiences structure and hence give meaning to what was experienced before.” Dewey (1896) via Clancey (1997)


Situatedness: Situa.ons ≅ World View ≅ Meanings, Values, Expecta.ons

Situa.on 1


Situa.on 2


Situa.ons give meanings

Devasta5on produced by hurricane Katrina Example of unsafe demoli5on prac5ces

Situated Cogni.on

Basic Ideas Knowledge from interac.on not just encoding

Memory by construc.on not just recall Situa.ons give meanings and expecta.ons



Principles for Engineered Teams Principle of Effect What you do maKers Principle of Ordered Temporality When you do what you do maKers Lemma of Experience What you did before affects what you do now Principle of Locality Where you are when you do what you do maKers Principle of InteracAon Who and what you interact with maKers Principle of Ontology What you think the world is about affects what it is about for you

Cogni.ve Situatedness Principles

Situated Social Agents

agent social state situation (!) (")

environment (#)

individual

component (preferences)

individual

component (beliefs)

collective

component (conventions

)

collective

component (norms)

action – output ($)

sensor – input (%)


Asch’s 1951 Social Pressure Experiment

test line

control lines

A B C Line match task

Subjects in response order


Social Agent Model Results for Asch Experiment

Compliance

0

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Agents

Extroversion

incorrect group pressure correct

Agent !a !e "’ Comply ag1 0.91 0.65 !’i false ag2 0.96 0.14 !’i false ag3 0.93 0.27 !’i false ag4 0.89 0.91 !’i false ag5 0.94 0.73 !’i false ag6 0.95 0.61 !’i false ag7 0.99 0.59 !’c true ag8 0.94 0.24 !’i false


Computa.onal Modeling: Social Cogni.ve Agents

A B C

Yes, I can

So B knows how to do T1.

So A knows that C knows how to do T2.

I see A alloca.ng task T1 to B. So A does not know how to do T1, and B may know how to do T1.

I see E doing task T4. So E knows how to do T4.

Can you do the task T1 ? If yes, can

you pass on resul.ng task T2 to

C.

D E T4

Social Learning in Teams


Effect of Team Member Reten.on on Communica.on

-‐80 -‐70 -‐60 -‐50 -‐40 -‐30 -‐20 -‐10 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 (No. of m

essages/

Simple Task)

Member Reten.on

Flat Team

Distributed Team Func.onal Team

-200

-150

-100

-50

0 0 20 40 60 80 100

(No.

of

mes

sage

s/

Com

plex

Tas

k)

Member Retention

Flat Team

Distributed Team Functional Team


Social Structure Modeling Using Cellular Automata

!


Influence of Social Ties in Teams

As T increases, exchange of opinions decreases and influence concentrates (Gini coefficient increases), increase hierarchies

As T decreases, exchange of opinions increases and influence structures of dominance are more distributed (Gini coefficient decreases), flaKer hierarchies


Dissenters in Teams

Effects of Dissent - Change Episodes

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Dissent (P)

Change Episodes

5 features 5 traits

!

Normalized

Change Ep

isod

es

Dissenter Frac.on

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1


Gatekeeping Effects

Boundary values T = 0 and T = 1 only


Cogni.vely Rich Agents

!"#$%&

!"#$%&

'#(

1. SeeSignature

{s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6}

)"*+",

&'#(

-'#+",

&'#(

.%/0%&

'#(

12"+&'

#(

3+&'#

(

1. Look 2. Move

3. Grab 4. Drop

'$()*+$,#$%&

32"

+4( 1. Seek

2. Investigate 3.  Get 4.  Bypass

1. Excited/Bored

2. Satisfied/Unsatisfied

12 X 4

1. Attractiveness 2. Repulsiveness

6 X 2

{v1, v2}

!*-./0%&

!540%&'#(1. Find most attractive artifacts

{v1, v2}

8 X 2

P1 P0

C1

{v1, v2}

{e1, e2}

{e1, e2}

4 X 2 C0

CA CV 1. Significance 2. Attraction 3. Attention 4. Avoidance

1. Pay attention to signifant artifacts

2. Seek attractive artifacts 3. Bypass insignificant… 4. Avoid repulsive …

2. Avoid repulsive artifacts S(


Changing Value of Ideas


Changing Values Through Interac.on

The Changing Value of Ideas


Valua.on of Ideas


Situated Social Behavior of Complex System of Teams



Acknowledgements

Collaborators Andres Gomez – ITAM, Mexico

Julie Jupp – Cambridge University, UK Udo Kannengiesser – NICTA, Australia

Ricardo Sosa – SUTD, Singapore

Postdocs Wei Peng

Somwrita Sarkar Greg Smith

PhD Students Kaz Grace Nick Kelly Vishal Singh Russ Thomas

Funding DARPA: BAA07-‐21 NSF: CNS-‐0745389 NSF: CNS-‐0745390 NSF: SBE-‐0750853 NSF: IIS-‐0907889 NSF: IIS–1034604 NSF: IIS–1002079

Publica5ons mason.gmu.edu/~jgero

Contact [email protected]

asituatedcogni.onapproachtosocial ...ag3 0.93 0.27 ! ’ i false ag4 0.89 0.91 !’ i false ag5 0.94...

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