chapter11 · - a woman is raped copyright ©2016 ... • adoptees in the highest demand are...
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Deciding About Children
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C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .
CHAPTER OUTLINE
2M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .
1 Do you want to have children?2 How many children do you want?3 Infertility4 Adoption5 Foster parenting6 Abortion7 Trends in deciding about children
3C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Social Influences Motivating Individuals to Have Children
• Pronatalism:Culturalattitudewhichencourageshavingchildren• Family,friends,andreligionencouragechildbearing
• Government- Taxstructuresupportsparenthood
• Culturalobservances- Specialdaysareidentifiedtocelebrateparenthood
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4C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Individual Motivations for Having Children
• Desiretoloveandtobelovedbyone’sownchild
• Companionship• Personalfulfilment• Torecaptureone’sownchildhoodandyouth
• Toavoidcareertracking• Togaintheacceptanceandapprovalofparentsandpeers
5C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Evaluation of Lifestyle Changes
• Dailylivingroutineswillbefocusedaroundchildren’sneeds
• Livingarrangementshavetobemade• Workschedulehastobechangedtoallowparentstobehomemore
• Foodshoppingandmenuschange• Lossoffreedomofactivityandflexibilityinone’spersonalschedule
• Financialobligationsofparentsincrease
6C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Procreative Liberty
• Freedomtodecidetohavechildrenornot• Increasingnumberofwomenarechoosingtobechild-free• Viewedwithsuspicion,avoidance,discomfort,rejection,andpity
• Childlessnessconcerns:Ideathatholidaysandfamilygatheringsmaybedifficult- Duetonothavingchildrenorfeelingleftoutorsadthatothershavechildren
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7C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Procreative Liberty (continued 1)
• Antinatalism:Oppositiontochildren• Reasonstoremainchildfree
• Greatcurrentlife/relationshipsatisfaction• Freedomandindependence• Avoidanceoftheresponsibilityforrearingachild
• Nomaternal/paternalinstinct• Accomplishmentofcareerandtravelgoals
8C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Procreative Liberty (continued 2)
• Decisiontohaveasinglechildmaybeduetolifestylepreferencesanddifficultyinpregnancy
• MostpreferredfamilysizeintheU.S.isthetwo-childfamily• Reasons- Tohaveacompanionforthefirstchild- Tohaveachildofeachsex- Torepeatthepositiveexperienceofparenthood
9C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Procreative Liberty (continued 3)
• Havingathirdchildcreatesamiddlechild• Childissometimesneglected• Experiencesbothayoungerandanoldersibling
• Parentswithmorethanthreechildrenareinfluencedby:• Religion• Competitivebirthing:Havingthesamenumberofchildreninreferencetoone’speers
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10C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Contraception
• Helpsachievethedesiredfamilysize• Preventsunwantedpregnancies• Emergency(postcoital) contraception
• Combinedestrogen-progesteronemorning-afterpillsorpost-coitalIUDinsertionusedwhen:- Awomanhasunprotectedintercourse- Acontraceptivemethodfails- Awomanisraped
11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Sex Selection
• MicroSort• Preconceptionsperm-sortingtechnology• Allowsparentstoincreasethechanceofhavingagirloraboybaby- Procedureiscalledfamilybalancing
• Views- Expressionofreproductiverightsandasignoffemaleempowerment
- Contributestogenderstereotypes
12C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Infertility
• Inabilityto:• Achieveapregnancyafteratleastoneyearofregularsexualrelationswithoutbirthcontrol
• Carryapregnancytoalivebirth• Conception (fertilization)
• Fusionoftheeggandsperm• Pregnancy:Whenthefertilizedeggisimplantedintheuterinewall
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13C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Infertility - Types
• Womanhasneverconceivedeventhoughshewantsto
Primary
• Womanhaspreviouslyconceivedbutiscurrentlyunabletodosoeventhoughshewantsto
Secondary
• Womanhasbeenabletoconceivebuthasbeenunabletoproducealivebirth
Pregnancywastage
14C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Infertility - Causes and Solution
• Causesinmen• Lowspermproduction• Poorsemenmotility• EffectsofSTIs• Interferencewithpassageofspermthroughthegenitalductsduetoanenlargedprostate
• Highbodymassindex• Causesinwomen
• Age• Obesity
15C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Infertility - Causes and Solution (continued)
• Blockedfallopiantubes• Endocrineimbalance• Dysfunctionalovaries• Chemicallyhostilecervicalmucusthatmaykillsperm
• EffectsofSTIs• Costoftreatinginfertilityisenormous
• AssistedReproductiveTechnologies(ART)
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16C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Adoption
• Routes• Publicandprivateagencies• Independentadoption• Kinshipandstepparent
• Motives• Inabilitytohaveabiologicalchild• Desiretogiveanunwantedchildapermanentlovinghome
• Toavoidcontributingtooverpopulation
17C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Adoption (continued 1)
• Adopteesinthehighestdemandarehealthy,whiteinfants
• W.I.S.EUptool- Helpsadoptedchildrencopewithintrusivequestions• Walkaway• Ignoreorchangethesubject• Sharewhatyouarecomfortablesharing• Educateaboutadoption
18C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Adoption (continued 2)
• Leastexpensiveformsofadoption• AdoptingfromtheU.S.fostercaresystem• Stepparentandkinshipadoptions
• Openadoption• Biologicalparentcanstayinvolvedinthechild’slife
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19C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Foster Parenting
• Fosterparent:Personwhotakescareofachildtakenintocustody• Neitherabiologicalnoranadoptiveparent• Maybetemporaryorlongterm• Inspectedforpreviousarrestrecordsandchildabuse
• Paidfortakingcareofchildrenintheirhome
20C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Foster Parenting (continued)
• Childrenplacedinfostercarehavebeenremovedfromparentswhoare:• Abusive• Substanceabusers• Mentallyincompetent
• Aimsat:• Improvingchildren’slivingconditions• Returningthemtotheparents• Findinganotherpermanenthome
21C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Problems of Internet Adoption
• Potentialfraud• Exploitation• Lackofprofessionalconsiderationofthechild’sbestinterest
• Rehoming• ParentswhohaveadoptedachildusetheInternettoplaceunwantedadoptedchildreninnewfamilies
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22C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Abortion
• Inducedabortion:Deliberateterminationofapregnancythroughchemicalorsurgicalmeans
• Spontaneousabortion(miscarriage)• Unintendedterminationofapregnancy
23C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Incidence of Abortion
• About1.2millionabortionsareperformedannuallyintheU.S
• Abortionrate:Numberofabortionsperthousandwomenaged15to44
• Abortionratio• Numberofabortionsper1,000livebirths• Abortionisaffectedbytheneedforparentalconsentandparentalnotification
24C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Incidence of Abortion (continued)
• Parentalconsent:Womanneedspermissionfromaparenttogetanabortion,ifunder18
• Parentalnotification• Womanhastotellaparentthatsheisgettinganabortionifsheisunder18- Doesnotneedparentalpermission
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25C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Reasons for Abortion
• Interferencewitheducationorwork• Unabletoaffordachild• Singlemother• Relationshipproblems• Completedchildbearing• Therapeuticabortions
• Performedtoprotectthelifeorhealthofthewoman
26C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Transabdominal First-Trimester Selective Termination
• Livesofsomefetusesareterminatedtoincreasethechanceofsurvivalfortheothers
• Minimizesthehealthrisksassociatedwithmultifetalpregnancyforthewoman
27C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Pro-Life and -Choice Arguments
• Pro-lifearguments• Unbornfetushasarighttolive• Abortionisaviolentandimmoralsolution• Lifeofthefetusissacred
• Pro-choicearguments• Freedomofchoiceisacentralvalue• Thosewhobeartheburdenhavetherighttomakethechoice
• Procreationshouldbefreeofgovernmentalcontrol
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28C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Effects of Abortion
• Legalabortionsarephysicallysafer• Vacuumaspirationdoesnotincreasetheriskstofuturechildbearing
• Late-termabortionsincreasetherisksofmiscarriages,prematuredeliveries,andbabiesoflowbirthweight
• Abortionisassociatedwithsmalltomoderateincreasesinrisksof:• Anxietyandsuicidalbehavior• Alcoholandillicitdruguse/misuse
29C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Trends in Deciding About Children
• Havingchildrenwillcontinuetobetheoptionselectedbymostcouples
• Beingchildfreewillslowlyloseitsstigma• Individualismandeconomicsarereducingtheobsessiontohavechildren
• Googlebabywillbeconsideredasanoptionforhavingachild• Infertilecouplescansubmitanorderforababy- Firmwillfinddonoreggandsperm,fertilizetheegg,andimplantitinasurrogatemother
KEY TERMS
30M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .
• Pronatalism• Procreativeliberty• Childlessness
concerns• Antinatalism• Competitivebirthing• Emergency
contraception(postcoitalcontraception)
• Infertility• Conception
• Pregnancy• Fosterparent• Inducedabortion• Spontaneous
abortion(miscarriage)
• Abortionrate• Abortionratio• Parentalconsent• Parentalnotification• Therapeuticabortions
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SUMMARY
31M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .
• Socialinfluencesreflectpronatalism• Procreativelibertyisthefreedomtodecidewhetherornottohavechildren
• Infertilityistheinabilityto:• Achieveapregnancyafteratleastoneyearofregularsexualrelationswithoutbirthcontrol
• Carryapregnancytoalivebirth• AdoptingfromtheU.S.fostercaresystemistheleastexpensivetypeofadoption
SUMMARY
32M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .
• Fosterparentinginvolvestakingcareofchildrenwhohavebeenlegallyremovedfromtheirhome• Theparentisneitherbiologicalnoradoptive
• Abortioncanbeinducedorspontaneous• Havingchildrenwillcontinuetobetheoptionselectedbymostcouples
33C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11
Chapter Review
• Whatmotivatesindividualsandcouplestohavechildren?
• Whatisprocreativeliberty?• Whatarethecausesofinfertility?• Whatcharacteristicsdoadoptiveparentslookforinchildrenavailableforadoption?
• Whoisafosterparent?• Whatarethereasonsforabortion?• Whatcouldbethefuturetrendsindecidingaboutchildren?
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34M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .