脉冲星的族群和分布(第 8 章) (the galactic population of pulsars)
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脉冲星的族群和分布(第 8 章) (The Galactic population of pulsars). 岳友岭 国家天文台, FAST 工程 2013.8 脉冲星暑期讲习班. Outline. 天文坐标系 脉冲星 的分布(空间、 速度 … ) 普通脉冲星、毫秒脉冲星 P- Pdot 图上的脉冲星 分类 脉冲星 巡天模拟 两种模拟方法 PSRPOP 介绍 ( 量 级 估计和观测选择效应). 天文坐标系. 球面坐标系 类似地球仪和地图. 坐标系. 赤道坐标系(脉冲星名字 , PSR B0329+54, PSR J0534+2200 ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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脉冲星的族群和分布(第 8 章) (The Galactic population of pulsars)
岳友岭国家天文台, FAST 工程2013.8 脉冲星暑期讲习班
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Outline
• 天文坐标系• 脉冲星的分布(空间、速度…)– 普通脉冲星、毫秒脉冲星
• P-Pdot 图上的脉冲星分类• 脉冲星巡天模拟– 两种模拟方法– PSRPOP 介绍
• (量级估计和观测选择效应)
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天文坐标系• 球面坐标系• 类似地球仪和地图
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坐标系• 赤道坐标系(脉冲星名字 , PSR B0329+54,
PSR J0534+2200 )• 银道坐标系(脉冲星分布常用)• 地平坐标系• 黄道坐标系• 超星系坐标系
(Supergalactic)
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坐标系
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数据可视化
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脉冲星空间分布
~1600 pulsar Lorimer 2010
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脉冲星空间分布
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灵敏度限制• 白色:全部• 灰色: d<3kpc
11
现有巡天灵敏度
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沿银道面分布• 沿 z 方向指数衰减 , 标高 ~300pc
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与超新星遗迹比较• 脉冲星更加弥散
From Green 2009
银河系 ~200 SNR 分布
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不对称
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FAST 天区
16
Parkes
FAST
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复习几个定义• Pulsar (pulsating radio source, pulsating star) 最初在射电波段,现已扩展到多个波段• 已知脉冲星• 可观测脉冲星 , observable pulsar, 射电束扫过地球• 活动脉冲星 , active pulsar, 射电活动 , 射电束不一定扫过地球 , 但其它波段可能看到脉冲• 中子星 , Dead pulsar, 射电安静
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几个量级• 已知脉冲星 , ~2200 颗• 可观测脉冲星 , ~10^5 颗• 活动脉冲星 , ~5*10^5 颗• 银河系超新星 ~1/100yr– ~200 个超新星遗迹– 超新星遗迹寿命 ~100*200 ~ 20000 年(与其它方法接近)
• 中子星 , 10^10yr/100yr ~10^8• 脉冲星典型年龄 10Myr, 10Myr/10Gyr=10^3,中子星 ~ 5*10^5/10^-3~5*10^8
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P-Pdot 图
From the Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy
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• 年轻脉冲星• AXP/SGR强磁场 ~1014G• DTN/XDIN• 毫秒脉冲星计时稳定探测引力波• 双星系统测量脉冲星质量限制物态方程• 快速旋转限制物态方程
22
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Gaussian mixture model
Lee et al. 2012
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Fermi 脉冲星
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2013.8: 132 颗
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P-Pdot 图上的演化• 多种理论– 磁场– 吸积过程
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脉冲星速度分布• 测量速度的方法– VLBI– Timing– scintillation
• 只能测得 2 维速度(切向速度),假设各项同性,推算得到 3 维速度
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Hobbs et al. 2006
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• 3D 速度 400(+/-40)km/s• 银河系逃逸速度 ~500km/s (vsun~200km/s)• ~1/4 脉冲星会跑出银河系• 500km/s*10Myr=5kpc• 500km/s*10Gyr=5Mpc
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年龄比较• 距离 / 速度• P/(2Pdot)• Cooling
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毫秒脉冲星(非球状星团)
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球状星团脉冲星
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脉冲星巡天模拟• 要解决什么问题?– 怎样作脉冲星巡天最合适(频率、带宽、积分时间、天区覆盖)– …
• 两种方法– Snapshot (快照) , PSRPOP– Dynamic model, evolution (演化)
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Spectral index
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Sky backgroung
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scattering
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• 两种方法预计的可观测脉冲星 ~10^5– 30000 (>0.1mJy kpc2)(Lorimer et al., 2006)– 120000 (Faucher-Giguere & Kaspi, 2006)
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快照法举例
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蓝色:可观测到的脉冲星红色:巡天预计发现脉冲星
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LOFAR
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PSRPOP
• http://psrpop.sourceforge.net/• http://psrpop.phys.wvu.edu/• Fortran/Linux
• 样例http://ism.bao.ac.cn/pulsar/wiki/
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安装运行• Linux• g77
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运行结果示例
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练习• 选取一个望远镜,设计一个巡天,用
PSRPOP 模拟估计( 1 )可观测到多少颗脉冲星( 2 )新发现多少颗– 25 米– 40 米– 65 米– 110 米– FAST– SKA
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谢谢