s

C t

. .

- ,

:

. (Jorg Baberowski), . (Lynn Viola), . (Andrea Graziosi),A. . , . ( 1 DEncausse),B. . ,

C. . , . . ,

. . ,

. (Robert Service), . (Lennart Samuelson), . . ,

. (Sheila Fitzpatrick), . .

,

193 -1938 .

I < , I- . . * *

20 10

94(47)(082.1) 63.3(2)615-4

26

., .

26 , 1936-1938 . / . , . . .:

( ); . . , 2010. 432 .: . ( ).

ISBN 978-5-8243-1069-6 . .

1930- .

,

,

.

,

XX .

94(47)(082.1) 63.3(2)615-4

ISBN 978-5-8243-1069-6 ., 2010 ,

2010

1937-1938 XX .

.

,

, ,

. . . ,

. . , ,

.

1930- , . . ,

. - ,

, .

. . XX 1956 , .

.

,

. ,

11. . , - , .

1960- 1980- , -

; . 1980-

: .

-

.

,

-

I 1920-1950-

5

. . ,

, .

, 1990- , ,

1936-1938 , ,

. ,

,

,

,

, ; .

,

1930- .

,

.

, , ,

.

, ,

,

,

1937-1938 .

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

, .

( ) -

6

( ).

( ), ( ), ( ).

,

. ,

, ,

, ,

,

.

- ,

,

,

, .

. -

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

- .

.

-

.

: . . , . . , . . -

. . .

.

,

: . , . , . , . -

, . , . .

. . ,

.

, , -

v I |> , - .

7

1930- 1936-1938 ., ,

1937 . , 1990- . , 1940- , ,

,

.

,

.

, ,

, .

(Dwarza) . , . , . , . . 1 2

, Friedrich Beck & V. Godin3. : (Houtermans) (1903-1966). 1935 , (1896-1958). 1937 , 1940 .

.

, ,

,

( , , , , ,

,

1 DwarzaJ.-F. Deutungsnmstcr dcs Ornssen Terrors. Berlin, 2002.2 Stalinscher Terror. Eine rorschun^sbilanz, Dusseldorf 2002, S. 299-311.3 Friedrich Beck & V. Coffin ( pseud.), Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession.

New York 1951.

8

). , .

XX . , ,

1, 2 3.

,

.

, .

,

.

, , ,

, ,

.

. ,

,

4. 1990 (' 5. , , , ,

1936-1938 , . . ,

,

.

, -

m;l / i 1937-1938 . ,

XX .

1 Paschner G. / /I m Teufelkreis des Terrors: Bolschewistische GewaJthcrrschaft unter I mm, Stalin, Chruschtschow. ( : ' , ). Boppard/Rhein 1964.

} Andies . Der Grosse Terror Von den Anfangen der russischen Revolution bis zum Tode Mitlins, ( ). Wien: 1967.

Conkwest R. The Great Terror: Stalins Purges in the 1930s, London 1968,2- . The ( Terror: A Reassessment, London 1988, 3 . Oxford KIM , . - I I . , 1991.

4 SU'dxwlev R. Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism* (London / 1). Mnhie

( ) , ,

.

.

- ,

, , , ,

.

, ,

,

.

(Pierre Brou ) ,

, 1920- , 1.

1937-1938 .

. . .

( ., 1995), 2, ,

,

.

-

.

1980- 1990- . ,

,

. . .

- ,

, ,

,

,

.

1 . Le Parti Bolchevique, Pans, 1963; . Les Procfcs de Moscou, Paris 1965; . Communistes contre Slalinc. Massacre (Pune g6nration. Paris, 2003.

2 High Treason. Essays on the History of the Red Army 1918-1938. Durham. 1985.

10

, , , . . *.

,

,

. . . 3. 2. -

.

.

,

.

, .

,

, ,

1930- .

.

- ,

.

, . ,

1930- ,

.

.

,

,

.

,

. 1936-1938 .

. 3. , 1936 1937 , . ,

.

.

1 . . . 2- . 1990; . . ., 1990.1 . . . . . 1-2. ., 1989; . 3.

. ., 1996; . ., 1997.

11

, , -

,

,

.

1936-1937 ,

. , ,

, .

. , , . .

, ,

, -

, ,

. , ,

,

1.

. ,

,

, . ,

. . , , ,

,

. ,

.

1990- .

,

23 1992 , ,

.

.

, ,

. ,

,

, .

1 . . . . .. 1991. . 93.

12

,

, . . .

,

. ,

|> ( )

, .

, ,

1936-1938 . . ,

,

( , , ). ,

, 1.

.

.

,

2. , 3.

. (1979). , 1980- .

( . . DC) , ( ), 1937 ( 1979 . (Ph.D.), 1985 .)4. ,

1 . . 1937-1938 . -I . . ., 2004. . 433.

2 .1 . . 1937: , . ., 1992; . . 30- ., 1996.

3 Les mecanismes de la Grande Terror de annes 1937-1938 au Turkmenistau//Cahiers de Monde russe. 1998 vol. 39, N 1-2. C. 197-208; The Peasons for the Great Terror: The to rign-Political Aspect//Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914-1945/Ed. By Pom 5., Romano A. Milan, 2000, C. 159-169; Party und NKVD: Power relations ships in the years of the Great Terror//McLougfilin B., McDermott K. (Ed) Stalins Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union. N. Y, 2003. C. 21 -3 3 .

4 Getty j . Arch. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938.

13

,

( ). , ,

1980- , ,

.

, ,

,

. 1. , ( . . ), ,

. ,

1936 1939 .

.

,

, 1990- 2.

,

. . ,

1936-1938 3.

. ,

,

4. , ,

1 Getty /. Arch, & Manning R. T. (red.). Stalinist Terror. New Perspectives, Cambridge 1993.

2 The Soviet Economy and the Launching of the Great Terror*, v Stalins Terror Revisited, red. Ilic ., London 2006, S. 11-38).

3 Getty J. Arch, Naumov O:. The Road to Terror The Self-Destruction of the Bolshevik Party*, New Haven 2000.

1 . . -37: . , 1994. . . , 1920- 50- . - . , 1996. . 1; 1920-1930- .; . . . 20-40- . ( - ) , 1997; . . : 1928 1941. , 1997; .. ., . - - , , . Kuio 1997; .

14

.

,

,

. , . . -

,

,

,

.

. .

.

,

.

.

. . , . . . . 1.

,

.

,

, .

1960- . ,

,

,

. .

-

,

.

. . , . . , . . 2.

3. - *

,

I 1937-1938 . ( . - . ., 1999. . 35-75); * 1*& |&8 . ., 1997.

*'6 . . 1937-1938. ., 1998; . . . ., 2005; //. . ... 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 5 3 . ., 2004.

, J : . . 1937 : . ., 2003.

15

,

1.

. ,

.

,

1920-1950- . .

.

, , .

, -

,

, .

,

.

.

, ,

.

,

1937-1938 . ,

.

,

1930- ,

.

- ,

,

.

, ,

1 . . 1937 : ? ., 2007: . , ., 2006).

16

. , , ,

,

, ,

. ,

,

. ,

1. ,

, ,

.

1937-1938 , , ,

.

, , , -

,

, ,

, 2. ,

,

3.

.

, ,

,

, , 4. , .

. , . .

XX . :

.

,

.

.

* . . . ., 2005. . 711 -712.* . .. . ., 2007. . 157.

3. . ., 2005.Hitler And Stalin. Parallel Lives. London 1991. . .

/ . , 2000. 2- . . 2

17

: ,

,

.

,

.

; , 1990- .

.

-

,

1940- 1.

, ,

,

.

.

,

.

, ,

. 2.

.

, 1938 ,

.

,

3. , .

.

.

1 RichardOivry,The Dictators. Hitlers Germany. Stalin's Russia. London. 2004, 4,5 14.

2 Tucker R. Stalin in Power. The revolution from above 1928-1941. New-YorkLondon, 1990.

1 . . . ., 1998 ( New York, 1939); A. (The Secret History of Stalins Crimes, New York 1956). . ., 1991.

18

. .

,

,

. .

,

1936-1937 , - , ,

, ,

. .

,

- -

.

. ,

,

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

.

, .

. 1. , , ,

.

. ,

, ,

,

.

,

.

1 . . . .. 2007.

19

,

,

1. , ,

1937-1938 , .

.

1990- . . (S. G. Wheatcroft), .

,

1970- . , ,

, 1932-33 . , , .

,

, 2.

. ,

. . ,

,

. ,

1930- ,

- ,

.

,

3.

X. 4.

1 ., : . . : (1918-1953). ., 2006.

2 Towards Explaining the Changing Levels of Stalinist Repression in the 1930s: Mass Killings* S. G. Wheatcroft (red.) Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History. London: Palgrave 2002. S. 112-146.

3 . H. . , , , . ., 2000; . . 1933-37 . ., 2003 .

4 Kuromiya . Stalin. Profiles in Power. Pearson Longman, 2005.

20

,

1. ,

.

, ,

,

, .

.

, ,

. , ,

,

.

,

,

2. ,

, 3. . 4, , 2000- :

. ( . McLoughlin) . ( . McDermott)

5.11 ,

-

.

-

,

1 Kuromiya . Freedom and Terror in the Donbass: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, IM7IK 1990s. Cambridge, 1998.

1 Kuromiya H. The Voices of the Dead. Stalins Great Terror in the 1930s, New Haven 7

I'arrl Chinsky, Micro-histoire de la Grande Terreur. La fabrique de culpabilit hiliiiinim*. Paris. 2005.

I'ritstland D . Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power and Terror in inh i win Russia. Oxford, 2007.

' McLaughlin B.. McDermott K. Rethinking Stalinist Terror. .: Stalins Terror: ! M i lJn!Uics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union. Basinstoke, 2006. S. 1-18: : ..........|K*rations of the NKVD, 1937-38. S. 118-152.

21

.

. ,

. , . , .

1938 *. . . 2. ,

, ,

3.

4, ,

, . ( . Ilic) . ( . Joyce) 1930- . ,

- ,

. 5.

, , .

. . 6. ,

,

, .

. . 2002 , .

, ,

1937-1938 , , .

,

,

1 Ezhovs scenario for the Great terror and the Falsified scenario of the third Moscow show trial, S. 34-56).

2 FirsovF. Unfried B. Dimitrov, the Komintern and Stalinist repression, 56-80, Foreign communists and the mechanism of Soviet cadre formation n the USSR. S. 175-198.

3 . : Chase W. Enemy at the Gates: The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934-1939, New Haven 2001; Dundovich E. Tra Esilio e castigo. II Komintern, il PCI e la repressioni degli antifascist italiani in URSS (1936-38). Roma, 1998.

1 Stalins Terror Revisited, Red. M. Ilic, London, 2006.5 Hedeler W. (red). Stalinscher Terror. Eine Forschungsbilanz, Diisseldorf: Basis Drue k,

2002 .6 . . ., 1995; . . : *

. ., 2001; . . . ., 2007; ., . * . .. 2007.

22

, 1937-1938 .

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

, . . ,

,

,

.

,

. ,

. .

1. ,

. ,

,

.

,

,

- 2. .

,

1 . . : . M.F 2001. J ., : . . . . ., 2005.

23

, 1. ,

. ,

,

.

- ,

.

, , -

,

,

. ,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

1937-1938

, 1997 , 2. . ,

,

, .

, ,

,

.

,

.

,

. (F. Bettanin)3.

1 BaberowskiJ. Der Rote Terror. Die Geschichte des Stalinismus. Munchen 2003; . . : . ., 2007.

2 ., ., .- ., ., , .- . . . . . ., 1999.

3 Bettanin F II lungo terrore: Politic;! e repressioni in URSS 1917-1953. Roma, 1999.

24

- - , 1930 1934, . -

,

,

. 1.

, 1937-1938 , .

. . ,

, 1937 2.

, . ,

, 00447 31 1937 . 1937-1938 , ,

,

.

00447 . . 3.

, .

,

.

,

,

1937-1938 , .

1 Repenscr la grande terreur//W erth N. La terreur et le d sarroi: Staline et son syst6me. Paris. 2007. S. 265-299.

1 litipatrik Sh. Stalins Peasants: Resistanse and Survival in the Russian Village after ( nlliTtivization. Oxford, 1994; . . - 30- : . ., 2001.; . . - \ , // - tni.iM . , 1999. . 230-254.

1 ., . - . Ms00447 . . -

MMMifi* *. . . ., 2003.

25

1.

:

1930- .

, ,

.

1937-1938 , , ,

.

1930- * ,

.

.

.

-

25 1936 ( - ). , 26

1936 ,

.

,

1930- 1. 1936 ,

.

1 . . .. 1935.

26

,

.

; , ,

.

. ,

, ,

, .

1937 .

. ,

,

. , ,

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

. 1934 - .

,

. ,

, . X. ; , - 1. .

1934 , ( )

. . . ,

, , .

,

, ,

.

1 . . ., 1991. . 31

27

.

. 1934 ,

. . . ,

, , ,

, -

- ,

.

. ,

- - - - ,

,

1. .

1935 . , ,

,

2. , , - . . ,

-

,

1938 , - . .

,

.

, ,

.

,

.

1935 .

, , 1935

.

-

1 ( ). . 3. On. 1. . 668. . 14-16.

2 . . 2. . 273. . 196.

28

. 1936 -

- -

1. , ,

,

,

,

. ,

1936 - , ,

, ,

2. . 1938 .

,

:

3. ,

,

.

.

, ,

.

- ,

,

( ) .

4. 1939 ,

.

, ,

,

, . ,

,

* . . 3. . . 321. . 344.2 . . 227-228.1 . . XXI. ., 1972. . 599.* - (

). . 558. . . . 188. . 83.

29

. : ,

. ,

. ,

, ,

, , .

1. .

-

,

,

.

,

.

,

1920 , - ,

1920- . -

.

,

.

.

1938

.

.

1935 . 1938 ,

.

: ,

2- , , 1935 . ,

, - , -

.

. ,

1935 , - -

1 . . 3. . 4. . 467. . 53.

30

,

,

,

.

-

,

1938 . , ,

,

1934 ,

- 1. , 1935 ,

: , .

. .

,

.

, -

, ,

- 2. ,

.

, .

.

.

, .

, ,

,

.

.

,

.

1935 , , ,

. , ,

1 ILA . . 3. On. I. . 229. . 144.2 . . 558. On. 11. . 188. . 74-76.

31

1.

-

, .

1936 ,

, .

, ,

2. 1937 ,

, ,

-

, ,

3. ,

, ,

, ,

.

. -

,

.

.

1934-1937 ,

, .

1934 , , , ,

. ,

, , ,

,

. ,

1934 3 .

1936 ,

.

1 . . 3. . 2. . 315. . 136.2 . . : . ., 1995. . 226.3 . . 558. On. 11. . 188. . 100.

32

, . 1937

.

.

.

,

.

.

1936 . ,

,

( ), ,

.

.

.

.

. 1934

.

. :

? ? ?1.

( ), . .

,

. , , , -

, 13 .

, . ,

.

1 . - - - . . . 1922 - 1936. . . . . ; . . . , . . , . . . ., 2003. . 506.

33

, ,

.

,

. ,

, , ,

, ,

. ,

.

, 1940

.

1934 ,

,

. 1934

,

.

.

,

, ,

. ,

.

,

, ,

, .

.

,

1.

. - ( )1937 , , , , ,

1 .: Kahn D. Hitlers spies: German intelligence in World War II, London 1978, ch. 24 The Greatist Mistake.

34

, ,

.

,

.

. ,

,

1936

. . .

1. ,

.

,

, ,

,

.

-

( ), , .

( . . ) IV ( . . ).

, .

. 1935 ,

, -

.

1930- : ,

,

, .

1939 , 1936-1938

,

,

. 1934 ( ), . , 1936 , , :

.

, ,

, .

, ,

.

, ,

.

27 1935 : .

.

, , ,

, ,

, ,

1.

30- . , , ,

.

. 1935 , , .

.

,

,

.

; , .

,

,

. , 1935 -

,

1 . . 28650. . 1. . 193.

36

. . ,

, .

. -

, 1937 . . , , :

,

, , , 1. , 1935 ,

- . ,

,

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

. ,

. . ,

,

. . .

. .

0 , . ,

,

, , -

, .

1930- * .

,

. ,

, , -

1 - ( . , , ,

, -

.' .

.

,

, .

1 I [ . 23634 . . 195.

37

*

. , ,

,

,

.

.

-

.

,

; .

-

, ,

, , .

,

,

. ,

. - ,

, .

. 1935 , ,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

, ,

, , , .

38

,

, ,

. , 1935 :

1933 , , ,

,

1. .

,

1930- . . -

,

,

2. .

,

,

. ,

. 58-6 ( ). 1935

.

,

,

,

,

3. ,

. 1935

( ). . ,

( ) | , , .

' AI1 . . 3. . 58. . 246. . 164-165.1 Lvshuk L U. S. Intelligence. Perceptions of Soviet Power, 1921-1946. London, 2003.

P > 116, 11 . . 3. On. 4. . 9. . 132.

39

.

( ) . ,

. 1936 , ,

,

.

1. 1936

. ,

:

,

2.

,

.

, ,

. ,

,

.

.

.

, 10 1934 , - 5 1935 , 22