––

/fli6«o dfl;s

lh=k|=sf=?s'd btf{ g+ =!$÷)^*÷)^( jif{–@ c+s–@$ @)&)–ebf} lh=x'=sf=?s'd btf{ g+=)*÷)^*÷)^( d"No ?=@)

lb km]dz dlxGb| bn u0fsf] !^( cf}+ aflif{s pT;jsf] cj;/df cfof]lhtljBfno :tl/o laleGg sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ljBfyL{x? g]kfnL ;]gf ;“u

––

?s'd lhNnfnfO{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm lhNNff agfpg]nIo cg';f/ laleGg cleofgx? ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsfs]xL ufla;x? v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm ufla; 3f]if0ff eO;s]sf 5g\ eg]s]xL ufla; 3f]if0ffsf] tof/Ldf 5g\ . lhNNffnfO{ k'0f{ ;/;kmfO{o'Qmagfpgsf nfuL cfh}b]vL cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 sbd rfnf}+ .

ææ?s'dnfO{ ;Eo lhNNff lgdf0f{df h'6f}+;a}n] cf cfkm\gf] 3/df zf}rfno agfcf}+ÆÆ

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLsf] sfof{no?s'd

––

k|To]s k|x/L abL{sf gful/s / k|To]s gful/slagfabL{sf k|x/L ePsfn] ;dfhdf x'g]cg}lts, cfk/flws Pj+ u}/sfg'gL

lqmofsnfksf] cGTo ug{ tkfO{sf] ;xof]ucTofjZos 5 .

cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] vf]hL ubf{c?sf] clwsf/sf] klg ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ .

lhNNff k|x/L sfof{no, ?s'dk|x/L sG6"f]n M !)) lgz'Ns

kmf]g M )**%#)!*&;xsfo{ M u|fld0f ljsf; hgr]tgf s]Gb|, ?s'd

––

la/fdLx?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} ?s'd]nL ;fd'bflos c:ktfn k|f=ln vn+uf ! ?s'dn] ldlt@)&) h]7 @% ut]b]vL %) k|ltzt 5'6df ;]jf ;'rf? u/]sf] 5 .

pknAw ;]jfx? M@$ 306f bIf tyf cg'elj 8fS6/x? 4f/f r]s hf“r,lel8of] PS;/],;fbf PS;/],O{=l;=hL,k|of]uzfnf,kmfd{]zL ;]jf .

pQm 5'6 kfpg c:ktfn kl/ro kq agfpg'kg{] 5 .;~rfns M lszf]/ k'g

?s'd]nL ;fd'bflos c:ktfn k|f=ln vn+uf–! ?s'd;Dks{ M )**%#)!(), (&$*%@#%%)

l;:g] lxdfn a; tyf ldlga;oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3 ?s'dsf]

cToGt h?/L ;"rgf

lbjf ;]jf M ?s'd ;Nn] b]vL bfª klxnf] a; – %M)) ah] ?s'd vn+uf b]vL bfª klxnf] a; – %M#) ah] ?s'd a}/fuL b]vL bfª klxnf] a; – %M#) ah] ?s'd em'Ng]6f b]vL bfª klxnf] a; – ^M#) ah] ?s'd ;Nn] b]vL bfª bf];|f] a; – &M)) ah] ?s'd vn+uf b]vL bfª bf];|f] a; – &M#) ah] ?s'd ;Nn] b]vL bfª t];|f] a; – ( M #) ah] ?s'd vn+uf b]vL bfª t];|f] a; – !)M)) ah]/fqL ;]jf M ?s'd ;Nn] b]vL sf7dfG8f} – !!M )) ah] ?s'd vn+uf b]vL sf7dfG8f} – !!M#) ah]Yfk hfgsf/Lsf nfuL k|wfg sfof{no vn+uf–! ?s'd kmf]g g+ M )**–%#)@@)

––

k|sfzs÷;DkfbswgjL/ bfxfn

sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbscfbz{ s]=;L=

sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/u0f]z xdfn

laif]z ;+afbbftf6]saxfb'/ cf]nL

ahf/ Aoj:yfksgljg bfxfn

;Dks{?s'd]nL lasf; nx/ /fli6«o dfl;s

vn+uf–!, ?s'dkmf]g g+= M )**–%#)!%$

M (*%&*@!*&$M (*$$($(**$

Email : bikaslaharmonthly@gmail.comwebsite : www.rukumelibikaslahar.com

d'b|0fcd/ 5fkfvfgf pBf]u tyf ;Knfo;{

vn+uf–!,?s'dkmf]g g+= M )**–%#)!%$

lh=k|zf=sf=?s'd btf{ g+=!$÷)^*÷)^(lh=x'=sf=?s'd btf{ g+= )*÷)^*÷)^(

/fli6«o dfl;s

jif{–@ c+s–@$ efb|–@)&)

Aff:tjdf h+uL kf]zfs b]Vg lalQs} :yflgox?nfO{ o'4s}ememNsf] cfpg] ub{Yof] . gful/ssf] dg dgdf o'4s} cj:yf /x]sf]b]lvGYof] . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf b]zdf gful/s / ;]gfsf] ;DaGw;'dw'/ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ?s'ddf eg] gful/s / ;]gfsf] ;DaGwalnof] tyf ;'dw'/ ePsf] 5 . ?s'd l:yt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dlxGb|bn u0fn] laleGg ;dodf gful/s;Fu ;xsfo{ ub{} sfd ul//x]sf]5 . To;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f cfkm\gf] !^(cf}+ aflif{spT;jsf]cj;/df Jof/]s leq} laleGg k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5 .laBfno :tl/o laleGg k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd u/]/ emg} g]kfnL;]gfsf] lb kmd]z dlxGb| bn u0f afnaflnsfsf] lgDtL klgcfFvfsf] gfgL ;/x ePsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] JolQmTj lasf; tyfpgLx?sf] snfsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nfuL ;f] u0fn] lgs} dxTjk'0f{sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;f] u0fn] gful/s ;}lgs ;xsfo{ lasf;sf] nfluo; k6ssf] aflif{sf]T;j gful/sx? ;u} dgfpgsf] nflu leGg}sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] ;xof]u ub} cfPsf u0fklt cle/fh cfrf{on] o:tf] sfo{qmdsf]k|:tfj ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf lgtfGt b]z k|]dsf dfq;[hgfx? ;xeflu lyP . Ps xKtf cl3 af6 ;'? ePsf] aflif{sf]T;jsfo{qmddf laBfyL{, lzIfs / pgsf cleefjsx? ;]gfsf] cg'zf;g,z}ln, ;Eotf ;Fu ;Fu} /dfpg kfPsf lyP . afnaflnsf tyfpgsf cleefjsx? ;]gfsf] ;+:s[lt tyf cg';f;gdf v'n]/} /dfpg kfpg' ?s'ddf ;]gf slt p4f/ / hgtf;Fu glhs 5 eGg]k'i6L ePsf] 5 . Tolt dfq} xf]Og laut ltg aif{ otfsf lbgx?nfO{:d/0f ug{] xf] eg] ?s'ddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] hgtfsf k|ToIf ;/f]sf//fVg] laifodf klg ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . :ofk{'tfnglhs} laB't gx/df uPsf] klx/f] x6fpg]b]vL lnP/ afbL ;d'bfonfO{/fxt lat/0f tyf ;kmf afnaflnsf rog Pj+ lhNnfsf] ko{6glasf;df 6]jf k'/\ofpg ?s'd]nL a]?jf /f]6Lsf] klg lasf; ug{dfpNn]vlgo of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . laz]if u/L k|d'v ;]gfgL u0fkltcle/fh cfrfo{n] lhNnfnfO{ pTs[i6 agfpg kxn yfNg'ePsf] xf]. o;n] ubf{ klg ;]gf gful/s;Fu slt w]/} glhs 5 eGg] :ki6x'G5 .

;DkfbsLo

Gfful/s;“u dlxGb| bn

––

lhNnfdf klxnf] k6s afnaflnsfx?n] ;]gfn] u/]sf]k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmddf efu lng] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ .g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lb km]dz dlxGb| bn u0fn] cfkm\gf] !^(cf}+aflif{s pT;jsf] cj;/df cGt/laBfno :tl/o laleGgk|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]kl5 ?s'dsfa f n a f l n s f;]gf;Fu} /dfpg]cj;/ kfPsfx 'g \ . 4G4sf ]lhNnf ePsf]n]h +uL k f ]zfsb ] Vg lalQs }8/fpg] u/]sfafnaflnsfn]o; k6s eg]; ] g f ; F u }/dfPsf 5g\ .;f ] bnsf ]aflif{spT;jsf]sfo{qmd :yn dflg;x?sf] le8n] vrfvr el/Psf] lyof]. d~rdf g]kfnL kf]zfsdf ;lhPsf laBfyL{x?n] kfn}kfnf]cfkmgf ;[hgfx? k|:t't ul//x]sf lyP . sljtf, aSt[Tjsnf,ufog h:tf k|ltof]lutfdf ljBfyL{x?n] /fli6«otf /b]zelQmk'0f{ efjgfn] el/Psf ;[hgfx? ;'gfO /xbfsfo{qmddf ;xeflu ;a} l5g l5gdf lgs} efj's eP .æd]/f] sfwdf g]kfn 5, d}n] g]kfn af]s]sf] 5', ljZjf;n]d]/L cfdf 9'Ssn] lgbfpl5g, s'GgL dnfO slt vf]h]sf]xf]nfg >Ldlt / 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] aiff]{ b]lv kvf{Odf 5 pgLx?sf]/ut d]/f nfluÆ o:t} sljtfsf x/kmn] g]kfnL ;]gfsfhjfgx?sf] cfFvf /;fPsf lyP . sfo{qmd cjlwe/ rf/bh{g laBfyL{x?sf ;[hgfx? ;'lg/x'Fbf ;]gfsf] hjfgx?slt a]nf efj's x'Gy] t slta]nf ;xeflun] phf{ yKb}c;n hjfgx? b]z /Iffsf] nflu lxhf] klg n8\of} cfh

g]kfnL ;]gf;“u} /dfP afnaflnsf

hg;+Vof lbj;sf] cj;/df ?s'ddf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf af]Nb}:yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L e/t s'df/ zdf{

;dfrf/

wgjL/ bfxfn÷cfbz{ s]=;L=?s'd÷ebf}

klg n8g' k5{ b]z hf]ufpg sDd/ s;]/ nfu xfdL ;fylbG5f} eGg] ;Gb]zsf x/kmx?n] km]/L ;}lgshjfgx?nfO pT;flxt ePsf lyP . sfo{qmd ;'lg/xbfnfUYof] /fli6otf lrgfpg / /fli6«otf hf]ufpgsf] nfluul/Psf] s'g} /fli6«otfsf] /fli6o ;Dd]ng h:tf] . t/ pQmsfo{qmd s'g} /fli6«o ;Dd]ng geO ?s'd l:yt lb km]d;dlxGb| bn u0fsf] !^( cf} aflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df cfof]lhtk|ltof]lutfTds ljlaw sfo{qmdx? lyP . c? a]nf cGo

; +3 ;:yfx?n ]c fof ]hgf u/ ]s fk | l t o f ] l ut f T dssfo {qmdd f efulnPsf laBfyL{x?sfnflu kSs} g]kfnL;]gfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmddf efulng' gf}nf] s'/f lyof]. gful/s ;}lgs;xsfo{ lasf;sf]nflu o; k6ssf]aflif{sf]T;j g]kfnL

;]gfn] gful/sx? ;u} dgfpgsf] nflu leGg} sfo{qmdsf]cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . afnaflnsfnfO ljleGg tl/sfn];xof]u ub} cfPsf u0fklt cle/fh cfrf{on] o:tf]sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfj ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf lgtfGtb]z k|]dsf dfq ;[hgfx? ;xeflu lyP . Ps xKtf cl3af6 ;'? ePsf] aflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmddf laBfyL{, lzIfs /pgsf cleefjs x? ;]gfsf] cg'zf;g , z}ln, ;Eotf ;u;u} /dfP . Go' d'g nfO6 dfljsf lzIfs t]h cf]nLn] ;]gfnfO x]g]{ laBfyL{sf] ;f]rdf km/s cfPsf] atfP . pgn] eg]ljutsf] lx+;fTds 4G4sf] k|efan] ;]gfnfO x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fkm/s lyof] t/ klxnf] k6s ;]gf ;u} /dfpg] cj;/n]laBfyL{sf] k'/} wf/0ff km]l/Psf] 5 . ;z:q 4G4sf] ;dodflgs} b'v kfPsf ?s'dsf gful/sx?sf] nflu ;]gfn]cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmdn] ljutsf] e|d d]6fOlbPsf]

––

;dfrf/cleefjsx?sf] klg egfO /x]sf] 5 . laBfyL{x? klxnf]k6s g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddfefu lng kfPkl5 pgLx?sf] dfgl;stfdf ;s/fTdsk|efa k/]sf] ;/:jlt dflj ;Nn]sf lzIfs /d]z 8FfuLatfp5g . sl/a !% cf]6f dflj tyf lgdflj laBfnoaf6 lalaw k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmddf laBfyL{x?n] efulnPsf lyP . g[To, sljtf, aSt[Tjsnf / ufog lawfdfljho k|ltof]lux?nfO u0fklt cle/fh cfrf{on] ;Ddfgtyf clegGbg ub} k'/:sf/ ljt/0f u/]sf lyP . k|To]saif{sf] efb| @% df ;DkGg x'g] u0fsf] aflif{sf]T;j x'g] u5{. ?s'ddf /xbf dlxGb| bn u0fn] ?s'd]nL hgtfsf] lasf;sf]rfxfgfnfO k'lt{ ug{sf] nflu ;8s dd{t, /fxt ljt/0f,cfkt ljktbdf p2f/ h:tf sfo{x? u/]sfn] oxfFsfgful/sx?sf] gh/df lgs} nf]slk|o dflgb} cfPsf] 5 .

o:t} ;f] cj;/df lgDg cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd ePsf]lyof] M1= >L lb km]d; dlxGb| bn u)fsf] 169 cf}+ aflif{spT;jsf] cj;/df o; u)f glhs /x]sf ?s'd lhNnfsf11 j^f :s'n tyf SofDk;sf %fq÷%fqfx?nfO{ ;dfj]zu/fO{ æ;fdflhs las[lt lj?$ /fli "o ;'/Iff / ljsf;dfg]kfnL ;]gf / gful/ssf] e'ldsfÆ ljifos jlQmTjsnftyf g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn /fi " / ;}lgs lhjg, ;}lgskl/jf/, /fli «o ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs las[lt / lj;+utLljifox?df sljtf jfrg, g[To tyf ufog k|ltof]lutfsf];+rfng ul/Psf] .

2= pQm sfo{qmddf ljleGg :s'n tyf Sofdk;af^;xefuL ePsf %fq÷%fqfx?n] dfyL pNn]lvt ljifox?df

/fli «otf / g]kfnL ;]gf k|lt ;dlk{t eO{ cfkm\gf]k|:t'lts/)f k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

3= jlQmTjsnf tk{m >L lqe'jg hgtf pRr df=la=:s'nsf z'ezGb]if uf}td k|yd, ;f]xL :s"nsf %fqf;'lbIff jnL låtLo / >L Go" d'gnfO{ df=la=sf %fq;Gtf]if l/hfn t[tLo ePsf lyP .

4= sljtf ljwf tk{m >L lqe'jg hgtf p=df=la=sf%fqf d]gsf v*\sf k|yd, >L Go' d'gnfO{ df=la=sf;'jf; rGb låtLo / >L kz'klt df=la=sf %fqf lgd{nfvqL t[tLo ePsf lyP .5= ufog ljwf tk{m >L ;/:jtL df=la= k|yd, >L od'gfgGb gd"gf p=df=lj=låtLo / Go' d'gnfO{^ df=la= t[tLoePsf lyP .

6= g[To tk{m >L ljh]Zj/L lg=df=la= k|yd, >L Pe/]i^lg=df=la= / od'gf gGb gd"gf p=df=la= låtLo ePsflyP .

––

7= pNn]lvt ljwfx?df pTs[i^ ePsf ljBfno tyfSofDk;sf %fq÷%fqfx?nfO{ k'/:sf/ :j?k z}lIfs;fdfu|L, ;+lut ;DalGw ;fdfu|L tyf u)fsf] nf]uf]c+lst Jofr tyf k|df)f-kq k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

8= ;fy} pNn]lvt sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf ljBfnotyf SofD;ksf lzIfs, lzlIfsf tyf ljBfyL{, lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L tyf u}X ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglw /:yflgo afl;Gbf nufot kqsf/x?af^ pQm sfo{qmdsf]k|z+;f ub{} x[bo b]lv g} v';L JoQm u/]sf lyP .9= o; sfo{qmdn] ?s'd lhNnfsf] lzIff, ;+:s[lt,;flxTo snfsf] ljsf;df ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'u]sf] eGb}g]kfnL ;]gfn] o:tf] sfo{qmd u/]af^ ;}lgs / :yflgogful/s larsf] ;DjGw cem prfO{df k'u]sf] egL

k|z+;f ePsf] . lautdf o; u)fn] ljB't gx/ d/fdt,p$f/, :jf:Yo, lzIff, kof{j/)f / ko{ g lasf;sf]nfuL lautdf u/]sf] sfo{ eGbf k[ys t/ emg}k|efjsf/L /x]sf] egL k|ltlqmof k|fKt eO{/x]sf] % .

10= ;fy} aflif{s pT;jsf] pknIodf cfof]lht cGt/u'Nd ljleGg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf cGtu{t elna v]ndfæuÆ u'Nd, km' an v]ndf ævÆ u'Nd, af:s]^an v]ndfæd@ltÆ u'Nd, Pyn]l^S; v]ndf æd@ltÆ u'Nd, lk=lk=l^df æd@ltÆ u'Nd, 2 dfO{n bf}*df æuÆ u'Nd,xflh/L hjfkmdf æd@ltÆ u'Nd / tfg*f]/Ldf æd@ltÆu'Nd k|yd ePsf lyP . ;du| k|ltof]lutfdf æd@ltÆu'Nd ;af]{Ts[i^ u'Nd x'g ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .

Affnd}qL laBfnosf] cj:yf af/] cWoog

?s'd lhNnfsf afnd}qL laBfnox?sf] cj:yfaf/] Ps cWoog k|lta]bg ;fj{hlgs ePsf ] 5 .Affnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] ult / Ifdtf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Ful;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno agfOg'kg{] cjwf/0ff cg';f/lhNnfsf #( ufla;df afnd}qL laBfnosf] cWoogyflnPsf] lyof] . laBfnodf 3fdkfgLaf6 aRg] sf]7f,a:g] a]Gr, lkpg] kfgL, ef]s d]6fpg] vfhf, lb;flk;faug]{ rkL{, ;s] v]Ng] rp/ xf]cf];\ / u'?-u'?cfdfn] k'/f;do k9fOlbpg\ eGg] rfxfgsf ;fy laBfno k7fOg]afnd}qLsf] cjwf/0ff ePsf]n] ;f] cg;f/ eP gePsf]

af/] cWoog yflnPsf] lyof] . afn;/f]sf/ s]Gb|sf cWoIflz4/fh kg]?sf cg';f/ ljBfnodf slQsf] afnd}qL jftfj/0f 5 eGg] ;DaGw ?s'd lhNnf sf $# uf=la=; dWo] #(uflj; sf Ps-Ps ljBfnodf cWoog ul/Psf] xf] . cWoogcg';f/ em08} b'O{ ltxfO{ ^%Ü afnaflnsf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a:g] u/]sf],&!=#Ü afnaflnsfsf afa'sf] k]zf s[lif /x]sf] tyf cfˆgf] 3/v]ltsf] cfDbfgL aif{lbg e/L vfg k'Ug]hDdf $)=&Ü dfq} 5g\ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . tLg dlxgfeGbf sd vfg k'Ug]x? @^=&Ü /x]sf 5g\ eg] lzIfsn]k9fPsf] ;w}h;f] a'‰g] afnaflnsf @@Ü dfq} /x]sf 5g\. o;} u/L k9fpg] lzIfsx? /dfOnf ePsf] dx;'; ug]{afnaflnsf $)=&Ü 5g\ eg] &%=*Ü afnaflnsf s'/f;d:ofdf k/]sf a]nfdf w]/} h;f] lzIfsx?n] ;'lglbPsf]

?ljn ;+jfbbftf?s'd÷ebf}

;dfrf/

––

kfOPsf] 5 . @#=#Ü afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIfsn] w]/} g} dgk/fpg] / %&=#Ü n] l7s} dg k/fpg] ul/Psf] kfOPsf] / b'O{ltxfO{ eGbf a9L &*=&Ü afnaflnsfn] lzIfssf] af]nL:k:6 x'g' kg]{ / :j/ 7'nf] x'g' kg]{ cfjZostf cf}NofPsflyP . lbOPsf] u[xsfo{ w]/} ePsf] dx;'; ug]{ @^=&Üe]l6Psf] / 3/df u[xsfo{ ug{ ;do gkfpg]x? #!=#Üafnaflnsf /x]sf] cWoog k|lta]bgdf pNn]v 5 . o:t}kf7 l56f] k9fO{ lb+bf ;a}eGbf a9L c+u|]hLdf ^!=%Ü nfO{,ul0ftdf @$=^Ü nfO{ a'‰g ufx|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] tyfdft[efiffdf a'emfO{P /fd|f] x'g] eGg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof&$Ü e]l6Psf] k|lta]bgdf bzf{oPsf] 5 . sIff sf]7fdfk9\bf $)=#ÜnfO{ 7Ls} /dfO{nf] nfUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] /!%=#Ü n] eg] sIffsf]7fdf a:g slxNo} ;lhnf] gePsf]atfPsf lyP . k|lta]bgsf cg';f/ ljBfnodf 8]:s a]~rk'Ubf] gePsf] $@Ü afnaflnsfn] atfPsf lyP eg] !$=&Ün] sfnf]kf6Ldf n]v]sf] cIf/ a;]sf] 7fFpaf6 ;lhn} gb]Vg]atfPsf lyP . o;} u/L @*Ü sf] ljBfnodf eg] aiff{dfkfgL r'lxP/ k9\g afwf x'g] u/]sf] e]l6Psf] lyof] . clwsf+zafnaflnsfsf] ;fyL;+uL;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw ePsf] kfO{of] /%^=&Ü n] ;d:of kbf{ ;fyL;+uL;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ u/]sf]kfOPsf] lyof] . k9fOdf cfkm' w]/} ;kmn ePsf] dx;'; ug]{!(=#Ü afnaflnsf kfPsf 5g\ eg] %*Ü n] l7s} ?kdf;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] k|lta]bgdf pNn]v 5 . o;} u/L

##=#Ü afnaflnsfn] sIffsf] cg'zf;gsf] lgod klg lgikIfgePsf] atfPsf lyP . cfˆgf] l/hN6 3/df eGg 8/fpg]afnaflnsf #)Ü kfOPsf] / h;dWo] ^!=&Ü n] 3/dfufnL ug]{ jf ;hfo kfpg] 8/n] eGg 8/fpg] u/]sf] tyf/fd|f] sfd ubf{ lzIfsaf6 :ofaf;L kfpg] u/]sf] **Üafnaflnsfn] atfPsf] k|lta]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .o:t} %^=&Ü afnaflnsfn] ljBfnodf x'g] 5nkmndf efulng] u/]sf] / 3/df a:g] jftfj/0f !@Ü afnaflnsfsf]Psbd} zfGt / %!=#Ü sf] l7s} /x]sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5. ljBfno cfpg' cl3 laxfg @Ü afnaflnsfn] slxNo}c3fpGh]n vfgf gkfpg] tyf @!=#Ün] slxn]sf+lx dfqc3fpGh]n vfgf kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ##=$Ü afnsflnsfnfO{ljBfno cfOk'Ug Ps306f jf Tof] eGbf al9 ;do nfUg]cWoog k|lta]bgdf atfOPsf] 5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{no?s'd, afn;/f]s/ s]Gb|, l;ljg, ;]e b lrN8"]g nufPtafnaflnsf;Fu sfd ug{] lgsfox?n] u/]sf] cWoogdfo:tf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L cWoog k|lta]bgdf;du|df afnaflnsfsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ sl/a^)Ü afnaflnsfsf] 3/v]ltsf] cfDbfgLn] ^ dlxgf eGbfsd vfg k'Ug] tyf kl/jf/ ;+Vof w]/} ePsf,] #&Ü sf] 3/df k9\g] zfGt jftfj/0f gePsf] b]lvPsfn] afnaflnsfsf]l;Sg] k|lqmofdf 3/kl/jf/sf] cj:yfn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf]lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .

4G4sfndf clwsf+z afnaflnsf lab|f]xLkIfn] k|of]u u/]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs

;z:q 4G4sf] pb\ud lhNnf ?s'ddf clwsf+zafnaflnsf lab|f]xL dfcf]afbLn] k|of]u u/]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgsePsf] 5 . tTsflng lab|f]xL dfcf]afbLn] afnaflnsfnfO{lr7L k'/\ofpg] x'nfsLsf ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] / s]xLnfO{n8fs' g} agfPsf] tYof+sdf pNn]v 5 . g]kfn afndhb'/;/f]sf/ s]Gb | -l;ljg_ n] hfgsf/L u/fPcg';f/afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHo kIf eGbf lab|f]xL kIfn] b'Vv lbPsf]lyof] . ?s'd lhNnfsf $# ufla;sf !* aif{ ;Ddsf ^!@hgf ;z:q 4G4;Fu ;DaGwLt s'g} g s'g} ultlalwdf

?=lj=n=;+jfbbftf?s'd÷ebf} ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf] l;ljg ?s'dsf k|d'v lz4/fh kg]?n]

atfpg'eof] . tTYof+s cg';f/ ;z:q 4G4df ;+nUg u/fOPsf afnaflnsf dWo] $(=) k|ltztn] k|fylds txtyf $!=# k|ltztn] dfWoflds tx ;Dd cWoog u/]sf5g\ . $=^ k|ltztn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf cfocfh{g;DaGwL tflnd lnPsf] / %=! k|ltzt lg/If/ /x]sf lyP. lt afnaflnsfx? $(=& k|ltzt a|fxd0f If]qL, @*=(k|ltzt hghflt tyf @!=$ k|ltzt blnt /x]sf 5g\ .afx'g If]qLsf] t'ngfdf hghflt tyf blntsf afns eGbfaflnsfx? Af9L ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] l;ljgsf] tTYof+sdfpNn]v 5 . o;} u/L &$=% k|ltzt afnaflnsf afa'cfdf;Fu}

;dfrf/

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;dfrf/al;/x]sf] tyf (=) k|ltzt cfkm\gf gft]bf/x?;Fu, $=@k|ltzt cfkm} :jtGq ?kdf, (=* k|ltzt eg] cfkm' g} kl/jf/sf] d'nL ePsf] tyf !=* k|ltzt rflxF dfcf]afbLkf6L{4f/f ;~rflnt ;]N6/df a;]sf] kfOof] . o;} u/Lafa'cfdf b'j} gx'g]x?sf hDdf ;+Vof eg] !% hgf /x]sf5g\ . t/ afa'sf] d[To' ePsf] / cfdfsf] cj:yf c1ft /x]sf] ( hgf, cfdfsf] d[To' ePsf] / afa'sf] cj:yf c1ft/x]sf $ hgf tyf cfdfafa' b'j}sf] cj:yf c1ft /x]sf %hgf ;d]t u/L afa'cfdf b'j} gePsf] jf kQf gnfu]sfsf];FVof hf]8\bf hDdf ## hgf afnaflnsf /x]sf 5g\ .;z:q ;d'xsf ultlalwdf ;+nUg k|fKt %*! hgfafnaflnsf dWo] ;a} eGbf w]/} @$=( k|ltztn] ;fyLefO{sfsf/0f nfu]sf] / @#=^ n] hj/h:tL nfu]sf lyP . !%=*n] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e'dLsf sf/0f, (=# ul/jLsf] sf/0f ;z:q;d'xsf ultlalwdf nfu]sf tyf /fhg}lts cf:yfsfsf/0f :jOR5fn] nfu]sf] atfpg]x? ^=% k|ltzt kfOPsf]atfOPsf] 5 . o:t} kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf sf/0f nfUg]x?^=% k|ltzt /x]sf] / elaZodf cfdL{ x'g] tyf hflu/ kfOg]cf;fn] %=# k|ltzt afnaflnsf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf]l;ljgn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .

cWoogdf ;+nUg ePsf dWo] @$# hgfaf6 dfq;+/If0f ;DaGwL s]xL ;/f]sf/sf laifox?df hjfkm k|fKt

ePsf] afnaflnsf zflGt If]q /fli6«o cleofgsf cfb{zs]=;Ln] atfpg'eof] . h;dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} ^^=& k|ltztn] dfgl;s oftgf kfPsf] / !)=& k|ltztn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofx? /x]sf], !)=# n] zfl/l/s b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf],%=# k|ltztn] ;d'bfon] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] ;d:of /x]sf]atfOPsf] 5 . @=( k|ltztn] hfltotfsf cfwf/df e]befjePsf], @=% k|ltztn] ckf+utf ePsf] sf/0f ;d:of /x]sf]tyf $ cyf{t !=^ k|ltztn] eg] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf]hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . Affnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0ffy{ ;g\@))# b]vL l;ljgn] ?s'ddf 4G4 lkl8t afnaflnsfnfO{dfglao ;xof]u Pj+ lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]nufPtsf laleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf]n]4G4sfndf ;z:q kmf} +h jf ;d'x;Fu cfj4 ePsfafnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs k'g{Plss/0fdf ;3fp k'/\ofpg]laleGg ultlalwx? Kflg ;~rfng u/]sf] l;ljg ?s'dsfk|d'v kg]?sf] egfO{ 5 . ;z:q kmf}+h jf ;d'x;Fu cfj4afnaflnsfsf] k'g{Plss/0f ug{sf] nfuL ul7t /fli6"o;~hfnn] tof/ u/]sf] kmf/dsf] cfwf/df hfgsf/L ;+sngug{ k|To]s ufla;af6 ! hgfsf b/n] $# hgf ;xof]uL5gf}6 u/L k|To]s ufla;df uP/ ;z:q kmf}+h jf ;d'x;Fucfj4 afnaflnsfaf/] hfgsf/L ;+sng ul/Psf] pxfFn]atfpg'eof] .

k'0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{qmddfafnle6fn] k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]u

@)^( / &) ;fndf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no?s'djf6 z'? ul/Psf] k'0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff sfo{qmdxfn cfP/ b]zsf] !) j6f lhNnfdf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o;sfo{qmdsL lhDd]jf/L kfPsL lhNnf vf]k sfo{qmdsL lgl/Ifs s[i0ff v8\sfsf cg';f/ afn le6f sfo{qmdn] vf]klng / afnaflnsfx?sf] tf}n lng :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf cfPsfcfdfx?nfO{ afn le6f lbP/ k7fpbf cfdfx?dfpT;fxylklbPsf] 5 . k'0f{ vf]k 3f]if0ff ug]{ qmddfafn le6flat/0f ub}{ n}hfg] s'/f atfO{g . clxn] ;Dd ?s'd lhNnfsf# j6f uf=lj=;=nfO{ k'0f{ vf]k o'Qm uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] cGo afFsL uf=lj=;=x? 3f]if0ff ug]{ qmddf

?=lj=n=;+jfbbftf?s'd÷ebf}

5 . o;sf nflu plg :jf:Yo ;+:yf, :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg;ldltsf ;b:ox?, uf=lj=;=x?;+u lg/Gt/ cGt{lqmof /;dGjo ul//x]sL l5g\ . k'0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug]{sfo{qmd ;+u} k'0f{ afnle6f lat/0f uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug{]pgsf]wf/0ffnfO{ lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nosf lhNnf hg :jf:Yoclws[t >L od k|;fb b]jsf]6fn] klg k'0f{ ?kdf ;3fO{/xg' ePsf] 5 . od k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] egfO{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]klg æclxn] cfP/ ?s'd lhNnfdf afn le6fsf] rrf{k|To]s :jf:YosdL{x?df Jofks 5 . o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;a}n];xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vosf/0f of] sfo{qmdg]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd ePsf] / cfluldlbgdf /ftf]lstfadf of] sfo{qmd c+lst x'g] ePsf]n] klg ;a}dfo;sf]lhDd]jf/L ylkPsf] 5 .Æ @)^( kmfNu'gdf o; lhNnfdf

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;dfrf/lzz' tyf afNosflng kf]if0fafn le6f sfo{qmdsf] tflnd;+rfngkZrft ^ dlxgf b]lv @# dlxgfsf&^!^afnaflnsfx?n] afn le6f vfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . %* k|ltztafnalnsfdf /utsf] sld b]lvPsf] o; lhNnfdf afnle6fsfo{qmdn] lgs} ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f lhNnf hg :jf:Yoclws[t>L od k|;fbsf] egfO{ 5 . ptm tflnddf ul/Psf] 5nkmntyf :yfgLohgtfnfO{ g} lbO{Psf] sfo{sf] ;Dk'0f {lhDd]jf/L /agfO{Psf] sfo{ of]hgfn] ;ldltsf ;b:ox?;lqmo ePsf 5g\ eg] cufldlbgdf ;fFv uf=lj=;=nfO{ k'0f{vf]k o'QM uf=lj=;=3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+u} k'0f{ afnle6flat/0f uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug{] s'/f s[i0ff v8\sfn] atfOg\. o;sf nflu ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] kxndf pQm uf=lj=;=sf^ dlxgf b]lv @# dlxgf ;Ddsf !*) hgf afnaflnsfx?sf]

tYof+s ;+sng ul/of] eg] :jo+ ;]ljsfx?sf] ;lqmotfdf;a} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ afnle6f lat/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGgul/of] . xfn pQm :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lgoldt ?kdf cfdf;d'xsf] a}7s ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] a}7sdf laif]iftMafnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf k|ToIf ?kdf;/f]sf/ kfg]{ vfnsf laifox?df 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . c;nvfgf, c;n :jf:Yo :ofxf/, ;'/lIft ;'Ts]/L / c;n afn:ofxf/ h:tf s'/fx?sf af/]df lgoldt cfdf ;d'xdf5nkmn x'g] s'/f :jf:Yo ;+:yf k|d'v /d]z s]=;L= eGg'x'G5. cfdf ;d'xsf] lgoldt a}7ssf] sf/0f cfdfx?afnaflnsfx?sf] :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t 5g\ eg] ufpsfdflg;x? ptmuf=lj=;=nfO{ k'0f{ vf]k o'tmuf=lj=;= 3f]if0ffug]{ tof/Ldf h'6]sf 5g\ .

?s'ddf ltg j6f emf]n'+u]k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg

?s'd lhnnfdf o; jif{ 5f]6f] t/L sf # j6femf]n'ª\u] k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;Dkg ePsf] 5 . lhNnfljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{qmd / l8k|f]S;g]kfnsf] k|fljlws / ;fdflhs kl/rfng / To;} u/L 6"]n a[h ;kf]6{o" lg6 -x ]Ne]6f;_ sf] 6 ]SgLsncl;;6]G6df pQm k'nx? ;DkgePsf 5g . lhNnfdf lgdf{0f ePsfpQm k'nx? dxt uf=lj=;= j8f g+=@ / * ljr kg]{ yjfª vf]nfdf %^=^)ld6/ nfdf] sf]hf{bf]efg emf]=k'= sf]nuf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! / @ ljr kg]{ pQ/uª\ufdf %$=^)ld6/ nfdf] 5df/L emf]=k'= To;} u/L ?3f uf=lj=;= j8fg+=! / @ ljr kg]{ sf]/jfª vf]nfdf $* ld6/ nfdf] k]bLv]temf]=k'= lgdf{0f sfo{ ;Dkg ePsf 5g . sf]hf{bfefg emf]=k'=df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ? &@$!(=#^, uf=lj=;=sf] ?%@@&%=#@, pkef]Qfx?sf] hg;xeflutf ? #(^#%=&! /emf]=k'= If]qut sfo{qmd s]Gb|sf] gub /sd ? !&)&(#(=)(/ emf]=k'= lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Ldf ? !*!*#&=$$ u/L hDdf ?@)%$!)$=(@, 5df/L emf]=k'= df lh=lj=;=sf] ? &###^=)%,uf=lj=;=sf] ? ^&$!&, pkef]Qfx?sf] hg;xeflutf ?$$(^@=)^ emf]=k'= If]qut sfo{qmd s]Gb|sf] gub /sd ?

?=lj=n=;+jfbbftf?s'd÷ebf}

!($#^^^=)$ emf]=k'= lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Ldf ? !(@)%&=)$u/L hDdf ? @#@!$#*=*$ / k]bL v]t emf]=k'= lh=lj=;=sf]? ^(*@=%$, uf=lj=;= sf] ? $@^#(=^*, pkef]Qfx?sf]hg;xeflutf ? #$&%$=%$, emf]=k'= If]qut sfo{qmd

s ]Gb |sf ] gub /sd ?!$(@*)@=^*, emf ]=k'= lgdf{0f;fdfu|Ldf !^&%#) u/L hDdf ?!*)$&)(=$$ ;Dkg ePsf ]l8k|f]S; g]kfnsf cl;:6]G6 ;jOlGhlgo/ lszf]/ s'df/ a'9f n]hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . pQm 7fFpdf/x]sf] pQ/uª\uf vf]nf !@ dlxgftg{ g;lsg] / sf]n, kb\dL, lju'{d,

uf]nvf/f, kmNg} / u/vfgL sf :yflgjfl;x? nfO{ ;b/d'sfd vnª\uf cfjt hfjt ug{ sf] ;fy} v]ltkftL 3fF;bfp/f ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] lyof] . / xfn 5df/L emf]= k'=lgdf{0f eP kZrft clxn] ToxfFsf :yflgojfl;x?nfO{ ;xhePsf] 5 . To;} u/L sf]hf{ emf]=k'= lgdf{0f eP k5L sf]hf{sf:yflgo jf;Lx?nfO{ ljwfno, x]Nykf]i6, uf=lj=;= sfof{no;Dd k'Ug ;xh ePsf] 5 . / k]bL v]t emf]=k'= lgdf{0f ePkZrft jiff{tsf] j]nf vf]nf tg{ g;lsg] x'bf pQ k'nlgdf{0f eP kZrft ToxfFsf :yflgojfl;x?nfO{ cfjt hfjtug{ ;xh ePsf] l8k|f]S; g]kfnsf cl;:6]G6 ;j OlGhlgo/lszf]/ s'df/ a'9f n] jtfPsf 5g .

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cfn]v

s] xf] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt <

;fdfGotof AolQm jf ;d"xsf] ;f]+rfO, a'emfO,laZjf;df /x]sf] leGgtf cyf{t d'NodfGotfdf /x]sf]leGgtfsf sf/0fn] l;h{gf x'g] dgf]a}1flgs ca:yf 4Gb xf]. 4G4nfO b'O af ;f] eGbf al9 kIfx?larsf] s'g} laifo,larf/df leGgtf cfO 6s/fasf] ca:yf l;h{gf eO c;xhaftfj/0f k}bf x'g' xf] eg]/ klg kl/eflift ug]{ u/LG5 .4G4n] lx+;f / o'4sf] ca:yf t l;h{gf ub{5 t/ ;dfhsf]?kfGt/0fdf ;df/fTds e"ldsf v]Nb5 . 4GbnfO ;dfhkl/at{g jf lasf; k|lqmofnfO rflxg] cfwf/e"t zt{dfklg kl/eflift ug]{ u/LG5 t/ 4G4nfO ;lx 9+un] Aoa:yfkgug{ ;lsPg / las/fn aGb} uof] eg] cGtt 4G4n] o'4sf]?k lnG5 . o'4 ;a}sf nflu eofgs / vt/fo'Qm ca:yfxf] . h;n] hf] s;}sf] cl:tTjnfO klg ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sb5. g]kfndf klg tTsflng zf;g Aoa:yfdf /fhg}ltsc;xdlt ePkl5 km/s larf/, a'emfO, laZjf;sf sf/0f4Gbsf] ca:yf l;h{gf eof] . kl5 pQm 4Gb @)%@ kmfu'g! ut] lalwjt ?kdf o'4df kl/0ft eof] h;nfO hgo'4elgPsf] 5, kmnt y'k|}sf] Hofg uof], xhf/f} 3fOt] ckfËeP, ;of} hgf xfn;Dd klg a]kQf 5g, 3/af/ lalxgx'g]sf] ;+Vof klg sd 5}g eg} y'k|} ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/L ;+/rgfx? Wj+; eP . 4Gb÷o'4n] b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhstyf /fhg}lts ca:yfnfO c;/ k/of] . o'4af6 dfqcfhsf] cfw'lgs ;dodf ;a}nfO ;dfgfGt/ ?kn] ;xefuLu/fO cufl8 a9g g;lsg] s'/fsf] dxz'; eO h;sf]cfTdfg'e 'lt / of ]hgfaf6 ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf ]ng–@-@)^@÷)^#_ eof] / ;+lawfg ;efsf] d'naf6f]x'b} b]znfOzflGttkm{ cufl8 a9fpg ;xdlt sfod eof] / la:t[tzflGt ;Demf}tf @)^# af6 @)^# d+l;/ %df b]z o'4sf]e'd/Laf6 zflGttkm{ cat/0f eof] . z;:q 4Gbaf6 b]zdfl;h{gf ePsf 4Gbsf 3fpx?nfO dndkl§ nufpg, ef}lts;+/rgfx? hf] 4Gbsf] ;dodf Wj+; eP nfO k'glgdf{0fsf]af6f]af6 b]znfO lasf;sf] kfOnftkm{ cufl8 a9fpg /la:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf @)^# sf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?ksfd ug{ Ps ;+oGqsf] cfaZostf dx;'; eof] h;sf]kmn:j?k g]kfn ;/sf/ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf]dftxtdf -xfn :jfoQ ;+:yf_ /xg]u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf

:yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx? u7g eP . ;+u;+u} ?s'ddf klg@)^$÷!)÷!% df :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt ?s'd u7g eOsfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

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xfn cfOPghLcf]n] cfkm\gf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ qmddfPghLcf] / To; kl5 :yflgo PghLcf] nfO{ ;fem]bf/;:yfsf] ?kdf lnO{/x]sf 5g\ . Ps xt ;Dd o; sfo{n]:yflgo cg'ej / ;dflhs cj:yfsf] cfGt/Ls kIf]dfk;]/ sfd ug]{ ;xhtf Nofpg ;S5 . s] olx dfq sf/0fxf] t PghLcf]n] :yflgo PghLcf]nfO{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gogsf];fem]bf/L agfpg' < sfo{qmd sfo{Gjogsf qmddf :ylgoPghLcf] nfO{ ;fem]bf/ agfpg' tfls{s ?kdf /fd|f] xf]OgeGg] dfGotf d]/f] xf] . ;em]bf/Lsf gfddf :yfgLo PghLcf]dfsfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ bf];|f] bhf{sf] ?kdf /fVg' , / lgs[i6?kdfsd kfl/>dLsdf cToflws >d u/fpg kfpg' ;fem]bf/Lsfo{qmdsf k5f8L /x]sf] csf]{ :jfy{ klg xf] . o; k|zudfd]/f] ;jfn s] 5 eg] s] bft[lgsfo af6 cfpg] /sdg]kfnsf /fli6o :t/sf PghLcf]n] km]/L :yflgo PghLcf];Fu ;em]bf/L u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ s'g s'/fdf;xhtf Nofosf] 5 < ;d'bfo kl/rfngdf < of sd{rf/Lkl/rfngdf < of k|zf;lgs vr{ sd ug{df < xf] of] ;frf]xf] ls xfnsf] ;fem]bf/L df]8nn] sfd sf] ef/ ;fem]bf/;:yfdf 5 eg] sfdsf] >]o klg Tolx ;+:yfdf al9 hfG5t/ h'g ;+:yfsf :6fkm sfd sfd eg]/ s'lb /xG5 ;d'bfosf]lhjg :t/ psf:g] ;'gf}nf ;kgfx? ;hfP/ ufFp a];L /s'gf sGb/fdf ef]s} Kof;} sb\5g\ , hgtfsf] af:tljscj:yfsf] lrq ;Fu lbg k|ltlbg ;fIfTsf/ ul/ /x]sfltgL x? s'g} klg lbg of]hgf th'{df ug]{ :yfgdf k'Ub}gg\/ csf]{ ljifz1 elgg]x? slxn} klg ;d'bfo / hggf ;Fuklxnf] ;Dk{sdf x'b}gg\ . s] cj of] lasf;] sfo{qmddfljifz1x? ufp ufpdf / ;dfGo clkm; Aoj:yfkg, ;dGjo,;~rf/, k|lta]bg / 8f6fsf] bf]sfg rnfpgsf nflu cGosd ljifz1tf ePsfx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/] ;fob /fd|f] kl/a{tg cfpbYof] ls <

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;dfrf/u|fld0f hgtf ;Dd cj:o k'Ub5 t/ ;dosf] s'/f dfq xf]cln slt ;do nfdf] nfUg ;S5 t/ slt ko ljsf;]sfo{qmd n] :jt :km{t ?kdf x'g] kl/j{tgsf] >]o nfO{ ;tk|ltzt xfd|f] k|utL eg]/ b]vfpg] / Tolx 8f6fsf] bf]sfg;~rfng ug]{ ub{5g\ . hj ;Dd sfdsf] ;lx d'Nofªsgug]{ ;jn ;/sf/L ;+oGq tof/ ul/b}g tj ;Dd PghLcf]cfOOghLcf] / cem Rofps} ultdf pld|osf :yfgLoPghLcf]x?sf] cfjZostf slt /f logsf sfdsf] pknlAwslt eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ufx|f] 5 . o;f] eGb} ubf{ d}n]OghLcf]sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] eg] k6Ss} xf]Og / g]kfnh:tf]le/sf] lrGgf], ;d:ofsf uf7} uf7f k/]sf] b]zdf cfly{s;fwg ;|f]tsf] clt cfjZostf 5 t/ of] bfgdf k|fKtx'g];|f]tsf] kof]u / kl/rfngdf dfq d]/f ltg ;jfn x'gPghLcf]n] klg ;/sf/sf] h:tf] /xt / ;]jf d'lv dfq sfd

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lo d]/f AolQmut wf/0f x'g o;df tkfOsf] km/sdt 5 x'g ;S5 To;nfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ ub{5' / tkfO{sf]wf/0fsf] sb/ ub{5' . o;df tkfOsf] km/s dt ePdfk|ltlqmofsf nfuL M bikaslaharmonthly@gmail.com

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;j} s'/f k}zf eP/ dfq klg k'Ub} t/ k}zfnfO{;b'kof]u ug{sf] nflu dfG5]df l;k klg rflxbf] /x]5elG5g kDkm lj=s=n] . kDkmf lj=s= em'nf uf=lj=;= j8fg+= # nfv'/Ljf]6 ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsL ;b:o x'g . kDkmflj=s=sf] @ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . plg em'nf uf/3f6 jhf/b]vL # sL=dL= 6f9f cf?ufFp jl:tdf j;f]jf; ul5{g .dlxnfsf] ?kdf lrlgg] kDkmfsf] kl/jf/df Ps 5f]/f /kDkmf u/L hDdf @ hgfsf] kl/jf/ dfq 5 . cfP>f]tgeP/ pgsf] Ps 5f]/fnfO{ kfng kf]ifg ug{ plrt lzIfflbg tyf 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpg ;fx|} d'l:sn kb{Yof] . / s'g}kgL 3/fo;L sfd ug{sf] nflu cfj:os /sdsf] nflu;fx'sf hfg' kb{Yof] t/ ;fx'n] plrt dfqfdf dfGb}GYof] .h;n] ubf{ rfx]/ klg s]lx sfd ug{ ;s]sL lyPgg\ . hj@)^# ;fndf df3 ( ut] ul/lj lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf/ l8k|f]S; g]kfn 4f/f ;+rflnt sfo{qmd cGt{ut nfv'l/jf]6 ;fd'bflos ;+:yf u7g eof] To; kZrft lgoldtdfl;s j}7sdf hfg] jrt ug]{ gofFgofF s'/f l;Sg] /l;sfpg yflng kDkmf lj=s=n] .

;d'xdf j;] kZrft Joj;fo ;+rfng ;DjGwLljleGg tflnd klg lnOg / ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]ifn] pgnfO{klxnf] ls:tf :j?k ? !))))÷- jfv|f kfngsf] nflunlug / ;f] /sd jf6 pgn] @ j6f jfv|f lslgg /

tflnddf l;s] cg';f/ jfv|f kfNb} uOg / kmn:j?k plgn]jfv|f lsGb} j]Rb} uOg / xfn ;Dd pgn] ? $))))÷-cfDbfgL ul/g / ;+:yf jf6 ls:tf lkmtf{ ug]{ / C0fNofpg] sfd ul//flvg\ . pgn] k6s k6s u/]/ ;+:yf jf6? @))))÷-C0f nlug / 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpg] b]vL nu]/5f]/fnfO{ k9fpg] vr{ 6fb}{ ul/g . / ca ;+:yfnfO{ ls:tfltg{ ? ^)))÷-dfq jfFsL 5 elG5g kDkm lj= s=n] .kDkmf lj=s=k}zf eGbf klg l;ksf] cefjdf rfx]/ klg s]lxs]lx ug{ kfPsL lyOgg\ plg hj ;+:yfdf jl;g / pgsf]r]tgf / Ifdtfdf j[l4 eof] To; l;s] cg';f/ jfv|f kfn]/? $))))÷-cfDbfgL ul/g / xfn cfP/ plg o; jfv|fkfng Joj;fojf6 plg ;Gt'i6L 5' elG5g kDkmf lj=s= .o; k]zfn] 5f]/f k9fpg 3/ vr{ 6fg{ ;kmn ePsL 5'egfO 5 . pgn] Tolt dfq geP/ @ j6f jfv|f 5f]/LnfO{klg lbPsL 5g . xfn clxn] plg;Fu & j6f jfv|f kfn]/j;]sL 5g . To;}n] pgn] dfG5]df k}zf eP/ klg s] ug]{l;k 5}g eg] ;j} eGbf 7'nf] s'/f t l;k x'g' kbf]{ /x]5 . l;kePk5L hxfF klg u/L vfgf ;Sbf] /x]5 eGb} pgn] o;dnfO{ r]tgf / Ifdtfdf ljsf; u/fpg'sf] ;fy} dnfO{ C0f:j?k k}zf lbP/ ;xof]u ug]{ ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]if / ;+:yfdfcfP/ r]tgf / Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/L d nufPt d h:t};d'xdf /x]sf c? ;b:ox?nfO{ r]tgf / Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fOlbg] ;xof]lu ;+:yf l8k|f]S; g]kfn nfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfblbg rfxfG5' elG5g kDkmf lj=s= .

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?s'd lhNnfaf6 z'? ul/Psf] k'0f{ vf]ksf]cjwf/0ff / o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;a} afnaflnsfn] k'/f vf]k ;]jf kfpg\eGg ] c lek | fon ] k "0 f { vf ] k uf lj; 3f ] i f 0 f fsf ]cawf/0ff NofOPsf] 5 . k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= x'gsf nfluTo; uf=lj=;=df /x]sf !@-@# dlxgfsf ;a} afnaflnsfn]]! aif{sf] pd]/leq ;a} vf]k k'/f u/]sf] k|dfl0ftePsf] v08df pQm uf=lj=;=nfO{ k"0f{ vf]kuf=lj=;= egL 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] /x]sf] 5 . uf=lj=;=nfO{k"0f{vf]k k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|ToIf;+nUgtf /xg]]] 5 . cf=a= @)^(÷&) b]lv k|f/De x'g] o;sfo{ g]kfnsf ;a} uf=lj=;=df lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5. cfly{s jif{ @)^(.&) df lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no ?s'djf6klxnf] k6s z'? ul/Psf] of] cawf/0ff xfn g]kfnsf !)j6f lhNnfx?df of] cawf/0ff z'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . of]?s'd]nL hgtfsf nflu ;'vb s'/f xf] . ?s'd lhNnf:jf:Yo sfof{no lhNnfsf $# j6} uf=lj=;=x?df k'0f{vf]k uf=lj=;= z'lglZrttf ug]{ k|lta2tfsf ;fy cl3al9/x]sf] 5 eg] xfn ;Dd lhNnfsf # j6f uf=lj=;=x?qmdzM ?3f, vf/f / cf7la;8f+8fufpmdf k'0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;=z'lglZrt ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . o;} qmddf, ;d'bfodf :t/dflbO{Psf ;Gb]zx?n] klg ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf afnljjfx,dlxnfdflysf lx+;f, bx]h k|yf,;d'bfodf /x]sf ?9Lut;+:sf/,;'/lIft dft[Tj, lzz' / ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/Lcfdfx?sf] :jf:Yo x]/rfx h:tf ;jfnx?df kl/jt{gsfnflu d2t k'Ug] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cleofgaf6;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf vfgf vfg]], lauf}tL b'w v'jfpg] / s'kf]liftafnaflnsfx?nfO{ kf]lift t'NofP/ hLjgsf] vt/faf6arfpg] dxTjk'0f{ sfdx?df klg d2t k'u]sf] 5 eg]o;sf] ;fy ;fy} ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yfdf klg qmlds ;'wf/NofPsf] 5 .

vf]k ;]jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]] klxnf] k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{qmd xf] . afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ / lj/fdLb/36fpgdf vf]k ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndfk|To]s aif{ s/Lj ^ nfv ^) xhf/eGbf a9L gjlzz'x?hGdG5g\ / tL ;a} afnaflnsfx?n] k"0f{ vf]k k|fKt ug'{pgLx?sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ax'aifL{ovf]k gLlt @)!!-!^ cg';f/ ;g\ @)!^ sf] cGTo ;Dddf

;a} uf=lj=;= tyf lhNnfx?df k"0f{ vf]ksf] se/]h ()k|ltzt eGbf a9L k'/\ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . oBlkhg;f+lVos :jf:Yo ;e]{If0f @)!! cg';f/ cem} !) k|ltztafnaflnsfn] cf+lzs / # k|ltzt afnaflnsfn] s'g}klg

vf]k ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf 5}gg\, h'g xfd|f nflur'gf }tLsf] laifo /x]sf ] 5 . ;a} nlIft

afnaflnsfn] hGd]sf] ! aif{sf] pd]/ leq} k"0f{ vf]k k|fKtu/L ;'/lIft x'g\ eGg] clek|fon] k"0f{ vf]k uflj; ;'lglZrtug]{ sfo{qmd NofOPsf] 5 . o; sfo{df lgoldt /u'0f:t/Lo vf]k ;]jf pknAw u/fpg :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 eg] k|fKt ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/ pkef]uug'{ ;d'bfosf] bfloTj /xG5 . xfn;Ddsf] k|fKt pknAwLnfO{sfod /fvL vf]kaf6 5'6 ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ k'/f vf]k kfpg] jftfj/0f agfO{ k"0f{ vf]k uflj; ;'lglZrtul/g] / k"0f{ vf]k uflj; ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{qmd qmda4?kdf &% j6} lhNnfdf lj:tf/ lglt g]kfn ;/sf/n]lnPsf]] 5 . o; sfo{df lhNnf vf]k ;dGjo ;ldltsf]g]t[Tjdf ;xof]uL ;+:yfx?sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf x'g]5 eg]:yfgLo :t/df uf=lj=;=, dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf, cfdf;d"x, :jf:Yo ;+:yf ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,ljBfno tyf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

ljZjdf afn d[To' (Child Mortality) sf] cj:yfx]g]{ xf] eg], o'lg;]kmåf/f k|sflzt "The State & the World'sChildren, 2009" cg';f/ % jif{ d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/sf]cj:yfsf] tx x]g]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/df g]kfn ^@ cf}+ :yfgdfkb{5 . g]kfndf afn d[To'b/ 36fpg] ljleGg k|of;x?sf]Kfmn:j?k d[To'b/df cfzfltt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ c´}yk 7f]; k|of;sf] vfFrf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo(Millenium Development Goals) @)!% ;Dd afn d[To'b/sf] cj:yfdf ;g\ @))) sf] l:yltaf6 b'O{ ltxfO{n] 36fpg]nIo lnOPsf] 5 . o'lg;]kmåf/f k|sflzt "The State & theWorld's Children 2009" tYofÍdf g]kfndf ;fdfGo tf}nlnP/ hGdg] lzz'x?sf] t'ngfdf sd tf}n -@=% s]=hLeGbf sd_ lnP/ hGdg] lzz'x? a9L afn d[To'sf] hf]lvddfkb{5g\ . ;a} hgtfx?sf] /fd|f] kf]if0f l:ylt, ;dfh Pj+ b]z

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ljsf;sf] nflu k"j{ zt{ xf] . ;+;f/df g} s'kf]if0f Pshl6n ;d:ofsf] ?kdf v8f ePsf] 5 .United Nations FAO sf] "The State of Food Insecurity inthe World 2005: Eradicating World Hunger" cg';f/ nueuk|To]s % ;]s]G8df Pp6f aRrfsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdfs'kf]if0f;+u ;DalGwt sf/0faf6 d[To' x'g] ub{5 . o;nfO{306f / lbgdf cWoog ubf{ &)) afnaflnsfsf] k|lt306f / !^,))) eGbf a9L afnaflnsfsf] k|lt lbg d[To'x'g] ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;g\ !((^ b]lv xfn ;DdcfO{k'Ubf Affn d[To'b/sf] cj:yfdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf]kfOPsf] b]lvb}g\ . ;g\ !((^ df gjhft lzz' -hGd]b]lv @*lbg_ sf] d[To' b/ k|To]s !))) hLljt hGddf ## lzz'sf]d[To' x'g] u/]sf] lyof] eg] xfn of] ;+Vof !))) hLljthGddf ## g} /xg k'u]sf] 5 . o;} u/L lzz' d[To'b/-hGd]b]lv ! jif{ ;Dd_ / kfr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf]d[To'b/sf] cj:yf cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] ;g\ !((^ eGbf-!((^ df $( k|lt xhf/df lyof] eg] @)!! ;Dd $! k|ltxhf/df_ @)!! ;Dd d[To'b/df ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .tyflk ljZj / Pl;ofsf] cGo s]lx b]zsf] t'ngfdf g]kfndfafnd[To' b/ cem} pRr /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf qt{dfgvf]ksf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg], lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf k|f/De eO{ lj:tfl/t vf]k cfof]hgfsf] gfdaf6 JofkstfkfPsf] vf]k ;]jfn] cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;do ;fk]If ePsfgLltut ;'wf/, ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, dfgjLo / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ePsf] :t/f]Gglt, vf]k ;]jfsf] ;xh pknAwtf /Jofks pkef]usf sf/0f g} afnaflnsfsf] lj/fdLb/, d[To'b/df pNn]vgLo sdL cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!! Dff ;fj{hlgsul/Psf] hg;f+lVos :jf:Yo ;e]{If0fsf] glthfn] g]kfndfk"0f{ vf]k ;]jf k|fKt ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof *& k|ltzt b]lvPsf]5 . vf]k ;]jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdxf] . ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo $ / % k|fKt ug{sf nflu vf]k;]jfsf] of]ubfgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ s8Lsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . vf]k ;]jf k|fKt ug'{ afnaflnsfsf] g};uL{sclwsf/ xf] eg] vf]k ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ :jf:YosdL{sf]lhDd]jf/L xf] . ljkm/sf] pGd"ng ;+u} k|f/De ePsf] vf]k;]jf ;a} lhNnfdf lj:tf/ eO{;s]klg ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs,cfly{s tyf s]xL ;f+:s[lts r'gf}tLsf sf/0f xfn;Dd klgs/Lj !# k|ltzt afnaflnsfx? k"0f{ vf]k ;]jfaf6 jl~rtePsf 5g\ . lgMz'Ns / ;xh} ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] of];]jfaf6 cem}klg afnaflnsfx? al~rt ePsf]n] vf]kaf6

5'6 ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof klg Go"g /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf:yfgLo :t/ af6} vf]k ;]jfsf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg/ d"NofÍgdf k|ToIf ;xeflutf ePdf ;a} nlIftafnaflnsfn] vf]k ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf lglZrttf ug{;lsG5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf &% j6} lhNnfx?df,/fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmd cGt{ut xfn ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsfvf]kx?df ! aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lj=;=hL= Psdfqf, l8lk6L–x]k aL–lxa tLg dfqf, kf]lnof] tLg dfqftyf bfb'/f–?a]nf Ps dfqf lbOG5 ;fy} pRr hf]lvddf/x]sf lhNnfx?df !@ b]lv @# dlxgfsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{h]O{ vf]k Ps dfqf / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ b'O{ dfqf 6L6Lvf]k lbOG5 . k"0f{ vf]k ! aif{sf] pd]/ leq lj;LhL Psdfqf, l8lk6L–x]k aL-lxa tLg dfqf, kf]lnof] tLg dfqftyf bfb'/f-?a]nf Ps dfqf vf]k lnPsf] lzz' ;Demg' kb{5. uf=lj=;= df !@-@# dlxgfsf afnaflnsfdf ;e]{If0fubf{ ;a} afnaflnsfn] ! aif{sf] pd]/leq k"0f{ vf]k k|fKtu/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] uf=lj=;=nfO{ k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;=elgG5 . o;} zGb{edf, lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no ?s'dsf]cfof]hgfdf ldlt @)&) ;fn Ho]i7 dlxgf @* ut] b]lv@)&) ;fn ciff9 dlxgf !$ ut] ;Dd ! aif{sf] pd]/ leqk"0f{ vf]k k|fKt u/]sf] uf=lj=;=x?nfO{ k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;=3f]if0ff ug]{ lglt cg'?k ?s'd lhNnfsf # j6f uf=lj=;=nfO{ k"0f{ vf]k o'tm uf=lj=;= 3f]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;cGt{ut lhNnfsf ?3f, vf/f tyf cf7la;8f8fufpmuf=lj=;=x? k"0f{ vf]k o'tm uf=lj=;= 3f]if0f ug]{ ;'lrdfk/]sf 5g\ . lhNnf tyf :yflgo :t/sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] Jofks ;xeflutf /x]sf] ptm 3f]if0ffsfo{qmddf, :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L, lhNnf :jf:Yosfof{nosf k|d'v, laleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf k|d'vx? nufot /fhlglts sld{x?, laBfnosflzIfs tyf laBfyL{x?, kqsf/x?, :yflgo a'l2lhljx?,dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx?sf]] Jofks ;xeflutf /x]sf]lyof] eg] o; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf nflu uf=lj=;=sf;lra, :yflgo :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf k|d'v c=g=dL=, df=l;=sf=,u|f=:j=sf=, cx]j, :j+o ;]ljsfx? tyf :yflgo u}/;/sf/Llgsfox?n] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug{' Pp6f dxTjk"0f{sfo{ xf] eg] of] pknAwLnfO{ sfod /fVg' cem dxTjk"0f{kIf xf] . o;sf nflu uf=lj=;=, :jf:Yo ;+:yf, Joj:yfkg;ldlt, ljBfnosf lzIfs ljBfyL{, dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+

cfn]v÷ljrf/

––

;]ljsf, :yfgLo :t/df ePsf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L;+3 ;+:yfx?, laleGg ;d"xx? / ;d'bfosf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf]k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff sfo{qmdsf] yfngL / o;sf]lbuf]kgfsf nflu ! aif {sf] pd]/ leq ;t k|ltztafnaflnsfx?sf] cfjZotmfsf] klxrfg, of]hgf lgdf{0fug]{ b]lv lnP/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog nufot o;sf]cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sgdf ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ! aif{sf] pd]/ leq k"0f{ vf]k k|fKtu/]sf] uf=lj=;=x?nfO{ k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ug]{ lgltcg'?k ?s'd lhNnfjf6 z'? ul/Psf] k'0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;=3f]if0ffsf] nx/ b]zsf !) j6f lhNnfx?df z'? eO{ ;s]sf5 eg] o; lhNnfsf # j6f uf=lj=;=sf ;t\ k|ltztafnaflnsfn] vf]k tflnsf cg';f/ k"0f{ vf]k k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g . :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] Jofks kl/rfngul/ Ps cleofgsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmdn] cGok'0f{ vf]k 3f]if0ff ug{ afsL uf= lj=;=x?df klg k'0f{ vf]k3f]if0ff ug]{ nx/ rn]sf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] lgoldtcg'udgaf6 ;a} afnaflnsfn] k"0f{ vf]k kfPsf] ;'lglZrttfePsf] 5 . ljBfno, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;dfh;]jL, gful/s;dfh, u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?x?n] k"0f{ vf]k nufpgsfnflu hg r]tgf d'ns sfo{qmdx? ;++rfng ul/ cfjZos;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . pQm sfo{qmddf lhNnfljsf; ;ldltsf :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L >L e/t s'df/zdf{n] k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=;=3f]if0ff ug]{ uf=lj=;=x?nfO{ lhNnfljsf; ¿s'dsf] tkm{af6 ¿ %)))). gub k/:sf/ :j?kk|df0fkq tyf ;Ddfg ug'{ klg /fd|f] pknlJwsf] ¿kdflng ;lsG5 . k'0f{ vf]k o'tm uf=lj=;=3f]if0ff sfo{qmdnfO{s]lGb||s[t ul/ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?n] ckgTj lnO{:yflgo :t/ b]lv lhNnf :t/ ;Ddsf sfo{qmd k|d'v tyf

k|ltlglwx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /xg' Pp6f /fd|f] cEof;sf]z'?jftsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . k'0f{ vf]knfO{ lbuf] ?kdfsfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu uf=lj=;=tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]cfly{s tyf g}lts ;d{yg ug'{nfO{ /fd|f] cEof;sf] z'?jftsf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx?, :j+o ;]ljsf, u|f=:j=sf=, df=l;=sf=nufot:yflgo :t/df /x]sf ;+3 ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{uf=lj=;=sf] g]t[Tjdf k'0f{ vf]k z'lgZrttf ug{sf nfluplgx?sf] Jofks kl/rfng ul/ k6s k6s cg'udgu/fpg' Pp6f pbfx/l0fo cEof;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .oBkL o;df cgluGtL r'gf}tL eg] gePsf xf]O{gg\ , cfhsf]@! cf}+ ztfAbLdf, g]kfndf cem} !) k|ltzt afnaflnsfn]cf+lzs / # k|ltzt afnaflnsfn] s'g}klg vf]k ;]jf k|fKtug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf, g]kfn ;/sf/n] z'? u/]sf]sfo{qmd cfkm}df ;/fxlgo b]lvG5 . o; sfo{qmdsf]lbuf]kgfsf nflu ;d'bfo :t/df cem Jofks hgr]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdsf] vf+rf] 68sf/f] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . k"0f{vf]k uf=lj=; 3f]if0ff sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xh ?kdf ;+rfngug{ aflif{s l:js[t sfo{qmddf cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 ;lxt;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?df kof{Kt hgzlQmcefjsf sf/0f vf]k sfo{qmddf cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg' tyf ?s'd lhNnf cfkm}df ljs6 ePsf]sf/0f o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;j} uf=lj=;x?df rfx] cg';f/;dod} k"0f{ vf]k uf=lj=; 3f]if0ff ug{ g;Sg' Ps r'gf]tLsf]?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . h'g xfd|f nflu r'gf}tLsf] laifo ag]sf]5 eg] lhNnf tyf :yflgo :t/df :jf:Yo sfo{qmddfcfa2 /lx sfo{ ul//x]sf ;+3 ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;dGjo /;xsfo{df cem hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

4G4af6 cfdfafa' u'dfPsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfaf/] tTYof+s ;fj{hlgs

?s'd lhNnfsf $# j6f ufla;df 4G4 nufPt cGosf/0fx?af6 ;d]t afa'cfdf b'j} jf b'O{dWo] Ps u'dfPsf!#@& hgf afnaflnsfx? klxrfg ePsf 5g\ . h; dWo];a}eGbf w]/} If]qL #$=@ k|ltzt tyf qmdzM du/ #! Tyfblnt @% k|ltzt /x]sf] tTYof+s ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 o;}u/L ltgLx?df ;a}eGbf a9L !! b]vL !$ aif{ pd]/;d'xsf #*=@ k|ltzt To;kl5 ^ b]vL !) pd]/ ;d'xsf

6]saxfb'/ cf]nL?s'd÷ebf}

#^=% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . l;ljg ?s'd4f/f ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] tTYof+sdf o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 . o:t} lt afnaflnsfx?dWo] *($ hgfsf afa'sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 eg] !!( hgfsf]cfdfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . cfdf afa' b'j} gx'g]sf] ;+Vof eg]!&) /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L xfn #(=( k|ltzt dfq} cfdf;Fual;/x]sf 5g\ eg] !%=! k|ltzt xh'/a'jf xh'/cfdf;Fua;]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsf PSn} cfkm}+ dfq a:g]sf] ;+Vof @k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] @=^ k|ltztsf] a:g] 7]ufgf gePsf]/ hxfF k'Uof] ToxLF a:g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] l;ljgsf k|d'vlz4/fh kg]?n] atfpg'eof] . lt afnaflnsfx? dWo]

;dfrf/

––

!)=( k|ltztsf] dfq} hGdbtf{ ePsf] 5 . o:t} %!! hgfcyf{t #*=$ k|ltztsf afa'sf] d[To' 4G4sf sf/0f ePsf]5 . 4G4sf sf/0f afa'sf] dTo' x'g]x? dWo] &*=( k|ltztsfafa'x?sf] /fHosf sf/0f / @!=& k|ltztsf afa'x?sf]d[To' u}//fHo kIfsf sf/0f ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L pgLx? cfkm'x? al;/x]sf] 7fFpdf %!=^ k|ltztn]cK7]/f] cg'e'lt ul//x]sf lyP eg] $=# k|ltztn] 8/ dx;';ul//x]sf lyP\ . l;ljg ?s'dsf] Ps cWoog k|lta]bgsfcg';f/ cWoogdf ;xefuLx? ePsfx? dWo] &# k|ltztafnaflnsfsf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ tyf bolgo ePsf]tyf $* k|ltztsf] nufO/x]sf] eGbf csf{] hf]/ nufpg]n'uf gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:t} &!=# k|ltztsf] k|ofKtcf]9\g] / cf]5\ofpg] ;d]t gePsf] / @*=! k|ltztn] ef]snfu]sf] a]nfdf dfu]/ jf cfkm}+ lems]/ vfgf vfg gkfpg]cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|lta]bgsf cg';f/ ;fIf/ x'g]x?sf];+Vof %*=& k|ltzt dfq} ePsf] / laBfno hfg]x? dWo]$^=^ k|ltztn] dfq} lgoldt ?kdf laBfno hfg kfPsf5g\ . &=* k|ltzt;Fu dfq} k|of{Kt z}lIfs ;fdfu|L pknAwePsf] / !(=@ k|ltztn] dfq} 3/df k9\g tyf u[xsfo{ ug{;do kfpFb5g\ .

l;ljgsf cg';f/ cWoogsf] qmddf ;fdfGocjnf]sgaf6 !!=$ k|ltzt dfq} x[i6k'i6 b]lvPsf] tyf$)=$ k|ltzt ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . %)=#k|ltztn] vf]k nufPsf] atfPsf] tyf *!=& k|ltztn]klxn] s'g} g s'g} la/fdL k/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . h;dfw]/} dfqfdf emf8fkvfnf, lgdf]lgof, 6fOkmfO8 / l6aLaf6la/fdL ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . la/fdL kbf{ !@=( k|ltztn]wfdL emfFqmLaf6 / ^)=^ k|ltztn] dfq c:ktfnaf6pkrf/ u/fPsf] / !&* k|ltzt eg] cem}+ klg la/fdL g} /x]sf] kfOPsf] l;ljg ?s'dsf] k|lta]bgdf pNn]v 5 .k|lta ]bgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ cWoogdf ;+nUgafnaflnsf dWo] w]/}nfO{ vfgf, cfjf;, lzIff, n'uf, z}lIfs;fdfu|L nufPtsf] Ps eGbf a9L cfjZostf /x]sf]atfPsf 5g\ . h; dWo] %*=* k|ltztn] vfg / cfjf;,$@=^ k|ltztn] nQfsk8f, ##=@ k|ltztn] z}lIfs;fdfu|Lsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o:t} ltafnaflnsfx? dWo] %%=% k|ltztn] xfn al;/x]s} 3/df,@(=$ k|ltztn] cfkm\g} ufFpsf] laBfnodf tyf !%=!k|ltztn] eg] afnu[xdf g} /fv]/ ;xof]u ug{'kg{] atfPsf];f] k|lta]bgdf pNn]v 5 .

;dfrf/

s0f{axfb'/ cf]nLk|f]k|fO6/ cd/ 5fkfvfgf pBf]u tyf ;Knfo;{

vn+uf–!, ?s'dkmf]g g+= M )**–%#)!%$

––

/fd|f] ?s'd, xfd|f] cleofg!=kl/ro (Introduction)

hgtfnfO{ clwstd ;]jf lbg' cfw'lgs /fHoJoj:yfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . /fHoåf/f k|jflxt ;]jf gful/ssf] /f]hfO{ ,cfjZostf, k|fyldstf / /fHosf] Ifdtfdfe/ kb{5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] k4lt b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt,cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts kl/j]zaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5 .;/sf/ / /fHon] cfˆgf gful/sx?nfO{ lgMz'Ns ;Mz'Ns jfcGo s'g} k|sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs;]jf elgG5 . o:tf] ;]jfsf] bfo/f Jofks x'g'sf ;fy}k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf k|sf/sf] x'G5 . gful/sn] ;'ky, ;'ne/ ;do ;fk]If oy]i6 ;]jf kfpg' g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]d'Vo p2]Zo x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] :jo+ jf cGo tj/n] ;]jfsf]Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb5 . hgtf / ;/sf/jLr hlt j9Ldfqfdf ;xof]ufTds ;DjGw :yfkgf x'G5 TotL g} ;]jf;'ljwfsf k|efjsf/Ltfdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .t;y{ oL b'j}+ u/fpg] dfWood eg]sf ;'zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs;]jf k|jfx g} xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'zf;g sfod ug]{;Gbe{df ljleGg P]g lgod tyf sfo{gLltut ?kd} ljleGgJoj:yfx/ u/]sf] 5 . tL Joj:yfn] gful/s d}qL sfof{nojgfpg] ;Gbe{df ljleGg sf]0fjf6 ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .@= cjwf/0ff

ljutsf ljleGg ;dodf ePsf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljB"t cflb ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdfeO/x]sf] qmlds ljsf;, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qsf] lta| ljsf;/ lhNnfjf;Lx?sf] o; If]qdf qmlds kx'Fr, cfly{s,;fdflhs, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwg, ko{6g, hn;|f]t cflbIf]qdf gofF gofF ;Defjgf phfu/ eO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;f]cg'?k lhNnfjf;Lx?sf] ;/sf/k|ltsf] ck]Iffdf cfO/x]sf]a9f]Q/L / ;]jfk|bfos ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] ;f]ck]Iff k"/f ug{;Sg] sfo{z}nL, Joj:yfkg kIf, sfo{jftfj/0f aLrsf] cGt/sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cGt/nfO{sd ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfO{ lhNnfdf;'zf;g sfod ug{ e'ldsf v]Ng' / lhNnfjf;Lx?sf]ck]Iffcg'?k pgLx?sf] ljsf;df 6]jf lbg' /fi6";]jsx?sf]klxnf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . ctM ?s'd lhNnfsf ;Dk"0f{

ch{'g e08f/L

/fi6«;]jsx?sf] cu|;/tf ;fy} ;Dj4 ;j}+sf] cy{k"0f{;xeflutf tyf ;Dj4 JolQm Pj+ ;+:yfx?sf] dfu{bz{g,;'emfj / ;Nnfxdf ?s'd]nL e"ld / hgtfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df/fvL oyfl:yltdf ;'wf/, ljsf; / gofF ;Defjgfx?sf]vf]hL ug{ tyf ?s'd lhNnfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] ultnfO{cuf8L j9fpg] lbzfdf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] 1fg, l;k,Ifdtf, ljj]slzntf, Odfgbf/LtfnfO{ clwstd ?kdfpkof]u ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nfluljBdfg gLltut, sfg"gL, of]hgfut k|fjwfg / k|zf;g;'wf/sf l;kmfl/zx?nfO{ g} lhNnfsf] j:t'l:ylt cg'?kJojxf/df ptfg{ gofF cleofg yfngL ug{] Wo]o cg'?k/fd|f] ?s'd, xfd|f] cleofg gfdsf] /fi6";]js j[xt cleofgsf]yfngL ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] cleofgsf] cjwf/0ff kqtof/ ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cjwf/0ff kqdf ;'zf;g Pj+;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] jf/]df /0fgLltut tl/sfn]sfo{of]hgf ;lxt lqmofsnfkx? to ul/Psf] 5 .#= b'/b[li6 -vision_ ?s'd lhNnfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;Gbe{dfgd'gf lhNnf jgfpg] . lhNnfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo / gful/sjLrsf];DjGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg] .$= nIo -Goal_

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, ;'zf;g Pj+ sf]if dfkm{t;fj{hlgs nf]s sNof0fsf/L sfo{ u/L ?s'd lhNnfdflhNnfdf sd{rf/L / gful/s ljr ;d'w'/ ;DjGw sfodu/L gofF cfofd yKg] . k|efsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]dfWood4f/f ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .%= p2]Zo -Objectives_o; /fi6«;]js cleofgsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g]5 M lhNnf :t/df /x]sf x/]s ;/sf/L sfof{nojf6 k|jfxul/g] ;]jfk|jfx k|s[ofdf k|efjsfl/tf clej[4L ug]{ .

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cleofg sf]if dfkm{t ko{6g k|j{4g, -b}jLk|sf]k, n}lu+slx;f+, k|;'tL cj:yfdf k/]sf lj/fdL nufot cGocfktsflng cj:yfdf k/]sf JolQm 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt. ;xof]u ug]{ tyf ljleGg r]tgfd'ns sfo{x? ;+rfngug]{ . sd{rf/Lx?jLr cfk;L ;dGjo tyf ;'–;DjGw :yflktug]{ . cleofgsf] sfo{of]hgf jdf]lhd ljleGg sfo{x? ;+rfngug]{ .^= /0fgLlt -Startegy_ sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL cleofg d'n ;ldlt,cleofg sf]if :yfkgf, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, tyfcg'udg d'Nof+sg ;dGjo Pj+ k|ltj]bg ;ldlt jgfpg] . cleofgsf] sf]if :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg;xeflutfTds k4tLsf] cjnDjg ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u cfjlBs 5nkmn, cGt{lqmof,;'emfj k[i7kf]if0f ;+sng . Reward and Zero Tolerence df cfwfl/tPunishment k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug{sf] nfuL Watch-dog sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ . pTs[i7 sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sfof{no / sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . cleofgsf] bLuf]kgfsf] nfuL sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ lg/Gt/sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ljleGg tflnd, r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/x? ug]{ .&= sfo{gLlt -Workpolicy_-s_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfo{sIfdf kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] ;+u7gtflnsf lgdf{0f .;j}+ sfof{nodf Mini Library sf] Joj:yf .;j} sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxL cf/fd sIfsf] Joj:yf . sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f . sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f kmf/fdsf] lgdf{0f/ sfof{Gjog . sd{rf/Lx?sf] kf]zfs / kl/ro kqsf] clgjfo{tf . k|To]s sfof{non] cfkm\gf] O{d]n PsfG6 vf]Ng] / ;f]xLdfkm{t sfof{nout kqfrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . cfw'lgs clen]v Joj:yfkg . k|To]s sfof{nosf] btf{ / rnfgLnfO{ sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLjf6

;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . k|To]s sfof{nosf kmfF6 k|d'v -gf=;' :t/;Ddsf_sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfof{no Joj:yfkg -clen]v Joj:yfkg,;d:of ;dfwfg cfwf/e't ;Lk, sDKo'6/ ;Lk, l6Kk0fLn]vg l;k, Jojxf/ut l;k_ h:tf ljifodf tflnd ;+rfngug]{ . sfof{no k|d'vx?;+u ;do ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf;]jf k|jfx ;DjGwdf ;dGjosf/L j}+7ssf] lg/Gt/tf .;j}+ sfof{nodf k|To]s kmfF6 cg';f/sf] sd{rf/L ;d]tsf]dgf]jnsf] nfuL Name Plate /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;]jfu|fxL d}qL sfof{no jgfpg k|To]s sfof{non]lgDgfg';f/sf] jf]8{ jgfO{ 6fF:g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

æ/fd|f] ?s'd xfd|f] cleofgd':sfg ;lxtsf] ;]jf, /x/n] sfdÆ

;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf]nfuL k};f gnfUg] Toll Free 6]lnkmf]g /fVg] Joj:yfug]{ . k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{nodf First come First Service sf]nfuL Token System nfu' ug]{ ./fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?sf] nfuL ljleGg of]u / k|0ffodsfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ . lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{non] jif{df ! k6s ljleGgsfo{;+u ;DjlGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf sfof{nox?sf k|d'vx?sf]pkl:ytL u/fO{ sfo{ k|utL j}+7ssf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . k|To]s sfof{nox?df ?s'd lhNnfsf] lhNnfsf] ko{6gk|j4{g ;+u ;DjlGwt kmf]6f]x? /fVg nufpg]-v_ ;'zf;gdf 6]jf M;j}+ sfof{nodf Help desk sf] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng . sfof{nosf] sfo{ k|ultsf] ;DjGwdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwLP]gdf Joj:yf ePjdf]lhd #.# dlxgfdf ;fj{hlglss/0fug]{ Joj:yf . cBfjlws ul/Psf] gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf . k|To]s sfof{non] ;"rgf clwsf/L÷k|jQmf tf]sL;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;/f]sf/;+u ;DjlGwt ;"rgfx?, lg0f{ox?;"rgfkf6L Pj+ j]j;fO{6jf6 ;fj{hlglss/0f ug]{ Joj:yfug]{ M ;'zf;g -;+rfng / Joj:yfkg_ P]g @)^$ . Paperless Office jgfpg] -k|To]s sfof{nosf]Website lgdf{0f, ;]jf k|jfx / kqfrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfgsf]nfuL web network Software sf] ljsf; ug]{ . k|To]s ;+3 ;+:yf, P+j ;/sf/L sfof{nox?jf6 x'g]

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ljsf; lgdf{0f nufotsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg/ b]lvPsf s}lkmotx?sf] ;Gbe{df ;DjlGwt lgsfodf ;'wf/Pj+ sf/jfxLsf] nfuL l;kmfl/z ug]{ .;]jfu|fxL÷gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlgwLx?;+u lgoldtcGt{lqmof / k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug]{ .;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . Plss[t 3'DtL lzlj/ ;+rfng . k|To]s sfof{nodf ph'/Lk]l6sf÷;'emfj k]l6sf /fVg]Joj:yf ug]{ . klxnf] r/0fdf vn+uf jhf/sf sDtLdf # :yfgdfæ/fd|f] ?s'd xfd|f] cleofgÆ oxfFsf] s'g} sfof{nosf] ;]jfk|jfx;DjGwL s'g} u'gf;f] eP ;'emfj k]l6sfdf u'gf;f] /flvlbg'xf]nfeGg] Jofg/ ;lxt ;'emfj k]l6sfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ./fd|f] ?s'd xfd|f] cleofg /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{. k|To]s sfof{nodf ;'Gb/ ju}rf -km'njf/L_ sf] lgdf{0fug]{ . ;f] sf] nfuL ;dlztf]i0f t/sf/L jLp pTkfbg s]Gb|rfFkf ?s'dn] km'nsf j]gf{x? pTkfbg ul/ ;Mz'Ns jflgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

u= ;+u7g lgdf{0f tyf sf]ifdf Joj:yfkg Mcleofgsf] ;kmntf Pj+ o;sf] bLuf]kgfsf] nfuL lgDgfg';f/;f+u7lgs ;+r/gfsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .!= cleofg d'n ;ldlt M cleofg d'n ;ldltdf @!hgfsf] ;ldlt x'g]5 . h;df b]xfo jdf]lhsf ;ldlt/xg]5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L M ;+of]hs, :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L M pk;+of]hs, cg'udg d'Nof+sg ;dGjo tyf k|ltj]bg pk;ldltsf;+of]hs nufot ;j}+ & ;b:ox? M kb]g ;b:o cleofg sf]if ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf ;+of]hsnufot ;j}+ % ;b:ox? M kb]g ;b:o cGo g;d]l6Psf sfof{nosf kg]{ ul/ dgf]lgt &sd{rf/Lx? M ;b:o

@= cleofg sf]if ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg pk;ldltMb]xfojdf]lhd % hgfsf] ;ldlt /xg ]5 . sf]if lgoGqs M ;+of]hs d'n ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf cGo $ hgf M ;b:o#= cg 'udg, d 'Nof +sg, ;dGjo tyf k |ltj ]bg

pk;ldlt M b]xfojdf]lhd & hgfsf] ;ldlt /xg]5 .;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L M ;+of]hs d'n ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf cGo ^ hgf M ;b:ocleofg d'n ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ M cleofgsf] d'n ljlgod tyf lgb]{lzsfx? kfl/t ug]{ . cleofgsf] bLuf]kgfsf] nfuL pko'Qm dfu{bz{g jgfpg] cleofgsf] sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ;DjGwdf plrt lg0f{oug]{ .cleofg sf]if ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt sfdst{Jo / clwsf/ M sf]ifdf /sd hDdf tyf sf]ifjf6 vr{ ul/g] /sdx?sf]n]vfsf] k|ltj]bg d'n ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ . k|rlnt sfg'g jdf]lhd n]vf /fVg], n]vfkl/If0f ug]{u/fpg] . cleofgsf] sf]if vr{ ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf jgfO{ d'n;ldltdf k]z ug]{ . cg'udg, d'Nof+sg ;dGjo Pj+ k|ltj]bg ;ldlt ;+u;dGjo u/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] sfo{of]hgf jgfO{sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL d'n ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .cg'udg, d'Nof+sg, Pj+ k|ltj]bg pk;ldltsf] sfdst{Jo / clwsf/ M lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox?sf] sfo{ sfof{Gjog u/]gu/]sf] ;DjGwdf cg'udg ug]{ . cg'udgjf6 b]lvPsf s}lkmotx?sf] jf/]df d'n ;ldtLdf5nkmnsf] nfuL k]z ug]{ . cleofg sf]if ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;+u ;dGjou/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ sfof{Gjogsf]nfuL d'n ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ . cleofgsf] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ . cleofg d'n ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{of]hgfsf]sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL kxn ug]{ .sf]ifsf] lgdf{0f lgDgfg';f/sf] dfWodaf6 ug]{ M/fi6«;]jsx?af6 :j}lR5s of]ubfg, ljleGg ;3;+:yfx?af6 ;xof]u lh=lj=;=af6 cg'bfg ljb]z uPsf ?s'd]nL gful/ssf ;+3 ;:yf nufPtJolQmx?jf6 k||fKt ;xof]u .sf]ifsf] ;~rfng M sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/af6 sfo{;~rfng x'g] a}+sdf vftfvf]Ng] .

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sf]ifsf] ;+rfng cleofg sf]if ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg;ldltsf ;+of]hs / Ps hgf ;b:osf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtjf6;+rfng x'g] u/L /fVg] .3_ cleofg sf]ifsf] kl/rfng tyf cGo M!= cleofgsf] k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4sf] nfuL sf]ifsf]/sd u/L b]xfojdf]lhdsf] If]qdf pkof]u ul/g]5 M cfkt ljkb -lj/fdL, lx;f+lkl8t dlxnf, c;xfojfnjflnsfsf] p4f/ sfo{, b'Mvdf k/]sfx?nfO{ /fxt ;xof]u,b}jL k|sf]kdf 3/jf/ljlxg ePsf kl/jf/, ;'Ts]/L dlxnfsf]pkrf/ nufot /fi6|;]js jf lghsf] kl/jf/ lj/fdL eO{pkrf/ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf] nfuL /fxt ;xof]u ug]{ . xflh/Lhjfkm, lgjGw h:tf Ifdtf clej[l4sfk|ltoflutfx?sf] ;+rfng . ko{6g k|j{4g ;u+ ;DjlGwt ;xof]ufTds lqmofsnfkx? lhNnfsf] ljkb Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt ;xof]ufTdssfo{x? ljleGg r]tgfd'ns sfo{x? -;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{,gful/s ;r]tgf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f cfbL_;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ ePsf ljifox? h:t} M -;fj{hlgszf}rfno lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs rf}tf/f] lgdf{0f, cfbL_ lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?dWo]jf6 pTs[i6 ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, u|fxs ;Gt'li6;j]{If0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|To]s jif{ lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf]cj;/df b]xfojdf]lhdsf sd{rf/Lx/nfO{ k'/:sf/ Pj+ sb/kq k|bfg ug]{ ./fhkqf+lst sd{rf/L dWo] -k|zf;g, n]vf, Gofo, ;/sf/L jlsn ;d'x tyf cGo lh=lj=;=sf_ sd{rf/Lx? dWo]pTs[i7 ! hgfnfO{ ./fhkq cg+lst -d'lvof, vl/bf/, gf=;', n]vfkfn tyfsfof{no ;xof]uL :t/ tyf lh=lj=;=sf sd{rf/L ;d]t_dWo] pTs[i7 ! hgfnfO{ tyf ;f]xL :t/sf k|fljlwssd{rf/Lx? dWo] pTs[i7 ! hgfnfO{ .@= cGo . j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd lgMz'Ns nf]s ;]jf cfof]u tof/L sIffx? ;+rfng lhNnfdf klxnf] r/0fdf ;b/d'sfddf gd'gf k':tsfnosf]lgdf{0f ljkGg tyf sdhf]/ cfo ePsfx?nfO{ :j/f]huf/d'nstflnd ;+rfng ug]{ tyf ;DjlGwt lgsfodf kxnul/lbg] .

lhNnfnfO{ ko{6lso lhNnf jgfpgsf] nfuL d4t k'Ug]vfnsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ . sfo{of]hgfn] ;d6]sf cGo ljifox?df sfo{ ug]{;'/lIft j}+b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DjGwL r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx?;+rfng ug]{ . /f i6 «; ]js sd {rf/Lx?sf ] d fgl;s :jf:Yo;jnLs/0fsf nfuL of]u k|0ffofd sIffx? ;+rfng ug{TOT k|lzIf0f pknJw u/fO hgzQmL pTkfbg ug]{ . k'/:sf/nfO{ j}1flgs Pj+ kf/bzL{ jgfpg ;"rsx?sf]klxrfg u/L ltlgx?sf] ef/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . of] cleofgnfO{ s]lx ;dokl5 O{nfsf :t/sf sfof{no,;]jfs]Gb| tyf lgs6 eljiodf uf=lj=;=:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg].*= lgisif{ M

cfb{z sd{rf/LtGqdf sd{rf/Lsf Jojxf/ / ;f]rcfw'lgs z}nLsf ?kfGtl/t k|s[ltsf x'G5g . ;dfh?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;f]rsf sd{rf/Lx?df jlu{o ;+/rgfn] ubf{cfTdUnfgLsf] efj k}bf x'G5 . d'VotM g]kfnsf] sd{rf/Lk|zf;gsf] :j?k Western Model df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5. j]nfot, jf ef/tsf] k'/} gSsn /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] Clas-sification Structure df lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] ;+/rgf / ljljw ju{ 5'6\l6Psf] cj:yfn] ubf{ gldn]sf] 5 .clws[td'ns sd{rf/L k|zf;g cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .sfof{nosf] ;+/rgf Open Office System cg'?k CCTVCamera, Interconnection h8fg h:tf cfw'lgs;+oGq dfkm{t Chain Of Command /fVg klg ;lhnf]x'G5 . Information Technology o'Qm k|zf;g cfhsf]cfjZostf kSs} xf] . ;j}+ sd{rf/Ldf sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL;DjGwL hfgsf/L x'g] / sfof{nosf sfo{x? ;j}+ sDKo'6/k|ljwLjf6 ug]{ / h;sf] Desk df sfd cfp5 ;f]xLDesk jf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/of] eg]klg g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf gofF cfofd ylkg ;S5. t/ 7\ofSs} pN6f] cfhsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{z}nL ;j}+ sfuhL/x]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/df xfd|f] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Ltyf ;+u7g cltul/j ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . /fd|f]?s'd xfd|f] cleofg klg oxL cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t cleofgxf] . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ :jt:km't{ ?kdf cleofgdf ;xefuLjgfO{ dfyL plNnlvt sfo{gLlt jdf]lhd sfof{Gjog ub}{uPdf ?s'd lhNnfnfO{ ;'zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]If]qdf gd'gf lhNnf jgfpg ;lsG5 .

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ul/aL / Go"g cfo:t/ ePsf ?s'd k]p3f uflj;sfs[ifs dlxnfx?sf nflu Joj;flos a];f/ v]tL Pp6fdxTjk"0f{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ag]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ds}afnLdfdfq ;Lldt /x]sf pgLx? dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsfof{nosf] ;xof]udf ;Lkljsf; tflnd lnP/ cg'bfg /sd kfPkl5 Joj;fotkm{ pGd'v ePsf x'g .

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cGo afnL pTkfbg gx'g] hUufdf ;d]t a];f//fd|f] pTkfbg x'g] x'Fbf sltko ls;fgx?n] 3fF; pd|]sfsfNgfx?nfO{ ;d]t vg]/ ;b'kf]u u/]sf 5g\ . cGo afnLh:tf]a9L d]xgt / nufgL ;d]t ug'{ gkg]{ x'Fbf sd cfo:t/ x'g]dlxnfx?sf] cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 . k]p3f uflj;af6 ul/aLpGd'ng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy cfkm\gf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] dlxnftyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] ;xof]udf a];f/ v]tLsfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{/x]sf] ;+:yfsL Joj:yfks sdnfv8\sfn] atfpg'eof] . $ j8fdf nfu' ePsf] sfo{qmdlj:tf/ u/]/ ;j} j8fdf k'¥ofpg] / uflj;nfO{ g} Pp6fgd"gf Jojf;los ?kn] lrgfpg] tl/sfn] cfkm"x?nfluk/]sf] ;+:yfsf cWoIf u+uf v8\sfsf] egfO{ 5 .o;}jif{b]vL ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] g} ;j} ;b:ox?af6 a];f/vl/b u/]/ aLp rflxg]nfO{ aLp / afFsL k|zf]4g u/]/ ljqmLug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . d]l;gaf6 k|zf]4g ug'{eGbf :yfgLo3§sf ] k |of ]uaf6 k|zf ]4g ul/g ] cWoIf v8\sfn]atfpg'eof] .

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ljsfzf]Gd'v d'n'ssf] b'u{d e]udf Pp6f ulDe/ ;d:ofag]sf] 5 . h;n] cGwf]kgaf6 u|l;t x'g] JolQmnfO{ b[li6/lxt agfP/ dfgljo lk8f lbg'sf] ;fy} JolQmsf] kl/jf/nfO{cfly{s ;d:of l;h{gf u/L ;d|u ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf x|f;NofpFb5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] tYo+fscg';f/ xfn ljZjdf cg'dflgt !* s/f]8hg;+Vof ;fdfGo ?kdf dflg;df x'g'kg]{ b[li6Ifdtf g/x]sf] kfO{G5 . To;dWo] $=% s/f]8hg;+Vof laNs'n} cGwf 5g\ / s'g} s'g} ;xfotf ljgflx88'n ug{ ;Ifd g/x]sf] kfO{g5 . o:tf] ljzfn ;d:ofsf]?kdf ;dfhdf JofKt /x]sf] cGwf]kgsf] %) k|ltztsf/0f cfvfFdf df]ltljGb' x'g' xf] h'g ;lhn} ;j{;'nezNolqmofaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 eg] cGo sf/0fx?df cfvfFdfx'g] v;|] /f]u le6fldg P sf] sdLaf6 x'g] /tGwf] /f]uhnljGb' b[li6bf]if cfvFfdf nfUg] k|d'v sf/0f x'g\ .ljZjdf /x]sf] $=% s/f]8 cGwf b[li6 ljlxg hg;+Vofsf]Ps ltxfO{ efu blIf0f k'jL{ Pl;ofdf /x]sf] 5 eg] k|ltldg]6ljZjdf x'g] !@ hgf cGwf dWo] $ hgf o;} blIf0f Pl;ofaf6kb{5g\ .

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;lsG5 .ljut %) jif{ otf o; ljZjJofkL ulDe/ :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf]?kdf /x]sf] cGwf]kgnfO{ lgd'{n ug{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g ;o'+Qm /fi6 ;+3sf Ph]lG;x?/fli6«o Pj+ lglh If]qaf6 pNn]vlgo of]ubfg eO{ /x]tf klg

k|d'v :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljZjJofkLcGwf]kgsf] jf ]em hg;+Vofdf ePsf ] j[l2hg;+Vofsf] a9\bf] pd]/ b'u{d Pj+ cljsl;t7fpFx?df cfvfFsf] pkrf/fTds ;[jfx? gk'Ug] /

k'u] klg :yfgLo :t/af6 To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf]cfbL O{TofbL sf/0fx?n] a9\b} uO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/Lxfn a9\b} uO{ /x]sf] cGwf]kgsf] ;d:of oxL ultn] a9\b}uPdf ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljZjdf cGwf]kgaf6 u|l;t x'g]hg;+Vofsf] bf]Jj/ x'g] cg'dfg ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn]u/]sf] 5 .lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ s] xf] t <

ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf] cGwf]kgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgug{ tyf ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljZjdf JofKt cGwf]kgnfO{lgd'{lns/0f ug{ ljZjsf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L;+3 ;+:yfx?af6 cGwf]kg x6fpg tyf /f]Sg eO{/x]sf]k|of; nfO{ ljZjJofkL ;dGjo u/L cGwf]kg /f]syfd tyflgd'{nLs/0fsf] cleofgnfO{ ltj|tf lbO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dddfb[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] k|Tofe'tL lbg ljZj :jf:Yo;+u7g tyf ljleGGf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;fem]bf/L o'Qm cGwf]kglj?2sf] ljZjJofkL cleofg g} lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf]clwsf/ xf] .lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ M nIo

ljZjJofkL ;o'+Qm k|of;af6 cGwf]kg ;DaGwLpkrf/fTds Pj+ lg/f]wfTds pkfox?sf] dfWodaf6 ;g\@)@) ;Dddf x6fpg ;lsg] ÷/f]Sg ;lsg] cGwf]kgnfO{ljZjaf6 lgd'{nLs/0f ug'{ g} lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf]clwsf/sf] nIo xf] .lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ M /0flglt

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cGwf]kgsf] k|d'v sf/0fsf ?kdf /x]sf] ljleGg cfvFf/f]ux? h:t} df]ltljGb' jfn g]q /f]u cNkb[li6 v;|]/f]uhnljGb' cfbLsf] pkrf/fTds tyf k|ltsf/fTds k2ltaf6pkrf/ Pj+ /f]syfd ug'{ g]q /f]u ;DaGwL cfd hgtfdfhgr]tgf hufO{ e/;s /f]u nfUg glbg' / nfu] klg;dod} pkrf/sf nflu k|of{Kt ;]jf k'ofpg' ;j{;'ne g]qlrlsT;f ;DaGwL pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{ tyf pknAw>f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .lehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ M g]kfnsf]sfo{fGjog cg'ej

o; ljZjAofkL cleofgnfO{ kGraifL{o of]hgfx?th{'df u/L laZjAofkL If]qLo /fli6"o Pj+ cfvfF pkrf/k|bfg ug]{ k|d'v c:ktfn tyf ;+3 tyf ;+:yfx?sf] :t/af6 sfof{Gjog ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . kmn:j?k ;g\@))), @))% / @)!% df aif{sf] cGt/fndf r/0fa2?kdf o; of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf calwsf]cGt/fndf ljleGg :t/af6 th'{df ;fwg kl/rfng Pj+of]hgf sfof{Gjog d'Nof+sg ug]{ lglt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]s'n hg;+Vofsf] )=* k|ltzt dflg;x? cGwf 5g\ / ltdWo] (@ k|ltzt hgtf u|fld0f b'u{d e]udf a;f]af;ub{5g\ .

cGwf]kg g]kfnsf] nflu klg t8\sf/f] ;d:ofsf]?kdf b]lvPsf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn g]q Hof]lt ;+3n] o;cleofgsf] k|d'v ;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf /xL b]zsf] ljleGgc:ktfn tyf ;+:yfx? ljr ;dGjo sfod ub{} cfPsf] 5. lehg @)@) sf] /fli6"o sfo{of]hgf cg'?k g]kfn g]qHof]lt ;+3 dfkm{t /f]u lgoGq0f / pkrf/fTds ;]jfsfnflu /fli6o 6«sf]df sfo{qmd /fli6"o cNk b[li6 sfo{qmdle6fldg P ljt/0f sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf 5g\ eg] b]zdfcfvfF pkrf/ ug{ bIf hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu g]q ljz]if1cWoog sfo{qmd g]q ;xfos sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf]5 . cfvfF pkrf/ ;j{;'ne xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] b'u{d ljs6 Pj+kxf8L If]qdf k|fylds cfvfF pkrf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf / cfvfFlzlj/df hf]8 lbO{ cr+n :t/df cTofw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGgcfVffF c:ktfnx?sf] :yfkgfdf lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .

To;sf/0f :yfkgf eO{/x]sf cfvFf c:ktfn tyfpkrf/ s]Gb|nfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L;+3 ;+yf / :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] ;xof]u u/L o;nfO{ cem}k|efjsf/L 9+un] cuf8L a9fPdf o; ljZjJofkL cleofglehg @)@) b[li6 ;a}sf] clwsf/ eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;kmnkfg{ ;Ifd x'g] 5f}F .

ljBfno lzIffdf kx'+rsf] cj:yf4=7 k|ltzt k|fylds pd]/ ;d'xsf ljBfyL{x?

ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] kmNof; 1 2069 sf] tYof+sn]g]kfnsf ljBfnox?df lzIffsf] kx'+rsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|:^kfb{% . 2007 ;fndf 2 k|ltzt ;fIf/tf / clt Go'gljBFno kx'+rjf^ cl# a(]sf] xfd|f] lzIff ljsf;sf]qmd 2070 ;fn ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf klg lzIffdf kx'+rsf]ljifo k")f{ aGg ;s]sf] %}g . ljZjsf sltko b]zx?lzIffsf] kx'+r eGbf w]/} dfly u')f:t/Lo lzIffsf]ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;'lglZrttfdf lqmoflzn e} /x+bfxfdL eg] cem} klg z}lIfs kx'+rs} ljifodf ?dlNn/x]sf %f}+ .

lzIff dfgj dfqsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] .ljZjsf clwsflws b]zx? cfkm\gf gful/sx?nfO{ lzIffsf]kx'+rdf kfg{ x/t/xn] k|ofz ul/ /x]sf %g\ . o;};Gbe{df g]kfnn] ljBfno lzIffsf] kx'+rsf nfluu/]sf k|ofz / pknJwLx?nfO{ of] ;fgf] cfn]vdfljZn]if)f ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] % .

lzIffdf kx'+rsf] ultnfO{ #lge't kfg{;g\ 1948 sf] dfgjclwsf/sf]cGt/fli «o #f]if)ff, 1980 sf] AsiaPasific Programme of Education ForAll (APPEAL) sfo{qmd, ;g\ 1989 sf]cGt/fli "o afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, 1990sf] ;j}sf nflu lzIff cleofg, ;g\2000 sf] *sf/ sfo{of]hgf tyf ;g\ 2000 s};x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf cflbsf] dxTjk")f{ e'ldsf % .dfgjclwsf/sf] cGt/fli «o #f]if)ff kq tyf cGt/fli "oafjclwsf/ dxf;lGw h:tf dxTjk")f{ b:tfj]hx?n] Psflt/lzIffnfO{ afnjfnlsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ?kdf sfg"gLx}l;ot k|bfg u/] eg] cfsf{lt/ cfk\gf ;Dk")f{ gful/snfO{ slDtdf cfwf/e't txsf] lzIff pknJw u/fpg]bfoLTj /fHosf] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ afWofTds agfO{lbP .

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ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx?df cfkm\gf ;j} aRrx?nfO{ljBfno lzIffsf] kx'+rdf kfg]{ dxTjsf+IfL pb]Zo ;g\2000 ;Dd k"/f gePkl% ;g\ 2000 df ;]g]unsf]*sf/df ePsf] ljZj lzIff dGrsf] a}&s / 185b]zsf k|ltlglw$f/f kf; u/LPsf] *sf/ sfo{(f+rfn]lzIffdf kx'+r a(fpg] ljifodf ljZj dfu{bz{s sf]?kdf xfn sfd ul/ /x]sf] % . g]kfnn] *sf/sfo{(f+rfs} cfwf/df ;j}sf nflu lzIff /fli «o sfo{of]hgf 2001-2015 lgdf{)f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/ /x]sf]% .

/fli «o sfo{ of]hgf 2001÷2015 cGtu{t ;g\2004 b]lv 2009 ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] ;j}sf] nflulzIff sfo{qmd / 2009 b]lv 2015 ;Ddsf nflu;Grfngdf /x]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfoqmd-ljIf];'of]_ n] ;g\ 2015 ;Dd b]zleq /x]sf ;j}jfnjflnsfnfO{ ljBfnosf] kx'+rdf Nofpg] u/L &f];pb]Zo / sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{)f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/ /x]sf%g\ .

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o; k|sf/ g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffdf kx'+rsf]d'$f k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog /x]sf] % .;/sf/L tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] ;fem]bf/L /;+o'Qm kxnjf^ o;n] l% \ } ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ s'/fdfljZjf; ug{ ;lsG% .k|ltlqmofsf nfuL M bikaslaharmonthly@gmail.com