အလင္းအိမ္ မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၂)

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(1) ppfrSefaompmayvGwfvyfcGifh&dSap&ef

(2) tm%m&SifpepfrSefor#wdkufzsuf&ef

(3) 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh

vufwGJ aqmif&Guf&ef

(4) jynfol jynfom;wdk h.cHpm;csufudk wifjy&ef//

Atvif;tdrfrl0g'

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

At v if;t drf rm w du m

tvif;tdrfpum; 4

acwf+ydKifcHpm;r_ uAsmtm%m i&J vSdKif;i&J [Hom0wDOD;0if;wif 6a'gif;&ifjyifoHvGifcuf eDvGifaoG; 7

uAsmtwmvufaqmif&wkef;u zdk;oH (vlxk) 8usaemfwdk h+rdK hu jrwfopf 9w&m hoHk;q,fhig; aZrd_if; 10&Sdw,f h h h 'DEdkifiHrSm &Sdw,f Myu Tsaw 11wdrfjzLwdk hESifhtwl aZmfaZmfatmif 12v$wfawmf&J h tajzwyk'f cifarmifvGif 13vm'fay; &efrvdkyg zdk;oHkn 14

umwGef;tifwmeufay:rS umwGef;rsm; 15

*g&0jyK pmrsufESmrsm;Ak'<'dkif,m&D pmtkyfrS aumufE_wfcsuf yg&*l 16q&m}uD;yg&*l udk,fa&;tusOf; 18q&m}uD;a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;pm&if; 20q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 38&kyf&Sif rif;om;}uD;xGef;a0 armifpGrf;&nf 47


EdkifiHa&; okw &oAk'<bmomESifh tm%m&Sifpepf armifomrn 23cgo}uFefeJ haemufqufwGJtawG;rsm; *%ef; 33EdkifiHa&;orm;eJ hpma&;q&m '*kefwm&m 43bmpdwf"gwfvJ armif&pf 54ppftkyfpkvkyfxm;wJ h 0uFbmxJu h h h &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 56wdkufyGJ0ifwpfv trdk;ol}uD;rsm; &JeEN 59tdrfvGrf;pdwfeJ h oDuHk;xm;wJh 0if;Edkif 63twGif;pdwf v#Ha&'Darmif 68aoG;ESifhac|;jzifh &if;cJh&onfh h h h pdfk;aX; 75&Sifoefaeaom tm;rmefrsm; cif+idrf;opf 81EdkifiHwumuav;rsm; pmtkyf pmayae h armuQynma&; 85

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0wKwdk+ydKifyGJ(yxrqk) oyGwftdkif aumhom; 91('kwd,qk) }udK;jywfpGef av;av; - wdkusdKl 100(wwd,qk) blpwm bdk=unf 106

EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif tcef;qufp=um0VmxJu 'dkif,mvufwpf 25 rdk;ajropf 112

bmomjyeftcef;quftdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf 41-42 armifarmifvwf 115

EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:'Da&jrifhopf jroef;wifh 124

wpfESpfwmtwGif;pmrlESifhpma&;olrSwfwrf; cdkif=unf0if; 130&Jabmf &Jarrsm;. tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfhtrSwfw&pum;rsm; 137


Atvif;tdrf pum;

tvif;tdrf (5) ESpfjynfhyg+yD? jrefrmwdk@&J@ ESpfopful; twmo=uFefrSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk,fpdwfESpfjzm usef;rm&$ifvef;+yD;/ &efolrsdK; (5)yg;&J@ tEW&m,frS uif;vGwfEdkif=uygap? a'go/avmb/ arm[ rmefrmeawG uif;pif+yD;/ vlyDopGmeJ@ b0udk &yfwnfEdkif=uygapvdk@ qkawmif;arwWmydk@ovdkufygw,f?

tvif;tdrfudk *syefjynf wdkusdK+rdK@rSm wv w}udrfxkwfa0+yD;/ tcrJ@jzef@csdygw,f?jrefrmjynf&J@ ppftm%m&Sif pepfqdk;atmufrSm xkwfa0cGifhr&wJhpmawG/ uAsmawGudk az:xkwfwifjy=ur,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ *syefa&muf jrefrmEdkifiHom; wcsdK@rS wwfEdkifwJhzufu pDpOfxkwfa0=uwmyg? ynm&SifawGr[kwf=uwJhtwGuf trSm;t,Gif;av;awG yg&SdcJh=uwmawGudkem;vnfay;=uzdk@eJ@ xdktrSm;t,Gif;av;rsm;[mvnf; tvif;tdrf&JabmfawG&J@ &dk;om;pGmrSm;,Gif;r_ awGomjzpfa=umif; awmif;yefvdkygw,f? tifwmeufpmrsufESmay:u pmwcsdK@udkvJjrefrmawGzwfapcsif/ odapcsifwJh pdwfapwemeJ@ ul;,laz: jywmawG &SdcJhwJhtwGuf xdktifwmeufpmrsufESm&J@ rlvydkif&SifawGudkvJ em;vnfay;=uzdk@ tel;nGwfawmif;yefvdkygw,f?

tvif;tdrfudk pmrlay;ydk@=uwJh t&yf&yfu pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m}uD;rsm;udkvJaus;Zl;txl;wif&Sda=umif;/ aemifudkvJ qufvuf+yD; tvif;tdrfudk 0dkif;0ef;xGef;+idSay;=uygvdk@?'ghtjyif &efolrsdK; (5) yg;'%fudk cHpm; aexdkif=uwJh tvif;tdrf&JabmfawGtygt0if/ *syefa&mufjrefrmvlr_ todkuft0ef;udkvJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? b,fvdktajctae/ tcuftcJawG&ifqdkif&/&ifqdkif& tvif;tdrfudk qufvufaz:aqmifoGm;r,fqdkwm today;ygw,f? tvif;tdrf&J@tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf qdkwJh &yfwnfcsufay:rSm rawGr,dkif cdkifcdkifrmrm &yfwnf+yD;/}udK;pm;aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,f? jrefrmjynfeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk 'kuQtukodkvf aygif;pHkeJ@ jzpfatmift"rRtkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftm%m&Sif awGudk 'Drd kua&pD bufawmfom;awGeJ@ vufwGJ+yD;qufvufawmfvSef wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ESpfopfESpfOD;rSm ajym=um;vdkygw,f?

tvif;tdrfonf jrefrmjynf&J@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;udk qef@usifwGef;vSefaeaom*syefEdkifiHa&muf pmay tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? jrefrmhppftkyfpk&J@ ppftm%m&Sif pepfqdk;[mjynfolvlxkudk b,fwkef;urS aumif;usdK;ay;cJhjcif;r&Sd/ pwifay:aygufvmuwnf;uyif t"rRr_/vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm; zdESdyfowfjzwfr_rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfcJh=ujcif;udk awG@&r,f? jrefrmjynfrSmppfwyfvlwef;pm; w&yfudk wnfaxmifum tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;/wdkif;&if;om;/ ausmif;om; ponfwdk@yg0ifwJh jynfoludk t"rR zdESdyftkyfcsKyfcJhjcif;jzpfw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppftkyfpkvufxuf wdkif;jynfiwfrGwfacgif;yg;+yD;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ynma&;/ bmoma&;/ tzufzufrS edrfhusqkwf,kwfvm+yD; jynfolwdk@ iwfrGwfum/ rqv ppfwyfacgif;aqmifydkif;awG csrf;omvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;&J@ (26) ESpfwm tkyfcsKyfr_


tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

umvrSm jynfolwdk@ aygufuGJtHkºuGum &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:aygufcJh=u&w,f?'Duae@ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tarGudkqufcH+yD; wdkif;jynfudk ppfwyfoD;oef@ vlwef;pm;w&yf

jzpfatmif 2008 t"rRtajccHOya' w&yfwGif jyXmef;twnfjyKum/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y+yD;xGufay:vmaom etz ppftkyfpk&J@ =uHhzGH@tpdk&[m AdkvfcsKyfae0if; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; twdkif;jyKvkyfae=u+yD r[kwfygvm;?

Ad kvfcsKyfae0if;wkef;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtoGifajymif;tkyfcsKyf+yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfr_}uD;oef;a&$u etzrS =uHhzGH@toGifajymif;um tkyfcsKyfcJh=ujcif;udk rsufajcrjywfzdk@vdkonf? rnfodk@yif ajymif;ajymif; ppfabmif;bD0wfrS t&yf0wfajymif;umtkyfcsKyfjcif;onf ppfwyfvlwef;pm;rS tkyfcsKyfaejcif;yifjzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfr_}uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfae0if;&J@ ocFef;pmudk,lum Oya'wGif ppfwyf.&yfwnfcsufudk t"rRtwnfjyKjyXmef;cJh+yD;/ xdkOya'rS rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrqdk wdkif;jynftm%mudkppfwyfrS jyefvnfodrf;ydkufydkifcGifhudk w&m;0ifcGifh&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;acwftqufquftwGuf ppfwyfvlwef;pm;rS w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfEdkifr_udk zefwD;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

tvif;tdrfonf wdkif;jynftm%mt&yf&yfudk jynfolvlxkrS udk,fpm;rjyK&bJ/ ppfwyfvlwef;pm;rS tkyfcsKyfzefwD;aer_udk vufrcHyg? vHk;0qef@usifygonf? jynfol@tm%monfjynfol@xHrS wdkuf&dkufay:aygufap&ygrnf? rnfonfhvufeufudkifppftkyfpkqDurS ay:aygufvmp&mrvdkyg? vufeufudkifppfwyfonf wdkif;jynfudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efomjzpfonf?vufeufudkif+yD; tm%mt&yf&yfudk tkyfcsKyfp&mrvdk? wdkif;jynfudk vufeufudkif+yD; tkyfcsKyfcJh+yD;+yDjzpfonf? ESpf (50) twGif; ppftkyfpkom csrf;omºuG,f0+yD;/ jynfolwdk@iwfrGwfacgif;yg;umjrefrmjynfonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/ ynma&; tzufzufrS ysufqD;,dk,Gif;umurBmhtv,fwGif jrefrmwdk@ vlpOfrrSDjzpfae&jcif;onf ppfwyftkyfcsKyfaer_a=umifhyif jzpfonf[ktvif;tdrfrSjrifrdygw,f?

'ga=umifh wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK; tppftrSefwdk;wufjrifhrm;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf tjzpfay:aygufvmapcsifv#if/ jrefrmwdk@vlwef;aph/ vlpOfrSDrSD aexdkifvdk=uv#if/ ppfwyftkyfcsKyfr_udkwGef;vSefz,f&Sm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

,ae@ OD;odef;pdef tpdk;&qdkaom ppfwyfabmif;bDc|wf tpdk;&opfonf AdkvfcsKyfr_}uD;oef;a&$ ppftkyfpk. toGifajymif;/ ppfwyfudk,fpm;jyK ta,mifaqmiftpdk;&om jzpfa=umif;/jrefrmrsm; rawGa0=uzdk@/ arhrjypf=uzdk@ wyfvSef@&if; ppfrSefaomjynfolwifajrSufonfhtpdk;&opfay:aygufvmap&ef tzufzufrS 0dkif0ef; wdkufyGJ0if=uygvdk@ E_ d;aqmfygw,f?jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;udkvnf; wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;udk wu,f tppftrSefjrwfEdk;v#ufppftm%m&Sif pepfqdk;}uD;udk jynfoleJ@vufwGJ+yD; wGef;vSef=uygpdk@[k wdkufwGef;ygw,f?

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N66666

6

(urBmuAsmae@rSm q&mOD;0if;wifu jrefrmjynfeJ@ *syefjynfu jynfolawGtwGuf a&;wJh[dkkuULuAsm)

vl - puf - +rdK@ - +rdK0g;[D&dk k&S D;rm; Akk H;0ifpm;

qklemrD e*g; //

iwf - rGJ - uef; ydjym;uifaywdk kifqdk k; acwfxGef;um;

bd&k krm ajcmufjcm; //

b0wlawGyJtm%mi&J v_dif;i&J'dk k@ pmem a=uuGJ //

tm%mi&J vdSKif;i&J

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wifrwf 22 / 2011

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N 77777

7

o}uFefeJ@ydawmufaysmuf&ScJh?

tdrfa0;olwdk@vGrf;qGwfqkd@apydawmufaEGqD?

ydawmufeJ@oajycarmufeJ@ar

90 ckESpfaEG&ufrsm;ydawmufvkd opPmxm;cJh?

ikeJ@ydawmufpkeJ@carmuf

a'gif;a&mifawmufaom {&m0wDjynfol@tm;ukdykHcJh+yD?

&Spfav;vkH;tm;rmefa'gif;tvHeJ@oHvGifcuf

rsKd;qufwqkH;t¶H_;cHvSsuf

o}uFefrajymif;ESpfa[mif;twkdif;

¶kdif;vkdufwJh&mZ0ifawG?

o}uFefwJhjyefra&mufEdkifawmhatmiftusOf;axmifeH&H¶kd;rawmawmifurf;yg;,H=um;ajratmufausmif;om;eJ@wkdif;wyg;uta0;a&mufom;awGtareJ@{&m0wDxHo}uFefeJ@ydawmufjyefra&mufEkdifawmh+yD?

vGrf;qGwfwrf;,kH&ifckHpdwful;vufjzifhcl;qGwfyifvkH;n$wfpGmydawmuf0gukdrmygapa=umif;qkacsGawmif;vSsufESpfOD;vufaqmifaiGa&mif+ydK;jyufzvm;wcGufoajycufESifha&pifyufjzef;wjynfvkH;+idrf;csrf;ygapawmh?

15 / 4 / 2011 (aom}umae h)

a'gif;&ifjyif oHvGifcuf

eDvGifaoG;('\edu)

ydawmufwcuf oajycuf ESifhaysmufqkH;aeaom aEGOD;&ufrsm;okd htvGrf;

(rdk;rc rS &,laz: jyygonf?)


wckaomtwmwefcl;rSmy&zl;w,fESrwOD;qDu

y¾mxl;/ o'Ngvl;aywJhtcgOD;o}uFefaw;ESpfyk'f&,feJ@

ceJ J@wJhwJhpmwa=umif;yg?

jrLarSmifa0uif;eJ@o}uFefavnSif;vkvifwJh

tEGJ@taemheJ@ twGJŒtaqmhhawGudkwvSnhfwausmhem;axmifawmh=um;a,mifr,fref;twmudkrd k@rSef;umtudkrsuf&nfpd k@&ifjzif h

ESrudktjypfrqdkaveJ@wJha&;wwfay&JŒyvDyvm?

crsmajymavrSZ&mtarmawGeJŒ

0goemaZmawGud kab;cs+yD;

rEWvmwa=umqDudktm¶H ka&mufumydawmufyef;eJŒ wl;ydk@udkvdkufvdk@¶Smawmhatmf awG@ygayghudk +rdK@ro*F[eJ@ e*g;r,fywWjrm;olZmeJŒ a&eef;“wv=urf;”yufolawGaygif;vd k@abmf'ga[mif;rdwfaqGrsm;uaiGzvm;awGyd kuf+yD;ajy;vdk@vm[kwfw,f'DESpfrSmvnf;}udKqdkyg&JŒ?

woufrarhwJhtwdwf[mrxdwfomrvef@omjyefay:vmawmhuGefjyLwmarmhaeoljynfya&muf[mbmub,fvdkaygufw,frqdkEd kifbktoufraxmufyga,mifrd,rf;ygvd k@t¶Sufaysmufuma=umifpDpDwrf;w,fxifhESra& yufeJ haemf yufeJ haemf wJh//

twmvufaqmif&wkef;u h h h

zdk;oH (vlxk) {jyD 16 / 2011


wu,fawmhusaemfwdk@odwJh twmqdkwm

ESpfa[mif;u ESpfopfeJ@ul;w,fpdwfa[mif;u pdwfopfeJ@ul;w,f

ik0gu ydawmufeJ@ul;w,f ?

ckawmh&ufyfeJ@ [pfyfawGu trkef;pGJum uJwmawGeJ@ ul;w,f

0efxrf;awGu tEdkifusifh vbfpm;r_eJ@ ul;w,fpGrf;tifeJ@ o,HZmwawGu tdrfeD;csif;eJ@ ul;w,f

wcsdK@olawGu tkef;tifatmf+yD; acgif;ndwfvdk@ ul;w,ft&if;&SifawGu ukefonftoif;opfeJ@ ul;w,f

trwfawGu aqG;aEG;a&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk v$wfawmfeJ@ ul;w,f2008 eJ@ 2010 u tpdk;&opfeJ@ ul;w,foef;a&$eJ@ armifat;u odef;pdefeJ@ ul;w,fuJ -- usaemfwdk@ bmeJ@ ul;=urvJ --- ?

usaemfwdk h+rdK huusemfwdk h&J htwm

jrwfopf (Dawn)

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N aZrSdKif;

pdrfha&awGaygwJhae&mykd;xnfawGpD;qif;&m

tJ'Dajr[mzdESdyfol&Jh eHygwfwpf&efolawmfarG;zGg;&m

tJ'g 0g;vnf&Gmaygh?

u&ufa'gufjyefoGm; vk@da=uG;a=umfcJhbl;ol

oli,fuav;a&mifaypl;uav;eJ@

olh ht&SifESpfyg; ygawmfrloGm;wJhtcgZmwdqkdwJh pdwf"gwf

olhh hudk t+rJwef;xif[yfapcJhw,fjrawmif0ef;usif

ol h ynma&; c&D;ESifcJh&bl;w,f?

'dk hArmwdk ha&rpPwmudk r=udKufvdk h

vGef;uae rSdKif;udkajymif;cJhwm'gr[muAsm&J htp

tJh'gygyJ?

“xqifxl;udkwxDxDjrnfoifcJh&ordk hor*~=uD;&J hcspfolawG

xDrxifausmi;fawmfom;awG&J@trnftpOf acgif;tay:zsm;rSmv

rif;&dk@q&mudk pm&if;wkd humomxm;vdkuf=uaya&mh”

ol[mrwfv&JhaEGOD;opf

rwfv&JhtpOftvmrwfv&JheSvHk;om;ajcmufq,fhoHk;rSm crsmr,f &ifuGJcJh&a'gif;ysdK eJ h ysm;&nfwtdk;igtzdk;=uD;ajymaew,fjidrf;csrf;=uygawmh wJhajymjyef&Smao;w,f“tdkrif;awmhrpGrf;bl;wJhxyfajym&Smw,fq&mraocifjidrf;csrf;a&; ppfppfudkjrifoGm;csifowJhav h h”h

a=uuGJ&iftHkeJ holtylyHk cufaeSmifyGm;ykHuvl=uHKwGifvufaqmiffyg;vdkufav&J h//

w&mokH;q,fhig;


tm%meJ@ awhjzKwf+yD;t\jymeJ@ E_wfydwfwwfwJh

rw&m;r_awG&Sdw,f'DEdkifiHrSm&Sdw,f ?

vl@toufwacsmif;udk}uHwacsmif;vdk pkwf+yD;axG;xkwf

tpazsmuf E_wfydwfzdk@ 0efrav;wJhvufyg;ap u|efoabmufawG&Sdw,f

'DEdkifiHrSm&Sdw,f ?

Negotiate pum;vHk;qdkwmTrigonometry vdk toHk;rwJholawG&J@

qGH@tjcif; eH&HxufoH&nfylavmif+rdKufjcif; cHae&olawG&Sdw,f


ta[mif;udkawmfvSeftaumif;eJ@&Sifoefjcif;

tajymif;tvJwcktwGuft&mtm;vHk;udk ay;qyf&JwJhvlom;za,mif;awG&Sdw,f


Myu Tsaw1 Mar 2001

&Sdw,f'DEdkifiHrSm&Sdw,fpum;vHk;qdkwm


pdwf=urf; bDvlwdk hajcyifrusL;aom t&yfYig rwfrwfwnfcJhacs+yD//

tdk h h h tcsif;aqGrGefwdk hoifwdk hu }udKrnfqdkvsiftarSmifeufeufodk hyif

tvif;iSufwdk hjzifhigvm cJhygrnf//

xdk haemufavmuavqefrSm

udk,fhudk,fudk tefxkwfrdk;rcsKyfrSDigwdk htm;vHk; tdrfjyef=urnf//

aZmfaZmfatmif

wdrfjzLwdk hESifhtwl


*wdeJ@ t*wd=um;u vGrf;armzG,f

tnmaEGrSm²²²²²²²²²²²²? wyfrufrSKeJ@

tjyeftvSefv$rf;rkd;EkdifrSKawG aps;²²upm;cJh=uw,fav²²²²²?

ukd,fykdiftvif;r[kwfbJeJ@ tumif;qkH;jzpfatmif a=unm=uayrJh²²²²?

tyifukdowfwJhtoD;rsm;u vdyfjymoef@jyD;

pdwfcsrf;ajrŒ=uyghrvm;²²²²²²²²? trSefeJ@trSm;=um;rSm

oyfvSsKdjcif;awG a&maxG;ae=uwJh²²²²²²²²²²²?

trnfr&SdwJh ta=umif;t&m

vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGtwGuf²²²²²²? b,favmufrsm;vJ?

b,favmuf=uD;ovJ? b,favmufa0;ovJ?

ajzwwfbkd@²²²²ocsmFukdokH;&wJhtcg²²²²²²? igh²²²²bufrSmawmh wa,mufru&SdwJh jrefrmjynfolvlxk&JŒ

a=uuJG&dyfrsufESmrsm;u tajzwyk'f²²²²²jzpfaeygayghvm;²²²²²²?

v$wfawmf&JŒtajz²²²wyk'f

cifarmifvGif(jynf)2011ck {jyDv 10&uf

we*FaEGae h


wdk@EdkifiH tjynfjynfqdkif&m avqdyfjynfawmfjyefrsm;udk }udKqdkv 0 u / p & z / t u c /

nDnmpGmyl;aygif;

jyefvmor# vlqDuawmif; --- ?

tcsdK;usus nDnmpGmtrsdK;tpm;u pHkvifwm

rav;jyef (rav; wq,fawmif;)pvHk;jyef (pvHk; wq,fawmif;)

*syefjyef (a':vm ig;q,fawmif;) --- ?

trSefwu,f ray;vdkolrsm;&eftpG,fpG,ftaygif; ab;oifh

ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;&Smtqdk;taumif; tusdK;ta=umif;

trsdK;rsdK;axmif;rSm aocsmayw,f --- ?

avqdyft0if qdkif;bkwfcsdwf&Hk;XmeawGrSmvJ csdwf

c&D;oGm;XmeawGrSmvJ csdwfXmeaygif;pHkrSmyg csdwfqGJ

vm'fay; &efrvdkwJh --- ?

rSefvdkufwJh aqmifyk'fvm'fay;rSawmh

b,folu &efvdkawmhrSmvJjrefrmyDyD jrefrmpmudk

ol@ae&meJ@ ol rSefrSefuefueftoHk;cswwf=uvdk@vJ

vlrSef ae&mrSef &ae=uw,f xifyg&J@ aemf --- ?

vm'fay; &efrvdkyg

zdk;okHn (bmbmuaz;)4 / 4 / 2011


umwGef;rsm;“oef h&Sif;aomtpdk;&”


TonfrSm uG,fvGefol q&m=uD;yg&*la&;om;cJhaom “ Ak'<'kdif,m&D ”pmtkyfrS acgif;pOfwckjzpfygonf? ,ckvpmtkyftwGuf pmrsufESm tcuftcJa=umifh q&m=uD;yg&*l. pmtkyfrsm;xJrS wcsKd@ukdom aumufE_wfwifjyjcif;omv#if jzpfonf? pmzwfolrsm;tm; pdwftaESmufrjzpfapvkdjcif;iSm }uKdwif zGifh[xm;tyfygonf?

Tokd@ xkwfE_wfwifjy&jcif; ta=umif;rSm “ Ak'<'kdif,m&D ”pmtkyf a&;om;xkwfa0pOfu trSmpmwGif ----

Tpmtkyfonf Ak'<0ifpmtkyfESifhrwlaom Ak'<0ifpmtkyfjzpfonf? Tpmtkyf. xl;jcm;csufrSm Ak'<ukd,fawmfwkdifu rdrdta=umif;ukd 'kdif,m&DrSwfwrf;ozG,f wifjyoGm;onfhykHpHrsKd;jzifha&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfavonf? a&;[efa&;enf; rnfokd@yifjzpfapumrl Ak'<ta=umif;a&;om;xm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;teuf Tpmtkyfonfh usaemfhtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;p&m taumif;qkH;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfayonf? wcg h h h

TpmtkyfY tpOftvmtm;jzifh ,lqvmcJhonfh t,ltqrsm;ukd &J&J0Hh0Hh awmfvSefxm;ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh xkwfjy&v#if---rm&fewfqkdonfrSm em;uif;=uD;ESifhwu,fhrkd;ay:uewf=uD;[k ,lqaeonfh tpOftvmukd awmfvSefypfvkdufonf? Tpmtkyftvkdt& rm&fewfqkdonfrSm aumif;aomtvkyfukd vkyf&mI zsufvkdzsufqD;vkyfonfh rdrdtwGif;pdwfukd wifpm;ac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf [kqkdxm;ygonf? xkdenf;wlyif o[rwdjA[RmqkdonfrSmvnf;wu,fh jA[Rmjynfu jA[Rm=uD;r[kwfay? aumif;aomtvkyfudkvkyf&ef v_H@aqmfay;onfh rdrd.twGif;pdwfukd wifpm;ac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qkdygonf?

q&m=uD;yg&*la&;om;cJhaom

“ Ak'<'kdi f,m&D ”pmtkyfrS aumufE_wfcsuf

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

f

yg & *l1921-2011


“ rZPsdr yÉdy'g ”,ae@bk&if O',.om;awmf aAm"drif;om;onf ol.eef;aqmiftopfokd@ ig@tm;

yifhzdwfxm;avonf? qGrf;pm;jyD;aomtcg olu ar;av#mufavonf?“ t&Sifbk&m;/ okcukd okcjzifhr&ekdifbl;r[kwfavm/ okcukd 'kuQjzifhom &ekdifonf

r[kwfavm”igu jyefajymjyonf?“ bk&ifhom;awmf/ tp yxrwkef;u igvnf; ,if;uJhodk@yif xifjrif,lqrdcJhonf?

okd@jzpfI igonf vSyonfh=uif,mESifh pnf;pdrfponfukd pGef@v$wfcJhonf? tVm& umvmr.txHokd@ oGm;jyD;v#if tusifhw&m;ukd usifh=uHtm;xkwfcJhonf? xkd@aemuf O'NuxH oGm;cJhavonf?ol@xHwGifvnf; igw&m;tusifhukd usifh=uHtm;xkwfcJhonf? olwkd@xHwGif igokcukd r&&SdcJh? xkdtcg igonf xyfjyD; 'kuQukd cHcJhavonf? tylxJwGif4if;/ tat;xJwGif4if;/ touf&_jcif;ukd&yfjyD; =uD;pGmaom'kuQukd cHcJhavonf? tpmrpm;bJ aecJhonf? xkd@a=umifh igonf csnfheJ@ydefcsKH;oGm;jyD;v#if xvkdufonfESifhwpfjyKdifeuf xkd;usoGm;onf? ukd,fum,vnf; rnf;eufnpfEGrf;oGm;onf? xkdr#avmuf 'kuQcHcJhaomfvnf; okcukd r&&SdcJh? xkdtcg tqifjcif tpOf;pm;Om%fr&SdbJ rvkdtyfonfh'kuQrsKd;ukd cHpm;jcif;jzifh okcudkr&&SdEkdif? okctwGuf csKyfwnf;r_omvkdtyfonf? 'kuQcHzkd@rvdk[k igem;vnfoabmaygufcJhavonf? aumif;aomtusifh. vrf;rY tu,fI'kuQay:aygufvmv#if xkd'kuQrsKd;ukd &ifqkdifoifhaomfvnf; tusKd;r&Sdonfh 'kuQrsKd;ukdcHjcif;tm;jzifh aumif;usKd;rjzpfxGef;Ekdifay ”

ig. w&m;pum;ukdem;=um;&I bk&ifhom;awmfonf auseyfESpfodrfhoGm;jyD;v#if Oyoum jzpfoGm;avonf?

vlrsm;onf tb,fha=umifh “ tvGef ”0g'Drsm;jzpfae=uonfrod? b,favmuf wpfzufpGef;okd@ a&mufae=uonfrod? wpfcgwpf&HwGif olwkd@onf okctwGuf 'kuQaemuf vkdufae=uonf? oifhavsmfavsmufywfonfh okcukdvnf; raumif;r_[k txifrSwf rSm;ae=uonf?wpfcgwpf&HwGif vkdtyfonfh'kuQukdvnf; rcHcsif=uay? qifjcifpOf;pm;I tvkyfrvkyfvkd=uay?tqifjciftpOf;pm; uif;rJhonfh 'kuQrsKd;jzifh okc&rnfqkdv#if wd&p>meftm;vkH;onf okcESifhjynfhpkHolrsm; jzpfae=uvdrfhrnf? ,ae@wGifrl Ttwkdif; jzpfae=uonf? vltrsm;onf okctwGuf 'kuQukdjrifawG@vkd=uonf? okd@jzpfI rsm;pGmaomvlwkd@onf &aoh&[ef;toGifaqmifjyD;rvdktyfonfh'kuQrsm;ukd cHae=uonf? tqifjcif tpOf;pm; uif;rJhjcif;a=umifh twGif;okcukdrl olwkd@&&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? tjyifokcukdrl rnfonfh tajctaeYrqkd raumif;r_[k xifrSwf,lq=uonf? ,if;okd@tm;jzifh w&m;"rRukd ta=umif;jyKI 'kuQcsnf;ukdomv#if jrifawG@ae&onf? ,if;raumif;r_ukd z,f&Sm;ypf&eftvkd@iSg igonf rZPsdr yËdy'gjzpfonfh tv,ftvwf

vrf;pOfukd wDxGifjcif;jzpfavonf? yg&*l

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

f

yg & *l1921-2011


1? trnf&if; - OD;vS}udKif2? rdb trnf - OD;bapm - a':arwkwf3? arG;ouU&mZf - 1921 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv 10 &uf4? arG;zGm;&ma'o - [oFmw c&kdif/ oEGHoaemh aus;&Gm5? uavmif trnfcGJrsm; - 0dZ…m/ vS}udKif/ yk¾&duukd,fa&;jzpfpOf

q&m=uD yg&*lonf oEG Hoaem&Gm rlvwef;ausmif;Y pwkwˆwef;txdynmoif=um;cJ honf? 12 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif oEG Hoaembkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;Yukd,f&if0wfonf? bGJ@trnfrSm &Sifyk¾&du jzpfonf? 14 ESpf t&G,fwGif [oFmw+rdK@ jrpfauG;ausmif;wkdufY ynmoifonf? &Sifyk¾&du bGJ@trnfukd &Sifyg&*lbGJ@ trnfajymif;onf?15ESpft&G,fwGif oefvsif+rdK@e,f v[m&uf&Gm yxrjyef pmoifwkdufrS tpkd;& yxrjyefpmar;yGJyxri,fwef; atmifjrifonf? 16ESpf tEG,fwGif yxrvwfwef;/ 17ESpf tEG,fwGifyxr}uD;wef; wk d @uk d atmifjrifonf? xk dESpfu [Hom0wD wc&k difvk H; yxr}uD;ESpfyg;wnf;atmifjrif&m wyg;rSm&Sifyg&*l jzpfonf? yxrjyef pmar;yGJorkdif;Y xkdESpf xkdtcsdefxd17ESpfESifh yxr}uD; atmifjrifolESpfyg; wnf;om &Sd&mwyg;rSm &Sifyg&*l jzpfonf?

1939 ckESpfwGif rsKd;!Gef@EG,ftrnfjzifh wkd;wufa&;r*~Zif;/ omra% &Sifyg&*ltrnfjzifh'*kef r*~Zif;wkd@wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;onf? 1940 jynfhESpfwGif &efukef+rdK?Y usif;yaom tpkd;&"rRmp&d,pmar;yGJwGif *k%fxl;okH;usrf;jzifh atmifjrifonf? wkd;wufa&;r*~Zif;wGif bkef;}uD;ausmif;om;trnfjzifh 0dyguf0wKESifh &ifaoG;0wKwdk@ukd a&;onf?

1942ckESpfwGif jrpfauG;ausmif;wkduf pwkwq&mawmf OD;ynm0Houkd OyZPsm,f q&mt&m xm;+yD; b}uD;awmfol OD;bkd;oD/ a':apmav; wkd@u &[ef;'g,umjyKvsuf OyoruHaqmif yOPif;tjzpf a&muf&SdcJhonf? 1944ckESpfwGif oefvsif+rdK@ *syefpmoifausmif; (,cifpdef

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

f

yg & *l1921-2011

yg&*l (1921-2011)


a*sm*suf)Y *syefpm ESpfESpfoifonf? jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;&Sd *syefpmoifausmif;rsm;twGufxkwfa0aom *syefpmapmifY *syefbmom aqmif;yg;a&;onf?

tdENd,olaX;}uD; AD&vm. t&d"rRynmawmfoifqkjzifh 1947ckESpfwGif tdENd,EkdifiHAm&m%oD+rdK? Am&m%oD [dENLwuUokdvf/ tkd&D,rfw,faumvdyfY [dENDESifh ouUwoifonf?xkdtcsdefwGif rd*'g0kef r[maAm"dtoif;u xkwfa0aom [dENDbmom "rR'lw pmtkyfY[dENDbmom aqmif;yg; a&;onf? *sme,fausmfYvnf; a&;onf? 1952wGif jrefrmEkdifiHokd@jyefvmonf? 0dZ…mtrnfjzifh aAmfv*grS **F gokd@ ('kwd,ykdif;) a&;onf? 1954ckESpfwGifyg&*ltrnfjzifh Ak'<pum; a&;onf? 1955 ckESpfwGif vl0wfvJonf?

1956 ckESpfwGif e,l;a'vD+rdK@ tm&Spma&;q&mrsm; nDvmcHtwGif;a&;rSL; tzGJ@okd@jrefrmpma&; q&m ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufonf? 1957 - 61txd jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tdENd,oH&kH;jyef=um;a&; bmomjyeft&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1958 rS 1961 txd jrefrmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif tr_aqmif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1963 ckESpfwGif okEN&meENac: nDawmfrif;eefpmtkyfjzifh tEkynmqkdif&m bmomjyefpmayqk csD;jr‡ifhjcif; H&onf?

1963 rS 1965txd jrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mor*~ toif;tr_aqmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHpmayjyefyGm;a&;toif; tr_aqmif/ 1971rS 1975 txd jrefrmpmaumfr&SiftzGJ@tzGJ@0if wm0ef rsm;ukdxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1985ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHaumvdyfESifh wuUokdvfrsm;. ta&S@wkdif;pmayoif=um;a&; tzGJ@tzGJ@0iftjzpf pwifaqmif&Gufonf? tdENd,EkdifiH Am&m%oD+rdK@[dENDbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom tm*sf (AJ) ae@pOfowif;pmwGif yg&*ltrnfjzifh Am&mrmuDusdwWd(jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;) a&;aom yifwkdifaqmif;yg;&Sif jzpfonf? u&mcsdrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom ,leufpukd e,l;pfvufwm;wGif vS}udKiftrnfjzifh jrefrmEkdifiH pmay,Ofaus;r_owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;onf?

1986wGi f a*g& Dpmtky f jzi f h 1986ckE Sp f trsK d ;om;pmay bmomjyefqkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? 1989 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynf w*kd;toif; OuUÏ/ jrefrmjynf [dENDtoif;OuUÏ/ 1998ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiH ,Ofaus;r_ wuUokdvfynma&;tzGJ@ tzGJ@0if/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m"rR*D&d 0dy\emtzGJ@ ("rR aZmwd) tr_aqmif/ r*FvmAsL[m y&[dw tzGJ@OuUÏ wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf?

2000 jynfhESpfwGif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrm&nf!$ef;usrf; pDpOfa&;tzGJ@ tzGJ@0if/aemf a0;a&muf tdENd,trsdK;om;rsm; t*Fvdyf - [dEND ESpfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aomo#Hwd'lwr*~Zif; .t=uHay; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf?

2001 ckESpf/ yckuUL OD;tkef;az. woufwm pmayqk csD;jreifhjcif; cH&onf? q&m=uD;yg&*lonf 2001 ckESpf touf (80)jynfhcsdefwGif vkH;csif;pmtkyf 100txd ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?2011 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9&uf/ eHeuf 9em&D 55 rdepf tcsdefcef@u tm&Sawmf0if yk*~vdu aq;&HkwGif

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

fyg & *l1921-2011


ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf? 2004ckESpfrSae uG,fvGefcsdeftxd q&m=uD;yg&*lonf a&$ayguUH+rdK@opf 16&yfuGuf OD;yknvrf; trSwf 988 / 990 wGif&Sdaom yg&*l &Sefwdedauwef pm=unfhwdkufrSm aexdkifoGm;cJhonf?

q&m}uD;yg&*l a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;1? uAsmq&m. tokduf - 2000 jynfhESpf2? um"rŠ&DESifh tjcm;0wKrsm;3? usef;rma&; o0%fv$m4? uGefjrLepf0g' omv#if tb,fa=umifh5? acgr'\eynm&Sif - 1996 ckESpf6? *gr%d7? *grwD8? a*g&D - 1985 ckESpf9? **F gESifh {&m0wD - 1995 ckESpf10? *sv&mrf11? iSuf"rRobif - 2000 jynfhESpf12? pu& - 1999 ckESpf13? pum;ajymaom &kyfwkrsm; - 1990 jynfhESpf14? pmayc&D;onf - 1998 ckESpf15? pdwW&avcg - 1979 ckESpf16? qkd&Snfvpf0g' - 1964 ckESpf17? qnf;qm=u,fESifh tjcm; 0wKwkdrsm;18? psifAk'<bmom19? nDawmfrif;eef - 1989 ckESpf20? w*kd;. wHv#yfa&xif a&$orifOyrmESifh tjcm;0wKwkdrsm; -21? w*kd;. &mZukrm&DESifh tjcm;0wKwkdrsm;22? w*kd;. 0wKwkd aygif;csKyf - 1975 ckESpf23? w*kd;. 0wKwkdrsm; - 1997 ckESpf24? w*kd;. oHo,ESifh tjcm; 0wKwkdrsm;25? w&m;a&pD;a=umif; - 1990 ckESpf26? awmfvSefaom tawG;tac:rsm;27? wrŠyÀd- 1999 ckESpf28? '*kef OD;xGef;jrifh29? 'dAsm

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

f

yg & *l1921-2011


30? a'opm&D a0omvD31? a'g%. twWuxm (yxrwGJ) - 1995 ckESpf32? a'g%. twWuxm ('kwd,wGJ) -33? 'kd[m"rR uAsm - 1990 ckESpf34? "rRpum; - 1974 ckESpf35? "rR b0wav#mufaeoGm;enf; twwfynm - 1980 ckESpf36? eDwd ykHjyifrsm; - 1993 ckESpf37? ae&mESifh tjcm;0wKrsm;38? ae&l;. orD;xHay;pm39? EkdifiHa&; '\e40? edAŠmef - 1969 ckESpf41? ESpfq,fhESpf&mpk42? y&uxm (waphwapmif; pma&;q&mrsm; ta=umif;) - 1989 ckESpf43? yavwkd44? yD,'\D - 1985 ckESpf45? yk*H c&D;onf46? yk*H c&D;onf (t*Fvdyf)47? yk*Haps;ESifh tjcm;0wKwkdrsm;48? yOPwE W& - 1965 ckESpf49? yOPmuxm - 2001 ckESpf50? yÀdwuxm - 1997 ckESpf51? yef;ykq&m52? azmfrJh[oFm - 1994 ckESpf53? AmAm'kd[m54? aAmfv*grS **F gokd@ (OD;qef;xGef;ESifh)55? aAmfv*grS **F gokd@ ('kwd,ykdif;)56? Ak'<*k%0ENem57? Ak'<pum; - 1954 ckESpf58? Ak'<'kdif,m&D - 1964 ckESpf59? Ak'<ESifh qkd&S,fvpf0g'60? Ak'<bmomESifh rmhufpf0g'61? Ak'<jrwfpGm - 1995 ckESpf62? Ak'<,Ofaus;r_ jyZmwfrsm; - 2001 ckESpf63? Ak'<omoem pnfyif jyef@yGm;ykHorkdif;

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

fyg & *l1921-2011


64? b0c&D;onf - 1996 ckESpf65? b0r*Fvm66? bk&m;ausmif; wHjrufvSnf;orm;ESifh tjcm;"rR0wKrsm;67? r[mc&D;onf68? r[m vlom;Ak'< - 1989 ckESpf69? rif;ESifh jynfol70? rZ<sdryÉdy'gESifh "rR0wKwkdrsm; - 1995 ckESpf71? jrefrm oD&dvuFm omoemqufoG,fa&;72? ,,mwD73? a,m*D. b0*gxm - 1992 ckESpf74? &mZmESifh bdoduf - 1982 ckESpf75? &mZmESifh omoem76? &m[kvmoHudpPnf; - 1977 ckESpf77? a&pD;a=umif; (pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_) - 1993 ckESpf78? vl@abmifopf79? v,fwDyÀdw OD;armif}uD; - 1995 ckESpf80? a0wmv 0wK - 1980 ckESpf81? a0'em82? a0omvD83? 0wKork'N&m - 1966 ckESpf84? omv0wESifh tjcm;0wKwkdrsm; - 1990 ckESpf85? om;awmf &m[kvm - 1970 ckESpf86? oDayg. ra[oD - 1972 ckESpf87? oD[aoemywd88? olvkdvl - 1981 ckESpf89? od'<wI - 1964 ckESpf90? [dawmya'o - 1955 ckESpf91? tnrn oabmw&m;ESifh Ak'<tbd"rRm92? t&pPwkdw,f - 1995 ckESpf93? tarhcH c&D;onf - 1977 ckESpf94? trŠygvD - 1976 ckESpf95? tdENd, c&D;onf - 1996 ckESpf96? tdENd,&kyfwkESifh jrefrm&kyfwk pum;aqG;aEG;cef; 97? OwW& c&D;onf

ESm*g&

pm0 jyK rsu

f

yg & *l1921-2011


armifomrn

Ak'<bmomESi f@ tm%m&Si fpepfA“&k&SvlrsKd;awG[m tvGefcGifhv$wfonf;cHwwfw,fwJh//tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&a-umifh bmyJjzpfaeae a&iHkE+wfydwfjyD;cGifhv$wfonf;cHaewmyJwJh// yxrawmh tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;w,fwJh// tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;ayr,fh tmvl;r&dSvnf; jzpfw,f”

jrefrmekdifiHrSm aexkdif=uwJh vlOD;a& udk;q,f &mE_ef;avmuf[m Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? onf Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; edpP"l0 qkawmif; aewJht&muawmhedAŠmef qdkwJh vGwfajrmufr_yg? vGwfajrmufrSKudk wzGzGqkawmif;ae=uwJh Ak'Ghbmom0iftrsm;tjym; aexkdif&m jrefrmekdifiH[m tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu rvGwfajrmuf ekdifao;bJtusOf;tusyf tcsKyftaESmif trsKd;rsKd;atmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfae&wmuawmhuH=urRm&JŒ avSmifajymifr_ (Irony of Fate)vdk hajym&ygvdrhfr,f?

Ak'<jrwfpGmtoufxif&Sm;&SdpOfu 'Drdkua&pDpepfusifhoHk;wJh a0omvDedkifiHudk eSpfoufoabmuswJhta=umif; ajymcJhwmawGudk ydÉuwfpmayxJrSm awG hekdifygw,f ? Ak'<zGJŒpnf;cJhwJhoHCmtzGJŒudk avhvm=unfhr,f qdk&ifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqefwJh usifhpOfawG trsm;tjym; yg0ifwmudk awG h&ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fh jrwfAk'<&J h w&m;awmfrsm;eJ h oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒqHk;roGefoifr_atmufrSm &Sdaew,fqdkwJh jrefrmedkifiHom;awGuawmh 'Drdkua&pDeJ hta0;}uD;a0; aeqJjzpfygw,f?

'gudk raxmufrnSm jyefoHk;oyf=unhfr,fqkd&if Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmedkifiHom; awG[mudk,fhudk,fudk,f Ak'< bmom0iftjzpf owfrSwfxm;ayrJh wu,fhAk'<bmom&J h teSpfom&[mbmvJ/ wu,fhAk'<bmom&JŒ usifhpOfawG [m bmvJqdkwmudk tav; teufxm;jyD;avhvmoif,l=u&JŒvm;/ yDyDjyifjyif usifh}uH=u&Jhvm;qdkwm ar;cGef; xkwfp&myg?

,cifaqmif;yg;rSm wifjycJhwJh umvrokwWefw&m;qdk&if bmoma&;udk avhvmvkdufpm;wJh acwfynmwwfwcsKdŒ uom od=uayr,fh trsm;pkuawmh od=urSm r[kwfygbl;?od=uolawGuvnf; onfw&m;ud k vk dufem usif h }uHaumif;rS usif h }uH=uygr,f?

tydkif;(4)


ydÉuwfusrf;pmxJrSm ygw,fqdk+yD; trSefvkd@ r,HkvkdufeJ@/ udk,fhq&morm;u ajymwm/&[ef;or%u ajymwmqdk+yD; trSefvkdŒr,lvdkufeJ@ pojzifh tqifjcifrJhwJh t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk(Blind Faith)udk wm;jrpf+yD; b,ft&mudkrqdk ynmeJ ha0zefprf;oyfyD;rS aqmifzkd@ a&Smifzdk@owday;cJhwJh umvmr w&m;awmfudk tav;teuf vkdufemol &Sm;yg; ygvdrfhr,f?

pmwvHk; bk&m;wqlqdkwJh t,ltqu jrefrmjynfrSm xGef;um;aejyD; bkef;}uD; wyg;w&m;a[m&if em;rvnf ayr,fh om"kac:zdkŒawmh tqifoifh jzpfae wwfwJh "avhudkaxmufq&if umvmrokwfu ajymwJh &J&J&ifh&ifh a0zefr_rsKd; &Sm;yg;w,fvkd h aumufcsufcs&rSmyg? em;rvnfbJeJ hem;vnfoa,mif [efaqmif+yD; aumif;avpG aumif;avpGvdk@vkyfwmrsKd;/ oHo,&Sdaeygvsuf oHo,udk zHk;uG,f+yD; axmufcHpum; ajym=um; wmrsKd;[mAk'<bmom usifhpOfr[kwfygbl;? tm%m&Sifpepf&Jh vufnSKd;axmif acgif;jidwf"avhomjzpfygw,f?

vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:,lqcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a0zefajymqdkcGifhawGudk vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfaewJh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexdkifcJh&wm jzpfwJhtwGuf&J&J&ifh&ifha0zefa&;qkdwJh Ak'<bmom ,Ofaus;r_[m aysmufuG,foavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD?trdefŒ[lorSsemcH=uqdkwJh tm%m&Sif t&dkif;"avhu v$rf;rdk; ae+yDvm;vdk h Ak'<bmom0if rsm;jyefvnf ppfaq;oihfyg+yD?

Ak'<bmomw&m;udk jywfjywfom;om; rusihfoHk;Edkif=uvdkŒtm%m&Sifpepfu v$rf;rdk;/tm%m&Sifpepfu v$rf;rdk;vdk@ Ak'<bmomw&m;awG wdrfaum/ Ak'<bmom w&m;awGwdrfaumaysmufuG,fvdkŒtm%m&Sifpepfu ydk+yD; tm;aumif;/ 'DvkdeJ hjrefrm ekdifiHrSm tm%m&Sifpepf tjrpf wG,f+yD; pnfyif}uD;xGm;aecJh&wmvdk h qdkedkifygw,f?

umvmrokwWefw&m;udk Ak'<bmom0ifawG arhaysmufypf=uyHkeJ hywfouf+yD; oD&dvuFEdkifiHrSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh ppfwrf; wckta=umif; ajymjycsifygw,f?

wuUodkvfausmif;om; oHk;&mwufa&mufwJh tpnf;ta0;wckrSm umvmr okwWefudkodol b,fESa,muf &SdovJ qdkwm ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhwmyg? y&dowfoHk;&m xJrSm &[ef;tyg;eSpfq,fvnf; yg0ifygw,f?

ppfwrf;t& odwJholu oHCmwpfyg; vlESpfa,muf pkpkaygif;rS oHk;OD;yJ &Sdygw,f?odoloHk;OD;udk aoaocsmcsm ar;=unhfawmh vnf; umvmrokwWefw&m;&J h qdkvdkcsufteuft"dyg,fudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfa=umif; awG@ &ygw,f?

Ak'<bmom tvGef xGef;um;w,fqdkwJh oD&dvuFmEdkifiHrSm onfvdk ur?mausmfAk'<w&m;udk od&Sd&aumif;rSef;rod/ vkdufemusifh}uH&aumif;rSef;rodjzpfaewmuawmhpdwfraumif;p&myg? oD&dvuFmedkifiH&JŒ vlOD;a& ckeSpfq,f &mcdkif ESKef;avmufu Ak'<bmom0ifawG jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0if oD&dvuFmedkifiHom;awG[m Ak'<w&m;awmfawGudk av;av;eufeufvdkufemusifhoHk;jcif; r&Sd=uawmh wJhtwGuf oD&dvuFmedkifiHrSm vlŒtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG


t=urf;zufrSKawG xGef;um;vmaewmvdkŒ ppfwrf; aumuf,lwJh olu aumufcsufcsygw,f?jrefrmekdifiHrSmvnf; onfw&m;udk od&SdusihfoHk;ol trsm;tjym;&Sda=umif; taxmuf

txm; rawG h&ygbl;? onfw&m;eJ hywfouf+yD; a[m=um;xm;wmawG a&; om; xm;wmawGudk tenf;tusOf;yJ awG h&ygw,f? rdom;pk aetdrfawGeJ@ pmoifcef; awGrSmvnf;a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;rSK rxGef;um;ovdk Ak'<w&m;awmfrsm;udk oif=um;a[majymaewJhbk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;rSmvnf; a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;r_udk us,fus,fjyef hjyef h rawG@&ygbl;?

a0zefa&;vdkŒqdkvdkufwmeJŒwDudkqm;eJŒwdkŒvdkufovdkrsKd; wGefŒoGm; &GHŒoGm; awmh wmygyJ? wa,mufeJ hwa,muf wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ h r[kwfrw&m; pGyfpGJykwfcwf ajymqdkwm rsKd; udka0zefa&;vk dŒowfrSwfae=uwmyJrsm;ygw,f? Ak'G hbmom a[mn$efcJ hwJ h wu,fha0zefa&;,Ofaus;rSKudk rsufuG,fjyKcJh=uwJhtwGuf todynm&Sd&Sd a0zefwmrsKd;/ tusKd;oifhta=umif;oifh a0zefwmrsKd;/ arwWmjzifh a0zefaxmufjywmrsKd;udk rvkyfwwfawmh oavmufjzpfaeygjyD?

Ak'<tvdkus a0zefa&;rsdK;eJŒ todOm%fzGifhay;wJh tvkyfudk vkyfwJholrsm; usjyefawmhvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;u rvkdvm;=ujyefbl;? a0zefa&;pmayawG a&;om; xkwfa0edkifjcif;r&dSatmif pmaypDppfa&;Xmersm; zGifhvSpf+yD; wm;qD;ovdk pmaypDppfa&;udk ausmf vGef+yD;a0zefa&; vkyfwJholawGudkvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcs aeygw,f?

tusOf;axmifxJrSm ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f uscHae=uwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mrsm; tp&dSolawG[m tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ qdk;0g;yHkawGudkapwemeJŒ&J&J&ifh&ifh axmufjy a0zefwm a=umifh onfvdktjypf'%frsm; uscHae&wmyg?

'ga=umifh tm%m&Sifpepf[m Ak'<bmom&JŒ wu,fh w&m;aumif; w&m;jrwfawGudkzsufqD;ypf aew,fvdk@ ajym&wmyg? vuf&dStaetxm;udk jyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&iftm%m&Sifpepf[m Ak'<bmom e,fy,fudk vnf; xifovdk cs,fvS,fae+yDvdk@yif ajymedkifygw,f?&[ef;oHCmrsm;yifvSsif jynfolvlxkenf;wl tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ atmufrSm vGwfvGwffvyfvyfvSKyf&Sm;vdkŒr&Edkifatmif tzdESdyfcHae&+yD jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<omoemawmfud kwnfwH h jyefŒyGm;atmif vkyfr,fvd k @ a=uG;a=umfaewJhomoemhh0efxrf; wcsdKŒ[mvnf; tm%m &SifawG eJŒ aygif;rdoGm;yD; tm%meJ@ omoemjyKr,ffqdkwJh txd t,l&dkif;awG 0ifaeygw,f? tm%meJ@ omoem jyKr,fqdkwJh t,l&kdif;a=umihfbmoma&;ppfyGJawG jzpfcJhwm ordkif;rSm txift&Sm; &Sdygw,f?

vlhavmu}uD; jidrf;csrf;om,mzdkŒtwGuf udk,fudk,fwdkifvnf; ormw&m; awGudkusihf}uHvdkufem&rSmjzpfovdk vlom;awGudkvnf; ormw&m; awG usifh}uH tm; xkwf vmatmifoGefoifjyoay;zdk@yJ &S dygw,f? wjcm; enf;vrf;awG[m ppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&; udkazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;?

'gayr,hf jrefrmEdkifiHu omoemh0efxrf;wcsKdŒuawmh tm%m&Siftvdkus tm%meJ@+idrf0yfydjym;atmif vkyfzdk@ tm;ay;tm;ajrSmuf vkyfae=uygw,f?


jrwfAk'<vrf;n$efcJhwJh w&m;awmfawGudk wefzdk;xm;&r,fhtpm; tm%m&SifawGuay;wJh bGJŒvufrSwfawGudk ydk+yD;wefzdk;xm;olu xm;ae=uyg+yD? vGwfvyfjcif; 0drkwWd&o xuftm%m&Si fu ay;wJ hausmif;uefrsm;ud k y d k +y D;wyfrufolu wyfruf ae=uygjy D?vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh aqG;aEG;cGifh a0zefcGifhawGudk t}uD;tus,f ydwfyif aewJh pmay pDppfa&;vdktodynm zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmyif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifolu yg0if aeyg+yD?

tm%m&Sifu csD;jrSihfwJh bGJ@xl;*k%fxl; qkwHqdyfawGeJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudkwyfruf,pfrl;+yD; omoma&;tm%m&Sifrsm;b0rSm auseyfaeolawG&Jh ta&twGufrenf;vSwmudk =unfh&if tm%m&Sifpepfu Ak'<bmomudk b,favmuf twdkif;twmtxdzsufqD;ae+yDvJqdkwm tvG,feJ h wGufcsufEdkifygw,f? tydkif;f (5)

tm%m&Sifpepfqdkwm vlwa,muf odk@r[kwf vlwpku wdkif;ol jynffom;vltrsm;udk trdef@ tm%mawGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfjyD; *kwfaoG;pkyfwJh pepf jzpfygw,f? vlvlcsif;tqif@twef; cGJjcm;jyD; tm%m&Sdolu tm%mrJ@oludk rw&m; toHk;cswJ@ pepfjzpfygw,f?onfvdk tjrwfxkwf aoG;pkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk tcdkif;tap b0rsKd;/aus;uGsefb0rsKd;a&mufatmif ESdrf@csxm;ygw,f? tm%m&Sifu ocif jzpfjyD; tm%mrJhuusGefjzpfae&wJh pepfyg? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sifpepfqdkwm aus;usGefpepf wrsdK; jzpfygw,f?vlawGudk tedrfhqHk;tqifha&mufatmif ydk@aqmifay;wJh pepfvdk@ ajym&ygr,f?

ocifu aus;usGefudk tydkiftEdkifxdef;csKyfxm;ovdkrsdK; wdkif;oljynfom; awGudk vHk;0xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifatmif tm%m&Sifu pepfwus pDrH xm;ygw,f? vufeufawG trdef@tm%mawGeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf xdef;csKyfxm;ovdk pm;0wfaea&; pD;yGm;a&; tcGih ftvrf;awGeJ@rufvHk;ay;jyD;vnf; xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f?

aus;usGefawG[m olwdk@ocifausG;rS pm;&ovdkrsdK; jynfolvlxkudk olwdk@ ausG;rSpm;&r,f@ b0rsdK; a&mufatmif vkyfxm;ygw,f? xrif;0wJhol xuf AdkufqmaewJholudktkyfcsKyfvdk@ ydkvG,f ulw,fvdk@ tm%m&Sifrsm;u cH,l=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm ae&wJhol awG[m qif;&Jae=uygw,f? pm;&rJhrJh aomuf&rJhrJh jzpfae=u ygw,f?

tvkyfvufrJh trsm;tjym;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;wm[m tm%m&Sif pepf&JŒenf;AsL[m wrsdK;yg? vlawG tiwfiwf tjywfjywf jzpfaeav tm%m&Sif rsm; vkyfcsif&mvkyfEdkifavygyJ? tm%m&Sifpepfudk wif;jynfh usyfjynfh usifhoHk;cJhwJh oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepf=uD;pdk;cJ@wJ@ acwfumvudk jyef=unfh &if 'gudk tvG,feJ@ jrifEdkif ygw,f?

tm%m&SifawG[m vlawGudk &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtm;jzifhom aus;usGefjzpfatmifvkyfaewmr[kwfbJ todOm%fykdif; tm;jzifhvnf; aus;usGefjzpfatmif vkyfaeygw,f?wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk xm;&mae ap&moGm; t=uGif;rJh emcHolawGjzpfatmif yHkoGif;&mrSmtodynm qif;&JapwJhenf;[m t"duuswJh enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? todynm &SdwJholudkjcdrf;ajcmufzk d @ cufovdk tvG,fwulvnf; zsm;a,mif;vdk @vnf; r&Ed kifbl;qd kwm


tm%m&Sifrsm; odaeygw,f?tm%m&SifawG udk,fwdkifuvnf; todynmrJ@olrsm; jzpfaejyD; todynm&JŒ

qef@usifbufjzpfwJ@ rdkufusifh rdkuf}uHrsm;eJ@ tm%m&vmwmjzpfwJhtwGuf todynmudkwefzdk;rxm;wwfovdk todynm&Sifudk a=umufvnf; a=umuf/ rkef;vnf; rkef;ygw,f?tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu wdkif;jynfrSeforSsrSm ynm&Sif&Sm;yg;jyD; ynma&;pepf ysufpD;aewmrxl;qef;wJh obm0yg?

todynmuif;rJhjyD; trdkufarSmif zHk;v$rf;wJ@ae&m[m aus;usGefpepf 'grSr[kwftm%m&SifpepftwGuf blrd eufoef jzpfygw,f ? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sifrsm;[m jynfolvlxkxHrSm pD;yGm;a&;a&m ynma&;yg qif;&J csKdŒwJ@atmif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd (wenf;ajym&&if)pDrHudef;eJ@ aqmif&Gufygw,f? vlawG nHhzsif;avav aus;usGefpepfudk wnfaqmufzdk@ vG,favavyg?

tm%m&Sif[m aus;usGefpdwf0ifoGm;olawGxJu vlrd kufxdyfacgifawGud kp dwf }ud Kufa&G;cs,f jy D ; tm%m&Si fpepf& J Œ ,E W&m;xJr Sm acG;oGm;p dy frsm;tjzpfxnfhygw,f?tm%mwpdwfwydkif;ay;jyD; tcsif;csif; tEdkifusifhwJhenf;awGeJ@ &yfwnfcdkfif;ygw,f?vmbfay;vmbf,lenf;awGeJ@ 0rf;pm &Smapygw,f? rormwJh enf;awGeJ@ 0ifaiG&atmifzefwD;ygw,f? Edkif&mpm; pdwf"mwf[m tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm xGef;um;aewJh pdwf"mwfjzpfygw,f?

vmbfay;vmbf,lawG vkyfEdkifatmif rw&m;wJh trdef@awG/ ta,mifaqmifOya'awGudk xkwfjyefay;ygw,f? ae&mwum tuef@towfawG tcsKyftcs,fawGudk csrSwfjyD;aiG&SmuGufawG zefwD;ygw,f? omref jynfol jynfom;awG[m onftuef@towfawG/tcsKyftcs,fawG/ trdef@awG/ Oya'awG=um;rSm toufarG;Edkifzdk@ twGuf tm%mydkifrsm;udkvmbfay;&ygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ tusifhysuf jcpm;r_awG[m tm%m&Sif pepf&JŒ "av@p&dkufrsm; jzpfygw,f?

Ed kif&mpm; pdwf"mwfeJ@ tusif hysufjcpm;wJh "avhp&d kufrsm;[m acwfopfaus;usGefpepfwpfrsdK;jzpfwJh tm%m&Sif pepf=uD; vnfywfaezdk@twGuf avmifpm qD ozG,ftm;jznfhay;aeygw,f?

tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ ,E W&m;xJrSm yg0if&wJholawG[m rormwJh enf;awGeJ@toufar G;ae&wJ htwGuf olwd k @ txufu tm%m&Si f tay: jye frvSe fE d ki fawmhygbl;?tm%m&SifeJ@ w*dk%f;wnf;jzpfvmjyD; tm%m&Sif cdkif;aporSs udk vdkufem vkyfaqmifvm&ygw,f? jynfolvlxktay: nSif;yef;ESdyfpufwJ@ vufr&GHŒrsm;tjzpf o&kyfaqmif =u&ygw,f?onfvdkeJ@ jynfoljynfom; tcsif;csif;=um;rSm ESdyfpufoleJ@ ESdyfpufcH&ol/ vdrfvnfoleJ@ vdrfvnfcH&ol/ tEdkifusif@oleJ@ tEdkifusif@cH&ol qdkjyD; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;r_awG v$rf;rdk;aeyg awmhw,f?

wa,mufudk wa,muf ajymifvdrf&wmawG/ ajymifvSnfhywf&wm awG/ajymiftEdkifusifh&wmawGa=umifh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm wa,muffudk wa,muf


&efolawGvdk jrifae=uygw,f? &efbufawGvdk jyKrlqufqef aeygw,f? tdrf=uufcsif; tdk;rJokwfyD;cGyfcdkif;wJ@ enf;eJ@ tm%m&Sifu wdkfif;ol jynfom;awGudk cGJjcm; tkyfcsKyf aewmyg?

tm%m&Sifpepf/ Edkif&mpm;pdwf"mwf/ tusifhysufjcpm;"avhp&dkuf/ pdwf0rf;uGJjym;r_/acwfopfaus;usGefb0 onfvdk a=umif;usKd; qufpyf aewmjzpfygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfaewJ@ onfvdk pdwf"mwfrsKd;awG / onfvdk "av@ p&dkufrsKd; awG[mAk'<bmom0ifawGrSm &Sd&r,fh pdwf"mwfawG "avhp&dkufawGeJ@ vHk;0 jcm;em;aeygw,f?pdwf0rf;uGJr_awG ywdyuQawG[mvnf; Ak'<bmom0if tcsif;csif;=um;rSm jzpfyGm;&rJh t&mawGr[kwfygbl;? aus;usGefvdk b0awG [m vnf; Ak'<bmom0ifawGeJ@ vm;vm;rS rqdkifwJh b0awGyg?

Ak'<jrwfpGmu ol@&JŒw&m;awmfawGudk usifhoHk;&if OwW&drEk\ vdk@ac:wJh tjrifhjrwfqHk;vlom;rsm;tjzpfod k @ {uefa&muf&S d&r,fvd k @ ajymcJ hygw,f? jrwfAk'<a[mn$efwJ hormw&m;awmfawG[m tjrifhqHk;*k%f&nf awGudk &&m&a=umif; tusifhawG jzpfvdk@ygyJ?

Ak'<bmomrSm vlom;rsm; usifh}uHtm;xkwfp&m tjzpf orRm w&m; (8)yg; udka[mn$efygw,f? orRmw&m;qdkawmh q&m,k'oef bmomjyefoGm;wJh c&pf,ef orRmusrf;pmbdkifb,fvf (Bible) eJ@ a&maxG; p&mvdkvdk jzpfoGm; w,f? wu,fawmh q&m,k'oef[mAk'<bmom xJu tESpfom&t&SdqHk; ta&;ygqHk; pum;vHk;udk t&,loGm;EdkifwJh olygyJ? 'ga=umifh'Dae@ Ak'< bmom 0if rsm;[m orRmw&m;qdk&if c&pf,ef bdkifb,fvfusrf;xJu w&m; awGudkajym wmvm;vdk@ Za0Z0gyif jzpfwwf=uygw,f? wu,f awmh Ak'< bmom w&m; awGudkomorRm w&m;awGvdk@ ac:oifhygw,f?

vGwfajrmufvdkwJh vlom;rsm;taeeJ@ usihfoHk;&r,hf w&m;awG[m orRmw&m; rSwyg;tjcm;r&Sdbl;vdk@ Ak'<udkf,fwdkifu twdtvif; ajyma[m oGm;wma=umihfyg? oludk,fwdkif vnf;orRmw&m;udk od&SdusihfoHk;jyD;rS vGwfajrmuf jyD vdk h a=uG;a=umfoGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?orRmw&m;awGudk udk,fwdkif od&SdusifhoHk;jyD; wJhaemufrSmrS orRmorŠK'< qdkwJh bJGŒxl;udkcH,lvdkufwmyg? onfbGJ@xl;u orRmw&m;udk udk,fwdkif od&Sdolvdk h teufxGufygw,f?

orRmw&m;qdkwm pif=u,fjrifhjrwfwJh tqifhudk a&mufzdk@twGuf vlom; rsm;usifh&r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f? tawmftwef A[kokw&SdwJh Ak'< bmom0ifawGu r*~if&Spfyg;vdk@odxm;wJh t&mawG[m orRmw&m; awG ygyJ?

a&S;u Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m 'Dpum;vHk;udk jrefrmr_jyKcJh =uygw,f?ormw,f rormbl;qdkwJh jrefrm@ toHk;tES_ef;[m Ak'<bmomvm orRm qdkwJ@ ygVdpum;vHk;udkjrefrmrS_jyKjyD; oHk;pGJcJ@wJ@ toHk;tES_ef; jzpfygw,f?

ormwJh tjrif/ ormwJh tawG;/ ormwJh tajym/ ormwJh tvkyf/ ormwJhtoufarG;r_/ ormwJh tm;xkwfr_/ ormwJh owd/ ormwJh wnf=unfr_ qdkwJh ormw&m;&Spfyg;[m Ak'<bmom0ifvdk@ udkf,hfudk,fudk owfrSwfxm; olwdkif; usifh&r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f?udk,hfudk,fudk,f Ak'<bmom0if wa,mufvdk howfrSwfcH,lxm;yg vsuf onform w&m;awGudkrod&Sd rusifhoHk;bJ tjcm;wyg; tusif@ t=uHawGudk pGJjrJusif@oHk;ae&if [efaqmif yefaqmif


trnfcHAk'<bmom0ifwa,mufom jzpfygvdrfhr,f?vlwa,muf[m rormrS_awGudk a&Smif&Sm;yD; orm w&m; awGudkyJ usifhoHk;r,fqdk&if

ormorwfuswJh tjrifhqHk; vlom;( OwW&drEk\) jzpfvmr,fvdk@ Ak'<a[mn$efcJhwJhtwdkif;Ak'<bmom0ifawGu tav;teuf cH,lcJh=uygw,f?

wrsdK;ajym&r,fqdk&if vlwa,muf[m rormr_awGudk a&Smif&r,fh tpm;usifhoHk;r,fqdk&if rormolawG jzpfvmjyD; vl@avmurSm atmufydwf qHk; t,kwfedrfhqHk;tqihfudk usa&mufoGm;r,fvdk hcH,lxm; cJh=uwmyg?

Ak'<bmom&JŒ aywHeJ@ =unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk; aeolrsm;[mtedrf hqH k;vlom;awGxJrSmyif atmufqH k; tqif hrSm &S daeol awGvd k @ jrif&ygr,f?udk,fudk,fwdkifvnf; rormr_awGudk tcsdef&Sdoa&GŒ usifhoHk;ae=uovdk wdkif;oljynfom;awGudkvJrormr_awG usifhoHk; vmatmif wGef;xdk;tm;ay;aevdk@ygyJ?

Ak'<bmom0if udk;q,f &mES_ef;avmuf&SdwJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wu,f xGef;um; ae&rSmuormw&m;awGyg? 'gayrJ@tcktcsdefrSmawmh tm%m&Sif pepfu zefwD;wJ@ romrS_awGudkyJvdkufvdkufavsmavsm usifhoHk;ae=uygw,f? ol@tvSnfhrSm olpm; / ig@tvSnfhrSm igpm;r,fqdkwJhEdkif&mpm;pdwf"mwfawGyJ v$rf;rdk;aeygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0ifawG[m tm%m&SifawG zefwD;xm;wJh Edkif&mpm; avmu=uD; xJrSmepfrGef;ae&rSm r[kwfygbl;? tusif@ysufjcpm; avmu=uD;xJrSm usifvnfae&rSm r[kwfygbl;?todynmrJ@wJ@ aus;uGsefb0rsKd; ta&mufcH&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'Dvdk tusif@p&dkufqdk;awGb0qdk;awGudk wGef;vSefjyD; tjrif@jrwfqHk; vlom;rsm; tjzpf a&mufatmif Ak'<bmomuvrf;n$ef xm;wJh ormw&m;awGudk usif@=uH tm;xkwf&rSmom jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG taeeJ@ tm%m&SifawG&JŒ rormr_ ausmhuGif;axmifacsmufawGxJud k r0ifbJ jrwfAk'<a[m=um;cJ hwJ h orm w&m;awmfawGud kav;av;eufeuf vdkufemusifhoHk;zd k@ vdktyfygw,f? onfvdk ormwJh w&m;awGudkusifhoHk;jcif;onfyif tm%m&Sifrsm;eJ@ vrf;cGJ jcif; jzpfygw,f?

tm%m&SifawG&JŒ rormwJh ,E W&m;twGif;rSm 0ifa&muf trSKrxrf;bJaejcif;onfyif ormtmZD0w&m;udk usif@oHk;jcif; jzpfjyD; tm%m&Sif pepf &JŒ atmufuvGwfajrmufzdk@ yxrqHk; ajcvSrf; jzpfw,fqdkwm owd pGJjrJzdk@ vdkygw,f?

ormwJ htjrif / ormwJ ht}uH/ ormwJ htvky f pwJ h ormw&m;awGud ktyDtjyifusifhoHk;&if acwfopfaus;uGsef pepfudk azmfaqmifaewJh tm%m&Sif,E W&m;xJuvGwfajrmufEd ki frSm jzpfovdk k jrif h jrwfpif=u,fwJh vlom;rsm; tjzpfeJ@ avmu&JŒxdyfwef;tqifhudkvnf; wufvSrf;EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? tydkif; (6)

Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;[m cGifhv$wf onf;cHjcif;w&m;udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;=uygw,f// cGifhv$wfjcif;qdkwJh OayuQmw&m;eJ@ onf;cHjcif;qdkwJh cE WDw&m;rsm;[m jrwfpGm bk&m;


a[mn$efwJh w&m;awG jzpfovdk bk&m;avmif;rsm; usif@wJ@yg&rD q,fyg;xJu ta&;ygwJh yg&rDusifhpOfrsm; jzpfw,f qdk+yD; txGwftjrwf

xm;=uygw,f// 'ga=umifh udk,fudk,fwdkifvnf; onf;cHcGif hv$wfEd kifatmif }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uygw,f? onf;cHcGifhv$wfEdkifolawGudkvnf; tm;ay; cDs;rGrf;=uygw,f//

'gayr,f@ cGifhv$wfonf;cHjcif;qdkwm b,fvdkt&mvJ? jrwfAk'< a[m=um;wJh OayuQmw&m; qdkwm bmvJ// 'gawGudk todynmeJ@ aoaocsmcsm a0zefoHk;oyf wmrsKd;awmhawmfawmf&Sm; ygw,f//

olwyg;u rw&m;vkyf&if bmrS rwHk@jyefbJ }udwfrdSwfcHwmrsKd;/ trSm;usL;;vGefoludkbmrS tjypf jyefray;bJ vGwf+idrf;cGifhay;vdkuf wmrsKd;/ aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk; b,fvdktr_rsKd;udkrqdk vspfvsK&_edkif wmrsKd;/ udk,fhudk owfjzwfr,fqdk&ifaomfrS rwHk@jyefbJ iHk@cHwmrsKd;/onfvdktusifhrsKd;awGudk cGifhv$wf onf;cHjcif;w&m; jzpfw,fvdk@ cH,lusifhoHk; aewwfygw,f// }udwfrdSwfonf;cHwwfwJhtusifheJ@ bmudkrqdk vspfvsL&_wwfwJh tusifhawGa=umifhyJtqdk;qHk; tnpfqHk; tvdrfqHk; taumufqHk; *k%foduQmtrJhqHk;vdk@ qdkEdkifavmufwJhppftm%m&Sifpepf[m jrefrmedkifiHrSm tjrpf pJGaewmyg// olrsm;vkyforSs iHk@cHwwfwJh tusifhudkaumif;wJhtusifh jrwfwJhtusifhvdk@ vJGvGJrSm; rSm; cH,laeavawmh 'Dvdk iHk@cHwwfr_udktcGifhaumif;,ljyD; tjrwfxkwf wwfwJh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; twGuf rsufjzLqdkufavq&m}udKufav jzpfaeygawmhw,f//

wu,fawmh jrwfAk'<a[m=um;wJh OayuQmw&m;eJ@ t&mcyfodrf; cGifhv$wfonf;cHjcif;eJ@ wjcm;pDyg// olrsm;vkyforSs iHk@cHwmrsKd;/ tjypfusL;vGefwmawGudk bmrS ta&;r,lvspfvsL&_wmrsKd;[m Ak'<jrwfpGm a[mn$efwJh OayuQmw&m; eJ@ bmrS rqdkifygbl;// jrwfAk'<udk,fwdkifu ol h&Jhwynfhom;ajr;awGudk bmvkyfvkyf onf;cHcGifhv$wfcJhavovm;// 'grSr[kwfynmygygeJ@ rSefrSefuefuef ta&;,l wHk@jyefcJhav ovm;// 'gudk jyefqef;ppfzdk hvdkygw,f//

Oyrm jy&&if oHCmudk oif;cJGcJhwJh a'0'wfudk jrwfAk'<[m cGifhv$wfonf;cHcJhjcif;r&dSygbl;// vspfvsL r&S_cJhygbl;// bmrS ta&;r,lbJ ay,smvuH rxm;cJhygbl;// Ak'<bmomoHCmtzGJ h&Jh t}uD;qHk; jypf'%f jzpfwJh yumoed,uH eJ h ta&;,lcJhygw,f// oHCmhtzJG heJ@vHk;0 rouf qdkifwJh olwOD;jzpf a=umif; vlod&Sif=um;a=unm+yD; oHCmhtzJG hxJuxkwfy,fypfvdkufwmyg// Ak'<jrwfpGm[m r[kwfwm vkyfoludk vkyfwJhtjypfeJ@ tnD ta&;,lwHk@jyefcJholjzpfygw,f//

'gudk axmufq&if Ak'< a[m=um; wJh OayuQmw&m;qdkwm bmrqdkcGifhv$wfonf;cHjyD;vspfvsL&S _wJ h tusif hrsK d; r[kwf a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f//OayuQmw&m;qd kwmur[kwfwmvkyfwJholudk r[kwfwmvkyfwJhtwdkif;/ [kwfwm vkyfwJh oludk [kwfwmvkyfwJhtwdkkif;bufvdkufjcif;r&dSbJ ta&;,lwHk hjyefjcif;om jzpfygw,f// b,fbufudkrS rvdkufbJw&m;Oya'twdkif; qHk;jzwfpD&ifwwfwJh w&m;ol}uD;aumif;rsm;&JŒ pdwfaepdwfxm;eJ@ wlw,fvdk@ajym&ygvdrfhr,f//


w&m;ol}uD;aumif;qd kwm Oya'twdkif; jypfr_eJ@ jypf'%fudk rSswatmifajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf qHk;jzwf ay;& ygw,f// cdk;r_twGuf jypf'%fu axmifwvqdk&ifcdk;r_usL;vGefol rnfolhudkrqdk axmifwv cs& ygr,f// cspfoljzpfvdk@ w&ufyJ uscHap/ rkef;oljzpfvdk@weSpfuscHap pojzihf qHk;jzwfwwfwJh ol[m t*wdvkdufpm;olom jzpfvdk h w&m;ol}uD;ppfppfr[kwfygbl;?

cGifhv$wfjcif;qdkwm[m jrwfAk'< a[m=um;wJh OayuQmw&m; jzpfwma=umifhcdk;wJholudk cGifhv$wfvdkufwmtaumif;qHk;yJvdk@ w&m;ol=uD;u qHk;jzwf&if b,folrS vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;// cGifhv$wfwm aumif;w,fqdkjyD;awmh olcdk;"m;jyawGudk bmtjypf'%frS ray;wJhw&m;ol=uD;udk b,folurS axmufcHrSm r[kwfygbl;//

w&m;ol=uD;rsm;tygt0if wdkif;oljynfom;awGtm;vHk; cdk;r_ owfr_ pwJh &mZ0wfjypfr_awGudk cGif hv$wfonf;cH&if aocsmwm uawmh wdkif;jynfrSm cd k;r_owfr_awGwdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmygvdrfhr,f// pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfcsif&m vkyfwJh uaomif;ueif; avmu}uD;jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f//

Ak'<bmomu a[mn$efwJhh onf;cHcGifhv$wfjcif;w&m; OayuQm w&m;[m onfvdkavmuqdk;=uD;udk jzpfay:apr,fh w&m;rsKd; r[kwfygbl;//

cGifhv$wfonf;cH vspfvsL&S_wJh "avhp&dkufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; &k&S uAsmq&m}uD;,ufAfwl&Sifudk u tufaq;wyk'f a&;cJhzl; ygw,f//

wae@awmh uAsmq&m}uD;[m ol@rdwfaqGwa,muftdrfudk oGm;yg w,f//rdwfaqGtdrf rSm taygif;toif;awGpk+yD; tvkyform;ae@ txdef;trSwfeJ@ pm;aomufyJGav;wck vkyf=urvdk@yg// pm;aomuf yJGtwGuf wa,mufu *sKH,lvmw,f// aemufwa,mufuaAmh'*gt&uf,lvmw,f// wjcm;wa,mufu tmvl;,lvm ygw,f/// udk,fhrSm &dSwJhpm;p&maomufp&mav;awG ,lvm+yD; tvkyform;ae@ atmifyJGudk usif;y=uzdk@yg//

'gayr,fh tJonfae@u wa,mufrS ,lrvmedkifwJh ypPnf;wck &dSaeygw,f// tJ'guo=um;yg// &k&Sjynf=uD;wckvHk; o=um;jywfaewJhtwGuf b,folrS ,lrvmedkifcJhwmyg//'DtcgrSmtdrf&SiftrsK d;orD;u aygufuJG jyD; ol h&JŒtjrifud k xkwfajymygw,f// &k&SvlrsK d;awGcGifhv$wfonf;cHpdwf arG;aewJhtwGuf aemufqHk; 'Dvdk iwfjywf&wJh taetxm;udk a&muf&wmvdk@ emem=unf;=unf;ajymwmyg//

'gudk uAsmq&m ,ufzfwl&Sifudk u tvGefrSefuefw,fvdk@ axmufcH &Sif;jyygw,f//&k&SvlrsKd;awG[m tvGefcGifhv$wfonf;cHwwfw,fwJh// tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&a=umifh

bmyJjzpfaeae a&iHke_wfydwfjyD; cGif hv$wfonf;cHaewmyJwJh// yxrawmh tmvl;awGaysmufoGm;w,fwJh// tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;ayr,fh tmvl;r&dSvnf; jzpfw,f/ 'gudkonf;cHedkifw,fqdkjyD; vspfvsL&_aecJhw,fwJh// aemufawmh o=um;awG aysmufoGm; jyefw,fwJh//onftcgrSmvnf; o=um;aysmufwm bmr_p&m &dSovJ qdk+yD; tom vspfvsL&_aevdkufwmyJwJh// bmypPnf;awG aysmufaysmuf &k&SvlrsKd;rsm;uawmh cGifhv$wfonf;cHrSK tjynfheJ@


armifomrn(www.maukkha.org rS &,laz: jyygonf?)

vspfvsL&S_aecJhw,fwJh//vloHk;ypPnf;awG aysmufoGm;wJh aemufrSm vlawG aysmufukefawmhwmyJwJh//

tm%m&Sif tpdk;&u ESdyfpuf zrf;qD;rSKawGa=umifh &k&SvlrsKd;awG oef;eJ@cDs+yD; aysmufuG,fcJhwmyg// tmvl;awG o=um;awG &Sm;yg;aysmufuG,fcJhwkef;u cGifhv$wfonf;cHcJhwJh &k&S vlrsKd;rsm;[mvlawG aysmufuG,fukefawmhvnf; bmrS xl;jyD; rcHpm;&awmhygbl;wJh//

onfvdkeJ@ &k&SvlrsKd;rsm; cGifhv$wfonf;cH vspfvsL&S_vmvdkufwm aemufqHk;awmh&k&Sjynf=uD; pkwfjyw feHkcsmwJhtqifhtxd a&mufvmawmhwmyJ vdk@ uAsmq&m ,ufAfwl&Sifudku ajymygw,f// 'g[m bmudkrqdk cGifhv$wfonf;cHzdk h tqifoifhjzpfae wwfwJh "avhp&dkuf&JhtusKd;&v'fjzpfw,fvdk@ olu aumufcsufcsygw,f//

onftufaq;udk &k&SuAsmq&m ,ufzfwl&Sifudk a&;cJhwm 1988 ckeSpf 0ef;usifuyg// ,ckawmh &S&Sjynf}uD;[m tajymif;vJ=uD; ajymif;vJ oGm;yg+yD// 1990 ckeSpfrsm; tpydkif;rSmyJ&k&SvlrsKd;rsm;[m r[kwfrw&m;jzpfyGm;r_awGudk qufvufcGifhv$wf onf;cHjcif; r&dSawmhwJhaemufrSm wygwD tm%m&Sif pepf[m usqHk;oGm;cJhyg+yD// tm%m&SifpepfeJ hzGJ pnf;wnfaxmifxm;cJhwJh qdkAD,uftifyg,m}uD;vnf; urBm@ajryHkay:u aysmufuG,foGm;cJhyg+yD//

Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmedkifiHoledkifiHom;trsm;pk&JŒ cGifhv$wfonf;cHwJhpdwf"mwfeJ@vspfvsL&SKwwfwJh p&dkuf[m tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu &k&S EdkifiHom;awG&Jh pdwf"mwfp&dkufeJ@wlae+yD vm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&myg//

qefawG aysmufoGm;vnf; cGifhv$wfonf;cHcJhygw,f// qDawG aysmufoGm;vnf; cGifhv$wfonf;cHcJh ygw,f// tckawmh vlawG aysmufuG,fukefyg+yD// ppfa=uma&; pcef;awGeJ htusOf;axmifawG xJrSm aysmufuG,foGm;wJh olawG axmifaomif;cDsaeyg+yD? jynfwGif;ppf&JŒrD;vHSsxJrSm aysmufuG,f oGm;wJh olawG odef;oef;csDaeyg+yD// tm%m&Sifpepfuyfqdk;}uD;atmufrSm ae@jrifnaysmuf jzpfoGm;cJh&wJh b0wlvlom;awG tajrmuftrsm; &dSaecJh &dSaeqJyg//onfvdkjzpf&yfqdk;awGudk vspfvsL&S_wm cGifhv$wf onf;cHwm[m Ak'<bmomeJ h nDnGwfyg&JŒvm;//

Ak'<enf;us OayuQmw&m;qdkwmu tcspfawG trkef;awG ta=umufawG trufawGrygbJ rSef&ifrSefwJhtwdkif; vufcHjyD; rSm;&ifrSm;wJhtwdkif; qef@usifjcif;om jzpfygw,f//rxHkwufao; eHktt pdwf"mwfrsKd;eJ h b,fvdk rw&m;rSKrsKd;udk rqdk ta&;r,l vspfvsL&_jyD;cGifhv$wfwm[m Ak'<tvdkus OayuQmw&m; r[kwfygbl;//

rw&m;rS _awGud k c Gi f hv$wfonf;cHaeao;oa&GŒ jrefrmed ki fi Hom;rsm;[mppftm%m&SifawG&J h atmufrSm jym;jym;arSmufae&ygvdrf hr,f// tm%m&SifawGudkcGifhv$wfonf;cH aeao;oa&G h Ak'<bmom&JŒ yef;wdkifjzpfwJh vGwfvyfjcif; +idrf;csrf;jcif;rsm;eJ@a0;ae&ygvdrfhr,f// ('Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH a&'D,dkwGif xkwfv$ifhcJhaom aqmif;yg; jzpfygonf)


cgojuFefeJ h aemufqufwJGtawG;rsm; *%ef;

aeonf t&ifwkef;uxuf ydkrdkylovkdyif? wcsufwcsuf a0S h&rf;vmwJh avayGav&rf;uvnf; yljyif;vSwJh avxk=um; jzwfoef;vmojzifh &ifudk rat;jrapEdkif/ vrf;qef;vmatmifrwwf Edkifacs? 0ef;usifudk ai;armrdjyefawmhvnf; a&mf&Gufajcmufrsm;eJ h t&dk;wH}uJ}uJopfyiftdkrsm;om?

waygif;-wefcl; tul;tajymif;umvwnf;? vlawGuvnf; yljyif;vSojzifh o}uFefrdk;av; w+ydKufESpf+ydKufudk arsmfae&ovdk opfyifwkd huvnf; &GufEka0ap&ef apmifhaecsdefjzpf.?jrefrmouU&Zf 1372 ckESpfukefqHk;+yD; 1373 ckESpfodk hul;ajymif;cJhav+yD? rae hwae huvkd bmrS=umvkdufonf rxifbJ ESpfwESpfum; ukefqHk;cJhav+yD? avmutwGuf bmawGcsefxm;&pf+yD;b,ft&mawGudk o,faqmifvmygovJ h h h h h h h h h

“xavmhjrefrm

jrefrmxavmh/tm;raysmhESifhravsmhvHk hv

olupIigutm;vHk;

vuf&Hk;rsm;ajrmifOm%frsm;ajrmifESifh”


vlrsdK;wdkif; vlrsdK;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk h ,Ofaus;r_/ bmoma&; t,ltqrsm;tavsmufESpfwESpfukefqHk;+yD; ESpfopful;ajymif;csdefwGif aysmf&GifyGJrsm; qifEGJ+yD; ESpfopfudk }udKqdk=uonf?taemufwdkif;om;wkd h. emwmvl;ESpfopful;yGJ/ w&kwfe*g;wdk h. ESpfopful;yGJ rsm;enf;wl jrefrmwdk h. ESpfopful;yGJum; wefcl;aveJ hjrL;=uGvSwJh cgo}uFefyGJwnf;?

cgo}uFe fy G Jawmfum; wefc l;-uqkef vrsm;wGi f usa&mufavh&S donf?jA[Rm}uD;OD;acgif;udk ajrxk/ a&xk/ avxk xJodk htusa&mufap&ef vufajymif;vufvGJjyKvkyfcsdefudk txdrf;trSwf,lonf [laom t,ltqrSm [dENLbmomrS vmonfqdkaomfvnf;jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdk hu udk,fyd kif[ef udk,fyd kifpHjzif h arG;zGm;vufcHxm;+yD; jzpf.?a&G&nfaoG;onfh ydawmufyef;um; cgo}uFef.edrdwfyH kwnf;? a&obifyG Jawmfum;aysmfp&maumif;vSygbd/ pnfum;vSygbd? twma&obifyGJawmfudk yk*Hacwfuwnf;u usif;ycJhonf[k od&SdcJh&onf?

wefcl;-uqkef aqG haqG hckef qdkaom pum;twdkif; a&obifyGJawmfusif;ycsdefonfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvGefw&myljyif;vSonfh aEG&moD tcsdefwnf;? xdk ha=umifh rdwfo*Frsm;at;csrf;ygap/ ESpfa[mif;rS tnpfta=u;rsm; uif;pifygap/ ESpfopfrSm vlopf/ pdwfopfESifhat;csrf;om,mygap [laom aumif;jrwfvSonfh pdwfapoemudk t&if;cH+yD; vlwOD;ESifh wOD;a&jzef;yuf+yD;qkrGefawmif;=ujcif;jzpf.? ESpful;ajymif;csdefwGif Ak'<bmomjrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;onfukodkvfaumif;r_udk tjcm;tcsdefrsm;rSmxuf ydkrdktm&Hkpdkufum jyKvkyfavh&Sd.? ESpfa[mif;rSraumif;r_ tnpfta=u;rsm; &Sdygu c0gcsI ESpfopfrSmaumif;jcif; tjzmjzmESifh jynfhpHkap&ef[laom t,ltqjzifh aumif;wmrsm;omvkyfjcif;jzifh erdwf,l.?

cgo}uFefyGJawmf tm;vyf&ufwGif tvSLtwef;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;udkacgif;av#mf acgif;aq;ay;jcif;/ ajconf;vufonf; vSD;jzwfay;jcif;/ wd&d p>mefrsm;udk ab;rJhvGwfay;jcif;/ ywf0ef;usif&Sd bk&m;ausmif;uefae&mrsm; trsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom ae&mrsm;udkpkaygif;I oef h&Sif;jcif;/ jyKjyifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ukodkvf,ljcif;/ wpfOD;jcif;jzpfaptrsm;pkaygif;Ijzpfappwk'Dom r¾yfrsm;jzifh t,kwf/ tvwf/ tjrwf ra&G; t&yfav;rsufESmrS vmaom vltaygif;wdk htm; tpm;taomufrsm; ay;urf;jcif;jzif hukodkvf,l=u.? bmomw&m;udkif;&_dif;olrsm;rSmvl}uD;vli,fra&G; w&m;pcef;rsm;0ifumrdrdpdwfudk jzLpifap&ef pdwform"dtm;aumif;ap&efESif h oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&eftaxmuftyHjzpfap&ef &nf&G,f+yD; owdyXgefw&m;rsm; tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh ukodkvf,l.?

wu,fawmh xdkt&mrsm;rSm jzpfEkdif&if cgo}uFefumvtwGif;rSmom jyKvkyfoifhonfr[kwf? rdrdwdk h. b0woufwmwGif tpOft+rJjyKvkyfoifh/ vdkufemusifh}uHtyfaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? vlom;rsm; wOD;ESifh wOD;ylavmifr_rsm;uif;ygap/ csrf;ajrom,mygap[laom arwWmt&if;cHaom pdwfudk tcsdefawmfawmfrsm;rsm; usifhoHk;Ekdif&if rkef;wD;r_ t+idK;w&m;wkd hudk tajccHaomppfyGJrsm;/ &efjyKr_rsm; avsmhenf;um tawmf}uD; +idrf;csrf;om,mrnf rvGJay?

vl}uD;olrrsm;udk =uifempGmjyKpkjcif;/ pwk'Domr¾yfrsm;wGif 0dkif;0ef;vkyftm;ay;jcif;


rsm;onf y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;. tajccHpdwfqENudk jyKpkysdK;axmifay;&ma&muf.? wOD;ESifhwOD;cspfcif&if;ES D;r_udk jzpfapovkdtrsm;ESif htwl vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm rdrdus&mwm0efudkwm0ef,l&rnfqdkaom tavhtusifhudkvnf;jzpfap.? &yf"avh/ &Gm"avh tavsmuf'kuQa&mufaeolrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uonfh tpOftvmrSm jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_e,fy,fwGife*dkuwnf;u tajccdkifpGm&Sd+yD;jzpf.? aumif;rGef+yD; acwfeJ havsmfnDaom ,Ofaus;r_xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk pESpfwusESifh qufvufxdrf;odrf;&efvdk.? ,ae hurBmrSmacwfpm;aeaom(tef*sDtdk) [kac:aom t&yfbuftzGJ htpnf;rsm;ESifh tajccHoabmw&m;rSm twlwlyif?jrefrmEdkifiHwGifum; rdrdywf0ef;usif rdrda'o tavsmufomyJ ulnDaqmif&Gufavh&Sd.?

rdrdwdk h. rlv&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; tzGJ htpnf;udk ydkrdk}uD;rm;us,fjyef hap&ef tm;xkwfr_enf;yg;jcif;a=umifh usaemfwdk haexdkifaom vlr_ywf0ef;usife,fy,fudk }uD;rm;aom taxmuftyHrjzpfEdkifovkd vdktyfaomtajymif;tvJrsm;udk jyKvkyfEkdifonf txd =oZmroufa&mufacs?xdkuJhodk ht&yfbuftzGJ htpnf;rsm; zGH+zdK;r_onf EdkifiHwEdkifiH. wdk;wwfr_twGuf tvGefta&;ygvSaom a'gufwdkifrsm;qkdvnf; rrSm;acs?“EdkifiHa&; odyHynm&Sif aomrwfydef;”zGifhqkdjycJhovkdt&yfbuf tzGJ htpnf;qkdonfrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;udk,fwdkifu rdrdwdk htusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rdrdwdk@qENt& pnf;&Hk;zGJ hpnf;vm=uaom tpkta0;jzpfonfyifr[kwfvm; h h h h h hh h

xyfItEkpdwf=unfhv#if 'Drdku&ufwpf EdkifiHa&;pESpf xlaxmifa&;ESifh cdkifrma&;twGuft"duusaom EdkifiHawmf,E W&m;ESifh oD;jcm;uif;vGwfonfh vGwfvyfaom vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm;yifjzpfonf? xdk ha=umifh jrefrmEkdifiH. vlr_a&;e,fy,fwGif apoemh0efxrf;tzGJ hrsm; jzpfay:apaomxHk;wrf;tpOftvmrsm; rajymufuG,fap&efESifh a&&Snf&yfwnfEkdif&ef EdkifiHudk cspfolwdkif;rSmwm0ef&Sdonf[k cH,lusifhoHk;tyfayonf?

twma&obifyGJum; vli,frsm;twGufrl ajymp&mrvdkavmufatmifyif aysmfp&maumif;vSovkd/ trSwfw&yHkjyifrsm;udk }uHKawG h&avh&Sdaom yGJawmfwnf;? o}uFefrusrSD uwnf;uvufcsdK;a&wGufcg apmifh&if;b,fvkdaysmfr,f/ b,fyHkuJvkdufr,fqdk+yD; }udK+yD;&ifckefae&.?wESpfwm pmoifESpftwGif; yifyef;or#udk twdk;csaysmfyg;Edkifonfh ausmif;ydwf&uf&Snfumvr[kwfvm; h h h h h h? vl}uD;olrrsm;twGufrl ESpfa[mif;rSmyifyef;cJhor#udk tem;,l&if;a&S hquf&rnfh c&D;twGuf pDrHudef;rsm; }udKwifjyifqifcsdef/ &uf&Snftem;,lcGifh&aom tcsdefrSmrdrdaumif;usdK;/ oHo&maumif;usdK;twGuf aumif;r_ukodkvfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;/ oHo&mvGwfajrmuf&ef/ taxmuftyH tvdk hiSm w&m;bm0em tm;xkwfavh&Sdaom umv qdkvnf;rrSm;acs?

,cktcsdefwGif cgo}uFefyGJeJ htwl ESpfopful;ajymif;jcif;"avhudk jrefrm/ xdkif;/ vmtdk/uarBm'D;,m; tp&Sdaom ta&S hawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifom jyKvkyf=u.? xdkEkdifiHrsm;um;twdwfya0o%Duwnf;u ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;pHrsm; ul;vl;qufEG,fr_rsm; &Sdovkd Ak'<bmomxGef;um;yHkjcif;vnf; wl.? xdktxJwGif xdkif;EdkifiH. o}uFefyGJum; ydk haqmifqufoG,fa&; tqifajyr_/ rD'D,myHhydk;r_rsm;a=umifh txl;xif&Sm;um EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;yg vma&mufaysmfyg;=uojzifh


urBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;0ifaiGudk wdk;yGg;ap.? jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf; EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_&Sdonfh tcsdefa&muf&if xdkuJhodk hbmvkd h rjzpfEdkif&rvJ?

,ciftcsdefumvrsm;wGif &efukefESifh rE Wav;o}uFefyGJrsm;rSm txl;xif&Sm;vScJh.?txl;ojzifh aemufqHk;rif;aejynfawmfjzpfcJhaom rE Wav;eJ ho}uFefyGJum; cGJjcm;Ir&Ekdifatmifausmf=um;cJhbl;.? o}uFefyGJqdkonfESifh tvSjy,drf;tzGJ hrsm;ESifh oHcsyfxdk;aom tzGJ hrsm;udkjrifa&mifvmrdonfyif? oHcsyfxdk;jcif;ESifh o}uFefyGJum; cGJjcm;Ir&cJhaom twGJtzufjzpfcJhbl;.?tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. vkdvm;csuf csdK h,Gif;csufrsm;udk axmufjyovkd o&kyfysuf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk &_wfcs&if; &,farmp&m o&kyfjyuGufrsm;/ pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh =unfh&_olrsm;udk&,farmap&if; v_Haqmfynmay;=u.? raysmufuG,foifhaom jrefrmho}uFefyGJawmfrStpOftvm wckyifwnf;?

o}uFefwGif; owdyXmefw&m;rsm; tm;xkwf&ef w&m;pcef;rsm; 0ifjcif;onfvnf;avmuD/ avmukwW&m ESpfjzmaom tusdK;udk jzpfay:ap.? rdrd.udk,fusifhw&m;udk aumif;rGefoxuf aumif;rGefapovdk/ raumif;r_. jzm;a,mif;r_udk a&Smif=uOfEdkif.? oHo&mrSvGwfajrmuf&ef taxmuftyHhudkvnf; jzpfap.? udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefaom vl htzGJ@

tpnf;rsm; xGef;um;aom tcsdefYom +idrf;csrf;om,maom/ zGH h+zdK;wdk;wwfaom acwfudk zefwD;Edkif.?vlwOD;csif;pD. udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefr_xdrf;odrf;EdkifpGrf;onf oHo,mrS vGwfajrmuf&ef wckwnf;twGuftusdK;&Sdonfr[kwf/ avmu}uD;xJ aexdkiftouf&SifpOftwGif; trsm;tusdK;udkvnf;jzpfap.? ,ckb0wGifqif;&Jjcif;/ tvkdrjynfhjcif;rsm; }uHK&I twdwfuHudkcsnf;tjypfyH kcsI r&? yg&rDqdkonfrSm tvdktavsmufygvmaom t&mr[kwf? aumif;aomtusifh aumif;aom t}uHeJ h aumif;aomtvkyfrsm;udk pOfquf rysuf

vkyfEkdifrSom &.? yuwd trSefw&m;udk em;vnf+yD; usifh}uHEkdifzdkom ta&;}uD;.? bmrSrvkyfbJeJ h bmrS jzpfEkdifrnfr[kwf?

jrefrmouU&Zf 1373-ckESpfonf jrefrmvlrs d K;wd ki f;twGuf }uD;rm;aomtajymif;tvJ&ifqdkif&aom ESpfjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;aom ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. tm%mwHwdkif;umaecsdefjzpf.? wdkif;jynfudk qif;&JwGif;acsmufurf;yg;rS jyefrwufEkdiftpjyKaecsdefvnf; jzpfovdk vGwfvyfr_taxmuftyHhrsm;udk &dkufcsdK;aecsdefqdkvnf; rrSm;acs?

'Dvkdqdk;0g;vSwJh acwf}uD;rSmaysmfp&mtwd &SdcJhbl;wJh cgo}uFefudk vGrf;armwrf;wrdwmawmh rvGefygbl;? 'gayr,fh vGrf;armwrf;uae&HkeJ h r+yD;ajrmufEkdifygbl;? cgo}uFeftwGif;rSm tpOftquf usifhoHk;vdkufemcJhaom cgo}uFeftwGif;rSm tpOftquf usif;oHk;vk dufemcJ haom "avhxH k;p Hrsm;ud k qufvufzG H +z d K;atmifarG;jrL+yD; t&nftcsif;/


*%ef;

udk,fusifhw&m;eJ@ jynfhpHkaom EdkifiHom;aumif;rsm;jzpf&ef tm;xkwfoifhygw,f? odk hrSomtm%m&Si fr sm;vufr S jre frmE d ki fi Hud k vGwfajrmufatmif p Gr f ;aqmifE d ki faomEdkifiHom;aumif;rsm; jzpfvmygrnf?

xdkacwfqdk;}uD;rS vGwfajrmufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifoa&G usaemfwdk h =umzl;/}uHKzl;cJhaom aysmfp&mtwd+yD;aom cgo}uFef/ r&dk;ekdifaom a&obifyGJudk [email protected];qufrsm;txd }uHKEdkifawmhrnf r[kwf? aumif;rGefaom pdwfqENt&if;cHrygonfhtwkta,mif cgo}uFefyGJrsm;udkom }uHKawG h&ayrnf?

'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif tefwdkeD,dk *&efqD-u t&if;&SifpESpfudk +zdKcs&eftwGuft&yfzuftzGJ htpnf;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&; tjrLaw jzpfap&rnf [kqdkcJhbl;onf? xdk htwlusaemfwdk htaejzifhvnf; ppftm%m&SifpESpfudk +zdKcsEdkif&ef/ tqHk;owfEdkif&ef y&[dwtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/vlr_a&; bmoma&;udk tajccHaom tzGJ htpnf;rsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&; tjrLaw tjzpf aygif;pnf;=uygpkd@? aumif;aom&nf&G,fcsufjzifhpkpnf;xm;aom tzGJhtpnf;rsm;rSm wdkif;jynfat;csrf;vGwfvyfcsdefwGif 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&udkulnDtm;jznfhay;aoma'gufwkdifrsm;jzpf+yD; acwfqdk;umv tm%m&Sifrsm;tkyfcsKyfcsdefwGifrlawmfvSefa&;. a'gufwdkifrsm;yif r[kwfavm?

jrefrmouU&Zf wpfaxmifhoHk;&m ckESpfq,fhoHk; ckESpfwGif usaemfwdk h. bdk;bGm;bDbifrsm; ydkifqdkifcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH 'kwd,ajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;tawmifyH ysH0JEkdif&ef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkeJ h pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm ylaygif;wdkufyGJ0if=uygpdk h? 'g[mjzpfoifhjzpfxdkufwJhvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJh t&mqdkwm tm;vHk;vnf;em;vnf oabmayguf+yD;om;yg? 'geJ hawmifrSbmtwGufrsm;awGa0ae=uovJ h h h h h h bmawGpOf;pm;ae=uwmvJ h h h h h ESpfopfrSmvGwfvyfa&;tawmifyHcwfoHudk =um;a,mif&if; 1373 ckESpfudk r*Fvmtaygif;eJ hjynfhpHkap&efq&maZmf*sD. uAsmav;twdkif; qENjyKvkdufygonf?

xavmhjrefrm/ jrefrmxavmh/tm;raysmhESifh ravsmhvHk hvolupI/ igutm;vHk;vuf&Hk;rsm;ajrmif/ Om%frsm;ajrmifESifhpGrf;aqmif=uav h h h h h hTajr T&Gm b,fol h&GmvJT,mpyg;/ b,fol hpyg;vJxm;avmh wm0ef/ Om%fa&S hyef;Iw0rf;wpdwf/ nDapownf;?(aZmf*sD ? wdk hwdkif;jynfrS) ESpfopfrSm aysmf&Gifcsrf;ajr hygap?


q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;[m usaemfwdk@ArmEdkifiHrSm wacwfxGef; wa,mufay:yk*d~KvfrsKd; jzpfygw,f? ol@udk ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; vkdtyfcsufu jyÏmef;azmfxkwfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f?olvdk@vl aemufxyf ray:Ekdifawmhygbl;? q&m}uD;&JŒ *k%fyk'fawGudk ajymr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&iftrsm;}uD;yg?

pmayynm&Sif}uD;taeeJ@ ajymrvm;/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if yk*~dKvf}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ ajymrvm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; Adokum}uD;taeeJ@ ajymrvm; ajymp&mawG trsm;}uD;yg?

ol[m pmayavmurSm/ owif;pmavmurSm rD;¶ª;waqmifolwOD; jzpfcJhwmvnf;trSefygyJ? 'gayr,fh usaemf¶_axmifhuajym&&ifawmh q&m}uD;&JŒ*k%foa&[m ol&JŒ EdkifiHa&;vkyf&yfawGa=umifh ydkrdk}uD;vm&w,fvdk@ ajymcsifygw,f?

t*Fvdyftpdk;&&JŒ &efolawmf eHygwf 1 }uD;[m *syefacwfa&mufawmhvnf;awmajy;&i f; y ke f ;&w,f? zqyv vufxuf=uawmhvnf; qd k& S,fvpfawGe J @olwdk@&JŒppfAdkvfawGu awmxJuvlawG&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fvdk@ tremyajym+yD; ol@w&m;yGJawGudkjyLapmxD;awG v$wf+yD; +cdrf;ajcmufwmcH&w,f?

('DZdkif; udkrsdK; a&;qGJ *k%fjyKygonf?)

tJ'Dvd k acwftqufqufrSmtm%m& todkif;t0dkif;/ tm%m& vlwef;pm; eJ@ xdyfwdkufawG@ t+idKtjiifcH+yD;awmhacgif;rmrm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhvdk@ q&m}uD;&JŒ*k%foduQm[m xGef;ajymifwm/ wjynfvHk;u av;pm;&wm jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒxl;jcm;csufwcku ol[m jynfolvlxkeJ@tjrJwom;wnf;&Sdwmyg? ol[m jynfolvlxk wd kufy G Je J @ tjrJqufaeygw,f?t+rJwrf; olyg˜ygw,f? ol@acwfrSm olrygvdkufwJh jynfolvlxk&JŒwdkufyGJ&,fvdk@r&Sdygbl;?

‘ighb0rSmwdkufyGJawGeJ@ jynfhvSsrf;

q&mMuD;

ocifudk,fawmfrSKdif;&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;

“wdk hA rmjynf[m trSeftm;jzifhraumif;wJhacwfyJ h h h

wdk hwawG urBmysufcgeD;rSmvlvmjzpf&ovdkyJ”


aeygap’ qdkwJh rmufpf&JŒ a=uG;a=umfoHvdkyJ q&m}uD;&JŒ b0wckvHk;[m wdkufyGJawGcsnf;ygyJ?ol[m jynfolvlxk qdkwJhtxJrSm txl;ojzifh tzdESdyfcH qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;awGeJ@wom;wnf;uswm[m tifrwef xl;jcm;ygw,f?

ol[m Armjynf&JŒ qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;awGudkvnf; em;vnfw,f/ pmemw,f/tJ'DvlawGtwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifw,f? ola&;wJhpmawGxJrSm tnmr*Fvmaqmifvdk [mrsKd;utpvufzufudpPtqHk; aocsm=unfhvdkufvdk@&Sd&if q&m}uD;&JŒ&yfwnfcsuf[m b,fawmhrSjynfolvlxkudk opPmrazmufcJhbl;? qif;&JwJholawGeJ@ atmufwef;tusqHk;vlawGeJ@ ol[mtjrJwrf; wom;wnf;&SdcJhw,f? oludk aiGa=u;awG/ &mxl;awGeJ@qG,fwmawG ol@b0rSm c%c%=uHKcJh&w,f?

tJ'gawG tm;vHk;udk olu jywfjywf jiif;y,fEdkifcJhw,f? ol[m e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ ur?mh +idrf;csrf;a&;vdk ta&;awmfyHkawGtm;vHk;rSmta&SŒqHk;uygcJhwm trSefygyJ?

'ga=umifhrdk@vnf; 48 ckESpf 'Dbufydkif;rSm vli,fawG[m zqyv tpdk;&eJ@ =um;jzwfppftpdk;&wdk@&JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufr_wdk@udk q&m}uD;t&Sdeft0geJ@ &ifqdkifausmfv$m;cJh&wmawGudktrsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f? ol@udk a&SŒqHk;u wifhum;}uD;ay:xm;+yD; aemufu csDwufcJh&wmyg?ur?m+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm/ jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm q&m}uD;&JŒt&Sdeft0gr&Sd&if b,fvdkjzpfrvJqdkwm tawmfpOf;pm;&ygvdrfhr,f?

q&m}uD;[m t*Fvdyfpm rwwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh ol[m topfudk/ wdk;wufwmudkvufcHEd kifpGrf;&S dwmrSm tHh=op&m tvGefaumif;ygw,f/ ol@tawG;tac:u omrefya'o&mZfqefqef e,fcsJŒrkef;wD;r_uae+yD;awmh 0HomEkpdwf/ wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; pdwf"mwf/aemufqHk; qdk&S,fvpf0g'txd ajymif;vJvmygw,f?

'gudk ordkif;ygarmuQ q&m}uD; OD;oef;xGef;u ‘wdkwdkajym&&if yxr t*Fvdyftifyg&mxJrSmyJ 'dkrDeD,H &&ifawmf+yDvdk@ rSef;w,f/ aemufawmh vHk;0 vGwfvyfa&;u wjym;rSsravsmhbl;jzpfvmw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;&if b,fvdkEdkifiHwnfaqmufrvJqdkwm csufcsif;rpOf;pm;Ed kifao;bl;aygh/ya'o&mZfEd kifiHjyefjzpf&ifvnf; jzpfEd kifw,fqdkwJhoabmu&Sdaeao;w,f? aemufawmh qddk&S,fvpfEdkifiHydkif pepf&,fvdk@ yDyDoojzpfvmygw,f’ vdk@ol@pmwrf;wapmifrSm a&;xm;ygw,f?

tJ'D pmwrf;&JŒ aemufwae&mrSmawmh q&moef;xGef;u ‘'gayr,fh 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;rSm aemufqHk;umv 1944 ckESpfu q&m}uD;uG,fvGefwJh 1964 ckESpftxd tESpf20twGi f ;r Sm q&m}uD;& J Œb0u qd k& S,fvpfE d ki fi Hxlaxmifa&;e J @ +i dr f ;c sr f ;a&;uyef;wdkifvdk@jyoGm;ygw,f’ tJvdka&;xm;ygw,f?

q&m}uD;&JŒ psmyeumvrSm q&m}uD;&JŒta=umif; pmwrf;awG zwf=uawmhusaemfhtaza&;wJh pmwrf;xJrSm q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; (odk@r[kwf) jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;vdk@!Gef;oGm;ygw,f? 'g [m odyfudk rSefygw,f/ Armjynf&JŒordkif;/ qdkvdkwm 'Dbufacwf


ordkif;tauG@xJrSm q&m}uD;u a&SŒqHk;u ygolyg? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif ajymwJhpmeJ@ajym&vdk@&Sd&if ol[m ol@acwfu ay;wJhwm0efudk tausjyGefqHk; xrf;aqmifjyoGm;wJh vlxkol&Jaumif;}uD;wa,muf jzpfygw,f?

q&m}uD;&JŒ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwfom;avmufwJh t&nftcsif;wckuawmh ordkif;tauG@tajymif;awGrSm EdkifiHa&;t¶_yftaxG;awG b,fvdkyJ&Sd&Sd rsufaphrvnfwmygyJ? ol 'DvdkrsufaphrvnfwJh t"du ta=umif;t&if;uawmh ol[m jynfolvlxktay:rSm opPm&Sdvdk@jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ@yJ wom;wnf;&yfvdk@ jzpfygw,f?

ol&JŒoufwrf;eJ@trSs usifvnf&wJh c&D;=urf;}uD;wavsmufrSm oleJ@ vkyfazmfudkifzuftajrmuftrsm;rSm olvdk@ tawG;tac: rajymif;vJEdkifwJhtwGuf jywfusefcJhwmawG/cGJxGufoGm;wmawG/ trsm;}uD; =uHKcJ h&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh q&m}uD;uawmh ordkif;ujyÏmef;vmwJhh ta&;awmfyHkopfawG/ wdkufyGJopfawGtwGuf t,ltqopfawG udk vufcH+yD;vli,fawG/ tiftm;topfawGeJ@ vufwGJygw,f?

q&m}uD;u topfud k b,favmuftxd vufcHEd ki fpGrf;&S dovJqd kvd k&S d&ife,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrSm olt&if wkef;uwGJcJhwJh 'dkiftmcD aphpyfwGJcJhwJh vl}uD;awGeJ@cGJ+yD;awmhtrsKd;om;ausmif; axmifcJhwm&,f/ trsKd;om; ausmif;rSm 0if+yD;vkyfcJhwm/ vli,fawGeJ@wGJcJhwm/ wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvf awGeJ@wGJcJhwm/ aemufqHk;vGwfvyfa&; 'DbufacwfrSmudkyJ tJ'Dacwfu wdk;wufwJhvli,fawGjzpfwJh Aef;armf wifatmifwd k @ / '*kefwm&mwd k @vd k vli,fawGeJ @ wG Jwm/ aemuf+yD; Ad kvfrª;csKy fausmfaZmwd k @ /0wfvHkxGef;wifwdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGeJ@wGJwm 'g q&m}uD;&JŒ topftiftm;pkudk vufcHEdkifpGrf;&SSdr_/trSm;trSef cGJEdkifpGrf;&Sdr_udkjyowJh om" u awG jzpfygw,f?

q&m}uD; woufvH k; vufwG JoGm;wJ h tiftm;pkawGta=umif;ajym&ifcsefxm;vdk@rjzpfwJh tiftm;pkwck &Sdyg w,f? tJh'guawmh ausmif;om;awGyg? ArmjynfrSmausmif;om;awG&JŒ yxrqHk; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vdk@ qdk&r,fh 1920 ckESpf u ,leDAmpDwDoydwf}uD;upvdk@ aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd zqyv tpdk;&vufxuf/ =um;jzwf ppftpdk;&vufxuftxd ol[m ausmif;om;awGeJ@ vufjrJJjrJwGJcJhygw,f?

ol[m OD;bazwdk@vdk 'dkif,mcDorm;awGeJ@ vufwGJjzKwf+yD; ausmif;om;awGbufujywfjywf&yf/ uavmifxrf; +yD; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhw,f? arsmufÉdum/ bdGKif;aumufÉdumwdk@[mtJ'Dwkef;u q&m}uD;&JŒ&yfwnfcsufudk xif[yfae ygw,f?

ausmif;om;awGu ‘xDrxifausmif;awmfom;awG&JŒ trnftpOf acgif;ay:zsm;rSmv rif;wdk@q&mudk pm&if;wdk@ umom xm;vdkufayawmh’ qdk+yD; uwdjyKxm;wJhq&m}uD;udk olwdk@&JŒ OD;xdyfrSm tjrJxm;+yD; qdk;wkdifyif aumif; wdkifyif wdkifyifcJh=uygw,f?

&efukef wuUodkvfor*~ taqmuftODrSm tcgtm;avsmfpGmyJ q&m}uD;udk zdwf+yD;w&m;em=uw,f? ta&;}uD; wJh tcef;tem;awGrSm q&m}uD;udk zdwf=um;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh0rf;enf;p&maumif;wmu q&m}uD; uG,fvGefwJh tcsdefrSmusawmh tJ'D ol@wynfht&if;awG


*g0& vmrjyKEdkif=uawmhygbl;?q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeudk }uD;}uD;us,fus,f usif;ywm trSefygyJ? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;

tygt0if vkyfazmfudkifzuf a[mif;}uD;awG/ pmayavmu uvlawG tajrmuftrsm;vnf;wufa&muf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;or*~awG wufvdk@ r&awmhbl;?

q&m}uD;&JŒ psmyerSmay;ydk@vmwJh yef;acGawG[m &m*%ef;avmuf &Sdygvdrfhr,f/'gayr,fh tJ'DtxJrSm ausmif; om; or*~awG&JŒ yef;acGawG rawG@&awmhygbl;? q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeusif;ywJh r¾yf}uD;rSm yef;acGawG/ tvHawG &Sdayr,fh tJ'D yef;acGawG/ tvHawGta&twGufxuf axmufvSrf;a&; ta&twGufu ydkrsm;aew,fvdk@ xif& ygw,f?

tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfae0if;[m +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwJhrsufvSnfhyGJudk wefoifh+yDvdk@ qHk;jzwf +yD; zsufodrf;vkdkufyg+yD? zsufodrf;+yD;wmeJ@ w+ydKifeufawmxJu vlawGudk jyefcdkif;/ aemufuae xdk;ppfawGvkduf qif/ +rdKŒay:rSmusawmh tukefvHk;vdkufzrf;/ awmxJudk armif;ydk@/ tJ'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvnf; t zrf;cHol cH&/ajy;olajy;& jzpfukefygw,f?

OD;Ekwd k @wawGuvnf; axmifxJrSmyg/ tJ'Dvd k ArmjynfrSm +idr f;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGysufwmeJ@ q&m}uD; ocif udk,fawmfr_dif; uG,fvGefwm[m bmrSruGmbl;? 'Djzpf&yf2 ck wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif vm+yD;qHkaewm tifrwefrS tHh =op&maumif;ygw,f?

q&m raocif +idrf;csrf;a&;&wm jrifoGm;csifw,fqdkwm q&m}uD; yg;pyfuwzGzGajymwJhpum;yg/ 'gayr,fh ol ruG,fvGefrD jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&; rwnfaqmufvdkufEdkifwm[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf =urRmiifwm jzpfyg w,f?wu,fawmh q&m}uD;ukduGefjrLepfrsm;u =unfndK/ zqyv uvnf; av;pm;/ 'ga=umifh ol[m ESpfzuft=um; rSmwu,f0ifEdkifol jzpfygw,f/ tm%m&aewJh tpdk;&xJrSma&m/ awmxJu vlawGxJrSma&mtm;vHk;u ol@w ynfhawG/ ol@ wdkufazmfwdkufzufawG jzpfaew,f?

ol ajym&if rjiif;0HhwJholawG jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tajctaeeJ@ tckt ajctaeutrsm;}uD;uGmygw,f? tck umvu tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbl;/ =um; 0ifEdkifwJh q&m}uD;vdk=oZm&dSwJhyk*~dKvf r&Sdbl;/ tck =um;0ifw,fqdkwmu &mZmvDvdk yk*~dKvfjzpfaew,f? oluEdkifiHjcm;om;/ aemuf ol@udk,fusKd;u vnf; wavS}uD; &Sdw,f?

ol@udk b,fbufurS wu,f,Hk=unfwm r[kwfbl;? ol[m 'Dae@qdk&if yÉdyuQ&JŒqef@usifzufrSm &SdaeolawG b,folurS oleJ@ wdkufazmfwdkufzuf r[kwfbl;? q&m}uD;[mawmxJuvlawGeJ@a&m OD;Ekwdk@eJ@a&m wdkufazmf wdkufzuf vkyfazmfudkifzuf/ &mZmvD[mb,foleJ@rS oHa,mZOf r&Sdbl;? ol@udk,foluvGJ+yD; bmoHa,mZOfrS r&Sd wJholjzpfw,f?

wu,fvdk@om q&m}uD;&Sdwkef;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;udpPudk zdzdpD;pD; qufvdkufrwfwyfvkyfr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if usaemf xif w,f/ Armjynf&JŒordkif;[m ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygw,f? 1963 ck+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ[m OD;EkvufxufrSmom qdk&if ajyvnfEkdifygw,f?

bma=umif hvJqd kawmh tJwke f ;u yÉdyuQ jzp faewJ holawG txl;ojzif h


acgif;aqmifawGayghav/ jyef=unfhyg? OD;Ek qdkwmu ol@udk q&m}uD;u acG;rom;vdk@ rac:wmudkyJ[m q&m}uD;u ightay: pdwfqdk;aeovm;vdk@ pOf;pm; cJholrsKd;yg/ aemuf+yD; q&m}uD;uwydk;wnfhwnfhxrf;cJh=uwJh oHk;xyfwef; qdkwJh txJu ocifoef;xGef; qdkwm uawmhajymp&mawmif rvdkygbl;?

1963 ckESpf uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u q&m}uD;twGufa'gif;eJ@ ysm;&nf ,lvmwJh erdwf yHkudkyJ =unfhyg? a'gif; qdkwmu ArmEdkifiHom;awG&JŒe,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;a&; vuQ%myg? 'g txl;&Sif; jyaep&m rvdkygbl;?

ysm;&nfuaum ysm;&nfqdkwmu q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&; oDcsif;xJu+idrf;csrf;a&;onf ysm;&nfuJhodk@ &Sd w,f/ wrmyif o&ufyif bmyifyJpGJpGJ csKd+rdefwJh t&omrpGefonfomyif qdkwJh t"dym,fudk aqmifygw,f? +idrf; csrf;a&;[m tjrJwrf; csKdjraew,fqdkwJhvuQ%myg? tJ'D vuQ%meJ@ ocifoef;xGef;u q&m}uD;qDvufaqmif ydk@vdkufwmyg?

tJvd k vlE Sp fO D ;E Sp fzuf =um;r Sm q&m}uD;0i f&i f tajctaeawG[majymvdk@qdkvdk@&EdkifwJh[myg?'gayr,fhjzpfcsifawmh 1963 ckESpf tJ'DtcsdefrSm tm%m&aewmuq&m}uD;ukd tmcHxGufxm;wJh a*ghordef Apdef wdk@&JŒ aemufvdkuf Adkvfae0if; jzpfaeygw,f?

'Dae@tcgrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awG&xm;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;[m q&m}uD; oufpGef@}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhwJh/ arSsmfrSef;cJhwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd; r[kwfao;a=umif;bJ usaemfawmh ajymcsifygw,f?usaemfwdk@ q&m}uD;&JŒ r+yD;ao;wJh vkyfief; pOf/ q&m}uD;&JŒ arSsmfrSef;csufawGtwGuf quf+yD;trsm;}uD; vkyf&OD;rSm&Sdygao;w,f?

tJh'D 64 ckESpfwkef;u q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeudk usaemf wufcJhygw,f? usaemftaeeJ@q&m}uD;udk touf&Snfvsuf a&m/ toufrJh cE<mudk,ftjzpfeJ@a&m usaemf t}udrf}udrfuefawmhzl;ygw,f? tck ol@arG;ae@rSm usaemf tckvdk *g0&jyK&wmudk tifrwefrS0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om =unfEl;rdygw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm usaemfvdk@yJ q&m}uD;&JŒ aus;Zl;udkod/q&m}uD;udk =unfndKav;pm; olawGudk txl;owd&rdyg w,f? 'Dae@tcgrSm usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHrSmuq&m}uD;udk =unfndKav;pm;a=umif; azmfjy&wmudkyJ rif;jypfrif;'%f oifhawmhr vdkvdkjzpfaewm usaemf tm;vHk; odygw,f?

b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf q&m}uD;&JŒarG;ae@ 'gr[kwf q&m}uD; uG,fvGefwJhae@awGrSmq&m}uD;udk usaemfwdk@ *k%fjyK=u &if; wcsdefwnf;rSm q&m}uD; arSsmfrSef;wJh +idrf;csrf;wJhEdkifiH}uD;wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf usaemfwdk@ qufvuf +yD;awmh csDwuf=u&r,fvdk@xifygw,f?aemufqHk;taeeJ@ usaemfajymcsifwmu 1955 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18&ufae@wkef;u uAsmq&mtoif;csKyf&JŒ oif;vHk;uGswftpnf;ta0;rSm q&m}uD; ajymcJhwJhpum;awGudkyJ udk;um;jyKcJhygawmhr,f?

“wdk@Armjynf[m trSeftm;jzifh raumif;wJhacwfyJ/ wdk@wawG urBmysufcgeD;rSmvlvmjzpf&ovdkyJ”

&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;(http://oothandar.blogspot.com rSul;[laz: jyygonf?)


(1)Ed kifiHa&;orm;ESif h pma&;q&mudk rE_ dif;,SOfrD Ed kifiHa&;orm;qdkwmbmvJ/

pma&;q&mqdkwm bmvJudk ¶Sif;jyzdk@ vdkayvdrfhrnf?

EdkifiHa&;qdkwmbmvJEdkifiHa&;qdkwmbmvJEdkifiHa&;qdkwmbmvJEdkifiHa&;qdkwmbmvJEdkifiHa&;qdkwmbmvJ?EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufudk vlxktiftm;jzifh v_yf¶Sm;r_jyKjcif;yif

jzpfonf?

pmayqdkwmbmvJ pmayqdkwmbmvJ pmayqdkwmbmvJ pmayqdkwmbmvJ pmayqdkwmbmvJ?pmayqdkonfrSm vl@b0ta=umif;t&mudk pmzwfol &oay:atmif zGJŒEGJŒxm;aom

ta&;tom;jzpfonf?Ed kifiHa&;aqmif¶Gufolonf Ed kifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf? pmaya&;om;olonf

pma&;q&m jzpfonf? Todk@ t=urf;zsif;od&onf? onfhxuf wif;jynfhusyfjynfht"dym,fjzifhqdk&vSsif EdkifiHa&;udk rdrdb0Y jrêKyfESHum EdkifiHa&;wpfckwnf;udkom aqmif¶GufoludkEdkifiHa&;orm;[k ac:oifhayonf? pmayudk rdrdb0Y jrêKyfESHum pmaywpfckwnf;udkoma&;om;oludk pma&; q&m[k ac:oifhayonf?

,if;t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsuftwdkif; twdtus owfrSwf&efr[kwfay? EdkifiHa&; oufouf/pmayoufouf aqmif¶Gufolrsm;¶Sdovdk a&maESmaqmif¶Guf=uolrsm;vnf; ¶Sday onf?avmuY owfowf[lI r¶SdEdkifay? odk@aomf ,if;tiftm; trsm;qHk;¶Sdoludk wdkif;wmIac:a0:rSwf,l=ujcif;omvSsif jzpfayonf?

Tae&mY EdkifiHa&;orm;oufouf/ pma&;q&moufouf[lI E_dif;,SOfvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ Ed kifiHa&;orm;ESif h pma&;q&mvkyfief; ESpf&yfudkom E_dif;,SOfvkdjcif;jzpfIa¶SŒquf=uaytHh?

EdkifiHa&;orm;

'*kefwm&m

“okd hjzpf&mEdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl”

ESifh

pma&;q&m


(2)

EdkifiHa&;ESifh pmay rnfonfhae&mY wl-uovJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pmay rnfonfhae&mY wl-uovJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pmay rnfonfhae&mY wl-uovJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pmay rnfonfhae&mY wl-uovJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pmay rnfonfhae&mY wl-uovJ?EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufESifh oufqdkifovdk pmayonf vl@b0ESifh

oufqdkifonf? a[m wl=uay+yD?pD;yGm;a&;qdkonfrSm pm;0wfaea&;yif r[kwfavm? vl@b0qdkonfrSmvnf; pm;0wf

aea&;yifr[kwfavm? EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&tm;jzifh odyHusus pD;yGm;a&;[kac: =uonf? pmtkyfoHygyg/ wuUodkvf[efygygjzifh ac:vSsif abm*aA'[kvnf; wenf;ac:Edkifao;onf? vl@b0[kpmqefqefac:vSsifvnf; &onf? uAsmq&mwdk@u b0[k vSvSuav; ac: =uayonf?

pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl hb0 tESpfom&csif; twlwlyif r[kwfayavm?pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl hb0 tESpfom&csif; twlwlyif r[kwfayavm?pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl hb0 tESpfom&csif; twlwlyif r[kwfayavm?pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl hb0 tESpfom&csif; twlwlyif r[kwfayavm?pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl hb0 tESpfom&csif; twlwlyif r[kwfayavm?pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;ajymvSsif vl@b0yg&rnf? vl@b0ta=umif;ajymvSsif vlawG.

pD;yGm;a&; yg&rnf? rygIrjzpf? vl@b0onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufjzifh v_yf¶Sm;aeaom b0jzpfonf? +idrfoufaeaom b0r[kwfay? vl@b0. toufonfyifvSsif pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf jzpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufr¶SdvSsif vl@b0onf aoaejcif;yif?

vl@b0onf rnfodk@¶SdovJ? vl@b0onf vlwef;pm;rsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmvsuf¶Sdayonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufonf vlwef;pm;u awmif;qdkaom pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufomvSsif jzpfayonf? EdkifiHa&;onfyifvSsif vlwef;pm;EdkifiHa&; jzpfayonf? vlwef;pm;rSuif;aom EdkifiHa&;[lonf r¶SdEdkifay? (3)

EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf/ pmayonf vl hb0udka&;om;jcif;?EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf/ pmayonf vl hb0udka&;om;jcif;?EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf/ pmayonf vl hb0udka&;om;jcif;?EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf/ pmayonf vl hb0udka&;om;jcif;?EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf/ pmayonf vl hb0udka&;om;jcif;?pD;yGm;a&;udk rnfodk@awmif;qdkovJ/ vlxktiftm;jzifh v_yf¶Sm;umawmif;qdkonf?

a[m… EdkifiHa&;Y vlxktiftm;udk awGŒ¶Sd&ay+yD?vl@b0udk rnfodk@a&;om;ovJ/ pmzwfol&oay:atmif zGJŒEGJŒonf? a[m… pmayY

pmzwfoludk awGŒ ¶Sd&ay+yD?EdkifiHa&;Y vlxktiftm;/ pmayY pmzwfol twlwlyifjzpfonf? pum;vHk;tac:

uGJ aomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzifh twlwlyifjzpfayonf? pmzwfol/ pmzwfy&dowfonf vlxkjzpfonf? wenf; tao;pdwf twdtusqdk&vSsif pmzwfolonf vlxktpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfayonf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkrygbJ r&yfwnfEdkif/ pma&;q&monf pmzwfolrygbJ r&yfwnfEdkif? EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;ESpfOD;pvHk; vlxkY tjrpfwG,fvSsuf¶Sdonf?

vlxkY tajcrpdkufaom EkdifiHa&;onf usqHk;rnfjzpfI pmzwfolvlxkY tajcrpdkufaom pmayonfvnf; wdrfaum&rnfom jzpfayonfr[kwfavm?


(4)

pma&;q&m.vkyfief; tb,fenf;pma&;q&m.vkyfief; tb,fenf;pma&;q&m.vkyfief; tb,fenf;pma&;q&m.vkyfief; tb,fenf;pma&;q&m.vkyfief; tb,fenf;?pma&;q&monf tEkynmvkyfief;udk aqmif¶Gufonf? olonf vl@b0udk xdawGŒ

cHpm; ¶_jrifoHk;oyfI tvSynmjzifh zGJŒEGJŒonf? ol. twwfynmonfum; ol. pmzwf y&dowf(0g) vlxkpdwfY pGJvrf;uyf+idatmif/ ESpfouf,Hk=unfatmif/ &ocHpm;atmif a&;om;&aomtwwfynmjzpfonf? pmzwfy&dowfu ol.pmayudk ESpfoufcHpm;jcif; ¶Sdoavmuf ol.pmaytiftm;onf }uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.tEkynmonf atmifjrif onf[k qdk&ayrnf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;. vkyfief;um; tb,fenf;EdkifiHa&;orm;. vkyfief;um; tb,fenf;EdkifiHa&;orm;. vkyfief;um; tb,fenf;EdkifiHa&;orm;. vkyfief;um; tb,fenf;EdkifiHa&;orm;. vkyfief;um; tb,fenf;?EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkv_yf¶Sm;r_vkyfief;udk aqmif¶Gufonf? olonf vlwef;pm;

wkd@jzifh jyGrf;aom vl@b0udk wdk;a0S@avhvma0zefum EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'ynm/ EdkifiHa&;tbd"rRmwdk@jzifh aqmif¶Gufonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%m&atmif tm;xkwfonf? ol.wpfenf;qdk&aom ol@ygwD. EdkifiHa&;0g'/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk vlxku vufcHESpfouf/ ,Hk=unfwuf=uGvm atmifajyma[mv_yf¶Sm; aqmif¶Guf&onf? ol.twwfynmum; ol@EdkifiHa&;ygwD. 0g'/ vrf;pOfudkvlxku ESpfoufvufcH/ ,Hk=unfwuf=uGvmatmif jyKvkyfaom twwfynm jzpfonf? vlxku,if;EdkifiHa&;0g'/ vrf;pOfudk ESpfoufvufcHjcif;¶Sdoavmuf ol. EdkifiHa&; tiftm;onf}uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.aemufygY vlxk¶SdrS atmifjrifonf[k qdk&ayrnf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkESifhnêdE_dif;I EdkifiHa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_udk aqmif¶Guf&onf? pma&;q&monfvnf; pmzwfy&dowf(vlxktpdwfykdif;wpf&yf)ESifh nêdE_dif;I a&;om;&onf? vlxk.qENESifh nêdI raqmif¶GufvSsif ,if;EdkifiHa&;orm;onf usqHk;ovdk pmzwfy&dowf. qENESifhnêdIra&;om;aom pma&;q&monfvnf; usqHk;&rnfjzpfayonf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@rnfonf vlxk.a¶SŒrS ausmfwufaeIvnf;r&/ aemufusef&pfaeIvnf;r&/ vlxkeSifhwpfom;wnf; wpfajy;wnf; ae&ayrnf? vlxk.qENt&omvSsifEdkifiHa&;orm;u vlxkudk,fpm; apyg;aqmif¶Gufjcif;jzpfayonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;u oufouf/vlxkuoufouf r[kwf&ay? pma&;q&monfvnf; xkd@twlyifjzpfonf? pma&;q&monfvlxk.cHpm;r_ud k xif[yfazmfjy&ayrnf? ol.pmayonf vlxkcHpm;r_ a0'emudkxif[yf&ayrnf? pma&;ol.cHpm;r_ESifh pmzwfy&dowf. cHpm;r_onf udkufnD&ay rnf?pma&;q&monf a&mr+rdKŒ}uD; rD;avmifaepOf wa,mxkd;jy&ef r[kwfay?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkudkcsOf;uyf&mY vrf;rSefurf;rSefjzifhom ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfpGm csOf;uyf&ayrnf? vlxktm; vdrfvnfvSnhfzsm;I rcsOf;uyf&ay? pma&;q&monffvnf; xkd@twlyif? pma&;q&monf pmzwfy&dowf. t}udKufudk tvdkvdkufumpdwful;,Ofpmay/ b0xGufajy;r_pmaywdk@jzifh rSdef;,pfatmif a&;om;&rnfr[kwfay?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf tajctaerSefukd vlxktm; wifjy&ayrnf? pma&;q&monfvnf; wu,fjzpfysufaeaomacwfudk o¶kyfazmf&ayrnf?


Ed kifiHa&;orm;tm; tqHk;jzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif;/ pma&;q&mtm;tqHk;tjzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif; vlxkyifjzpfonf? (5)

jynfol@tusdK;aqmif EdkifiHa&;orm;. &nfrSef;csufonf xm0pOf +idrf;csrf;a&;yifjzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;rS aysmf¶$ifrnf/ wdk;wufrnf/ om,mrnf? jynfol@tusdK;aqmif pma&;q&m. &nfrSef;csufonfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;yifjzpfonf? tEkynmonf +idrfcsrf;rS tpGrf;ukef tvSqHk;yGifhzl;Ekdifayrnf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;vSsif (0g) udk,fusKd;&SmvmvSsif ysufpD;avawmhonf? pma&;q&monfvnf; aiGa=u;twGuffvdkufum pma&;vmvSsif rSdefvmawmhonf?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf tm%m&,la&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh aqmif¶Gufoljzpf&maovSsifajr}uD;/ ¶SifvSsifa¶$xD; vkyfwwfonf? &ufpufonf? pma&;q&mu El;nHhodrfarGŒ onf?a0'emcHpm;r_Y xufjrufonf? qGwfysHŒonf? wpfpHkw&mudk pdppfa0zefawG;ac:+yD;rSvufcHwwfonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;onf rSm;vSsifjyifrnf[laom oabmxm;ESifh wdk;vkyfwwfonf? pma&;q&mum; trSm;enf;&ef }udK;pm;onf? opPmw&m;udk ¶SmazGonf? tjzLay:trnf;wifI urnf;xdk;&oljzpf&m owd}uD;pGmxm;onf?

xdk@a=umifh wpfcgw&H EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&monf roifhrwifh jzpfwwfonf?yÉdyuQjzpfwwfonf?

okd@jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl?

“zdwfac:tyfygonf”EdkifiHa&;/vlr+a&;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;

a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;

uAsm/0wKwdk/umwGef;/yef;csD rsm;udk

rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;ydk hEdkifygonf//

pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h

aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef

arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf//

pm+yD;ESpf 1968“pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;}udK;ESifh uwDWygum;vdyf” rS

tawG;tjrif trSwf (206) / 2009 arv '*kefwm&m


&kyf&Sif=u!hf y&dowfu/ &kyf&Sifrif;om;wOD;&J@ trnfrSm/ a&S@u “OD;” “udk”ponfx!fh+yD;/ ac:avhr&Sdyg? cifarmif&if/ bwifh/ ausmfaqG/ jrwfav;/ xGef;a0-- ponfjzihfac:avh&Sdygw,f? rif;om;xGef;a0udk vlcsif;cifpu/ olrsm;eJ@a&m+yD;/ udkxGef;a0 vdk@yJ usaemfwdk@ ac:ygw,f? aemufrS ol@touf *k%f0gudk av;pm;or_eJ@ OD;xGef;a0vdk@ ac:ygw,f?OD;xGef;a0eJ@ &if;ESD;wJh rE Wav;om;awGuawmh/ a&$ref; xHkpHtwdkif;/ “av;av;” vdk@ ac:=uav&J@? usaemfvJ wcgw&H “av;av;” vdk@yJ ac:ygw,f? OD;xGef;a0uvJ oabmusygw,f?

&kyf&SifavmueJ@ usaemfeJ@ vHk;0ywfouf qufpyfwm r[kwfvdk@/ usaemftaeeJ@&kyf&Sifavmuom;awGudk/ od&Sd&if;ESD;r_ vHk;0r&SdcJhygbl;? &kyf&Sif 'g&dkufwm 0if;azeJ@ armifrdk;olwdk@udk odu|rf;&if;ESD;wmu/ rE Wav; wuUodkvfrSm/ ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;awG jzpfcJhvdk@?rif;om; jrwfav;udkawmh/ ausmif;om;or*~ udpPawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhtjyif/ olu rE Wav;b%fwdkufwckrSm tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;vdk@? aumvdyf*sif ae0if;qdkwmuawmh/ ausmif;om;or*~awGuvkyfwJhyGJawmfawGrSm tm;upm;orm;tjzpf/ omrefyJ odcJh&+yD;rS/ &efukefudkusaemf a&mufvmwJhtcg/ q&m '*kefwm&mqDudk r=umc%oGm;awmh/ q&mwm&meJ@twlaeol udkae0if;eJ@vJ r=umc% awG@qHkrd=uvdk@// 'g&kdufwm OD;okcqdk&if OD;av;vlxkOD;vSeJ@rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;/ oli,fcsif;awG jzpf=uvdk@? tJovdk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;awGeJ@ olwdk@eJ@cifrif&if;ESD;aecJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? &kyf&SifeJ@ vHk;0rywfoufcJhygbl;?

&kyf&Sifrif;om;}uD; OD;xGef;a0eJ@ odu|rf;&if;ESD;cJh=u&wmuvJ/ &kyf&SifeJ@ vkH;0rywf

&kyf&Sifrif;om;MuD; OD;xGef;a0

“udkxGef;a0&J htrlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ h wlovdkyJ? toHuvJ wlw,f” vdk h ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfuarvefzef;eJ h tdrfeD;csif;rdk h ol htrlt&mawGudk pGJcJhzl;w,f” vdk hjyefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ htdrfeD;csif;jzpfcJhzl;wmu/ uHaumif;w,f qdk&ayrJh/ A dkvfae0if;eJ h tdrfeD;csif; jzpfcJh&wmuawmh/ uHqdk;w,fvdk hajym&ygr,f”

armifpGrf;&nf

jidrf;csrf;a&;orm;

'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJacgif;aqmif


owf? ol@udk q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@wy!fh/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG&J@a&S@wef;&Jabmf}uD;wOD;tjzpfeJ@ qufpyf odu|rf;vmcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? ol@udk tjyifrSm“t&Sifvwfvwf” awG@ jrifzl;wmu rE Wav;rSmusif;ywJh/ rE Wav; ajcmufc&dkif/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; csDwuf qENjyyGJ}uD; (1963) rSm/ obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhvdk@ygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;utdrfawmf&m q,fhav;cef; Z&yf}uD;rSm/ tqHk;owf qHk&yftjzpf/ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD; usif;yygw,f? armifrdk;olu tcrf;tem;r_; vkyfygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ckvdkyg0ifw,fqkdwm/ rif;om;}uD;twGuf rvG,fygbl;? tpkd;&u rkcs +idK +iifrSm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJhol[m q&m}uD;r_dif;&J@ vuf&if;wy!fhtjzpfeJ@ woufvHk; *k%f,l aexdkif usifh}uH aqmif&GufoGm;cJhygw,f?

tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; rif;om;xGef;a0qdkwm o&kyfaqmifr_udk tm;udk;wJh“obm0 rif;om;}uD;” wOD;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh rif;om;xGef;a0eJ@ rif;om;jrwfav;wdk@[m pum;ajymaumif;wJh “rif;om;awGtjzpf”vJ xif&Sm;ygw,f? Zmwfum; wum;xJrSm“'kuQygyJ” qkdwmudk wvHk;csif;ajymvdkufwJh ol@trlt&m[m/ y&dowfu pGJp&m jzpfoGm;+yD;/ ol@vdk wky ajymqdkcJh=uwmudk/ usaemf owdjyKcJhrdzl;ygw,f? wu,fu ol[m rlvuowif;pmorm;/ owif;axmuf wa,mufyg? “Zifrifydk” ac: tm&k%f owif;pm&J@ owif;axmuftjzpfeJ@ rE Wav;rSm usifvnfcJhzl;ol jzpfygw,f? &kyf&Sif &dkufawmhvJ rE Wav;rSmt=um}uD; aecJhwma=umifh/ ol@udk rE Wav;om;tjzpf xifrSwf=uwm awG@cJh&zl;ygw,f? ol&kyf&Sifavmuudk 0ifawmh/ usaemfwdk@ tv,fwef;ausmif;om;t&G,f avmufyJ &Sdygao;w,f?om"k&J@ 0wK “waZmufuef;” xifw,f? “waZmufuef;”0wK udk “Adkvfjr'if” trnfeJ@&kyf&Sif&dkufawmh/ rif;om; xGef;a0udk y&dowf pGJcJhygw,f? usaemfu om"k 0wˆK udkzwfzl;wma=umihf/ “waZmufuef; ” &kyf&Sifudk/ jrif;+cH &kyf&Sif&Hk wckrSm wrwfwef;uoGm;xdkif+yD; =u!fhcJhzl;wmudk owd&aeygw,f? aemufawmh rif;om; xGef;a0 ygwJh/ Zmwfum;awGqdk&if rvGwfwrf;avmuf =u!fhcJhygw,f? 1957 touf (3&) ESpfrSm/ tu,f'rD&cJhw,f? tu,f'rD ESpfxyfuGrf; &zl;ygw,f?

udkxGef;a0[m omref owif;axmuf wa,muf r[kwfygzl;? "gwfyHkq&m jzpfvdk@"gwfyHk owif;axmuftjzpf vlodrsm;+yD;/ “"gwfyHkq&m” vdk@ ac:avmufatmif u|rf;olwOD;vJjzpfygw,f? &kyf&Sif'g&dkufwm jzpfcsifvdk@/ &kyf&SifavmueJ@ eD;pyfoGm;&mu/ &kyf&Sifrif;om;tjzpf/ 'g&dkufwmawGu rsufpduswm cH&+yD;/ &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmif jzpfoGm;cJh&wmvdk@ od&ygw,f?a=u;pm; "gwfyHkq&m tjzpfeJ@/ vlxk pD;u&uf ukrR%D jyuQ'def rsufESmzHk;awG[m/ udkxGef;a0&J@vufpGrf;jyawG jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdktaeeJ@ txl; trSwfw& jzpfcJh&wJh/ "gwfyHkuawmh“uGrf;tpfwvHk; a,mifwxHk;”eJ@ 'l;wzufaxmif/ wzufcs xkdifaewJh/ tzkd; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&J@ "gwfyHk jzpfygw,f? “uGrf;tpfwvHk; a,mifwxHk;eJ@/ &ifzHk;tuFsD zsifyifeDeJ@/a,m*Dykqdk; rifa=umifxdk;eJ@/ tzdk;u0d ynm&Sd//” pwJh wifrdk;&J@ vuf&mrGef “tzdk;u0d”uAsm[m/ "gwfyHk q&m rif;om;xGef;a0&J@ vuf&mrGef "gwfyHkeJ@ wGJzufjzpfygw,f? “wifrdk;”


u “xGef;a0” &J@ "gwfyHk udk =u!fh&_cHpm;+yD; uAsmzGJ@cJhwmyg? ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; *lAdrmef&efyHkaiG&Smzdk@/ ydk@pu'f xkwfawmhvJ/ rif;om;xGef;a0&J@ "gwfyHkawGeJ@ ay:OD;ouf&J@ yef;csDawGudktoHk;jyKcJhygw,f? usaemfu uAsma&;ay;cJh&vdk@/ udkxGef;a0eJ@ usaemfeJ@vJ wGJcJh&w,f vdk@trSwfw& jzpf&ygw,f?

udkxGef;a0u ol@&J@ b0jzpfpOfudk/ usaemfhudk ajymjyzl;ygw,f? usaemfu aemifrSmol@ta=umif;udk a&;r,fqdk+yD;/ rSwfpkvkyfxm;ayrJh/ ckawmh &Smr&awmhygbl;? olu w&kwfjynf&Sef[dkif; (ol@toHxGufu “&Sef@[dkif” wJh) rSm arG;zGm;cJh+yD;/ w&kyfjynfol@wyfrawmfrSmi,fpOfu tr_xrf;cJhzl;owJh? ol@tudkta=umif; usaemhfudk ajymjywJh/ 1975-80 ckESpftwGif;avmufrSm/ t+idrf;pm; Adkvfr_;wa,muftjzpf/ ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeao;owJh? e,fpyfrSm wHwm;jzwfausmfcGifh/ aiGusyfwq,f ay;+yD;/ oGm;awG@awmh/ nDtudk ESpfa,muf/ wa,mufudk wa,muf zuf+yD;/ t=um}uD; idka=uG;cJh=uzl;owJh? tJ'DrSm ol@&J@ yxr tdrfaxmifu orD;eJ@vJ tquftoG,f&vdk@ “bmvdkcsifovJ” ar;wJhtcg orD;u wDAGDwvHk; 0,fcsifw,f qdkwmeJ@ aiGay;cJhzl;a=umif;vJ ajymjyygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DorD;u tazudkawG@&wm/cifrifyHk r&yJ/ zHk;quf+yD; aiGawmif;wm c%/ c%yJvdk@ nnf;!_ &Smygw,f? tJ'Dvdk w&kwfjynfudk oGm;cJhwkef;u ae@csif;jyef qdk+yD;/ aiGwq,f ay;cJh&wm/ ae@csif; jyefrvm&if ta&;,lcH&r,f qdkayrJh/ tukd}uD;eJ@ awG@&wma=umifh/ bmyJjzpfjzpfqdk+yD;/ rjyefyJ &uftwef=umaecJ&zl;ygw,fwJh? ppfr_xrf;wmuawmh/ tazu t&G,fa&muf&if ppfr_xrf;&r,fqdk+yD; cdkif;vdk@armfpDwkef;wdk@&J@ jynfolwyfrawmfrSm ppfr_xrf;wmyg?

ArmjynfrSm udkxGef;a0 aecJhwmu/ “aygufacgif;” rSmwJh? Adkvfae0if;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif;?av; ig; tdrf jcm;w,fvdk@ xifyg&J@? Adkvfae0if;a&m/ udkxGef;a0a&m w&kwf-Arm ujym;awGyg? udkxGef;a0u tazu w&kwf/ tar Armyg? tazu ppfr_xrf;acs qdkwmu/ Armjynfuae w&kwfjynfudk v$wf+yD;/ ppfr_xrf;cdkif;wmyg? ol@udk arG;wkef;u/ &Sef[kdif;rSmqdkawmh/i,fpOfb0rSm/ w&kwfjynf&J@ emrnft}uD;qHk;/ w&kwf rif;orD;}uD;/ “arhvefzef;” eJ@vJ tdrfeD;csif; aecJh&zl;owJh? arvefzef;[m Armjynfu “atmifAv” vdk/ a,mufsm; rif;orD;yg?usaemfu w&kwf&kyf&SifeJ@ w&kwf owif;um;awGrSm/ arhvefzef;&J@ &kyftrlt&m/ toHtrlt&mawGudk jrifzl;vdk@/ “udkxGef;a0&J@ trlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ@ wlovdkyJ? toHuvJwlw,f” vdk@ ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfu arvefzef;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif;rdk@ ol@trlt&mawGudkpGJcJhzl; w,f” vdk@ jyefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif; jzpfcJhzl;wmu/ uHaumif;w,fqdk&ayrJh/ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif; jzpfcJh&wmuawmh/ uHqdk;w,fvdk@ ajym&ygr,f?

Adkvfae0if;eJ@ udkxGef;a0wdk@u tdrfeD;csif;awGqdkawmh/ vlyk*~dKvfcsif; &if;ESD;w,fvdk@qdk&rSmyg? udkxGef;a0 emrnfausmf &kyf&Sifrif;om; jzpfvmawmh/ Adkvfae0if;u wy!fharG;csifyHk &ygw,f? wcgawmh vly&dowfxJrSm oGm;&if; vm&if;eJ@/ “a[h--armifxGef;a0tqifajy&J@vm;? tultnDvdkwm&Sd&if ajym?”vdk@ vSrf;ajymowJh? 'Dawmh udkxGef;a0u“tqifajyygw,fcifAs?” vdk@yJ jyefajymvdkufrdowJh? Adkvfae0if;u 'grsdK; r}udKufzl;? “[kwf


uJh cifAs/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;udk usaemfvmawG@yghr,f cifAs ”vdk@/ ysmysmovJ vkyfrS }udKufwmwJh?“tqifajyygw,f” vdk@ ajzvdkufwm[m/ “tultnDrvdkygbl;” vdk@ jiif;y,f&muswma=umihf Adkvfae0if; pdwfckoGm;yHk&ygw,fvdk@ udkxGef;a0u ajymjyzl;ygw,f? wu,fawmh udkxGef;a0eJ@ Adkvfae0if;wdk@[m/ jy'g;wvrf;/ oHwvrf; qdk&rSmyg? udkxGef;a0u“w&kwfeD ” uvmwmqdkawmh/ vuf0J0g'awG&J@ ADZ ygvmyHk&ygw,f? ol yxrOD;qHk; q&mwifwmu/ OD;odef;azjrifhyg? OD;odef;azjrifhu pmay/ &kyf&Sif/ EdkifiHa&; oHk;avmueJ@ tusHK;0ifolyg? udkxGef;a0u OD;odef;azjrifhudk tJ'Dvdk oHk;avmueJ@ a&S@wef; yk*~dKvf}uD;tjzpfeJ@av;pm; cifrifyHk &ygw,f? tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;eJ@ ta&mw0ifaew,fvdk@ r=um;&zl;ygbl;?+idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_ qdkwmuvJ/ tpdk;&u }udKufwJh tvkyfrsdK; r[kwfygbl;? OD;xGef;a0uq&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;eJ@ twl/ w&kwfjynf urBm@ +idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHudk pum;jyeftjzpfeJ@vJ vdkufygzl;ygw,f (1952)? +idrf;csrf;a&; zcif/ q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;udkqnf;uyfudk;uG,fw,f qdk&ifvJ/ tpdk;& qef@usifol pm&if;0ifvdk jzpfvm+yD;/ axmufvSrf;a&;u aemufu vdkufwm cH&wwfygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ udkxGef;a0[m &kyf&Sifvkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifheJ@wuG/ o&kyfaqmifcGifhyg qHk;&H_;cJh&ygw,f?

udkxGef;a0 &kyf&Sifvkyfief;vkyfawmh/ “&efuif;&kyf&Sif”vdk@ ukrR%D emrnfcHygw,f?+rdK@xJu ukefonfvrf;ay:rSm wdkufcef;wcef; 0,fxm;+yD;/ &Hk;cef;zGifhxm;ygw,f? &kyf&Sif&Hk;cef;[m rE Wav;om;awG&J@ qHk&yfwckvdk jzpfvmygw,f? rE Wav;u q&mawmfudk yifhvm&iftJ'DrSmyJ owif;oHk;ygw,f? udkxGef;a0u qGrf;uGrf; 'umcHygw,f? &Hk;cef;udk ol@vufaxmufwa,mufxm;ayrJh/ yxr t+rJ &Hk;xdkifolu/ rE Wav;u jrefrmh&dk;&m yef;csD 'DZdkif;q&mOD;at;jrifh jzpfaeygw,f? 0if;az/ ay:OD;ouf pwJh rE Wav; yef;csDtkyfpk/ +rdK@r pEN&m;q&modrf;armif pwJh rE Wav; *Dwtkyfpk/ armifrdk;ol/ wifrdk;/ armifpGrf;&nf pwJh rE Wav; pmaytkyfpkawG[m &efuif;&kyf&SifrSmyJ qHkavh&Sdygw,f? tJ'DrSm usm;xdk;ol xdk;=uygw,f? qmcsdefwef&if rsufapmif;xdk;&Sd/ cspfwD;xrif;qdkifudk oGm;pm;=uygw,f? udkxGef;a0u trsm;pm;zdk@oGm;a&pm 0,fwJhtcg/ 0,fvmwwfygw,f? wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf rSmp&m&SdwmawGudk&efuif; &kyf&SifrSmyJ/ rSm=um;xm;cJhwwfygw,f? a&rdk;csdK;csifvJ &ygw,f? usaemfu usaemf&Hk;jzpfwJh ajcmufxyf&Hk;eJ@ odyfra0;vSvdk@ tm;wdkif;a&mufygw,f? rE Wav; usK&Sifq&mawGeJ@vJ qHkwwfav&J@? tm;vHk;u ol@udk “av;av;” vdk@ ac: =uygw,f?

udkxGef;a0&J@ tdrfu “jynfom,m abmufaxmf” bufrSmyg? ol@tdrf0if;rSmtkwf eH&H umxm;+yD;/ twGif;bufu wdkufuyfyifav;awG pdkufxm;ygw,f? *dwfaygufudkw&kwf yHkpH t0dkif;}uD;vkyfxm;ygw,f? {!fhcef;rSm yef;csDausmfawG&J@ vuf&mawGcsdwfxm;ygw,f? tdrf0if;xJrSm ausmufp&pf tvHk;av;awG cif;xm;ygw,f? {!fhcHyGJvkyf&ifvl (100- 150) awmh qef@r,fxifygw,f? OD;av; vlxkOD;vS qHk;+yD;p / a':a': vlxka':trm&efukefqif;vmawmh tJ'D+cHxJrSm {!fhcHyGJvkyf+yD; “vlxk OD;vS trSwfw& *k%fjyK yGJ” wckvkyfzl;ygw,f? tJ'D&yfuGufxJrSm yef;cs D 0if;az/ om; *sme,fausmf rd k;[def;eJ@


umwGef;jrihfodef;wdk@ tdrfawG &Sdygw,f? tJ'D tdrfawGudk usaemf vnfywfavh&dSayrJhusaemfaewJh urm&GwfeJ@ a0;vGefawmh a&mufcJygw,f? 'gayrJh om;*sme,fausmf rdk;[def;&J@orD;eJ@ Aefarmfwifatmif&J@ om;wdk@udk jrefrmpmusL&Sifjyay;&awmh wywfESpf&uf a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f? udkxGef;a0&J@tdrfuawmh vrf;}uHKvdk@ xGufcvkwf0ifcvkwfygyJ? udkxGef;a0&J@tdrfeJ@wpfac:awmifra0;wJh ta&S@zufem;rSm udkxGef;a0&J@ tvkyf&Hk&dSygw,f? toGm;tjyefudkxGef;a0udk jrifwdkif;0ifoGm;avh&dSygw,f? tJ'DrSm jcifaq;acG(qifjzLawmfwHqdyf)eJ@ ajrjzLawGxkwfvkyfygw,f? usaemfhtdrfrSm uav;&dSvdk@qdk+yD; jcifaq;acGrjywfatmifay;avh &dSygw,f?

udkxGef;a0u EdkifiHa&;udk rsufajcrjywfolyg? w&kwfbmom eJ@ EdkifiHa&; pmtkyfawGeJ@ordkif;pmtkyfawGvJ zwfygw,f? w&kwfaq;usrf;awGvJ avhvmygw,f? usaemfhrSmqD;ausmufw,fa&m*gjzpfw,f qdkawmh w&kwfaq;awG 0,fay;zl;ygw,f? aq;bl;rSm yHkygw,f?aq;&Gufuav;awGuxkwfvkyfwmvdk@ oluajymygw,f? oHrEdkifausmufrEdkif aqjym;eJ@wlygw,f? oludk,fwdkifuawmh vrf;av#mufw,f? tpm;taomuf tvGefqifjcifygw,f?'gayrJh aq;vdyf(pD;u&uf) tvGefaomufygw,f? jzwfzdk@ }udK;pm;ayrJh enf;enf;awmhaomufaewmygyJ? rE Wav;udk vlxka':trmarG;ae@wdkif; usaemfwdk@oGm;=uawmh udkxGef;a0eJ@t+rJqHk&ygw,f? olu ocifodrf;armif(0g;c,fr)/ ociftkef;jrifh/ avxD; OD;tkef;wif pwJhq&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@ wy!fh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ twlqHkvmavh&dSygw,f?udkxGef;a0[m tarvlxka':trmudk cspfcifav;pm;ol jzpfygw,f? vlxkwdkufudkoGm;&ifa':a':a&S@rSm udkxGef;a0[m arsmufi,fav;vdkygyJ? a':a':uvJ “udkxGef;a0 &Sif/ aq;vdyfrjywfao;bl;vm; tjywfjzwfvdkufyg”pojzifh cyfaigufaiguf ajymavh&dSygw,f? 'DtcgrSmudkxGef;a0[m rsufESmi,fuav;eJ@ “[kwfuJh a':a':”qdk+yD; acgif;iHkcHygw,f? usaemfh OD;av;t&G,f tazt&G,fvdk@ qdkEdkifwJh rif;om;}uD;[m “tr}uD;a&S@u armifi,fav;ozG,f”awG@&awmh u&k%moufp&maumif;wJhtjyif armifESrawG@qHkcef;av;wck tjzpfeJ@vJ=unfEl;p&m aumif;vSygw,f?

awmiforef;tif;apmif;u q&mawmf udkynm&J@ausmif;[m ArmjynfwjynfvHk;utEkynm&SifawG&J@ pk&yfwckjzpfygw,f? rE Wav;/ &efukef/ rHk&Gm/ tif;0 pwJh te,fe,ft&yf&yfupma&;q&m/ yef;csDq&m pwJh tEkynm&SifawG[m rE Wav;udka&muf&if awmiforef;tif;apmif;u awmifav;vHk;q&mawmf OD;ynm&J@ ausmif;udk ra&mufr&dSygbl;? ypPnf;av;yg; 'g,umvdkjzpfaeygw,f? awmifav;vHk;ausmif;xJu bk&m;ausmif;uef/ Z&yfawG jyifp&m/xkHk;o%Fef;uyfp&mponfh vdktyfwmawG&dS&ifvJ OD;xGef;a0u 'umcHwwfygw,f? a':a':vlxka':trm arG;ae@ /a'gufwmoef;xGef; arG;ae@ pojzifh }uHK}udKuf&if te,fe,ft&yf&yfupmaytEkynm orm;awG[m wjcm;ae&mrSm qHkcGif h r}uHK=uvdk@ 'Dae&mav;rSmyJat;at;aq;aq; qHkavh&dSygw,f? awmiforeftif;eJ@ awmiforefwHwm;wdk@vJ&dSawmhywf0ef;usifuvJ om,mrdk@ qHk&yfaumif;av;jzpfaewma=umifh udkxGef;a0 oabmuswJhae&mav;wckygyJ?


&efukefrSmvJ q&mrif;ok0%f&J@ arG;ae@ txdrf;trSwfyGJudk ESpfpOfusif;yavh&dScJhygw,f?arG;ae@yGJrwdkifcif q&mhtdrfudk usaemfu }udKwifoGm;+yD; “q&m bmpDpOfrvJ/ bmvkyfay;&rvJ”oGm;ar;avh&dSygw,f? rE Wav;pma&;q&mrsm; (Ekd;/ rdk;/ EGrf; ponf)eJ@ q&mh&Hk;u wynfhtcsKd@pkaygif;+yD;awmhvJ ueffawmhavh&dSygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%fuawmh rif; +rdK@xJoGm;+yD;“AsKd;[pfay;uGm”vdk@ cdkif;avh&dSygw,f? usaemfu 33vrf;udk oGm;+yD; zdwf&iftukefvHk;zdwf+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%f rarhravsmhrSmavh&dSwmu “[dk w&kwfowif;axmufuav;udkvJ zdwfjzpfatmif zdwffay;yguGm”wJh? q&meJ@ udkxGef;a0 b,fvdkqufpyfaerd=uovJrpl;prf;cJhrdygbl;? w&kwfowif;axmufuav;qddkwm udkxGef;a0udkyJ qdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f?“[dkuGm--- &kyf&Sifrif;om; jzpfoGm;wJh "gwfyHkowif;axmufuav;uGm zdwfjzpfatmifzdwfay;yg”wJh? usaemfu udkxGef;a0udk zdwfay;zdk@ wm0efudk ESpfpOf,lcJh&ygw,f?

udkxGef;a0[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSmawmh vlxka&S@udk xGufvmcJhygw,f?a':atmifqef;pk=unf vlxka&S@arSmufudk xGufwJh a&$wd*Hkukef;awmf w&m;yGJeJ@ a':cif=unf&J@psmye tcrf;tem;wdk@rSm OD;xGef;a0u a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ tpfudk}uD;ozG,fa&S@urm;rm;&yf+yD; obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? jynfolrsm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;urif;om;}uD;udk ydkrkdcspfcifav;pm; vmoavmuf tpdk;&uawmh ydkrkd+idKjiifvmcJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@eJ@awmh ydkrdk&ifEDS;vmcJhygw,f? rif;om;}uD;[m EdkifiHa&;avmuxJudk 0ifrvmcJhygbl;?ol@arG;ae@&,fvdk@ rif;om;}uD;u txl;rvkyfyg? 'gayrJh oleJ@ &if;EDS;olawGqdk+yD; q&mjroef;wihf/wifrdk;/ yef;csD,Ofrif;ydkuf eJ@ armifpGrf;&nf av;OD;wnf;udkyJ zdwf+yD; txl;{nfhcHygw,f?usaemfwdk@xJu wifrdk;axmifusaeawmh OD;xGef;a0u wifrdk;tdrfudk vpOfrSefrSefoGm;+yD; “orD;wdk@bmvdkovJ”vdk@ t+rJoGm;a&mufar;jref; apmifha&SmufcJhygw,f?

OD;xGef;a0 txl;ESpfoufwJh tpm;tpmwckuawmh 'l;&if;oD;yg? wcgawmhb}uD;rd _i f;tdrfu tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm 'l;&if;oD;ta=umif;pum; pyfrdygw,f? “tdrfrSm 'l;&if;oD;awGom;uyd k @vd kufwm&d Sw,f?”qdkawmh tl&m;zg;&m;eJ@vdkuf,lygw,f? oHk;vHk;&dSwm ESpfvHk;ay;vdkufawmh “[mAsmtrsm;}uD;r Swfvd k @ vd kufvmwm”qd k +y D ; tawmfpdwfysufoGm; zl;ygw,f? 'l;&if;oD; ay:wkef;ay:cgqdk&if' l;&if;oD;awGud k q,fav;ig;vH k ; um;ay:wif +y D;oGm;av&mud k o,f,loGm;&if; pm;avh&d SygowJ h?usaemfwdk@u q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&J@ tdrfrSm vpOf/

yxrywf&J@ paeae@wdkif; q&m;}uD; ocifud k,fawmfrd _if;&J@ a*gyutzGJ @ (*lAdrmefxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@) pnf;a0;ygw,f? rlvuawmh tzGJ@t}uD;}uD;yg? ouf}uD;0g}uD;awGu wjznf;jznf; uG,fvGefukef=uawmh usaemfu ti,fqHk;wa,muf tjzpfeJ@yg0ifvm&ygw,f? *lAdrmeftwGuf ukefusaiGtjyif q&m}uD;&J@ pmayeJ@aetdrfapmifha&Smufa&;


udpPawGyg aqG;aEG;=u&ygw,f? (axmufvSrf;a&;vJ vpOfvmavh&dSygw,f?) tpnf;a0;rSmOD;xGef;a0u wcgwcgpm;p&m,l vmavh&dS+yD; wcguqdk vzuf&nfqdkifudk trlaqmifwzGJ@vHk;ac:oGm;+yD; aumfzDvufzuf&nf rkef@rsm;eJ@ au|;arG;{nfhcHavh&dSygw,f? &Spfq,fckESpfrsm;twGif;rSmawmh OD;xGef;a0 aq;vdyfjywfoavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD? tpnf;ta0;rSm aq;vdyfvHk;0raomufawmhygbl;? wcgw&H udkomEdk;/wifrdk; eJ@ usaemfwdk@&dS&m “paepmay0dkif;”(tpuaom=um0dkif;) &dS&m bDtdkpDaumvdyf vufzuf&nfqdkifudkvJ udkxGef;a0 rsufpdvnfvmwwfygw,f? OD;xGef;a0u ajryJ,dkvdkpm;p&mav;awG,lvm wwfygw,f? udkomEdk;uawmhOD;xGef;a0udk “udkxGef;a0”vdk@yJ ac:avh&d Sygw,f? usaemfwk d @uom OD;xGef;a0vdk@ajymif;vJac:ae=uwmyg? wcgwavawmh “rif;om;}uD;”vdk@ac:+yD;wcgw&H “av;av;”vdk@ac: =uygw,f?

OD;xGef;a0p[m pmay/ yef;csD/ "gwfyHkpwmawGudk 0goemygygw,f? 'ga=umifhpmayorm;awG tEkynmorm;awGtem;rSm w&pf0J0J&dSaewwfygw,f? 'DvlawG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkaexdkifwwfolawG 'Drdkua&pDorm;awGcsnf;yJqdkwmvJ olodygw,f? olvJ'DvdkvlawGeJ@ aygif;oif;vdk@ 'DvdkvlawGeJ@ twl 'Drdkua&pD orm;jzpfvdk@ wae@ae@rSm tpdk;&eJxdyfwdkufjzpfr,fqdkwm odygw,f? ol[m yg;eyfxufjrufolyg? 'ga=umifh jcifaq;acGeJ@ajrjzLxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;awGudk rdom;pkvkyfief;tjzpfwzufu tapmift&efvkyfxm;cJhwmyg? 'ga=umifhvJ tpdk;&u ol@udk &kyf&SifvkyfcGifhray;awmhvJ pD;yGm;ta&;tajctaerysufcJhwmyg? ppfwyfr*~Zif;jzpfwJh jr0wDr*~Zif;rSm pma&;q&mwa,mufu “tu,fprDudkxGef;ayG”qdk+yD; wdkufcd kufa&;om;cJ H zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk od&oavmufuawmhrif;om;}uD;[m tEkynmoduQmrysufcJhygbl;? 2005ckESpf oluG,fvGefcsdef touf80ausmft&G,fxd 'Drdkua&pDbufu/ jynfol@bufu aoGznf+yD; ppftpdk;&udk rsufESmcsKdaoG;wmrsKd;r&dScJhygbl;?

OD;xGef;a0[m OD;ae0if;vdk xdyfoD;}uD;udk csOf;uyfcJh&if onfhxuf }uD;yGm;rSmyg? 'gayrJhjynfholtEkynm&SifawGudk b,fawmhrS ausmrcdkif;cJhbJ 'Drdkua&pDorm; tEkynm&SifawGudkt&dyfw=unfh=unfheJ@ aecJhygw,f? oluG,fvGefonfhtxd ,loGm;wJhwm0efu +idrf;csrf;a&; zcifq&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; a*gyutzGJ@0if trlaqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ yg0ifaqmif&GufoGm;wmyJjzpfygw,f? oluG,fvGefawmh usaemfu jynfya&mufaevdk@ aemufqHk;*g&0 rjyKvdkuf&wm0rf;enf;rdygw,f? olpsmyeaumfrwDrSm usaemfyg0ifcGifh }uHKcJh&if ol&J@*lrSm q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@ *lAdrmefu “a'gif;/ csKd;jzL/uHpOf pmtkyf”qdkwJh wHqdyftrSwftom;“av;ck”teuf “csKd;jzL”wHqdyfyHkwlwckudk ul;,l+yD; qufoay;vdkufcsifygw,f? usaemf ArmjynfjyefcGifh&&if OD;xGef;a0&J@ *ludkoGm;jzpfatmifoGm;+yD; *g&0jyKygr,f? &kyf&Sifrif;om;}uD; OD;xGef;a0wa,muf a&muf&mb0rS vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;wJh tEkynm&Sifjzpf &yfwnfEdkifygapownf;vdk@qkawmif;vdkufygw,f? armifpGrf;&nf

2011 azaz:0g&D 10


q&mOD;0if;wifu ol@ 81 ESpf arG;ae@rSm bmajymvdkkufovJ qdkkawmh ol[m 88ta&;awmfyk k H =uD;u arG;zGm;vmwJhol jzpfw,f? ol[m ta&;awmfyk k Hwyfom;tjzpfcH,lxm;w,fvdkk@ qdkkw,f? tJonfwkkef;u touf 60 rSmvnf; ta&;awmfykkHwyfom;/ tckktouf 80 ausmfrSmvnf; ta&;awmfykk Hwyfom;vdkk@ cH,lqJ c&D;qufjrJjzpfw,f vdkk@qdkkvdkkufw,f? vrf;wl&if vlcsif;qkkH=ur,f? ta&;awmfykkHwyfom;awG 'Drdkkua&pDyef;wdkkifrSmqkkH=uygpkkd@ vdkk@ ajymcsifw,f … wJh?

usaemfwdkk@wawGvnf; vGefcJhwJh tESpf 20 u ta&;awmfykkH=uD;u tpjyKvdkk@vljzpfvmcJh&wmvdkk@ ajymcsif ajymvdkk@&ygw,f? tJonfu usaemfwdkk@ ausmif;om;awGqdkkwmq,fausmfoufawG/ touf 20 0ef;usifav;awGudkk;av? tJonfwkkef;u usaemfwdkk@wawGjrefrmjynf wjynfvkkH; tESH@tjym;rSm &SdaewJh vli,fawG rsLd;qufopfuav;awG&Jh pdwf"mwfubmvJ vk k d @ jyefawG; =unfhvd k kufrdawmh usaemfwd k k @qDrSm pwif oaE<wnfcJ hwmausmif;om;pdwf"mwf awG jzpfw,f? tJonfu pdwf"mwfawG[m cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf jzpfw,fvdkk@ajymcsifygw,f?

armif&pf

bmpdwf"mwfvJ h h h

cGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwf

ta&;awmfykkHwyfom; wOD;&Jh pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf qdkkwm bmvta&;awmfykkHwyfom; wOD;&Jh pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf qdkkwm bmvta&;awmfykkHwyfom; wOD;&Jh pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf qdkkwm bmvta&;awmfykkHwyfom; wOD;&Jh pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf qdkkwm bmvta&;awmfykkHwyfom; wOD;&Jh pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf qdkkwm bmvJusaemfwd k k @ ausmif;om; vli,fawG tm;vkk H;rSm tJonfwkkef;u &S dcJ hwm

udkk,fhausmif;om;awG xd&if rcHcsifwJh pdwfyJ? udkk,fhausmif;om;awG rw&m;tvkkyfcH&&ifenf;enf;av;rS onf;rcHEdkkifbl;? zd&if =uG/ xd&if csr,f qdkkwJh usaemfwdkk@wawG tcsif;csif;&ifabmifwef; vufcsif;csdwfwJh pdwf"mwfyJ vdkk@ ajymvdkkufcsifygw,f?

tJonfwkkef;u &efukkefpufr_wuUodkkvfrSm ausmif;om;awGudkk vkkHxdef;awGuypfowfw,f? tcsKyfum;ay:ypfwifjyD; zrf;w,f? taqmifawGxJu w&Gwfwdkkuf qGJxkkwfjyD;"mwfykkHeJ@ wdkkuf/ eHr,fawG twef;awGeJ@ wdkkufjyD; ppfa=uma&;pcef;awGxJ ydkk@w,f qdkkwJh vGefcJhwJh19 88 rwfv 13 &ufae@ tjzpfudkk b,fausmif;om;awGurS vufydkkufjyD; acgif;ikkHjyD;=unf hraecJ h =ubl;? ygarmuQcsLy fawG/ armfuGe f;xde f;awG/ ynma&;0efxrf;awG/ausmif;q&mqdkkolawGu &yf=unfhjyD; aecJh=ur,f? &efukkefuausmif;om;/ armfvjrdKif/ ppfawG/

“touf 80 ausmf vltkkd}uD;wa,mufu ta&;awmfykkH ajcvsifwyfom;vdkk h &J&J}uD;ajymw,f?tJ'g[m cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfjzpfygw,f? rw&m;r+jrm;wpif;udkk &ifzGifhjyD; &ifqdkkifol jzpfw,f”


rkkH&Gm/ jrpf=uDem;/ awmif=uD; jrdK@ &Gm tESH@tjym;u txufwef;ausmif;om;/ aumvdyfausmif;om;/ vli,fawG tm;vkkH;u rsufESmv$J cJypf rvkkyfcJh=ubl;?

tJonf rwfvu pvdkkufwJh tm%m&SifawG&Jh &efprD;yGm;[m ausmif;om;awGtm;vkkH;awGtwGufuawmh aoewfoHwcsufazmuf&if rD;[kkef;[kkef;awmufap&r,f vdfkk@=udrf;0g;vdkkufwJh tvm; cGyfa'gif;aoG;awG twlwuG pD;qif;nDnGwfcJh=uw,f r[kkwfvm;?

tJonf cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfawGuvnf; 0kkef;qdk kjyD; csufcsif; =uD;xGm;&ifhoefoGm;cJhwmawmh r[kkwfygbl;? rwfv pufr_wuUodkkvfausmif;om;awG&Jh vufqifhurf;r_awG[mwuUod k kvftqif hqif h / tajcc Hynmausmi f ; tqif hqif hud k k p D ;qif;c J h&wmyg?cGyfa'gif;rsLd;aphuav;awGudkk &ifxJrSm vufoD;vufarmif;awGxJrSm pdkkufysLd;jyD; vufcsif;csdwfausmcsif;uyfxm;wJh ausmif;om;vli,f&JabmfawG&Jh acsG;awG aoG;awGeJ@ avmif;jyD; =uD;xGm;&Sifoefatmif arG;jrLcJh&wm? rqv tm%m&SifawGoGwfoGif;xm;wJh rvkkyf r&_yf rjyKwfa=umufwwf &efuif;w,fqdkkwJh ta=umufw&m; tarSmifxkk=uD;xJu twif;&kkef;uefjyD; x=uG&SifoefcJh&wmyg?

bmpdwf"mwfvJcGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwftckk 'Dpmudkk zwfae&if;uae rwfrwfx&yfvdkk@ vufoD; vufarmif;wef;jyD;

atmf=unfh ta&;awmfykkHwyfom;wOD;&Jh &ifxJu cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfqdkkwm rD;yGm;awGvdkk x=uGawmufavmifvmvdrfhr,f?

usaemfwdkk@awG&Jh cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfqdkkwm rw&m;r_udkk vufydk kufr=unfhEdk kifwJhpdwf"mwfyJ? avmu=uD;&Jh b,fa'gifh b,fae&mrSmyJ a&mufae a&mufae zdESdyfcsLyfcs,fcHae&olawGudkk umuG,fzdkk@ tm%m&SifawGudkk jyefvnf wdkkufcdkkuf awmfvSefzdkk@ &JabmfawGtcsif;csif; &ifabmifwef; vufcsif;wGJ=uzdkk@ aESmifhaES;jcif;/ av;vHjcif;/ a&Smifv$Jjcif; vkkH;0r&SdwJhawmfvSefwJh pdwf"mwfyJ?

tJonf cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfudkk rpGef@v$wfbJ udkkifpGJ touf&_cJhrdvdkk@ usaemfwdkk@wawG[m19 88 ta&;awmfykkHaemufqufwGJ ta&;awmfykkH tqufqufrSm awmfvSef&Jol rsLd;qufawG/vli,f ausmif;om;awG/ &[ef; oHCm oydwfarSmufolawGudkk udkk,fh aoG;om; &Jabmfrsm;vdkkcifrif&if;ESD;rd=uwm/ vufcsif;wGJ av;pm;r_awG &SdcJh=uwm/ *kk%f,l 0rf;ajrmufpGm =udKqdkktav;*&kkjyKcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f?

usaemfwdkk@wawG[m cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfudkk pGef@v$wfcJhjyD; omref&dkk;us 0efxrf;pdwf"mwf/ukkefonf yGJpm; pdwf"mwf/ zmodzmom woD;ykk*~v woD;woef@ pdwf"mwfawGeJ@ omref rpGef@pm;rv_yf&Sm;&JwJh ta=umufw&m;udkk &if0,fydkkufol vlnHh vledrfhwa,muf&Jh pdwf"mwfrsLd;awGeJ@touf&Sifoef =uD;jyif;cJh=u&r,fqdkk&ifawmh ckkcsdefrSm udkk,fhom;orD;awG/ udkk,fh wlawG wlrawGucGyfa'gif;tvHudkk tjrifhrm;qkkH; v$ifhxlzdk k@ =udK;pm;vmwmudkk rsufESmv$J rjrifcsifa,mifaqmif=ur,fh twef;tpm;awG jzpfukkef=uvdrfhr,f xifygw,f? pmrsufESm 58 odk h


etz&JhzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwmeJ hha&G;aumufyGJqdkwmwdk@ay:vmjyD;uwnf;uArmjynfrSmtajymif; tvJjzpfay: jyD/ rjzpfay:ao;bl;/ enf;enf;awmhjzpfay: jyDvm; pojzifhjynfwGif;jynfyajymqdka&;om;=uwmawG ae@pOfrjywfqdkovdk jrifawG@=um;zwfae&ygw,f?wcsdK@ursm;qdk&if b,f[muav;uawmhjzifh ajymif;vJwm r[kwfbl;vm;qdkjyD; cspfwD; acgif;oef;&Smovdk ppfppfaygufayguf apma=umaewmudkvnf; owdxm;rdygw,f?

'Djy\emta=umif;ajymr,fqdk&if OD;qHk; etzAdkvfcsKyfawGbma=umifh 'DajcvSrf;awGudkvSrf;w,f/ olwdk@bmudk&nf&G,fw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfwJhtwGuf olwdkh&Jh&nf&G,fcsufudka&muf&Sdovm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;awGudkpOf;pm;zdk@vdkw,fxifygw,f? 'DvdkajcvSrf;awGuaeb,fvdktajzxGufcJhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;odjyD;rdk h'Dae&mrSm tJ'D tcsufudkrajymawmhygbl;?'gayrJh'Dtcsufudkawmh taotcsm rsOf;om;xm;apcsifygw,f?

tajcc HOya'bmvd k @a&;qG Jw,f/a&G;aumufyG Jbma=umif hvkyfw,fqdkwmudk &dk;&m uav; uAsmwyk'fxJuvdk “aygufyifbmjzpf vdk@udkif;&w,f” qdkwJhavm*spfrsdK;eJh tqihfqihfar;=unhfyg? tenf;qHk; tm%mudkvd kcsi fvd k @§xde f;odr f;xm;csi fvd k @qdkwJhtajzudkawmh &rSmyg? 'gjzifhbmjzpfvdk@tm%mudk vdkcsif&wmvJvdk@ xyfar;vdkufyg? igh0rf;ylqmraeomvdk@/ wenf;udk,f usdK;pD;yGm;awG twGufraeom vdk@tm%mudkvdkcsifwmvdk@yJ tajzxyf&ygvdrfhr,f?

'gjzifh t&ifutm%mudkvufrv$wfcsifwm bma=umifhvJvdk@ar;cGef;xkwf&ifvnf; 'DtajzudkyJjyefa&muf rSmaocsmygw,f? 'DawmhomreftuQ&mocsFmnDr#jcif;rsdK;eJ haumufcsuf qGJvdkuf&if 'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m 'D &nfrSef;csuf(udk,fusdK; pD;yGm;awG cdkifjrJwdk;yGm;a&;)twGuf jzpfw,fvdk@yJ tajzxGufjyefygw,f?

'Dawmhjy\em[m &nfrSef;csufeJ henf;emjy\em jzpfaew,f

“iSufwaumifudk avSmifcsdKifhxJrSmxnhfjyD;avSmifxm;w,fqdk&if avSmifwJholtzdk h

tJ'DiSuf toHwdwf aewmu ydk-unfel;p&maumif;rvm; h h h

pum;ajymaewmydk-unfel;p&maumif;rvm; h h h”

&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;

ppftkyfpkvkyfxm;wJh0uFbmxJu

tjyifudkxGuf-uyg

&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;


qd kwmawG @&ygr,f? enf;emqd kwm[m &nfr Se f ; csufwckud ka&mufz d k @twGuftaxmuftulomjzpfjyD; &nfrSef;csuf uom t"duta&;t}uD;qHk;qdkwm vlwdkif; odygw,f?&nfrSef;csufudk&zd k @twGuf enf;emawGudk ajymif;wef&ifajymif;&w,fqdkwmvnf;vlwdkif;odygw,f? Armpum;rSm acG;udkufvdk@yJ&&/ wkwfypfvdk@yJ&& &wmvdk&if;yJ qdkwm&Sdygw,f?jyD;cJhwJha&G;aumufyGJ&Jh &nf&G,fcsuf [m Armjynf&J@ =uG,f0wJh"eOpPmawGudk Adkvfoef;a&$wdk hwawGw&m;0if&&Sda&;jzpfjyD; 2008ckeSpfzGJ hpnf;yHktajccH Oya'&Jh&nf&G,fcsufuawmh tJ'Dydkifqdkifr_udktodtrSwfjyK xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;yJjzpfygw,f?

tvG,fav;jyefed*H k;csKyf=unhfyg? a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm+yD;oGm;vdk@ wdkif;jynf&J@"eOpPmawGudk ydkifqdkifr_[m vufajymif;oGm;ygovm;? ajymif;r,fhtvm;tvmaum jrifawG@&ygovm;? a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDav;wifuyJ wdkif; jynf&Jhqdyfurf;awG/ vkyfief;aygif;pHkawGudkolwdk@tcsif;csif;xJrSmcGJa0,lcJhao;w,fudk rSwfrd=ur,fxifygw,f?

t&if;tESD;&J@oabm[m pkaqmif;rdvm&ifwdk;csJ h&ygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;b%fxJrSmcsnf;xm;vdk@r&ygbl;? 'Dae h etzxdyfoD;awG pkaqmif;rdvmwJhaiG&if;aiGESD;[m jynfwGif;uaejynfyudkwdk;csJ@&r,fhtqifhudka&mufaeygjyD? 'Dawmholwdk@[m olwdk@udkedkifiHwumt0ef;t0dkif;utodtrSwfjyK+yD; qdkif&Sif(sanction)ydwfqdkhr_vdk ajcref; uGif;awGudk c|wfay;apcsif=uygw,f? olwdk@taeeJ@a&G;aumufyGJusif;y/ tpdk;&zGJ@jyD;w,fqdkwmeJ@wjydKifeufxJ vdkvdkrSmqdkif&Sif(sanction)udpPudk jiif;ckefajymqdkp&mwcktjzpf ay:xGufvmwm[m wdkufqdkifr_r[kwfygbl;? 'Dvdk jynfwGif;jynfyuae Adkvfoef;a&$&J@arG;pm;tpdk;&udk oeyfcg;vdrf;yef;yefay;aeolawG[m b,folawGvJqdkwm jyef=unfhvdkuf&ifyJ bmrSrqef;bl;vdk@oHk;oyfedkifrSmyg/

rarh=uoihfwJhtcsufwcku 'Dae@umvrSmAdkvfoef;a&$wdk@ppftkyfpk&J@ tm%mudkcsKyfudkifedkifr_[mtawmfudk wnf+idrfae+yDqdkwJhtcsufjzpfygw,f? olwdk@[m awmf&Hkwef&Hkvd_if;tykwf udkcHedkifaejyDqdkwmudk rarhoifhbl;? olwdk@wawG tm%mouf=umvmwmeJ@tr#&ifhusufwJh tm%m&SifjzpfvmjyD; t&ifuavmuftuJrqwfawmhwm/ olwdk@ tay:wkdufcdkufwm wcsdK@udk ay,smvuHjyKxm;edkifwmawG &Sdvmygw,f? 'gudkyJ'Drdkua&pDzGihfay;wmvdk@qdkcsif=u&ifawmh (vdrfnmwmr[kwf&if)udk,fuppftm%m&SifawGavmufrS r&ifhusuf ao;bl;vdk@yJ qdk&ygvdrfh r,f?

olwdk@&J@v$wfawmfqdkwm}uD;xJrSm b,faus;&Gmvl}uD;ujzifh b,fvdkrw&m;vkyfaeygw,fqdkwmrsdK; ajymwmavmufudkawmh olwdk@cGifhrjyKp&mta=umif;r&Sdygbl;?tJ'Daus;&Gmvl}uD;xuf tqaygif;ukaÉukÉm rawmf rw&m;vkyfaewJh olwdk@ ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;awGudk axmufjywmrSr[kwfyJ? aemufjyD; olwdk@wawG'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;aygufudkav#mufvSrf;aeygjyDvdk@txifa&mufapr,fvdk@qdk&if e,fpyf*dwfrSmvmbfpm;ae/ AdkvfusaewJht&m&Sdtenf;tusO;fudk bmvdk@paw;rypfedkif&rSmvJ? AdkvfcifnGef@wdk@udkawmif tHkeJ@usif;eJ@jzKwfcJhao;w,f r[kwfygvm;? 'g[m axmifjrif&mpGef@wmxufawmif tjrwftpGef;}uD;ygw,f?


ppftkyfpkavmurSmu iawrmzdk hta&;}uD;qHk;omjzpfygw,f?txufrSma&;cJhwmawGudk jyefcsKyf&&if Armjynfuppftkyfpk[m olwdk@&J@&nf&G,fcsuf

yef;wdkifud kra&muf a&mufatmif 'Dvrf;rayguf [dkvrf;uoGm;w,fqdkwm rsd K;eJ@vkyfaew,fqdkwmawG@&ygr,f? 'DvdktcgrSm olwdk@&J h&nfrSef;csufudkrsufajcjywfjyD; olwdk@&Jhenf;emawG aemufudkvdkufaevdk@uawmh ezm;judk;wyfqGJcH&wmxufqdk;edkif ygw,f?

wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif 'DvdktcsdefrsmyJ =uyfajy;v$wfawmftwGif;tjyifuowif;awGudkoHk;oyfwm/ tuJjzwf wmawGvnf; =um;odae&ygw,f? wcsdK@u'gudkyJ Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@ppftkyfpkudk csD;usL;p&mtcsuftaeeJ@axmufjy =uygw,f? 'gudk rmzD;,m;acgif;aqmifawGvdka=umifuav;yGwf+yD;+yHK;aer,hf Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ae&muaejyefpOf;pm; =unhfyg? iSufwaumifudkavSmifcsdKifhxJrSm xnhfjyD;avSmifxm;w,fqdk&if avSmifwJholtzdk@ tJ'DiSuf toHwdwf aewmuydk=unfel;p&maumif;rvm;/ pum;ajymaewm ydk=unfel;p&maumif;rvm;? rqvacwfuv$wfawmfeJh 'Dae@=uyfajy;uv$wfawmf&Jhjcm;em;csufu 'gygyJ?

ppftkyfpk0ifawGompHpm;&wJh 'Drdkua&pDcsif;uawmhtwlwljzpfygw,f?&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;

armif&pf(http://moemaka.com rS ul;[laz: jyygonf?)

cGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwfqdk kwm touf=uD;wm/ i,fwm/ ausmif;om; vli,f/vlwef;pm;awGeJ@ uef@owfxm;wm r[kkwfygbl;? axmifxJrSm ,kk H=unfcsuftwGufpGef@v$wfpGef@pm;aeolawG/ vrf;ay:rSm/ ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm/ e,fpyfwdkkufyGJawGrSm toufeJ@vJoGm;jyD; wdkkufyGJ0ifoGm;olawG tm;vkkH;[m cGyfa'gif;awGcsnf;yJ? cGyfa'gif;waumifudkk zdESdyfeif;ajcvdkkufwm[m igwdkk@ cGyfa'gif;awG tm;vkkH;udkk wjydKifeufwnf; apmfum; t"rRusifhvdkkufwmeJ@ twlwlyJa[h vdkk@ w&m;rSswr_zufuae toufpnf;pdrfawG rdom;pkkawGoli,fcsif;awGudkk pGef@jyD; &yfwnf&Jwm wdkkufyGJ0if&Jwm[m cGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwf jzpfygw,f?

q&mOD;0if;wif[m ta&;awmfykkH wyfom;wOD;yJ? cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwftjynfheJ@&SifoefaeolyJ? q&m[m vlxkkta&;awmfykkHv_dif;vkkH;=uD;xJrSm tcsdefjynfh ajcpkkHypf ul;cwfaeoljzpfw,f? 2007 oHCmhta&;awmfykkH=uD;rSm q&mom tjyifrSm &Sdae&if cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfudkkv$ifhjyD; csDwufoGm;r,fhol jzpfygw,f? tckkvnf;yJ touf 80 ausmf vltkkd=uD;wa,mufuta&;awmfykkH ajcvsifwyfom;vdkk@ &J&J=uD;ajymw,f? tJ'g[m cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfjzpfygw,f?rw&m;r_jrm;wpif;udkk &ifzGifhjyD; &ifqdkkifol jzpfw,f?

cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfeJ@ usaemfwdkk@wawGvnf; ae&mtESH@rSm wuGJwjym;eJ@ iSufawm/aus;awmawGxJrSm txD;usef csDwuf &kkef;uefae&wJh tcsdefawGvnf; &SdrSmyg? odkk@aomfvnf;cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf wckkwnf;eJ@ usaemfwdkk@awG onfvrf;wckkwnf;rSmyJ jyefqkkH=urSmjzpfygw,f?tckkvnf;yJ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfawGeJ@ usaemfwdkk@ &JabmfawG vufcsif; jrJjrJ wGJjyD; yef;wdkkifrSmqkkHzdkk@ qufvuf csDwufvmae=uwm jzpfygw,f?

bmpdwf"mwfvJ ..........

pmrsufESm 55 rStquf


rGefjynfe,ftwGif; bDvif;jrdK@e,f/ oxHkjrdK@e,frsm;wGif awmifay:u&ifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&maeajrrsm;jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@tzJG@pnf;. vkyfief;pOfwm0efrsm;udk KNU e,fajrcH wyfrsm;ESifhylwJGvSKyf &Sm;=upOf u&ifjynfe,f zmtHhjrdK@e,faus;&GmtcsdK@rsm;udkvnf; a&muf&SdcJh=uonf? usaemfwdk@a&muf&SdvSKyf&Sm;aeaom oxHkjrdK@e,f uscwfacsmif; / a&wGif;jzL / a&$=unf / aemifuwkwfausmufawmif / xHk;zdk=uD;/ xHk;zdkav;/ ausmufzsm/ aerif;atmif/ bDvif;jrdK@e,f uGif;uav;/ rJeaumif; / v,fapmavm/ bJvif;Edk / acgxD;x / azm*DcD;/ axmzdk;x/ Edk@cJ/ rJeoJcD;/ y,f0,fx / a'gZH=uD; / usufaomif;qdyf/ wa*;avmif;/ jrif;apmif;/ ay:cD; / wmtl;cD;/ uGD;av; ponfhaus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;rSm tdrfajc (50)rS(300)xd&Sdaom &Gmrsm;jzpfonf? a'ocHjynfoltrsm;pkonf awmif,mpyg;pdkufysdK;jcif;/ v,f,mvkyfief;/ =uHpdkufysKd;vkyfief;/ ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifpm;aomuf=uonf? ynma&; / usef;rma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;rjynfhpHk tm;enf;aoma'ojzpfonf? etz ppfwyf. teD;uyfqHk;xdyfwdkufppfqifa&;a'ojzpfonf? DKBA wyfrsm;/ etzwyfrsm;/ KNU wyfrsm;vSKyf&Sm;&me,fajrrsm;jzpfonf? ae@pOf&ufquf ESpfumv=um&SnfxdawG@ qufqH&aoma=umifh KNU wyfrsm;rSaus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf &Gmol=uD;rsm; cef@tyf=uonf? xdk@twl etz/ DKBA

wyfrsm;rSvnf; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&; ol=uD;rsm; cef@xm;=uonf? vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;r=umc%jzpfaom a=umifh owd=uD;pGmqufqH&onf? ,cifESpfrsm;u a,musFm;rsm; ol=uD;vkyf=uonf? etz ppfwyfrsm;a&muf&Sdvm&ifOuUXol=uD;wpfa,mufom xdawG@pum;ajym&.? tqdk;taumif;wm0efrsm;udk,lay;&onf?etz ppfwyfrsm; oGm;vmonfhtcg ol=uD;onf a&S@qHk;rSoGm;&onf? awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;apmifh ypfjcif;/ rdkifaxmifjcif;/ rdkif;qGJjcif;rsm; vGwfuif;atmif vrf;jyay;&onf? tcef@roifhyguawG@ qHkypfcwfrSKjzpfygu txkaxmif;t&dkuftESdyfcH=u&onf? vrf;oGm;onfhtcgvnf;ppfom;rsm; .&duQmrsm;udk xrf;&ao;onf? c&D;vrf;wav#muf wdkifyJGrjzpfap&ef awmwdk;/awmifwuf/ acsmif;jzwf auG@ywfa&Smif;uGif;jyD;oGm;vm&onf?

wdkufyJG0if

wpfvtrdk;ol=uD;rsm;&JeEN (SAC)


etz wyfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;wyfpcef;rsm;udk vdkufjycd kif;onf?owif;udkar;onf? owif;ray; vdkufrjyygu txkt&dkufESdyfpufcH=u&I aoqHk;cJh&onfhol=uD;rsm;;vnf;&S donf? a&S@qHk;rSvrf;jyay;I rd kif;eif;rdIaoqHk;jcif;/ wdkufyJ GjzpfIxdcd kufaoqHk;&jcif;rsm;vnf;&S donf? owfjzwfcH&wmvnf;&S donf? ,kwfpGtqHk;awmfvSefa&;wyfpcef;rsm;tm; vdkufjyay;&aom a=umifh usqHk;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdonf?awmfvSe fa&;wyfrsm;. jyif;xefp Gm owday;jci f;vnf;c H&.? etz ppfwyfuvrf;r=uD;wdkif;ol=uD;udk vrf;jycdkif;jyD; vrf;wGif;awmfvSefa&;wyf. wdkufcdkufrSKa=umifhetzwyfu tusqHk;rsm;&Sdygu pdwfememESifh vrf;jytcdkif;cH&onfhvl=uD;udkyif toufqHk;onfhtxd &ufpufpGm owfjypf=uonf? 4if;tvkyfudk vkyfay;ae&I tESdyfpufcH&towfjzwf cH&onfrS vGwfuif;atmif a,musFm;rsm;u awmxJhodk@ a&Smifajy;=uygawmhonf? etz wyfrsm;&GmxJh a&mufonfhtcg &GmxJY jrefrmpum;em;vnfaom rkqdk;rtrsKd;orD;rsm;u txrOD;qHk; etz t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhtawG@cHjyD; &GmxJY a,musFm;ol=uD;rsm; b,folrSrvkyfEdkifa=umif;ajymjy &Sif;jy&onf? etz ppfwyfrS trsdK;orD;rsm;udk ol=uD;udk,fpm; vkyfcdkif;=uawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm rwwfomonfhtqHk; udk,fhom;/ udk,fhwl/ udk,fhajrudk,fh&yf&Gmudk,fpm; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf touftmrcHr&Sdonfh tvkyfrsdK;udk todw&m;ESifhtwl trdk;ol=uD;vkyf&ygawmhonf? trdk;ol=uD;rsm;onf u&ifbmompum;vdka&mjrefrmbmompum;vdkwwfovdk etzudk jyef&Sif;jy&onf? wzufuvnf; 0rf;a&;twGuftvkyf vkyf&ovdk ol=uD;tvkyfudk vkyfudkifae&ojzifh 0rf;a&;twGuf tcuftcJjzpf&onf? etz ppfa=umif;rsm; ay:wmxrf;ac:onfhtcg vESifhcsD=umaoma=umifh tvkyftudkif0rf;a&;twGuf oHk;&ufrS ig;&ifw=udrf tvSnfhus vlcsdef;ay;&onf? vlcsdef;ayEdkifa&;twGufetz wm0ef&SdolESifhaqG;aEG;&onf? 4iftjyif &GmteD;tem;Y rdkif;rdjcif;/ acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfcH&ygu trdk;ol=uD;rsm;ESifhtwl &Gm;om;rsm;yg xkaxmif;&dkufESdufcH=u&onf? etzwyfESifhawmf vSefa&;wyfrsm; wdkufyJGrjzpfapa&;twGuf trdk;ol=uD;rsm;u oHwrefa&rsm ;vkyfaqmif&onf? ol=uD;vkyf&onfrSm tE W&m,ftvGefrsm;jym;vSonfuwa=umif; udk,fydkiftvkyfrvkyf tm;I pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJjzpf&onfu wa=umif;a=umifh b,folrS rvkyfcsif/rvkyf&J=uyg? xd k @a=umif h &Gmtpnf;ta0;ac:I tpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsuft&&GmxJwGif&Sdonfh trsdK;orD; rsm;onf wtdrfwOD; wvpDtvSnfhus ol=uD;vkyf=u&ygonf? av;au&GmwGif etz ppfwyf. a&S@wef;XmecsKyf&Sdonf? AdkvfrSL;csKyfrif;atmifvdSKifwyfr (44) wyfrrSL;&mxl;ESif h wm0efuspOftcguusawmfwdk@aysmufusm;pcef;ESif h&efolwyfrXmecsKyfu c&D;odyfra0;wma=umih f usaemfwd k @E Si f h teD;qH k;aus;&GmrStrdk;ol=uD;ESifh&Gmom;awGudk zdtm;ay; jyD; usaemfwdk@aewJh aysmufusm;pcef;uaejyD;' Dxufa0;wJ h ae&mud k xGufc Gmay;zd k @ & Gmom;(30) avmufvmjyD; awmif;;qd karmif;xkwfygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@ pcef;rajymif;&if etz ppf a=umif;u awmxJhrSmawG@&if


trdk;wdk@w&GmvHk;udk rD;&S d K @ypfr,fvdk@ajymvdk@ vmarmif;xkwf&a=umif; olwdk@&Gmwdk@rD;&SdK@rcHEdkifa=umif; vmajym=u.? usaemfvnf; tajctaeudk &Sif;jy&onf? tJ'D tcgusrStrdk;ol=uD;ESifh&Gmom;awGu AdkvfrSL;csKyf rif;atmifvSdKifudk b,fvdkta=umif;jyef&rvJ vdk@t=uHtOm%fawmif;vm.? trdk;ol=uD;wdk@onfacolrsm;r[kwf etz. uvdefuuspfenf;AsL;[mudk udk,fawG@cHpm;=uHKawG@&olrsm;jzpfonf? usaemfu trdk;ol=uD; =udKufovdkjyefajymEdkifa=umif; ajymvdkufygawmhonf? KNU ppfa=umif;ESifh usawmfwdk@tzGJ@bDvif;jrdK@e,f uscwfacsmif;aus;&GmwGifae@vnf(12 em&D) tcsdefwGif pcef;csxrif;csufpm;aepOf tl,m;z,m;jzifh trdk;ol=uD;ESifhtwltrsdK;ESpf OD; tajy;a&mufcsvmonf? trdk;ol=uD;u eifwdk@cyfjrefjrefxGufawmh Armppfa=umif;&GmxdyfrSm a&mufaejyD wdkufyJGjzpfaetHk;r,f? olwdk@ &GmxJhudk0ifzd k@ajymae=uw,f[kvmajymygonf? usaemf wdk@uvnf; 'DaumifawGvm&if ypfrSmbJ[k jyefajymvdkufonf?usaemfwdk@ppfa=umif;rS wcsdK@u xrif;rpm;&ao;wmudk trdk;ol=uD;wdk@tjrifjzpfonf? trdk;ol=uD;wdk@u nhH=uonfum;r[kwf? wpfzufu etz ppfa=umif;udkvnf; jidrf;csrf;a&;oHorefenf;t& ol@vlrsm;xm;I xdrf;xm;jyD;jzpfonf? usawmfwdk@udkvnf; udk,fhvlxkxdcdkuf rnfhtjzpfrsdK;rvkyf ? &efolwyfvnf;0ifrvm&Jbl;qdkwm usaemfwdk@odwmonf?vuf&Sdusaemfwdk@ ppfa=umif;tiftm;u &efolppfa=umif;tiftm;xuf ydkrsm;aeonfudk&efolodonf? trdk;a& usaemfwdk@ xrif;awmh 0atmifpm;yg&aptHk;? pm;jyD;wmESifhtjrefxGufay;ygr,f vdk@ usaemfu trdk;ol=uD; pdwfcsrf;omatmifajymvdkufygonf? trdk;ol=uD; tzJG@ &GmxJjyef0ifoGm;ygonf? ppfa=umif;xGuf&efjyifqifjyD;wJh tcsdef trdk;ol=uD;tzGJ@jyefa&mufvmonf? eJeJaomufpm;vmyHk&onf? usaemfu ta=umif;odrdk@ tajctaeb,fvdkvJtrdk; trdk;u bmrSrxl;ygbl; eifwdk@txGufudkapmifhaewmjzpfw,f vdk@ jyefajymygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf;uscwfacsmif;&Gmudk ausmcdkif;I a&wGif;jzL&Gmzufudk xGufcGmvmcJhygawmhonf? trdk;ol=uD;wdk@vnf; oDcsif;av;qdkjyD; &GmxJhudk jyef0ifoGm;ygawmhonf? trdk;ol=uD;wdk@onf aoewfajymif;0tv,fESpfck.tv,fwGif olwdk@.&Gmuav;jidrf;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh wdkufyJGrjzpfapa&; enf;y&d,m,f=uG,f=uG,f a=umufaeonfh=um;uowd&Sd&Sd &Gmom;rsm;twGuf wm0efausyGefpGm vdk&if;a&mufonftxd qufqHa&; aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;rsm;&Sd=uygonf? u&ifjynfe,fawmifay:&Gmuav;w&Gmu trdk;ol=uD;wpfa,mufonf etz ppfwyfrsm; ol.&Gmuav;udk a&mufwdkif; &Gmom;awGudk uav; vl=uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;vdktyf&if vdktyfovdk vkyftm;ay; ay:wmoGm;&.? &GmxJha&mufwdkif; vli,fvl&G,fawG@wdkif;zrf;qD;jyD; olykef[kpGyfpGJajymqdk !Sif;yef;ESdyfpufrSK tjrJwrf;vkyf.? t=udrfa&rsm;vmawmhrcHEdkifonfhtqHk; trdk;ol=uD;u etzppfa=umif;&GmxJhjyefa&mufonfhtcg uav; vl=uD;trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;rusef &Gm;om;tm;vHk; &Gmv,facgifrSmpkac: jyD; etzwyfrSL;udk


eifwdk@twGuf igh&Gmom;awG tvkyf vkyfay;&w,f &GmxJa&muf&ifvnf; &Gmom;awGudkzrf;qD;&dkufESdufppfaq;w,f? tckawmh'DrSm&Sd wJh&Gmom; tukefbJ awmxJrSmvnf;vdkuf&Smp&mrvdkbl;? tckeifwdk@ igESifhtigh&Gmom;awGudk owfvdkuf=uawmh vdk@ ajymvdkufonf?

etz wyfrSL;vnf; trdk;ol=uD;wdk@r&Sd&if a&&SnfrSm tcufrcJ&Sdwma=umifh aemufudk&GmxJa&muf&i f & Gmom;awGud k zr f ;qD;E S dy fpufrvky fawmhygbl;vd k @ uwday;jy D ;trdk;ol=uD;ESifhtay;t,l vkyfvdkuf=uygawmhonf?

usaemf trdk;ol=uD;wOD;ESifh awG@qkHcJhonfhtjzpfudk ,ae@txdrarhao;yg? usaemfESifh&JabmftcsKd@ e,fpyfaemufwef;pcef;udk wm0efESifhjyefwufvmpOf u&ifjynfe,f ,Gef;pvif;acsmif; eab;u tdrfajc(10)tdrfavmuf&Sdonfh&Gmuav;wpf&Gmodk@ ae@vnf (12)em&Da&muf&SdcJhonf? aEG&moDrdk@ urarmif; /uwdkifwd um;vrf;tm;jzwfausmfcJh&I aeuvnf;ylxrif;uvnf; rpm;&ao; &efolpcef;ESifha0;oGm;jyDrdk@ xrif;csufpm;zdk@ &Gmuav;rSmem;=uygonf? usawmfwd k htrd k;ol=uD;tdrfud kar;IvmcJ h =uonf? trd k;ol=uD;utouf(50)avmuf&SdjyD; 0g;wdkif0g;cif;zufrdk; tdrfwjcrf;apmif;a&S@ ZD;yifatmufu ESKwfoDc|efc|efig;yd\mavmuf&Sdonfh 0ufuav;waumif udk xrif;&nfzGJ=urf;ESifh tpmazsmfa=uGaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? &GmxJhwGif a,musFm;om;rsm;w a,mufr#rawG@ tvkyfoGm;=uyHk&onf?usawmfu trdk;ol=uD;em;&yfj hyD;usawmfwdk @ud k qefwjynfavmufay;yg ? 'DrSmbJxrif;csufpm;r,fqdkjyD; awmif;vdkufygw,f? trdk;ol=uD;u 0ufpm a=uG;wm&yfvdkufjyD;csDeJ@eJ@0g;tdrfuav;ay:wufoGm;jyD; qefykwfxJhuqefawG paumxJcyfxJhae ygw,f?trdk;ol=uD;yHkpHu tom;!dk!dk / ydefydefyg;yg; qHyif tjzLtrJ w0ufpD t0wftpm;upkwfjywfjywf usef;rma&;aumif;yHk&.? zsufzsufvufvuf&Sd.? trdk;ol=uD;u Armppfom;vmvnf;qefawmif; / u&ifppfom;vmvnf;qefawmif; tckvmjyefjyD ausmif;om;ppfom;awGvkyfay;&rSmaygh[,f qefjymay;&if; ajymcsvdkufygonf? usaemfonf awmfvSefa&;vufeufudkif;jzwfoef;rSK r&ifhusufao;wma=umifhwa=umif; aeuvnf;yl c&D;uvnf;yef; xrif;uvnf;qmaewma=umifh a'goxGufjyD;jyefajym vdkufrdygawmhonf? trdk;'Davmufajymaewm tajymcH&wmESifhpm;&wm rumrdbl;?trdk;qef usaemfrpm;awmhbl;Asm? trd k;ol=uD;uqefjymwm&yfvd kufjyD; om;qdk;wpfa,mufudk tarwa,mufu=unfhwJh yHkpHESifh ajymygawmhonf? [Jh eifxrif;rpm;vdk@ vrf;b,fav#mufEdkifawmhrvJ [dkrSm=unfhygvm; ol@tdrfa&S@uZD;yifatmufrSm yHkysufyef;ysuftdyfjyD; tem;,laewJh usaemfwdk@tzJG@om;awGudk ar;aighjyonf? igpyg;vHk;awGaumufay;vdkufr,f pyg;vHk;yg&if xrif;pm;raumif;bl;[JhajymjyD; paumESifhqefudk wnfjidrfat;csrf;aom rdcifwa,muf. rsufESmrsdK;jzifh urf;ay;vdkufygonf? yxrawmh usaemfu ol@&J@qefudk r,lawmhbl;vdk@pOf;pm;xm;ayr,fh trdk;ol=uD;.

pmrsufESm 84 odk h


b0qdkwm arG;zGm;vm+yD; uwnf;u p+yD; &kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&if;eJ h aoqHk;jcif;rSmtqHk;owfr,fqdkwm jyXmef;xm;+yD;om;yg// 'gayrJh &SifoefqJumvrSm rdrdtwWudk ay;vSL Edkifaomolonfom t}uD;us,fqHk;aom oljzpfw,f// tcsdefumvqdkwJh em&D rdepf vufwH awGudkrod0dk;w0g; pm;oHk;&if;eJ h aysmufqHk;cJhwJh ar#mfvifhcsufawG tdrfrufawG aemuf vdkuf&if; tawG@t}uHKeJ hcHpm;r_rsm;u ar#mfvifhcsufeJ h wefzdk;xm;r_pHawGudk ajymif;vJapygw,f// i,f &G,fpOfumvrSm }uD;rm;vSwJh &nfrSef;csufawG tdrfrufawGudk ruf=uwm vl hobm0yg// vl i,frsm;[mwuf=uGw,f / tm;rmef&Sdw,f / pGef hpm;pdwfeJ h ,Hk=unfar#mfrSef;csufrsm; xm;&Sd =uw,f// b0&J@wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufa=umif; }uD;yGg;a&;vrf;toG,foG,f udkvnf; zrf;qkyf vdk=uw,f// 'Dawmhorm orwf&SdwJh udk,hfusifhw&m;udk rysufpD;apyJeJ h }uD;yGg;cGifhr&SdwJh tpdk; & wpf&yf&J@tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf vGwf&m a&jcm; ajrjcm;udk pGef hpm; xGuf&awmh w,f//

tdrfvGrf;pdwfeJ h oDuHk;xm;wJh

a&=unf&m jrufEk&m udk ajymif;a&G h &kef;uef&if; ta0;a&mufrS e*dku bmrS ta&;rygbl;vdk h ,Hk=unfcJh / wefzdk;rxm;cJhwJh t&mawGudkyg usaemfwdk h owdrxm;yJ ay;qyf vdkuf&w,f qdkwm csdefumvu oif=um;ay;vdkufygw,f// usaemfwdk h udk,fwdkifjyKvkyfzefwD;cJh wJhv_yf&Sm;&kef;uefr_&J h &vm'fawGyg// 'gawGudk usaemfwdk h aysmf&$ifpGmauseyf=unfEl;Edkif&J hvm; b0h h hqdkwm bmv J// ay;qyf&wmawGeJ h xdkufwefatmif usaemfwdk h&J hb0rSm &nfrSef;cJhwhJ tdyfrufawGwu,faum&&J hvm;// udk,fh udk,fudkar;=unhfprf;yg// ar havsmcsifa,mif [ef aqmifxm;wJhtcsdefumv wcktwGif;rSmyJ ta0;wae&ma&mufaeolrsdK;tzdk h tdrfvGrf;a0 'emeJ hrsdK;cspfpdwfqdkwm tpm;xdk;ajzodrfhvdk h r&EdkifyJ }uHK}udKufr_&Sdwdkif; tawG;xJrSm a0 hvnf aewJht&mqdkwm oabmaygufvmrdygw,f// wefzdk;xm;vmrdygw,f// ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk; pHrsm;udkvnf; jrwfEdk;av;pm;vmrdwm trSefygyJ//

b0qdkwm touf&Sifr_udk qufvufysdK;axmif&ef &kef;uefaer_u 'GefwGJygvmwm"rRwmyg// vl hb0twGif; usifvnf&m umvrSmawmh b0udk wG,fw,fp&mqdkwJh tjrifeJ h &Sifoefaewmyg// twdwfuwnf;u 'Dvdk tawG;rsdK; tjrifrsdK;eJ hyJ b0udk &kef;uefcJh&ovdk aemiftem*wfrSmvnf; 'DyHkpHeJ hyJ oHo&mvnfaerSmyg// 'ga=umifhvnf; usaemfwdk h wawG[m tvif;eJ htarSmifawGudk wvSnfhpDjzwfoef;&if; rdrd&J h &Sifoefr_ &yfwnf&wJh taetxm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif om,mcsrf;ajrhatmif}udK;pm;ae=uwmyg// umvtydkif;tjcm;t& i,f&G,fpOf tcgrSm todOm%fjrifhrm;a&;twGuf }udKpm;ynmoif=um;avhvm=u / pD;yGg;&Sm&rJht&G,frSm OpPm

rsdK;cspfpdwf0if;Edkif (vifydk&if)


"e &SmazG=ueJ h ar#mfvifhcsuf udk,fpD&ifrSmayG hydkuf+yD; &kef;uefaewm r[kwfvm; // 'Dvdk}udK;pm;+yD; todOm%fudk &SmazG&if;eJ h pum;vHk;awG t"dyg,fzGifhqdkcsufawG=um; ydwfrdoGm;wmrsdK;OpPm "eaemufvdkuf&if; avmb trdkufarSmifzHk;v$rf;cH&wmrsdK;vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f// jrefqefvSwJh owif;tcsuftvuftjzpftysufeJ h toHrJh v_dif;awG&J h avmb rm,m=um;rSm e*dkrlv &n frSef;csufuae vrf;vGJoGm;wwfygw,f// b0 t"dyg,faysmufqHk;oGm;wwfygw,f//wcsdK hqdk vlom;qdkwJh rdrd&J arG;&myg ydkifqdkifcGifhyg aysmufqHk;aewm rodEdkifwmrsdK;xd&Sdygw,f/usaemfudk,fwdkif owdrjyKEdkifcifrSmyJ usaemfwdk h&J hb0 awG[m vkyf}uHcHvdkuf&wmyg//

usaemfwdk h[m b0udk wG,fwmp&mvdk hjrifvdk h toufqufvuf&SifaeEdkifatmif}udKpm; &kef;uefaewmyg// vlom;wa,mufyDyD vlvdkyJ &Sifoefcsifygw,f// b,fvdk vlyHkpHrsdK;vJvlyDyDooeJ h&Sifoefaexdkif+yD; aoqHk;csifygw,f// vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydkifcGifhawG vdktyfcsufawG &,lcsifvdk h ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh b0rsm;udk ydkifqdkifcsifvdk h oifhawmf&mae&mjzpfEdkifpGrf;&Sdr,fhae&mawGudk ajymif;a&G haexdkif=u&w,f// rdrdcspfjrwfEdk;&wJh olawG cspfcifolawGeJ h &if;ESD;u|rf;0if+yD;om; "avh xHk;pHrsm;udk pGef hcGg+yD; xGufcGgcJh&w,f// vlrSef&if rdrd}uD;jyif;cJh&m Zmwd&eH hudkrwG,fwmol / rcspfjrwfEdk;ol ajym&if &r,fxifygw,f// ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK; vdktyfcsuftoD;oD;eJ h &yfwnfcH,lcsuf tzHkzHkrsm;a=umifhom pGef hcGgcJh&ayr,fh tao;tr$m;wdkufqdkifr_av;jzpfcJh&ifawmif vGrf;rd wrf;wrdwmygyJ//

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rjyefEdkifolawG avmavmq,f vHk;0rjyefEdkifawmh vlawGtzdk hawmhydk+yD;qdk;+yDaygh// rwlnDwJh "avhxHk;pHawG uGJjym;wJh ,Ofaus;r_yHkpHeJ hhjcm;em;wJh vlrsdK;rsm;=um;rSm usef;rma&; jcdK h,Gif;vdk@yJjzpfjzpf tcuftcJ}uHKawG h&&ifyJjzpfjzpf tqifrajyr_awGeJ h &ifqdkif&wdkif;az;rwwfwJh rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;udk owd&rdovdk aEG;axG;pGm ulnD0dkif;0ef;wwfwJh Zmwdajr&J h "avhxHk;pHrsm;udkvnf; wefzdk;xm;vmwwfygw,f// vGrf;arm&if; wrf;wrdvmwwfygw,f/tay:,H,Ofaus;r_xuf &ifxJu toH rsuf0ef;xJu pum;awG&J h ta&;ygr_udk owdrlvmygw,f// a0;oGm;rS eD;jcif;&J hwefzdk;/ uG,faysmufoGm;rS wnf&Sdjcif;&J hwefzdk; udk odvm&w,f//'ga=umifh usaemfwdk h a&muf&Sdaexdkif&m t&yfudk “0drkwWdodk h” oGm;&mvrf;Y jzwfoef;oGm;&efa&G;cs,fcJhaom pcef;axmuftjzpf &_ hjrifusihfoHk;wwf&ef vdktyfygw,f//

b,fvdkvlyJjzpfjzpf b,fvdkae&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf a&G;cs,fp&mom&Sd&if a&G;cs,fcsif=uwmobm0yg// a&G;cs,fp&mr&Sd&ifawmh qEN&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd vufcHvdkuf&wmygyJ// auseyfr_ rauseyfr_qdkwJh cHpm;csufuawmh touf&SifoefpOf oufwrf;wav#mufrSm usef&pfcJhwmaygh // bmrSrwwf EdkifwJhacwfumvrsdK;rSmawm uH=urRmudkyJ yHkcs&wmyJ// tcGifhtvrf;&Sdvdk huawmhvlom;yDyD &ifqdkif&kef;uef=uw,f// 'DvdkeJ h rdrdvdkcsifwJh b0taetxm;rsdK;a&mufwJhol/ra&mufao;wJhol awGvnf; &SdrSmyg// wdkif;jynfa'oawG uGJjym;EdkifayrJh rdrdusifvnfaexdkif&mEdkifiHtvdkuf awG@ }uHK&wJh vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydkifcGifh vGwfvyfcGifhawG cHpm;}uHKawG h&wJhtcgrdrd}uD;jyif;cJh&wJh EdkifiH&J h taetxm;eJ h Ed_if;,SOfpOf;pm;rd=uwmawmh twlwlygyJ

usaemfwdk h }uHKawG h odjrif&wJh vGwfvyfr_ vHk+cHKpdwfcsr_ +idrf;csrf;om,mr_rsm;udk vnf;


usaemfwdk hEdkifiH usaemfwdk hwdkif;jynfrSm jzpfxGef;vdkpdwfudk iHk hv#dK;aeaom rsdK;cspfpdwfu v_H haqmfay;ygw,f// vlwa,mufudk olcspfaomajr ol hudkcspfcifolrsm;&SdaomajrwGif toufxufqHk;vGwfvyfaysmf&$ifpGm &SifoefcGifhudk&cJhw,f// +yD;awmh xdkajrYyif wb0 wm0efudk aysmf&$ifpGmjzwf oef;+yD;csdefY aoqHk;zdk h&mvnf; tcGifhta&;&cJhw,f// olcspfcifolrsm; aexdkif&m ajrYyifol. 0dOmOfwG,frDvGifharsmhcGifh&cJhw,f// b,favmufrsm; tm;usp&maumif;ygovJ//vSycef;em;vSygonfwum;// b,favmufrsm; vl hb0teuf t"dyg,fjynfhpHkvdkufygovJ// vuf&Sdusaemfwdk hawG. b0rsm;u rdrdEdkifiHxJrSm vlom;wa,muf&J h *k%foduQmeJ h&yfwnfcGifh/ &SifoefcGifhawGqHk;&H_;+yD;awmhrS bmawGtwGufawGa0p&m&Sdygao;ovJ// tenf;qHk;// b0av;wckqHk;&H_;oGm;&Hkyg//

“rdrdwdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;aumif;pm;onfudk jrifvdkaom pdwfonf ppfrSefaom rsdK;cspffpdwfjzpfw,f// rdrdcspfvSpGmaom olwOD; 'kuQa&mufv#if pdwfrcsrf;ajrh&ouJhodk h rdrdvlrsdK;rsm;'kuQa&mufonfudk r=unhf&ufaompdwf rdrd. cspfvSpGmaom olwpfOD; csrf;omv#if 0rf;ajrmufouJhodk h rdrdvlrsdK;rsm; csrf;om}uD;yGg;vmv#if vGefrif;pGm yDwdjzpfaom pdwfrsdK;udkom rsdK;cspfpdwf[k ac:&ayrnf” [k }uD;yGg;a&;pmapmifwGif OD;oef hu a&;om;cJhonfudk zwf&_ hzl;onf//xdk htwl rdrdwdk hvlrsdK;rsm; acsmufcsm;pGmaexdkif&r_ tm;i,fapr_wdk htwGuf 0rf;enf;apr_ wdk@udkvnf; vlrSef&if cHpm;&onfyif// +idrf;csrf;om,mr_/ vHk+cHKpdwfcsr_eJ h aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr hr_rsm; udkr&&SdEdkifao;wJh rdrdEdkifiHvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf pdwfrcsrf;ajrhr_rsm;eJ h twl 'Dt&mawGudk ajymif;vJvdkpdwf awmfvSefwGef;vSefvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfay: jcif;onfvnf; rsdK;cspfpdwfyifjzpfw,f//

'DvdktajccHrsdK;cspfpdwfrsm;a=umifh EdkifiHom;wa,muf&J h &ydkifcGifh w&m;r#wr_udkudk,fpm;jyKEdkifwJh Oya' +idrf;csrf;om,m+yD; vHk+cHKpdwfcs&wJh vlr_pepfrsdK; zefwD;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifr,fh tpdk;&w&yfudk tvdk&Sdvdk h awmif;qdkae=u v_yf&Sm;ae=uwmyg// *|ef'l0DajymcJhovdk“vl@tzGJ htpnf;qdkwm tawG ht}uHKrsm;udk tajccHr#a0cH,lxm;aom yk*~v vlom;wOD;csif;pDwdk haygif;pnf;xm;jcif;yif”r[kwfvm;// udk,hftwGufvnf;tusdK;&Sd olwyg;vnf;tusdK;r,kwfolwyg;twGufvnf; tusdK;&SdwJh tvkyfqdk&if vkyfoifhwmyJ// vkyfzdk h&mvnf;}udK;pm;=u&rSmyJ/tcsdefwef&iftdrfjyef=u&wm obm0yg// 'ga=umifhvnf; +idrf;csrf;om,mwJh taetxm; oifhawmfwJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;eJ h w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;wJh tpdk;&udk tvdk&Sdwmyg//

ydkufqHawGcsrf;om+yD; tdrfaumif;aumif;awG 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG eJ hraysmf&$if&wJh b0awG &Sdovdk oifhwifhwJh taetxm;awGeJ h aysmf&$ifwJh b0udk ydkifqdkifolawG vnf;&SdwmyJ// aiGa=u;qdkwm b0rSm ta&;ygwJh tpdwftydkif;w&yfrSefayrJh vl houfwrf;wav#mufrSmaysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhpGm aexdkif}uD;jyif;zdk htwGufawmh tvHk;pHkudk r+yD;ajrmufapEdkifbl;// w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ r&SdwJh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;&J hvufatmufrSm ynmawG b,favmufwwfwwf ydkufqHawGb,fvdkyJcsrf;om vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydkifcGifh r&Edkifygbl;// rdrdvkyfcsifwm vkyfydkifcGifh ajymqdkcsifwm ajymqdkcGifh vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifcGifh awGr&Edkifygbl;//

yk*~vdu vGwfvyfcGifh&J h us,fjyef hr_ yrm%[m 'Drdkua&pD&J h toufvdk hqdkxm;w,f


r[kwfvm;// vl htzGJ htpnf;ESifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;wdk h. tusdK;pDyGg;onf tjyeftvSef trSDjyKaewma=umifh vlwOD;&J h b0jynfhpHkom,ma&;enf;vrf;rSm vltkyfpk b0jzpfaom vl htzGJ htpnf; jzpfw,f//'gawGr&SdawmhrSawmh b0qdkwm wG,fwmp&m rufarmp&mvdk h jrifEdkifoabm xm;Edkifygtkef;rvm;// wu,fawmh usaemfwdk hrodvdk hygAsm// +idrf;csrf;pGm vGwfvyfpGm&SifoefaeEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh ae&mudkom tdrfvdk hac:vdk h&wm// em;ckdp&m ae&m tppftrSef jzpfEdkifwmyg//

arG;zGm;vmwkef;u vlom;csif;twlwl vlom;&ydkifcGihfawG ygvmcJhygvsufeJ h }uD;jyif;wJhtcg rwlnDwJh tcGifhta&; uGJjym;wJh yHkpHawGeJ h &Sifoef&kef;uef&w,fqdk&if usaemfwdk h&J h&cJhvSwJh vl hb0awG[m t"dyg,f&Sdygao;&J hvm; ausaum auseyfEdkifyghrvm;// 'gawGudk rauseyfvdk hydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh b0awGudk &,lcsifvdk h cspfcifwJh olawG&SdwJh t&yfudk pGef hcGgcJh&wm r[kwfvm;// usaemfwdk h taeeJ husaemfwdk haemufqHk;acgif;cscsifwJh EdkifiH/ usaemfwdk harG;zGm;}uD;jyif;&m EdkifiHaumif;usdK; csrf;om&eftwGuf vkyfaqmif&efawGudk rar hravsmhzdk hawmh vkdygw,f//usaemfwdk h&J h &nfrSef;csuf ar#mfrSef;csuf awGudk raysmufqHk;apzdk h vdkygw,f// wkdif;jynftusdK;twGuf trsm;tudsK;twGufvdk hajymayr,fh aocsmpOf;pm;=unhfvdkuf&if tJ'Dtrsm;xJrSmudk,f udk,fwdkifvnf;ygwJh twGuf udk,fhtusdK;vnf;ygoGm;+yDyJ//

ppfrSefaom ar#mfvifhcsufr&SdyJeJ h b0rSmtar$;eH hom rv$rf;xHkEdkifbl;vdk h qdkovdkyJtouf qufvuf&Sifoefr_twGuf b0rSm &kef;uef&wmcsif; twlwlrSefuefwJh a&G;cs,fr_rsdK;eJ h &kef;uef&awmh tem*wf+idrf;csrf;om,mr_udk ar#mfvifhEdkifygw,f// rdrdwa,mufwnf; }uD;yGg;csrf;omae&HkeJ h vl hb0udk wnfaqmufvdk hr&Edkifygbl;// rdrdywf0ef;usif todkif;t0ef;wckvHk; vHk+cHKat;csrf;+yD; zG hH+zdK;csrf;omrSom om,mwJh vl hbHkudk wnfaqmufEdkifygr,f// 'Dvdk vl@bHk&SdrSom at;csrf;ay#mf&$ifpGm aexdkifEdkifygr,f// +idrf;csrf;om,mwJh vl htzGJ htpnf;qdkwmvnf;udk,hfusifhw&m; ysufjym;aewJh acwfrSm ray:aygufEdkifygbl;// udk,fhusifhw&m; jrifhrm;wJh acwfrSm om+idrf;csrf;om,mwJh vl htzGJ htpnf;arG;zGm;ay:aygufEdkifygw,f//

Ak'<bmomrSmvnf;rSefuefwJh t,ltqtjrifeJ h tawG;tac:&Sdjcif; qdkwJh orRm'dXdqdkwJh tawG;tac:rsdK;udk cH,lusifhoHk;Edkifzdk h vdktyfw,fvdk h vrf;n$efxm;ygw,f// rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;cH,lusihfoHk;Edkifzdk h vdktyfovdk jynfolrsm;udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGmvrf;n$efEdkif+yD; w&m;Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufemwJh tpdk;&w&yftrSefvdktyfygw,f// 'gawG[m tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufqufEG,faer_awGyg// pm&dwW r¾dKif,kdifeJ hae+yD; tm%mudkukd,fusdK;twGuf toHk;cs+yD; bmomw&m;udkygapmfumm;aewJh ppftpdk;&u toGifajymif;vdkufwJh tpdk;& udk jzKwfcsEdkifrSom usaemfwdk h vdkvm;awmif;wwJh t&mawG jynf h0EdkifrSmyg//

“tEk\, arm[”vdk hac:onfh tukodkvfrSef;cGJjcm;rodEdkifonfh t=urf;pm;arm[}uD;olrsm; jzpfonfh vlrdkufvlysif;wdk h&J htkyfcsKyfr_udk z,f&Sm;wGef;vSef&efvdktyfygw,f// vlom;rSef&if rdrdarG;zGm;&majrrSmyJ }uD;jyif;csifaexdkifcsifwm"rRwmyg// xdk htwl arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;&mEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfr_vlom;qefr_ vHk+cHKpdwfcsr_wdk heJ htwl aysmf&$ifat;csrf;pGm aeEdkifcGifh&Sdr,f


qdk&if b,fvdk vlrsdK;rS rdrdEdkifiHuae pGef hcGg=urSmpGef hcGgzdk h&m pdwfeJ hawmif ul;rdrSm r[kwfygbl;/'gudk tm;vHk;ujiif;r,frxifygbl;// jcGif;csufwcsdK hwavuvGJvdk haygh// 'gawmif aowyefoufwqHk;awmh [kwfr,f rxifygbl;//

tckcsdefrSm ta0;wae&mudk a&mufaeayr,hf 'gawGudk igwdk hr&Edkifygbl; 'gawG[migwdk htaeeJ h rwwfEdkifygbl; rjzpfEdkifygbl;vdk h pdwf"gwfusp&mrvdkygbl;// twdwfeJ hywfouf+yD; tm;rvdktm;r&jzpfr_rsm; pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wif;usyfr_rsm;&SdcJh&ifawmif arhypfvdkufyg// tJ'Dt&mawGu tem*wf&J har#mfvifhcsuf &nfrSefcsufudk t[ef htwm;jyKEdkifygw,f// vGwfajrmuf&mvrf;udk 'kuQawmrSm jzwfoef;+yD;rSyJ a&muf&SdEdkifygw,f// &kyfqdkwm rysufcsifvnf; ysuf&ayr,fh pdwfowWdwm udk,fwdkif zsufqD;rS ysufwmyg// 'ga=umifh 'kuQawmrsm;udk qufvufjzwfoef;Edkif&ef pdwfowWdudk qufvufarG;jrLEdkif&r,f// 'grSom &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk a&muf&SdEdkifrSmyg

tkdt&Sif h h h h'kuQawmrSmtu|efvGwfajrmufzdk h&m'kuQvrf;rSmomv#iftu|efoGm;vdkyg.a0'emudk a&SmifuGif;IvGwfajrmuf&mqDtu|efroGm;vdkyg//

vlrsdK;wdkif;/ vlom;wdkifrSm tajccHrsdK;cspfpdwfeJ htdrfvGrf;pdwfqdkwm azsmufzsufypfvdk h r&wJ ht&myg// rodpdwfrSm ikwfv#dK;aewwfwJh yuwdw&m;yg// ta=umif;w&m;eJ h tjzpftysufwdk hwdkufqdkif}uHK}udKufvmazmfxkwfjywmwwfygw,f// rdrdbmom rodvdkufyJ tvdktavsmufay:xGufvmwwfygw,f// rdk;uav;zGJzJG&Gm+yD;wJh tcg rsdK;aphrsm;rS tap h tanSmifhuav;rsm; acgif;jyLxdk;xGufvmovdkaygh// EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm &dk;om;pGm tvkyfvkyf&wm b,favmufawmifonf;cH&w,f/ b,favmufawmif atmufus/ aemufusEdkifw,fqdkwm udk,fwdkif a&mufzl;/ vkyfudkifzl;rS pmem em;vnfEdkifwmyg// 'Dvdk tjzpftysufrsdK;awG usaemfwdk h&J haemufrsdK;qufawGrSm rusa&mufatmif }udK;pm;zdk h &mvdkygw,f//

trSefw&m;atmifyGJcHwJhwae h vSnfhpm;r_qdkwm c%wm jy,k'fyg// wowfrwfwnf;r&SdwJh ajymif;vJr_oabmawGu wae hawmh }uHKvmygvdrfhr,f// aexGufcsdef&Sdovdk ae0ifcsdefqdkwmvJ&Sdygw,f// tckae trdajreJ ha0;uGmaeayrJh wcsdefawmh trdajrudkjyefcGifh&zdk h qdkwmjzpfvmrSmyg// tdrfvGrf;a0'emawGeJ htwl rsdK;cspfpdwfudkvnf; qufvufarG;jrL&if; usaemfwdk@&J h &ydkifcGifhawGtwGuf usaemfwdk h&J hwdkif;jynftwGuf tvif;opfa&mufrJh tcsdeftxd qufvufaqmif&Guf=uyg// usaemfwdk htwGuf urBmajrrSm reufcif;awG trsm;}uD; usefygao;w,f//

0if;Ek dif


tvkyfawG yifyifyef;yef;vkyfjyD;awmh tem;,l&wJh&ufqkd odyfaysmfwmyJ? wtdrfwnf;ae vifESifhr,m;vnf; ol@tvkyfolvkyf/ ukd,fhtvkyfukd,fvkyfqkdawmh wa,mufrsufESmukd wa,mufjrif&wJhtcsdefu tvkyfroGm;ciftcsdefav;ESifh ntdyf,m0ifcgeD;tcsdefav;bJ&Sdw,f?wcg em;cGifh&wJh&ufawGuvnf; rwlwmawGu &Sdjyefao;? jrefrmEkdifiHvkd ae&mrsKd;rSmawmhtxl;tqef;vkd@xif&ayrJh EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfawGrSmawmh tqef;wus,fawmh rjzpfawmhygbl;?

--- em;wJh&ufqkdawmh tdyfa&;00tdyfjyD; aemufusrSbJ tdyf,mux=uw,fqkdygawmh? tdyf,muEkd;wmESifh wvkH;wnf;&SdwJhAkdufu nmoHay;avawmhw,f? a&cJaowWmukdzGifh=unfhvkdufawmh rkef@[if;cg;xkyfav;wxkyfawG@wmESifh tawmfygyJ? 'eftkd;wvkH;ESifh a&aEG;wnfvkdufjyD; &,f'Drdwfxkyfav; xJhvkdufwmESifh r=umygbl; pm;vkd@&oGm;jyD? pm;aomufjyD;vkd@ZeD;acsmESifh wDAGD=unfhvkduf/ tjrD;ajr‡mufvkduf/ tD;aygufvkdufESifh tcsdeftawmfav;=umoGm;awmh AdkufuqENrjyawmhayrJh rsufvkH;upum;rajymcsifawmhbl; --- tem;,lcsifjyDqkdwmESifhbJ tvkdvkdufay;vkdufygw,f?

twGif;pdwftHr,f w,f[kwfygvm;? wv_yfv_yfESifh?---- ykcufav;vGJay;aeovkd tdyf&wmaumif;rJhykHyJ? tdrfu wjidrfhjidrhfESifh?

wvGJrxifvkdufygavESifh?---- iv#ifv_yfaewm? 'guvnf; odyfrxl;qef;bl; r[kwfvm;? r=umcif &yfoGm;

rSmbJ? *syefrSmaewm =umjyDav/ odw,fr[kwfvm;?puUef@ 20- 30-40-50- 1rdepf=umwJhtxd v_yfwmr&yfao;bl;? cgwkdif;vkd

awmhr[kwfygay? pdwfxJpkd;&dyfpav; ay:aejyD? tawG;pdwf/ pkd;&drfpdwfav; rqkH;cifrSmbJ“iv#ifu r&yfao;bl; 'kuQbJ ukda&” ZeD;acsmu a=umufvkd@ toHxGufvmjyD?-- [kwfw,f? r&yfbl;? r&yfrem; v_yfaew,f?-- &yfoGm;vkduf? jyefv_yfvkduf? &yfoGm;vkduf? jyefv_yfvkduf?-- tdyfvkd@ r&awmhbl;? quftdyfvkd@vnf; rjzpfawmhbl;? rqef;awmhwJh iv#ifu

wtm;ukd qef;aejyD? tqufrjywfukd v_yfaewm?wDAGDzGifh=unfhtkH;rSbJ? wDAGDukd zGifh=unfhvkdufawmh owif;rSmvnf; a0a0qmqmjzpf aejyD?

csefe,fwkdif;rSm ta&;w=uD; jyaewmawG@vkduf&w,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u t=udrfawGESifhvkH;0rwlbl;? tcsdeft=um=uD; v_yfaew,f? =umw,f/ awmfawmf=umoGm;jyD?

owif;a=ujimwJholawGu carmuftrmawG (Helmet) aqmif;jyD;awmh owif;

v#Ha&'Darmif


ukda=ujim aeygw,f? tawG@t=uKH&SdaewJh *syefowif;orm; yDoygayw,f? owif;XmeawG&J@&kyfoHawGrSm taqmuftOD;awG&J@ wkefv_yfaeykHawG/ ypPnf;awG z&kdz&JjzpfjyD; jyKdvJaeykH rjrifcsifrStqkH;? =unfhae&if;ESifh a&awG/ a&awGwufvmjyD? a&v_dif;u taqmuftOD; awG=um;xJ0ifvm=uw,f? t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh 0if vm=uw,f? urf;pyfuae jrKd@xJukd t vnf vmwmawmhr[kwfbl;? =unfhyg vm;/ &Sd&Sdor# ypPnf;awGtm;vkH;ukd wkduf pm; o,f,loGm;w,f?ig;zrf;oabFm awG/ um;awG/ ykdufuGefawG/ rubl;? tdrf awG/ wkdufawGyg wkdufpm;o,f,loGm;w,f?

iv#ifv_yfaewJhtcsdefu =um vGef;avawmh vkdufzf&_d;=unfhae& ovkd bJ v_yf&Sm;r_awGukdjrifae&w,f? &ifwkef jyD; pdwfajcmufjcm; p&maumif;wmu awmh 2xyf 3xyfjrifhwJhtaqmuf tOD; awG&J@acgifrkd;txd a&v_dif;awGcsufjcif; a&mufoGm;wmukd =unfhjyD;pkd;&drfpdwfawG jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'DtaqmuftOD;rSm vlawG&Sd aeao;vm;qkdjyD;pkd;&drfpdwfawG wtm;jzpfrdoGm;w,f? &Sdawmh r&SdEkdifygbl;? *syefawG 'Davmuf awmhtodOm%frenf;ovkd acwfrSDwkd;wufae awmh a&v_dif;awG rvmcif a&Smifajy;ae=u rSmqkdjyD;pdwfajz&ygw,f?

=unfh&if;=unf&if;ESifh a&awG[m t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifhvlae&yfuGufxJukd xkd;0ifoGm;=uw,f? vlaetdrfawG wkdufwmtaqmuftOD;awG wjznf;jznf;ESifh a&atmufukda&mufoGm;jyD; uG,faysmufoGm;=uwmukd jrifvkduf&w,f? wqufwnf;bJ a&v_dif;awG b,favmufrsm;jrifhvkdufrvJvkd@/ pkd;&drfpdwfu w[kefxkd;ckefwufoGm;awmhw,f/ --- pkd;&drfwm r[kwfbl;/wu,fwrf;awmh a=umufvef@oGm;wmvkd@ajym&rSmyg?

ykdjyD;a=umufp&maumif;wmawG qufwkdufjzpfaeawmhwmygyJ? jrpfacsmif;awGrSma&v#H/ um;vrf;/ &xm;vrf;/ av,mOfuGif;awG[mvnf; a&awGv$rf;vkd@ yifv,fjyifru/ ork'N&mjyif=uD;vkd a&jyiftwd csufjcif;vufiif;jzpfoGm;awmhw,f? wcgpuf&kHawG&J@ ywf0ef;usifrSmrD;ckd;vkH;awG[m wjznf;jznf;ESifh aumif;uifxufukdjrifhoxufjrifhwufoGm;=uwm ntarSmif xJ0ifwJhtcgusawmh rD;awmufawGtjzpf wdwdusus jrif&awmhw,f? rD;awmufawG[m [kd wpk/ 'Dwpkjzpfae&m uae rD;v#Hjyif=uD; yDyDjyifjyifjzpfvmw,f?

owif;ukd aoaocsmcsm em;axmif=unfh awmh awmufavmifaewJhpuf&kHu aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&kHvkd@ qkdygw,f? rD;v#HawGxJrSm"mwkaA'ypPnf;awG ygw,fvkd@vnf; qdkygw,f?'DrD;awmufawGukd b,folrS vufykdufjyD; xkdif=unfhrae=uygbl;? =uK d;pm;w=uD; rD;uk d +i dr f;owf


ae=uygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; vlawGzefwD;xm;wJh"mwkaA'ypPnf;awGudk acwfrDpufud&d,mawGESi f h tyl ji dr f ;atmifvky fayrJ h aemufqk H ;vufajr‡mufjyD;jyefcJ h&ygw,f? tcs defukefvlyifyef;oGm;=u wJhtwGuf avmifu|rf;p&mawGukefoGm;awmhrSbJ rD;v#HawGjidrf;ygawmhw,f? 'DrD;v#HawG rjidrf;cifrSmawmhrkd;awG&Gmwkdif; rkd;a&pkdcJhv#if usrf;rma&;ukdxdckdufEkdifw,f/ tufppf"gwfawGygEkdifw,fpojzifh pkd;&drfcJh=u&ygw,f?

ae@pOf&ufquf owif;awGwk di f; rSmpdwfoufomp&m ta=umif;t&m wck rrygbl;? iv#ifqkdwm t=udrfa&renf;=uKH bl;ygw,f?jrefrmjynfrSmae xkdifpOftcg uawmh iv#ifqkdwm pum;tjzpfom=um; bl;cJhwmyg? ykHjyifawG/vl=uD;awGajymjywJh pum;awGt&om a=umufp&maumif;wJh obm0tE W&,f=uD;vkd@omod&jyD; vuf awG@qkdwm w=udrfwcgrS r&SdcJhygbl;? 1995rSm uJawG@ygjyD/ =uKHygjyD? r*~eDusK(7 @3) jyif;tm;&SdwJh iv#ifwck ukdab;jrKd@ukdtajcjyKjyD;v_yfcwfoGm; vkdufwJhtcgrSmawmh --- iv#ifqkdwm 'grsKd;ygvm;? vlawGtajrmuftrsm;ukd em&Dykdif;/puUef@ykdif;twGif;rSm ae&mrJh/ pm;&mrJhjzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifw,f?tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; ukd,faewm wkdusKdjrKd@rSm? 'gayrJh wkdusKdESifh ukdab;jrKd@ 589@5uDvkdrDwmuGma0;ygw,f? 'DtuGm ta0;rSmawmif qkd;qkd;0g;0g; wkefv_yfr_ukd cHpm;ae&r,fqkdv#if/ukdab;jrKd@u vlawGtwGuf ajymjyp&mawmif rvkdawmh bl;xifygw,f? aoqkH;olta&twGuf6334 a,muf &SdcJhygw,f? (ukd;um; ? ? 0DuDyd'd,)

8ESpf -9ESpfqkdwJh tcsdefa&mufvmawmh ukdab;iv#ifqkdwJh wjcm;vlawGtwGufawmhrajymwwfbl;/ ukd,fhtwGufawmh ukdab;ta=umufw&m;ukd arhovkdvkdawmif jzpfvmjyD?rw&m;bl;vkd@ qkdcsifqkdEkdifygw,f? ukdab;jrKd@ol/ jrKd@om;awGtwGuf 'Dvkdrqkdoifhbl;r[kwfvm;?[kwfygw,f/ rqkdoifhbl;?

tcsdefawG tawmfav;=umoGm;jyD? bmvkd vkdESifh ukdab;iv#ifuae a&wGufvkduf&if9ESpfawmif &SdjyDyJ?

a=umifqkdwJh owW0gu a&a=umufw,fwJh? ukd,fvJ 'DvkdbJ a&rsm;rsm;jrif&if tvkdvkdae&if; touf&_usyfvmwwfw,f? bmvkd@vJ qkdawmh ukd,fu a&rul;wwfbl;? 'gukdykdjyD;touf&_ usyfatmif/ touf&_&yfoGm; atmif vkyfay;vkdufwJh tjzpft ysufwckay:vmjyefygw,f?

2004ckESpf 'DZifbmv 26&uf ---qlrm=wm;u|ef;rSm (tif'kdeD;&Sm;) r*~eDusK (9 @3)(ukd;um;? ? 0DuDyd'd,)jyif;tm;&SdwJh iv#ifwck v_yfcwfoGm;ygw,fqkdwJh owif;wdAGDzef


om;jyifuaewqifh odvkduf&ygw,f? iv#ifv_yfwmrsm; bmxl;qef;vkd@vJaygh? *syefrSm aewJhvltzkd@uawmh rxl;qef;bl; vkd@ qkdrvkd@ yg;pyf[wkef;&Sdygao;w,f? [aewJhyg;pyfukdjyefrydwfEkdifawmhygbl;? 'DZifbmv avat;awGESifhtwl wukd,fvkH; cJoGm;cJhygw,f?a&a=umufwJh a=umifukd ork'N&m[kdbuf urf;ESifh 'Dbufurf; vufypful;ckdif;aeovkdbJ/a=umufvef@jcif; 'D*&DpifwD*&dwfu txGwf txdyfukd a&mufoGm;cJh&ygw,f? xl;qef;wJh&kyf&Sifwum;ukd =unfhvkduf&w,f xifvkd@vm;? r[kwfbl; -- r[kwfbl;?

iv#ifqkdwm ajrjyif=uD;awG wkefv_yfaer,f/ tedrfhtjrifhawG ajAmif;qefaer,f?wHwm;awG/ vrf;awG/ taqmuftOD;awG jyKdusr,f/ rD;awGavmifr,fqkdwm ukd,f=uKHbl;wJhtxdtawG@yg? tckawmh 'Dvkd r[kwf&uvm;? vlaeurf;pyftwGif;uae a&v_dif;=uD;awGwr[kwfcsif; tvkH;t&if;ESifh csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmw,f? 'gwifbJvm;? jrifae&ygw,f? npfayaewJhae&mukd a&ESifhyufpifaq;a=umaewJhtvm;/ vlom;awGukd vl@tokH;taqmifypPnf;awGESifhtwl tr_dufo&kdufawGtvm; vlt&SifvwfvwfawG ar#mygapcJhygw,f? “ ulyg/u,fyg” vkd@ vufwurf;urf;ESifh txdwfwvef@rsufESmawG a&v_dif;=uD;atmuf wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;wmawG awG@jrifcJh&ygw,f?

topftqef;wck[m iv#ifqkdwmESifh twlygvmjyefjyD? qlemrD (TSUNAMI ) qkdyJ?*sye fpum;wck urBmutpG J jy Kvk dufyg jy D ? tifrwef =uD;rm;wJ h a&v_ di f ; =uD;vlaetdrfacgifrkd;aygif;rsm;pGm a&v_dif;=uD;atmuf jym;jym;0yfa&mufoGm;ygjyD? a&v_dif;&J@tjrifhu10rDwmeD;yg; &Sdw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? (udk;um;? ? 0DuDyd'd,)jrifhrm;wJh acwfrSDtaqmuf tOD;&J@xdyfukd ajy;EkdifrSvGwfr,fa[hvkd@ qlemrDu =uKH;0g;aeovkdyJ? qlemrD&J@ at;puf yufpufwJh


vufcsufeJ@ aoqkH;oGm;wJhta&twGufuawmh 184844 a,muf&SdcJhygw,f?a =umufvef @ jci f ;uk drar hatmifvkd@wJh/ iv#ifqlrm=wm;u ukd,f huk d h wcgjyefvnftouf 0ifatmif vkyfay;vkduf ygw,f? 'Dwcgawmht&rf;&rf;ukd a=umufoGm;ygjyD iv#if&,f? tdrfjyKd/ ajrjyKd/

vrf;ysuf/ wHwm;ysuf&kHESifhwif rauseyfEdkifao;bJ qlemrDukd 3xyfwkdufxd a&mufatmifvkyfEkdifwmukd jrif&awmh a&ul;wwfwJhvlvJ rjzpfcsifawmhovkd/ a&a=umuf wwfwJh a=umifvJe*kda=umufwJhtwkdif;bJ &Sdygapawmh? bmjzpfvkd@vJ ar;rvkd@vm;? a&ul; wwfvnf;ok H;xyfwk dufuaeawmh 'k di fAifrxk d;csi fvk d @yg? qlemrDuk dawmh a=umufvGef; vk d @ /uHukdykHcsvkdufygawmhr,f? t&rf;ukda=umufoGm;jyD qlemrD&,f?

'Dawmh a&v_dif;(qlemrD)ESifh a0;a0;rSmbJaewmaumif;r,f? a0;avaumif;avyJ?jrKd@=uD; vlolawGrrsm;wJhawmjrKd@av;rSmbJ &&mtvkyf =uKd;pm;vkyf&if; qlemrDESifha0; oxufa0;atmif vpfjyDAsKd@? iv#ifv_yfygOD;awmh ukd,ftwGufawmh rr_aygif?

'DvkdESifh ----jyuQ'defawG a&v_dif;=uD;(qlemrD)aemufygoGm;wm =umyga&mvm;? tckqkd 7ESpf

awmif&SdoGm;jyDyJ?ZeD;acsmuvnf; em;wJh&ufr[kwfvm;? aumif;avpG/ aumif;avpG? om,mvkdufwJh

ae@wae@/ igb0pdwfcsrf;omjcif;awG tjynfheJ@yguvm;? uHukd ykHcsxm;wmyJ/ [kwfom;yJ?tvkyfem;wJh&ufqkdawmh tdyfvkdufOD;rSbJ/

---- iv#ifu “v_yfv_yf v_yfv_yf” eJ@ tdyfcsifaewm tdyfvkd@vnf; r&ygvm;? ab;em;u ZeD;acsmu em;jiD;aewmukd; cufygjyD? puUef@ 20- 30-40-50- 1rdepf=umwJhtxdv_yfwmr&yfao;bl;? pdwfxJpkd;&dyfpjyKvm aejyD? pkd;&drfpdwf rqkH;cifrSmbJ“iv#ifu r&yfao;bl;'kuQbJ ukda&” ZeD;acsmu a=umufvkd@ toHxGufvmjyD?

“ 'Drdef;ruvnf; ylwwf&efaumuGm? 'Div#ifu c%ae&yfoGm;rSmyguG/ ”ajymomajymae&wm iv#ifpv_yfuwnf;u tckqkd 1rdepfawmifjynfhvkd@aeygjyD?

“ ylwwfw,f vkyfraeeJ@/ [kdrSmqlemrD awGwufvmaejyD ”ZeD;acsm&J@toHu (TONE) cyfjrifhjrifh?-- “Aka'<g” &SdpkrJhpk qHyifav;awG axmifukefw,f? vmjyefjyDvm;/ 'D qlemrD/ olrvm


wm awmfawmf=umoGm;jyD?yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;wJhae&mrSm aeaeayrJh ua,mifuwrf;ESifh “ukd,fwkd@ tdrft

xdawmh wufrvmygbl;aemf” vkd@ wkefwkef&D&DESifh bJ ZeD;ukd tm;ay;vkdufygw,f?“ [kdwcgjzpfwmu tif'kdeD;&Sm;uG/ tck *syefqkdawmh udpPr&Sdygbl;? *syefawGu =uKdwif

umuG,fa&; pepfawG vkyfxm;wm/ bmrSrjzpfyg bl;?” vkd@ q&mu vkyfvkdufao; w,f? “Aka'<g”aemufwcg?wufwufpifatmif vGJyga&mhvm;? umuG,fa&;pepfawG txl;aumif;rGefygwJh

*syefEkdifiH ta&S@ajrmufbufjcrf;jrKd@awG a&v_dif;=uD; (qlemrD)atmuf a&muf&jyefygjyD?rxl;qef;yg bl;vkd@ rajym&Jawmhyg?

urf;em;u trkd;jymjymESifh *kda'gifwvkH;&J@ acgifrkd;txd a&utwdygyJvm;? ukd,faewJhwkdufjyLwif;aygufajy;=unfhawmh wkdif;=unfhvkd@ &oGm;jyD? ukd,faewJh wdkufu trkd;rkd;jymjym *kda'gifxufawmif edrfhaeao;ygw,f? trkd;jymjym vnf;aysmuf/ wDAGDvnf; “ajzmuf”ueJydwfvkduf ygjyD?

ukd,fwkd@ ta0;=uD;bJ r[kwfvm;vkd@ a=umufvef@w=um;jzpfaewJh pdwfukd ua&mifajcmufjcm;ESifh xdrf;uGyfjyD;tm&kHvGJzkd@ pmtkyfw tkyfukdifxm;ayrJh pmtkyfxJ bmawGa&;xm; wm twdtusrrSwfrdyg? wDAG Duk d jyefzGi f h /owif; awGukd =unfhjyefawmhvlaejrKd@qkdwm b,frSmvJ?a&jyifawGtwdjzpfaeygjyD?vlom;awGwifru &xm;/um;/ av,mOfawGukd a&atmuf a&mufatmif vkyfjyD;/ oabFmawGukd wkdufay:wifxm;w,f? touf&_awmif usyfvm ovkdyJ/ [kwfygw,f? toufusyf oGm;w,f? touf&_wm rvGwfvyfawmhbl;? em;axmif=unfhav?

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N v#Ha&'Darmif

“ tEkjrLpGrf;tifokH; v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&kH aygufuGJjcif;”“ uDvkdrDwm 30twGif; jrKd@rsm; ajymif;a&$@&ef trdef@xkwf”“ toD;t&Gufrsm;wGif a&'D,dk"gwfowWd=uG+'yfrsm;awG@”“ tdrfokH;a&rsm;wGif a&'D,kd"gwfowWd=uG+'yfrsm;awG@” wJh?rpm;&J/ raomuf&J/ avawmif r&_&JoavmufbJ?uJ -- 'DtcsdefrSm ukd,fhtwGufbJ pOf;pm;jyD; ywfa&Smif[D;emrnfcHrvm;? -- iv#ifab;'kuQonfawGtwGuf wckckvkyfrvm;?-- uHukdykHcsjyD; xkdifaervm;?

'Dae@ b,fESpf&ufae@ ygvdrfh?tckrSbJ jyuQ'def =unfhrdawmhw,f?2011ckESpf rwfv 11&ufae@ygvm;?wkd;[kd;uk 'kdif;&Sif;qkdif'%f (Touhoku Daishinsai) cHpm;cJh&aom

'kuQonfrsm;tm; tm;ay;v#uf?aZmf0if;xGÉf&J@ rif;wa,mufwnf;r[kwfbl; oDcsif;xJuvkdqkd&ifawmh-- pdwf"gwfvJ usraeeJ@-- bmrSvJ tm;ri,feJ@-- jzpfcsifwmawG rjzpfwJhurBmxJ-- rif;wa,mufwnf;r[kwfbl;?

wurBmvkH;uvlawG wkd;[kd;uk 'kdif;&Sif;qkdif'%f(Touhoku Daishinsai)

cHpm;cJh&aom'kuQonfawGeJ@ xyfwlxyfr#cHpm;&jyD;/ twl&Sdaeygw,f?


20 &mpkudk tm&SwdkuftaeESifh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqdkvSsif e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. &mpkESpf[lIom qdkxdkufygonf? pifppftm;jzifh &mpkESpftcsdKŒ =umjrifhcJhonfh tm&SrS trsdK;om;toD;oD; jynfolrsm;. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh yxrqHk;aom vGwfajrmufa&;toD;tyGifhudk awG@jrifcJh=u&onfrSm ESpfaygif; (110)wdkif=umanmif;cJh+yDjzpf.? twdtustm;jzihf 1898 ck ZGefv (12) &ufae@/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiH/ reDvm+rdKŒ.awmifbuf&Sd u0pf KAWIT (,cif Cavite AI Viejo) a'owGif zdvpfydkifvlrsdK;AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tDrDvD,dk t*GDe,fvf'dk (Emilio Aguinaldo) u e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;jynfol@vGwf ajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. yxrqHk; tcsufay;aoewfoHudk ypfazmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

tqdkygae@ wGif zDvpfydkiftrsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;wdk@onf pydefudkvdkeDwdk@. ESpfaygif;(333)ESpfwdkif zdESdyf/ aoG;pkyf tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS yxrqHk; ¶Hk;x tHk=uGawmfvSefvdkuf=u+yDjzpfa=umif;udk t*GDe,fvf'dku twdtvif; oabmxm; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufonf?taemufwdkif; udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_wdk@ ESpf0uf ausmf=um wkef@jyefwdkufcdkuf+yD;aemuf 1899 ckZefe0g&DvwGif yxrqHk; zDvpfydkifEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;udk a=unmay;EdkifcJhonf? odk@jyif tm&SwdkuftrsdK;om;jynfolrsm;xJrS zdvpfydkif EdkifiHu yxrqHk; vGwfvyfa&;. t&omudk jrnf;prf;cGifh&cJhonfrSm 2009 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv qdkvSsif ESpfaygif; (110) wdwd wdkifcJh+yDjzpfygonf?

aoG;ESifhacGs;jzifh&if;cJh&onfh

tm&Sordkif;oifcef;pmpdk;aX;

odk@aomf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. yxrqHk; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifcGifh&Sdaom vGwfvyfa&; oufwrf;rSm (2)ESpfcef@om =umanmif;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif udkvdkeDt&Sifocifa[mif; pydef wdk@. t¶dkuft&mudk vufopfudkvdkeD tar&duefwdk@u v$Jajymif;qufcHcJhjyefonf? odk@jzifhzdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;taeESifh 1946 ckESpfwdkif &mpkESpfwpf0ufausmfrSs e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk qifE$J+yD;/tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmifEdkif&ef vHk;yrf;wdkufcdkufcJh=u&onf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHu pwifypfazmuf

“21 &mpkwGiftm&SwdkuftaeESifh

trsdK;om;a&;rSonf'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh

zGH h_zdK;a&;vrf;a-umif;twdkif;

csDwufvdkufyg-u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf”


tcsufay;vdkufaom vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ rD;usnf. xdefnD;awmufypGm vrf;jycJhaomtvif;a&mifatmufwGif tjcm;aom tm&SnDtudkrsm;u vnf; qufvufvdkufygavSsmufvSrf;cJh=uonf? odk@jzifh 'kwd,urBmppf. aESmif;ydkif;tcsdefrSp+yD; tm&SEdkifiHtrsm;pktcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHtjzpf vGwfvyfa&; &vmcJh=uonf?

1924 ckESpfwGif rGef*dkvD;,m;/ jynfol@orRwEdkifiHudk w&m;0ifxlaxmifEdkifcJhonf?1945 ckESpfwGif udk&D;,m;/ AD,uferf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wdk@ vGwfvyfa&;&cJh=uonf?1946 ckESpfwGif zdvpfydkifwdk@ vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhonf?1947 ckESpfwGif tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefEdkifiHwdk@ vGwfvyfa&; a=unmEdkifcJhonf?1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrm/ oD&dvuFmESifh rav;&Sm;wdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif

vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf?1949 ckESpfwGif w¶kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiHudk xlaxmifEdkifcJh=uonf?xdk@aemuf 1997 ckrSm a[mifaumifusGef;/ 1999 ckwGif rumtdke,fajrwdk@udk jynfvnf

v$Jajymif;&,lEdkifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyfaom tm&Sukef;ajr}uD; xlaxmifEdkifa&;twGufe,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ESpfaygif; (100) wdkif vHk;yrf;wdkufcdkufcJh=u&onf? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;pGmwdk@ vGwfvyfa&;&cJh=uonfrSm &mpkESpf0ufcef@ =umanmif;cJh+yDjzpfaomfvnf; tm&SwdkufwpfwdkufvHk; udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufrSm vGwfvGwfusGwfusGwf¶kef;xGufEdkifcJh=uonfrSm q,fpkESpfwpfckrSsom &Sdygao;onf? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh xdkodk@ trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_udk jyefvnf&,lEdkifcJhonfhwdkif taemufwdkif;.tawG;tac:/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;xm;r_ toGifo¾mef trsdK;rsdK;wdk@atmufrS ¶kef;xGufEdkif&ef qufvuf}udK;yrf; tm;xkwfae&qJyifjzpfonf?wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfwGif trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; xdef;odrf;umuG,f&if;/ zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufatmifjrifa&;twGufvnf; vHk;yrf;wdkufcdkufae&onf?

+yD;cJhonfh tm&SpD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;umv (1998) twGif; tm&SEdkifiHrsm;&ifqdkif}uHKawG@cJh&aom tajctaeu taemufOa&myESifh tar&duefEdkifiHwdk@. EdkifiHwumb¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfrSs}uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk a&mifjyef[yf jyvSsuf&Sdonf?xdkpOfu tar&duefEdkifiH b&ufwef0k'ftpnf;ta0;rS arG;xkwfcJhaom urBmhb%fESifhaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) }uD;wdk@. jc,fvS,fr_atmufwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdkif;ESifh udk&D;,m;[email protected]¾m a&;pepfrsm; +ydKvJoGm;cJh&+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&; z¶dkz&Jjzpfum EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_rsm; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufcJh&onf?

*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwfwGif tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; ESmap;acsmif;qdk;jzpfvSsif tm&SpD;yGm;a&;rSm tqkwftat;rdum &if=uyfyef;ema&m*gtjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;awmhonf?,ck 2008 ckESpfwGif tar&duefb¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; uyfqdkufawmhrnfh taetxm;odk@a&muf vmonfESifh ?.'%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk tm&S/ tmz&du/ vufwif- tar&duEdkifiHrsm;urv$J ra&SmifompGm cg;pnf;+yD; cH=u&awmhrnf? TonfrSm urBmhb¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;


taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk tar&duef-Oa&my tusdK;pD;yGm; umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;twGufyHkpHcswnfaqmuf xm;cJh=uIyifjzpfonf? ,if;odk@ bufvdkufr_&SdpGm rrSsrw/ txufpD;&,lxm;aom EdkifiHwum b¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkrsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;/jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tm&S/ tmz&du/ vufwif-tar&duEdkifiHrsm;taeESif hpnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wdkufyGJ0if&rnfh acwf oabmodk@ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfonf? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;/vGwfvyfpGm zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHrsm;ESifh *vdkb,ft&if;tESD;rsm;. jc,fvS,fv$rf;rdk;r_atmufrS vGwf ajrmufa&;rSm ,ae@ ta&;w}uD;ajz&Sif;&rnfhjy\emrsm;taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmav+yD? xdkodk@ b¾ma&;ESif h pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ tawG@t}uHKrsm;rS aoG;/ acsG; t&if;tESD;ay;cJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;udkvnf; avhvmaygif;csKyf oifcef;pmxkwf=u&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?

trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ. oifcef;pmrsm;rS rnfodk@enf; h h h

(1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&; (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&; (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&; (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&; (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&;tm&SwdkufrS e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;-trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk

acgif;aqmif ol tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSsonf ynmwwfrsm;jzpf=uonf? tdENd,rS *END (Gandhi)/ygupPwefrS rdk[m ruf tvD*sif;em; (Mohammad Aluminah) ESifh pifumylEdkifiHrS vDuGrf,l;(Lee Kuan Yew) wd k @ onf +A dwdoS synma&;pepfu arG;xkwfay;vd kufaoma&SŒae}uD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? zdvpfydkif rsdK;cspfol&Jaumif; *sdKaq&DaZmfrSm q&m0ef}uD;wpfOD;jzpfIol.aq;cef;udk reDvm+rdKŒawmfwGif zGifhvSpfxm;cJhonf? w¶kwftrsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif a'gufwm qGef,ufqif (Dr Sun Yat Sen) rSm +AdwdoSswdk@. a[mifaumifaq;wuUodkvfrS bGJ@&vmcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf? OuUÏ}uD;armf (Chairman Mao) onfyifvSsiftxufwef;ynmrsm; +yD;qHk;atmif roif=um;cJh &onfhwdkif &moufydkif pGJ+rJpGm avhvm pma&;pmzwfcJholwpfOD; jzpfonf?

jrefrmjynf. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ acgif;aqmifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wuUodkvfbGJŒ& ynmwwfwpfOD;jzpfcJh¶HkrSsru (w/u/o) OuUÏwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifb0rS rs dK;cspfvli,frsm;. ‘'d k @Armtpnf;t¶Hk;’odk@ ul;ajymif; um EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

csKyf=unfhvSsif ynma&;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m aq;0g;/ ,mOf&xm;wpfpD;omvSsif jzpfonf? ynma&;u vlwdk@. todtjrif/ rdk;ukyfpuf0kdif;udk csJŒxGufay;Edkifrnf? ynma&;u acgif;aqmifr_tEkynmrS wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;txd !$efjyay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf? ynma&;uw&m;r_ESifh rw&m;r_/ trSm;ESifhtrSefwdk@udk a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf; &Sdaponf? ynmwwfajrmufr_a=umifhyif usGefrS ocifb0/ udkvdkeDtjzpfrS vGwfajrmufr_&vmcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@uJhodk@todynmrsm;tvif; tvsifE_ef;jzifh urBm}uD;udk vSnfhywfaeaom ynmacwfor,rsdK;wGift&m&mrSm ynmomvSsif tc&mjzpfygvdrfhrnf?


(2) vlxktjri (2) vlxktjri (2) vlxktjri (2) vlxktjri (2) vlxktjri ff ff ftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyG J atmifyG JcHEd kifa&;twGuf ‘ynm’ESif htwl

yl;wGJvdkufyg vm=u&rnfrSm ‘vlxktjrif’omjzpfonf? vlxktjrifqdkonfrSm jynfolvlxk.cHpm;csuf / pO f;pm;r _ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ud k rvG JraoG &,la&;yif jzp fonf?ynmwwfrsm;onf pmtkyf pmayud kom tav;xm;wwf=u+yD; vlxktjrifud ktav;rxm;wwf=uay? omrefjynfolvlxk rsm;taeESifhvnf; ynmwwfrsm; tonf;toefaqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uavh&Sdaom oD0&D/ oabm w&m; t,ltqrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;r_enf;yg;vSonf? T‘ynm’ESifh ‘jynfol’jy\emudk rSefuefpGm rajymif;Edkifygu awmfvSefa&;udkatmifyGJqDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;Edkifp&m ta=umif;tcsuf rjynfhpHkEdkifawmhay?

w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;umv 1921 ckESpfu armfpDwHk;onf w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDxJodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? xdkpOfu ,leefv,form;olykefaygufpudk ynmwwf A[dkaumfrwDtrsm;pku oabmrus=uay? armfpDwHk;uvnf; EdkifiHjcm;jyef ynmwwfrsm;. oabmw&m;t,ltqrsm;udk vufrcHEdkifay? qdkAD,ufjyef ynmwwf oabmw&m;q&mrsm;. jynfyrSwifoGif;aom vrf;pOfvkyfief;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;r_a=umifh armfpDwHk;. usifuef;ref; v,form;tajccH awmfvSefa&;a'orsm; qHk;&H_;ysufpD;+yD; ur?mausmfc&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ (qkwfcGgr_) }uD;udkqifE$JcJh&onf? xdkpOfu atmifyGJcHcJhaom armfpDwHk;vrf;pOf armf-0g'qdkonfrSm trsm;pk jynfolvlxkjzpfaom v,form;rsm;. b0jy\em cHpm;r_ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk babmw&m;jzifh aygif;pyfyHkazmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

xdkodk@ ynmESifh jynfoludk tEkynmajrmufpGm aygif;pyfay;Edkifojzifh armfpDwHk;tawG;tac:[lI jzpfvm+yD; w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkuf.tawG@t}uHKt& ynmESifh jynfol@jy\emudk rSefuefpGm rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhojzifh uarBm'D;,m;awmfvSefa&; &H_;edrfh+ydKuGJcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? v,form;olykefacgif;aqmif crmeDrsm; tm%m&vmcsdefrSm ynmwwfrsm;tay: tjrifoabmxm;vGJrSm;um ESdyfuGyfowfjzwfcJh=u ojzifhoef;ESifhcsDI aocJh=u&onf? crmeDawmfvSefa&;vnf; +ydKuGJysufpD;cJh&onf? xdkonfrSm tm&S.aoG;ESifh&if;ESD;&,lcJh&aom oifcef;pm}uD; jzpfayonf?

(3) acgi f;aqmifrSK jy\em(3) acgi f;aqmifrSK jy\em(3) acgi f;aqmifrSK jy\em(3) acgi f;aqmifrSK jy\em(3) acgi f;aqmifrSK jy\emtm&S.e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tqifh toD;oD;wGif

}uD;us,fxif&Sm;aom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif ay:xGef;vmcJh=uonf?tdENd,wGif *END/ ygupPwefrS *sif;em;/ w¶kwfjynfrS armfpDwHk;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS qlumEdk/ AD,uferfrS[dkcsDrif;/ zdvpfydkifrS *sdKaq&DaZmf/ jrefrmjynfrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ponfh tqdkygyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfvm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwftajccHay:wGif‘ynm’ESifh ‘jynfol’udk tEkynmajrmufpGm aygif;pyfEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

pifumylrS trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; vDuGrf,lonf udef;b&pfwuUodkvfrS bGJ@ESpfckudk


*k%fxl;jzifh &,latmifjrifcJholjzpf.? udk&D;,m;cgif;aqmif}uD; qpf*ref;&D; (Sygman

Rhee)onfvnf; y&ifpwefwuUodkvfrS yg&*lbGJ@ &,lcJholwpfOD;yifjzpfonf? olwdk@onftqifhjrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vrf;ay:rS vlxk}uD; em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif; v_@Haqmffpnf;¶Hk;EdkifcJh=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdk@twl armfpDwHk;uvnf; rmhufpf0g'udk w¶kwfv,form;rsm;em;vnfatmif bmomjyefqdkEdkifpGrf;&SdolwpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? tvm;wl AD,uferfrS [dkcsDrif; (Ho

Chi Min) ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS qlumEdkwdk@u udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;qdkaom pum;vHk;udkjynfolrsm;em;vnfatmif pnf;¶Hk;v_@HaqmfEdkifpGrf; &SdcJh=uonf?

tdENd,trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; *END. t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfa=umifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh vwfwavm tusdK;&v'f rcHpm;&onfhtjyif e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@. ¶dkufESuf/ owfjzwf/axmifusyifcHcJh=u&onf? odk@aomf *ENd. pdwf"mwfa&;&m }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfr_u jynfolwpf&yfvHk;. toJESvHk;udk odrf;usHK;qGJaqmif v$rf;rdk;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; *END. ‘qm;wdkufyGJ’aemufodk@ tdENd,jynfol oef;ig;&mwdk@ vdkufygcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? +cHKIajym&vSsif ‘acgif;aqmifr_jy\em’udk tm&Swdkufu ‘ynm’ESifh ‘jynfol’aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;cJhonf?

(4) xufoef jri f hrm;aom trs d K ;om;a&;p dwf"mwf(4) xufoef jri f hrm;aom trs d K ;om;a&;p dwf"mwf(4) xufoef jri f hrm;aom trs d K ;om;a&;p dwf"mwf(4) xufoef jri f hrm;aom trs d K ;om;a&;p dwf"mwf(4) xufoef jri f hrm;aom trs d K ;om;a&;p dwf"mwftm&S. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJonf xufoefjrifhrm;

aom trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf. wGef;tm;jzifh atmifyGJqDodk@ a&muf&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tdENd,rS*END/ zdvpfydkifrS *sdKaq&DaZmf/ jrefrmjynfrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u xufoefjrifhrm;aomtrsdK;om; a&; pdwf"gwfudk toufaoG;paw;cHum pHjyerlem jyoGm;cJh=uonf? t*Fvefjyef*ENDonf udkvdkeDb0 usa&mufaeaom tdENd,rS tqif;&JqHk; tedrfhusqHk; jynfolrsm;.b0udk'dkwD wpfxnf/ jrufzsmwpfcsyf/ Adkif;iifud&d,mwpfckjzifh pHjyKoGm;cJhonf? tdENd, vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*Fvefodk@ oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;&mwGif tydkypPnf;[lI *ENDtwGuf qdwfwpfaumifomygoGm;cJh onf?

tvm;wl jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*Fvefodk@oGm;&mwGif xnf0gcef@nm;pGmAdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; 0wfqifxm;aom *&dwfukwf (Great Coat) }uD;rSmvnf; ol.jrifraumif;awmh onfh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvu ppf0wfpHk}uD;udk e,l;a'vDavqdyftwGif;ae¶l;u twif; csGwfcdkif;um csufcsif;csKyfay;vdkufonfh wpfckwnf;aom 0wfpHkomjzpfonf?pifppftm;jzifh xufoefjrifhrm;aom rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfqdkonfudk tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;ut=uGif;rJh udk,fusdK; pGef@v$wfr_pdwf"mwfjzifh toufay;jyoGm;cJh=ujcif;omjzpfonf?xdk@a=umifhvnf; *END/ [dkcsDrif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfrsm;udk jynfolawGu rarh/ tm&Surarh/ urBm}uD;uvnf; rarhEdkifcJh=uay?

rnfokd@yifjzpfap ,ae@uJhodk@aom uvdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwfor,rsdK;wGif trsdK;om;a&; jy\emtay: rSefuefpGm =unfhjrifoabmxm;Edkifa&;rSm ta&;}uD;ygonf?trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwfqdkonfrSm rD;uJhodk@yif oHk;wwfvSsif tusdK;&SdI roHk;wwfvSsif


tE W&,ftwd&Sdwwf =uygonf? txl;ojzifh trsdK;om;a&;udk vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&;wdk@ESifha'G;a&m,Sufwif rjyKrd&ef qifjcifoifhygonf? *ENDudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrSm usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsdK;a&;orm;/ bmoma&; t,loD;olwpfOD;jzpfygonf? xdk@jyif 1956 ckESpfwGifoD&dvuFmorRw}uD; ukrm&wGef*g (Kumara Tunga) . zcif/ uG,fvGefol 0ef}uD;csKyfaqmforGef bEN&memum; (S,Bandaranaike) u Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom/qif[m;vdcf (Sinhalene) bmompum;udk ¶Hk;oHk;bmom pum;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&efqHk;jzwfcJhonf? ,if;.tusdK;quftjzpf q,fpkESpfwpfcktwGif; rSmyif wrD;vfusm; (Tamil

Tiger) olykefwdk@. trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf/ oD&dvuFmEdkifiH wGif aygufuGJay:xGufvmawmhonf? tm&Swdk@. tawG@t}uHKt& trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk usOf;ajrmif;aomrsdK;cspfpdwf/ vlrsdK;a&;pdwf/ bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_wdk@ESifh ra&maxG;bJ oD;jcm;pD cGJwef@xm;oifhygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOf. jzpfxGef;wdk;wufr_ c&D;pOfwpfavSsmufwGif trsdK;om;a&;jy\emu twm;tqD; t[ef@twm;wpf&yf jzpfvmap&efomru/ aygif;ul;wHwm; jzpfvmap&eftxd tm&Su 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&ef vdktyfygvdrhfrnf?

ESpfaygif; (110) wdkifcJh+yDjzpfaom tm&S. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf a&; ordkif;pOfu tpOfwpdkuf/ tav;teufjyKum av;pm;vdkufemtyfaom oifcef;pm(4)&yfudk xdkodk@ xkwfE_wfaygif;csKyfay;cJh+yD jzpfygonf? ?wdk@rSm -

(1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfyg(2) vlxktjrif pdkufxlyg(3) acgif;aqmifr_udk xlaxmifyg(4) trsdK;om;a&; tav;*&kjyKyg21 &mpkwGif tm&SwdkuftaeESifh trsdK;om;a&;rSonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;

vrf; a=umif;twdkif; csDwufvdkufyg=u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf? Tc&D;pOfwGifvnf; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJu aoG;/ acsG;/ toufrsm;pGm paw;I &,lcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSmqufvuftoHk;0if &SifoefaeOD;rnfom jzpfygonf? ,cktcg e,fcsJŒudkvdkeDqufqHa&;wdk@acwfukefwdrfaumoGm;onfhwdkif zGH@+zdK;+yD;ESifh zGH@+zdK;qJwdk@t=um; aps;uGuft&if;tESD;ESifhenf;ynmudk ta=umif;jyKI jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;pD;yGm;cGJa0r_qdkif&m wef;wla&;ESifhw&m;rSswa&; wdkufyGJu qufvufwnf&SdaeOD;rnfom jzpfonf? tm&SwdkuftaeESifh*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; acwfor,wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh wdkufyGJyHkpHopfrsm;udk ordkif;utarGay;cJhonfh oifcef;pm rsm;udk qkyfudkif&if; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm &ifqdkifEdkif&ef toifhjyifxm;zdk@txl;vdktyfaecsdefjzpfonf?

Ref: Asiaweek June- 1998

pdk;aX;pHy,fjzL r*~Zif;/ trSwf (1) Zefe0g&D/ 2009 pmrsufESm (214- 219)


vl&,fvdk@ jzpfvm&if arSsmfvifhcsufawG/ cspfjcif;arwWmawG vdktyfygw,f? vlwdkif;[marSsmfvifhcsufawG/ cspfjcif; arwWmawGeJ@yJ &Sifoefae=u&wmyg? pdwfyHkrSefr[kwfwJholawGvdk@owfrSwfcH xm;&wJholawGawmifrS arSsmfvifh csufawG/ cspfjcif;arwWmawG vdktyfygw,f?

arSsmfvifhcsufawG/ cspfjcif;arwWmvHk;0r&SdwJh t&yfudk raeoifh raetyfwJht&yf(ypPKa'P& t&yf) vdk@ ac:ygw,f? usrwdk@ wdkif;jynf&JŒ ae&mtESHrSm ypPKa'<& t&yf&Sdygw,f?tJ'Dt&yfrSm tm%m&Sifpepfudk tjrpfjzwf acsr_ef;Edk fif r,fqdkwJh,Hk=unfcsufa=umifhaexdkifae&olawG/ +yD;awmh rdrdudk,fwdkif raumif;r_awGusL;vGefcJhvdk@ ae&olawG &Sdae=uygw,f?tJ'Dae&m[m tm;vHk;twGuf raysmf&$ifEd kifwJhae&myg? raumif;r_udkvkyfcJ holawGeJ@tm%m&Sifudk tHwkolawG[m eH&Hyg;yg;av;yJjcm;ygw,f?

tJ'DeH&Hu aemifww&m;awGeJ@ jcm;xm;wmyg? tm%m&Sifudk tHwkol awGrSmaemifwr&Sdbl;? tm;rmefawGyJ wdk;yGm;vmw,f? ydwfaESmifr_awGwdk;vmwdkif; olwdk@[mtm;rmefawGydkvdk@ ydkvdk@ rsm;vmw,f? tm;vHk;u vifuGef; ajymwJh “aoG;uGJ&if bmrSatmifjrifrSmr[kwfbl;” qdkwmudk vufcHcJh =uolawGjzpf+yD; t=uyftwnf;udk&ifqdkif&wdkif;wOD;e J @ wOD; csp f jci f ;awGy d kwd k ;vm=uw,f? tJ' Dae&mrSmy J E l ;nH odr far G @wJ htrsdK;orD;awGae&w,f? trsdK;orD;awGqDrSmvnf; wHwdkif;yg;yg;av;&Sdw,f? tJ'DwHwdkif;&JŒwzufw csufrSm jypf'%fcHae&olawGeJ@ wjcm;wzufrSm tm%m&SifudktHwk olawGaygh?

&Sifoefaeaom tm;rmefrsm;

usreJ@ usrwdk@&JŒ oli,fcsif;awGu ,kH=unfcsufa=umifh raetyfwJh t&yfudka&mufaecJh&olawGyg? 'gayrJh usr wdk@ pdwf"gwfusraeygbl;? usrwdk@awG 'Dt&yfrSm&Sdaewm[mw&m;rSswr_r&Sdbl;qdkwmudk az:nGef;aeygw,f? 'g a=umifh usrwdk@tJ'Dt&yfrSm raysmfayrJhjzpfatmifaecJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm q&m0efawG/ tif*sifeD,mawG/ wuUodkvfu enf;jyawG/Xmeqdkif&mu t&m&Sd}uD;awG/ pdwf"gwf&SdwJh jynfolawG/ ausmif;om;awG axmif*%ef;awmh&Sdw,f? tJ'Dxufvnf; ydkEdkifygw,f?

cifjidrf;opf


tJ'Dt&yfuaee,fcsJŒawGudkawmfvSefcJhw,f? tJ'Dae&muae zufqpfawGudktHwkcJhw,f?tJ'Dae&muae rdrd ,Hk=unfwJh 0g'twGuf tkyfcsKyfolawGudk qef@usifcJhw,f? tJ'Dae&muaewpfaoG;wpfoHwpfrdef@[m w&m;r0if a=umif;ajymjycJh=uw,f? tJ'Dae&m[m ordkif;0ifae&m?tJ'Dae&mudk ajracG;awGu xdef;csKyfxm;ayrJh usrwdk@ awG&JŒ tm;rmefudkawmh 0g;pm;vdk@r&cJhbl;?

tJ'Dt&yfrSm owif;pum;vJ trsm;}uD;r=um;&/ udk,fhESmacgif;eJ@ udk,f touf&_w,fvdk@rxif&atmifudk arSmif wJh zwfp&mqdkvdk@ aq;vdyfzifpDcHudkawmif cdk;acsmifcdk;0SufeJ@ usrwdk@zwfcJh&wmav? 'gayrJh usrwdk@ &Sifoefae w,f? r&SdrJh &SdrJharsmfvifhcsufeJ@ayghav? t&ifucspfjcif;arwWmawGudk jyefvnfwrf;w&if;/ rdom;pkawGtwGuf arwWmydk@&if; wuUodkvf&JŒvGrf;armzG,f&mawGudk owdw&jyefajym=u&if;/ usrtygt0if wpfcsdKŒawGtwGuf udk,fhrSm&SdwJhA[kokw zm;ajc&mcGufav;udk wpfjcm;olawGxHa0rSs/ wpfjcm;olawGu olwdk@&JŒ A[kokw yifv,fa=umrSm arsmygoGm;atmifa0rSs=u&if; wpfae@+yD;wpfae@ 0g;pm;=uw,f?

wpfcsdKŒu ESpf 20/ wpfcsdK@Œuawmh 10 ESpf/ usrwdk@u 7 ESpf/ tenf;tusOf;u ao'%f?tckawmh 65 ESpfeJ@ 6 v? tenf;qHk; ESpf 20?

usrwdk@[m omrmeftwdkif;qdk&if 6 ESpfeJ@ 2 v =um&if cspfjcif;arwWmeJ@jyefvnfxdawG@cGif h&r,f? omrmefr[kwf wJh wpHkwcka=umifhqdk&ifawmh b,fawmhrSvGwfrvJqdkwmudk b,folrS ajymrjyEdkifbl;? 10 (u) &JŒ tus,ft 0ef;u 5 ESpf/ qEN&Sd&if ESpfwdk;1 ESpfxyfxm;vdk@&w,fwJh? usrwdk@ aecGifh&SdwJhae&mrSm nDtrt&if;xufydkcspfwJh trsdK;orD;i,f8 a,mufae=uw,f? aemufeJeJ=umawmh 6 a,mufqufaew,f?

usrwdk@aecJhwm 6 ESpfjynfhwJhtcsdefrSm tm;vHk;u usrudk 0dkif;ar;=uw,f? tra&…raetyfwJhae&mu xGufcGg cGif hom&cJh&if tr bmqufvkyfrSmvJwJh? usrtwGufwuUodkvfe,fajrrSmaecGifhr&Sdawmhbl;? usr aemufqHk; ESpf pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJh+yD;+yD?usrwufvufp jyifopfbmomoifwef;udk jyefwuf&r,f? aemuf+yD; usefcJhwJh nDrawGtrawGtwGuf olwdk@qEN&S dwJ ht&mawGudk vkyfay;csifao;w,f? +yD;awmh usr&JŒ&yfwnfcsuftwGuf usrwpfpHkwpfck vkyfoifhw,fav? tJ'Dwkef;u usrtouf 30 jynfh+yD;+yD?

'DvdkeJ@ usr 6 ESpf 3 v jynfhcsdefrSm cspfjcif;arwWmawG&Sd&mudk jyefa&mufcJhw,f? usr&JŒtjyif;xefqHk;qENu usr azazeJ@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD;ajymcsifw,f? 'gayrJh vlwdkif;rvGJraoGoGm;&rnfhvrf;udk azazu usrudkrapmifhyJ oGm;ESifh+yD? azaz roGm;cifu usrtwGuftm;ay;wJharwWmpmawGudk ay;cJhbl;w,f? usru azhazhpmawG a=umifh raoatmifaeEdkifcJ@w,fqdkwJhta=umif; tm;&yg;&ajymjycJ hcsifwm? usrrSm arSsmfvifhcsufawGudk om;ydkufaumifu ol@&ifaoG;udko,faqmifxm;ovdk o,faqmifcJhw,fqdkw,fudk tm;&yg;&ajymjycsifcJhwm? usef &pfwJh taru usridkrSmudk pdk;&drfaecJhayrJh usr ridkawmhbl;?bmvdk@vJqdkawmh ypPKa'<& t&yfu usrudk oif =um;ay;cJh+yD;+yD? usrudk azazu &efol@qDrSm'l;raxmufrdapeJ@wJ h? ud k,f htouf&SifaerS tm%m&Sifud k wd kufcd kuf Ed ki frSmrd k @vd k @touf&Sifaezdk@vdkw,fvdk@ ajymcJhwmudk;?


aemufae@rSmyJ usrqDudk axmufvSrf;a&;wpfa,muf a&mufvmcJhw,f?[efaqmifpum;vHk;awG&JŒ aemuf uG,frSm ajracG;waumif&JŒ aumufuspf,kwfrmyHkrsdK;eJ@ usrwdkŒudkoem;aeowJhav?

oJxJudka&oGef&ifawmif t&museftHk;r,f usr&JŒarSsmfvifhcsufawGu t&mrusefygbl;?1995 ckESpfwkef;u usyf 700 ay;&wJh jyifopfoifwef;u 6 ESpf=um+yD;wJh tcsdefrSm 7 a':vmusowJh? tJ'Dtcsdefu 1 a':vm udk aiG 950 avmufaygufw,f? usru tvkyftudkif r&Sdao;wJhvlav? 'Davmufb,fwwfEdkifrSmvnf;/ 'ga=umifh tJ'D&nf&G,fcsufudk arhxm;vdkuf&w,f?

i,foli,fcsif;awGqDudkoGm;vnfrdawmh olwdk@u tvkyfrsm;=uw,f? at;av 6ESpfausmfqdkwJh tcsdeftwGif; olwdk@[m b0wpfckudktaumif;qHk;wnfaqmufrdae+yD? olwdk@rSmusrtwGuf tcsdefrydkEdkif=ubl;av? ydkqdk;wm u usrudk w&m;=uvmatmifolwdk@ua[majym=uw,f? olwdk@&JŒ apwemu wu,faumif;ayrJh usru cH& cufaewmqdk;w,f?'ga=umifh vuQ%mwlolawGxHudkyJ jyefoGm;jzpfw,f? i,foli,fcsif;awGeJ@ usru vuQ %mrwlEdkifbl;av?

aemufawmh usr 0goemygwJh pmaytvkyfudk oli,fcsif;awGaumif;r_eJ@usr&vdkufygw,f? usrwdk@udk yHkjyifxJ u ajracG;vdk oem;wJh vlawGu xkwfa0oludk wGef;tm;

ay;vd k @ usrxGufay; vd kufw,f? 'Dvd kyJajracG;vd koem; wwfwJ h vlawGa=umif hwifwifndK u qGJ}udK;csoGm;w,f? cs,f&Duaq;aomufw,f? usruawmh tvkyfuxGufvdkufw,f? aq;ausmif;om;awGuusL&Sifq&m/ jyifopfoifwef;enf;jy/ wcsdKŒujynfy toHv$ifhXme awGrSm tvkyf&oGm;=uw,f?

wifxGef;Edkifuawmh ajray:rSmvrf;avsmuf&if; tquftpyfr&SdwJhpum;awGudkwwGwfwGwf&Gwfaew,f? tdrfuvlawGudk r,Hkawmhbl;? pnfol/udkokw/ udkbdkeDatmifwdk@uawmhc&D;a0;udkt+yD;oGm;=uw,f? udkay:/ udkrif; aZ,sm/ udkaX;+uG,f/ udkudk}uD;/ rD;rD;/ eDvm/ &$D;wdk@uawmh ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; ypPKa'<&t&yfxH c&D;xGuf oGm; =uw,f? olwdk@ta=umif;=um;&wJhvlwdkif;u tH=ow}uD; oufjyif;csayrJ h olwdkŒu rw&m;r_udk wurm?vHk;ujynfolawGod&atmif raetyfwJht&yfrSm aeae=uw,f?

wpfcsdKŒu arSsmfvifhcsufawG&SdwJhae&mrSm rsdK;qufopfawGtwGuf ynmoif=um;wJhvkyfief;udkvkyf=uw,f? 'g ayrJh ajracG;awGu odyfr}udKufbl;? 'ga=umifhaESmuf,Suf=uw,f? 'gayrJha=urGroGm;=uwmuawmh usrwdk@ awG&JŒ pdwf"gwfcGeftm;a=umifhvdk@yJ usrxifygw,f?olwdk@b,fvdkyJ vkyfygap/ tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifawmf vSefzdk@ b,fawmhrS aemufwGef@oGm;rSmr[kwfygbl;? qENawGuawmh b,fawmhrS raysmufEdkifygbl;? bmvdk@vnf; qdkawmh


tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh vm'fay;vm'f,ljzpfw,f? tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh usrwdk@wdkif;jynftqif;&JqHk; EdkifiHawGxnf;rSm pm&if;0ifoGm;w,f? 'Dpepfa=umifh rw&m;r_awGtrsm;}uD;&Sdaewmudkusrwdk@ od=uw,f? udkay:/ udkrif;aZ,sm/ udkaX;+uG,f/ udk}uD;oef;wif/ rD;rD; tm;vHk;aom,Hk=unfcsufjyif;jyolawG[m b0awG twGuf/ cspfjcif;arwWmawGtwGuf/ arsmfvifhcsufawGtwGuftjrJwrf;toifh&Sdae=uygw,f? ypPKa'<t&yfxJu eH&Hav;buftwGif;rSm vSyjcif;awG&Sdaew,f?urm?@uAsmae@u uAsmq&mawGu uAsma&;w,f “usJjyef@ae aomt&mawGu rvSybl;”wJh? 'gayrJh udkaX;=uG,f/ udkay: wdk@ rD;rD;/ eDvm/ tm%m&SifudkawmfvSef0ifhwJhvlawG &SdwJhae&mrSmvSyjcif;awG&Sdw,f?olwdk@rSm odyfonf;wJh nDnGwfjcif;awGeJ@ vufqufxm;EdkifolawGyg? olwdk@uoef; 60 aom jrefrmjynfom;awGudk cspfcif=uifemwwfolawGjzpfw,f? jynfolawGeJ@vnf;nDnGwfr_udk &,l xm;Edkifol awGjzpfygw,f?

olwdk@u tm%m&Sifpepfudk +zdKzsufypfzdk@ usdK;pm;ae=uw,f? usrwdk@u jrefrmjynfudkvSrf;jrifEdkifwJh +rdKŒav;rSm olwdk@udkvGrf;ae=uw,f? vGrf;ae&kHeJ@awmh usrwdk@tm;vHk;&JŒqENawGb,fjynfh0rSmvJ/ usrwdk@awG pnf;vHk;nD nGwfw,fqdk&if olwdk@ 0rf;om=urSmaygh?'ga=umifh usrwdk@ pnf;vHk;nDnGwf=uygpdk@?

cifjidrf;opf

vkyfyHkudkifyHk rsufESmtaetxm;u yg;pyfuomajymaeayr,fh awmolawmifom;wdk@. &dk;om;jzLpifwJhapwemvkyf[efuay:vGifaeojzifh trdk;ol=uD;.qeftm; usawmfr,lbJ raeEdkifatmif jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? trdk;. arwWma&pifu usaemf.a'go rD;tm; yufjzef;jidrf;owftEdkif,l oGm;ygawmhonf? uaemfawG@qHkor#aom trdk;ol=uD;tm;vHk;udk usaemf.ajymrSm;qdkrSm;vkyf[eftrSm;rsm;&SdcJhygu 0ENmrd &Spfcdk;awmif;yefyg.? ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu vufeufudkifppfrufjzpfyGm;&m e,fajrrsm;wGif usnfqHAHkqH pdefajymif; tajrmufqHrsm; =um; toufudkyXmerxm;bJ udk,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHrSK /&J0ef@pGef@pm;onfh owdWrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;tm; ulnDtm;ay;jcif; etzwyfrsm;udkvnf;tqif ajyatmifqufqHEdkifjcif;jzifh tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifEdkifjcif;udk todtrSwfrjyKbJ rae Edkif? av;vJav;pm;ygw,f trdk;ol=uD;wdk@&,f? jrefrmjynftwGif;ppftm%m&Sifpepfqd k;atmufrSm aexdkif =uaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; aygif;pHk vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD;rS jynfolvlxkrsm; vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unf. pdwf"mwfrsKd;udktwk,ljyD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk udk,fhaus;&Gm /udk,fhjynfolrsm;twGuf aoewf ajymif0 ta&S@u &J&J0hH0hH toufudk&if;jyD; udk,fusdK;pGef@tepfemcHum &onfhenf;jzifh wdkufyJG0if ae=uaom wpf;v trdk;ol=uD;rsm;vdk &J&J0Hh0HhowWd&Sd&Sdpdwf"mwfrsm;ESifhtwl ppftm%m&Sifpepf qdk;ukd qef@usifwdkufyJG0ifoGm;=u&ef wdkufwGef;ESdK;aqmftyfygonf? &JeEN

pmrsufESm 62 rStquf


ESpfpOf {jyDv 2 &ufae@udk EdkifiHwum uav;rsm; pmtkyfpmayae@ (International

Children’s Book Day) [k owfrSwfjyD; 1925 ckESpf uwnf;u urBm@EdkifiH toD;oD;wGifusif;yvmcJ@onfrSm 86ESpf wdkifcJhjyDjzpfonf?

{jyDv 2&ufae@ a&mufwkdif; EdkifiHwum&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;/ pm=unfhwdkufrsm;wGifxif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh pma&;q&m=uD;awG a&;xm;wJ@ yHkjyif/ uav;uAsm/ ol&Jaumif;rsm;/&mZ0if/ '¾m&D/ yef;csD/ ody`Hqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;udk uav;i,frsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumv_r_a&;tzGJ@rsm;u cif;usif;jyoav@&Sdonf?

EdkifiHwum uav;rsm; pmtkyfpmayae@udk uav;yHkjyifeJ@ uav;uAsmrsm;pGma&;om;cJhol 'def;rwfEdkifiHzGm; [efpfc&pfwif; tef'gqif &JŒ arG;ae@&uf (rwfv2&uf/ 1805ckESpf) udk *k%fjyK a&G;cs,f owfrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

q&m}uD; tef'gqif rSm uAsmq&mwpfa,mufjzpfjyD; urBmausmf yH k jyiftajrmuftrsm;udk a&;om;cJ@onf? The Snow Queen˜ The Little Mermaid˜ Thumbelina˜

and The Ugly Duckling tp&SdwJ@ ykHjyifrsm;rSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um;jyD; jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;utcsKdŒudk jrefrmrS_jyK bmomjyefcJ@=uonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif q&m=uD; a'gufwmarmifjzL;/ q&m=uD;rif;ok0%f/ q&m*k%f0if;/ q&mrEk,Of/ q&mwifrd k;/q&mysOf;rem; armifeDoif;/ q&m tH@armif wdk@u uav;uAsmESif@ yk Hjyif rsm;pGmudk a&;zGJ@cJ@=uonf? q&m=uD;rif;ok0%f ( 1909-2004) &JŒ armifacG;zwfzdk@ uav;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfrSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vSonf?

,ae@ usa&mufaom EdkifiHwumuav;rsm;&JŒpmtkyfpmayae@wGif jrefrm tdrf&Sifrrsm;or*~rS a':ar0if;OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u &efukefwzufurf; oHvsifjrdKŒe,f

twGif;&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif qif;&JcsdKŒwJhaom uav;i,frsm;udk t[m&EdkŒESifh rkefŒrsm;Hans Christian Andersen

Edki fiHwum uav;rsm;

pmtkyfpmayaeŒ

armuQynma&;r*~Zif;


eHeuf10em&DrS pwifausG;jyD; uav;uAsmrsm; &Gwfqdk=ua=umif; owif;&&Sdonf? awmufwJ h awmufwJ h awmufwJ h awmufwJ h awmufwJ h

aerif;ylyl acgifwdkifacgif;urdk;a&awmif;wJ@ udk,f[0Sgydef;vS&Gufvdk ol@tom;uajymufawmufusm;wm; 0gwmwmawmufwJ@qdkwm olrdk@vm;uGJ@wdk@tdrfem;vnf; wpfaumifygrdk;avac:wm wpfae@vHk;ayg@rdk;awGcsKef;vdk@ avawGvm? rif;ok0%f

zdk;vrif;zdk;vrif;zdk;vrif;zdk;vrif;zdk;vrif;zdk;vaomfwm =u,ftrsm;eJ@ta&SŒzsm;u xGufvdk@vma&GŒuma&GŒum olavSsmufoGm;awm@0g;&Hkyifem; a&mufvdk@vm0g;&Gufndkndk =udKt=um;ursufESmxm;=uD; jyHK;vdk@omxrif;jzLjzL qDudkqrf;vdk@a&$vifyef;eJ@ ay;cJ@ygay;yg ay;yg? Ek,Of

trsm;tusKd; ukd,f htusKd;trsm;tusKd; ukd,f htusKd;trsm;tusKd; ukd,f htusKd;trsm;tusKd; ukd,f htusKd;trsm;tusKd; ukd,f htusKd;reDuav;yef;yefcsifyef;O,sOfudk0ifyef;yefcsif,if yef;yifysdK;trsm;tusdK; udk,fhtusdK;?

reDuav; xrif;qmv,fawmqDudkvmxrif;qm,if aumufyifysdK;trsm;tusdK; udk,fhtusdK;?


reDuav; acsG;pdkpdkp&yf&dyfrSmcdkaecdkcsif,if p&yfrdk;trsm;tusdK; udk,fhtusdK;?

wifrdk; uav;pmay uav;pmay uav;pmay uav;pmay uav;pmay

Oa&mywdkufwGif yHkESdyfpuf ray:rDuyif uav;oli,frsm;tzkd@ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;&SdcJhonf? tJv z&pfESihf tJvuGifwkd@. *sifpwm ¶dk;rEdk;&rfac: pum;xm rsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;/tDqGyf. '¾m&DyH k jyifrsm; ponf wkd @ud k touftenf;i,f=uD;aom uav;rsm;zwf¶_=uavonf? xkdpmtkyfrsm;rSm txufwef;usaom pm=uD;ay=uD; rsm; r[kwfapumrl,if;wk d @ud k zwf¶_ojzih f uav;rsm; onf vl@ta=umif; vl@avmuordkif;rsm;ud kq0g;Edkifavonf?

xdkaemufwGif ay:aygufcJhaom *GsefAefnif. a,musfm;uav;rsm;ESihf rdef;uav;rsm;tzkd@ pmtkyfESihf uav;rsm;tzkd@ awm&Gm bGJ@aw;uAsm;rsm;onf uav; rsm;udkobm0ESih fr dwfqufay;onhfjyif/ aumif;jrwfaom udk,fusih f w&m;rsm;ud kvnf;rsKd;aphcsay;avonf? uav; oli,frsm;onf a,mufsm;uav;jzpfap/ rdef;uav;jzpfap/uAsmvuFmrsm;udk ¶dk;¶dk;pum;ajyrsm;xuf ydkI ESpfouf=u .? xkda=umihf uav;wkd@t=udKufp¶dkufudkvdkufI rdcif rsm;onf om;i,forD;i,frsm;udk acsmhjrêLonhftcg/ axG&m av;yg;pum;rsm;jzihf r[kwfbJ uav;acsmhuAsmrsm; oDcsif;*Dwrsm;jzihfom acsmhjrêLum tdyfaq;udkay;avh &Sdonf?

pma&;q&mrsm;onfvnf; uav;wkd@twGuf pmpyfrnf a&;rnf[k &nf&G,fvdkufonhftcg/ olwkd@ udk,fwkdif uav;rsm;ESihftwl a&maESmaysmf&$ifaeouJhodk@ pdwful;jyD;rS/wd&dp>mefaus;iSufuav;rsm;ta=umif;/ opfyif/ a&ajr/ awmawmif/ tmumo ponhf=oumoavmu =uD;ta=umif;wk@dudk uav;wkd@ ^m%ftjrifrSDEdkifoavmuf rsufpdxJwGifay:vmatmif okwdoH omomjzihf a&;pyf avh&Sd.?

a&S;¶dk;yHkjyifrsm;rSm uav;pmayaygufzGm;&m t&if; rlvjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifayonf?,if;wkd@rSmvnf; a&S;vl=uD; rsm; ajym=um;avh&Sdaom ivufryHk/ armift=uD;yHk/ a&$,kefESihfa&$usm; oufi,f&dwfoGm;/ =uufr=uD;ESihf =uufuav;/ pif'g&Jvm;(pENrmvm)/ pEdk;0d_ufESihfvlykav; ckepfaz: ponfwkd@ jzpf.? TyHkuav;rsm;rSm b,faomtcgrSs r¶dk;EkdifbJ&Sd onhfjyif/i,f&G,faom uav;oli,frsm;tzkd@ rSwfom; twk,lEdkifonhf oifcef;pmrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf?uAsm rsm;rSmvnf; uav;pmaywGif tusKH;0if vsuf&SdI/ ,if; wdk@rSm zkd;vrif;/ a=umifESihf=uGuf/ a=umif=uD; jrD;wHwkd/ 0gqdk0gacgif/ Oykofapmihf/ jyuQ'def/ awmufwJh tp&Sdonf wkd@ jzpf.?t*FvdyfpmaywGifum; uav; uAsmrsm;pGm &Sdav&m“*lpD*lpD*if'g/”“ajcmufyJedoDcsif;”“*sufa[mfem uav;” “rsufrjrif=uGufuav;oHk;aumif” paom uAsm uav;rsm;rSm


uav;wkd@ E_wfzsm;wGif oD;aeaomuAsmrsm; jzpfayonf?odrSwfzG,f&mtjzpfjzm[laom pmtkyfuav;rsm;rSm uav;oli,frsm;tzkd@

rdwfaumif;aqGaumif;rsm;ESihf wlav onf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@ESihfeD;pyf&mta=umif;t&mrsm; tm;vHk;udk azgufonfcsojzihf od&Sd EdkifouJhodk@/ pmtkyfrsm;xJYa&;om;xm;aom xl;jcm;onhf ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ Ek,Ofqef;opfonhf tawG;tac:rsm;/tzkd;wef t=uH^m%frsm;udk wqihfwqihf &&Sdojzihf A[k okw us,fjyef@vmEdkifayonf?uav;oli,frsm;. yifudk,ftodOm%fudk xkdxdk pmtkyfuav;rsm;rS ta=umif; t&mwkd@uxyfavmif;I ydkrdkxufoefatmif jyKjyifay; onf?

avmu=uD;ta=umif;udk udk,fawG@ rqnf;yl;Ekdif ao;rD uav;rsm;onf pmawG@jzihfaumif;aumif; od em;vnfvmEkdifonf? uav;wpfa,mufpD wpfa,mufpDY t=udKufwpfrsKd;pD¶Sd=u.? tcsKd@uav;u obm0qefaom yHkjyifuAsmrsm;udk =udKufI tcsKd@u &J&ihfonhftjzpfoepf rsKd;udk az: jyaomyHkrsm; odk@r[kwf ol&Jaumif;rsm;ta=umif; udk =udKufjyD;vSsif/tcsKd@uvnf; wap>ol&Jponfwkd@ yg0if aom xdwfvef@p&m tHh=ozG,f&myHkrsKd;udk =udKufavonf?

pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; olwdk@t=udKufudkvdkufI trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk a&;om;xm;.?uav;wkd@. pdwf"gwfudk qGJaqmifaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf '¾m&DykHjyifrsm;/xHk;a[mif; yH kjyifrsm;ESih f a&S;¶d k;yH kjyifrsm; jzpfavonf? yoDyH kjyifrsm;rSm emrnf=uD;oavmufvnf; pmzwfolrsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkif avonf? ,if;wkd@udk zwfvdkufvSsif pmzwfolud k,fwd kif qef;=u,fvSonhf wpfwk dif;wpfEk di fiHok d @ a&mufaebdouJhok d @ pdwfwGifxifjrifvmwwf.?

a&mrESihf*&dwkd@. xHk;a[mif;yHkjyifrsm;wGif tdkvif;ywf awmifxufY pHjref;aomZkewfrif;ESihfwuG ewfom; ewf orD;rsm;. b0pcef;udk qef;jym;azGESnf pmrGef&nfjzihfwifqufxm;av&m/ zwf&ol. pdwfwGif om"derif;=uD;udk wm0wöomrS od=um;rif;uewf&xm;jzihfyihfoGm;I ewf avmuudk vSnhfvnfjyaebdouJhokd@ xif&avonf?

T *&dxHk;a[mif;yHkjyifrsm;wGif yg0ifaom ewfom;ewforD; rsm;ta=umif;udkuav;rsm; tvGefESpfouf=u.? uav; t&G,fonf rnfonfudkrqdk ajymvSsif ,HkvG,frSwfvG,ftm¶HkpdkufvG,faomt&G,fjzpfI '¾m&DyHkjyifrsm;udkyif t[kwfxifum zwfcsifaom 0goem/em;axmifcsifaom qENrsm; wzGm;zGm; wuf=uGvmwwfonf?

0wˆKrsm;wGifvnf; uav;rsm;twGuf wGrfAa&mif;. ausmif;om;b0/[yfu,fAJ&Dzif;. pGef@pm;cef;rsm;/ a&mAifqefu¶l;qdk;/ *gvDAg.c&D;pOf/ atrDESihfuav;pHkaxmufrsm; paom 0wKrsm; tjyif/ 0rf;bJuav;yDwm paom vG,fulonhf yHkwdkuav;rsm;trsm;tjym; &Sday onf? TyHkwdk uav;rsm;rSm uav;rsm;em;vnfEkdifonhf pum;vHk;rsm;ESihfa&;xm;I yHkESihfqDavsmfaom t¶kyfrsm;udk aq;a&mifpHkjzihf yHkESdyfxm;&m/ ¶lyg¶HkAef;jyjyD;vSsifuav; rsm;pdwfudk qGJaqmifxm;avonf?

uav;t&G,fonf t¶kyfESihftaz:vkyfum aysmf&aomt&G,f jzpfonhftwdkif;/


t¶kyfqdkvSsif r=unhf& raeEdkif/ rudkif& raewwfatmif pGJpGJvrf;vrf; tmom&Sdwwf&um;/olwk@dESpfoufonhf t¶kyfum;rsm;udk yHkjyifuAsmwkd@. t"dyg,fay:r_ESihf uav;pdwf=udKuftwGufpmtkyfrsm;Y xnhfoGif;ay;& avonf?

uav;rsm;tm; olwk d @. trsK d ;om;ork di f ;ud k em;vnf xm;ESi h fap&efuav;rsm;twGuf orkdif;yHkjyif pmtkyfrsm; vnf; &Sdayao;onf? ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udkyHk0wˆKoabm odk@r[kwf jyZmwfoabmjzihf a&;om;xm;wwf=uonf? yrmtm;jzihfjrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;udk tenf;i,f odxm;ap&ef twGuf usefppfom;/ aemf&xmrif;apm/ewfoSsifaemif ponfwkd@. ta=umif;rsm;udk yHk0wKozG,f vG,ful &Sif;vif;onhf pum;vHk;wkd@jzihfa&;om;xm;avonf?

xkdjyif rxD;wlr orŠLvjyZmwf/ 0uf0Hrif;om;jyZmwf paom udk,f[efvuf[eftrlt&mESihf ajymjyEdkifonhf/ wpfenf;vnf; uav;rsm;udk,fwdkif Zmwfaumifrsm;tae ESihfyg0ifI o¾mefvkyf o¶kyfaz:um ujyEdkifonhf jyZmwfpmtkyf rsm;vnf; &Sdavonf?

uav;rsm;udk azsmfajz&ef t*FvefjynfY uav;pmtkyf rsm;udk 1744 ckESpfwGiftrsm;qHk; xkwfa0cJholrSm *GsefEsL;AJ&D qdkol jzpf.? odk@aomf Oa&mywdkufwGif '¾m&DyHkjyifrsm;udk1697 ckESpfY trsm;qHk;a&;om;I xkwfa0cJholrSm jyifopf EdkifiHrS csm;yJ¶dk;qdkol jzpfonf? olonfjyifopfbk&if 14 qufajrmufvl0D vufxufwGif vl=udKufrsm;aom '¾m&D yHkjyifrsm;udka&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf?

olonf pif'g&Jvm; (pENrmvm)/ rkwfqdwfjymESihf zdeyf=uD;ESihf a=umifuav;paomyHkwdkuav;rsm;udk jyifopf bmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom okd@ jyefqkdcJhav&m/ t*Fvdyfpmwwfuav;rsm;yif jyifopf uav;rsm;enf;wl xkdyHkjyifrsm;udk tonf;pGJ jzpfae=u.? ,if;wk@dudkjrefrmbmomokd @vnf; jyefqk dxm;jyD jzpf&m r=umrD twGif; jrefrmhuav;pmayjrêihfwifa&;twGuf yHkjyif rsm;/ uAsmrsm;/ jyZmwfrsm;/ tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGufvm zG,f&mta=umif; &Sdayonf?

uav;rsm;. pm&dwWAv aumif;rGefap&ef tajccHaom yHkuav;rsm;udk emrnfausmfuav;yHk ajymq&mr r&D,m tuf*s0yfu trsm;tjym; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf? ol.rdwfaqGaomrwfa';onf ¶l;qkd;.oabmw&m; rsm;udk rSDjirf;jyKI uav;yHkjyif pmtkyfrsm;udk =udK;=udK;yrf;yrf; a&;om;xkwfa0cJh.?qif;zkd@ESihfrm;wef trnf&Sd uav;rsm;tzkd@ yHkjyifrSm aomrwf.taumif;qHk; vuf&m jzpfI xif&Sm;vSayonf? aomrwfonf uav;rsm;tzdk@ aysmfawmfqufpmtkyf rsm;a&;&mY / oem;p&maumif; onhf yHkjyifrsm;a&;&mY /xl;cGsefol jzpfavonf?aomrwfuJhokd@ yg&rDtxHk ygvmaom uav;uAsm pma&;q&mrsm;rSm tef;ESihf*sdef;awvmnDtpfrwkd@jzpf.? olwkd@. vuf&m jzpfonhf rSdwfwkwf rSdwfwkwf i,faom =u,f[laomuAsmuav;wpfyk'fwnf;ESihfyif olwkd@. uAsmpGrf;&nfudk aumif;pGm csdefqEdkifayonf? armuQ? EdkifiHwum uav;pmayae@ trSwfw&

&nfn$ef;udk;um;? jrefrmpG,fpHkusrf; (http://www.maukkha.org rSul;,laz: jyygonf)


tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ

yxrqk

qktrsdK;tpm; yxrqk0wKtrnf oyGwftdkiftrnf&if; rif;rif;odef;uavmiftrnf aumhom;

“udk,fa&;tusOf;”

pma&;oltm; &efukefwdkif; / aumhrSL;+rdK he,f / ocGwfyifaus;&GmY tzOD;aomif;a&$ / trd a':tkef;jrifhwdk hrS 1976 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf//&efukefwuUokdvf v_dife,fajr wGif 'kwd,ESpf "gwkaA' bmom&yfjzifh 1996'DZifbmvtxd ynmoif,lcJhonf// *syefEdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sd+yD; 2005 ckESpfrSpIpmayavmuxJodk h0ifa&mufvmcJhonf// *syefEd kifiHwGif xkwfa0 onfhrdk;aomuf=u,f *sme,fwGif “jynfaxmifpkzGm; aoG;csif;rsm;odk h” trnf&Sdaqmif;yg; udk “aumhom;” uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;ay;ydk hcJh &m yxrqHk;azmfjyjcif;cH&onf // xdk haemuf tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; / opPm awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif; / a&$&wk pmapmifwdk hwGif aqmif;yg; / 0wˆKwdk / tufaq; / oa&mfpmrsm;udk a&;om; cJhonf// ,cktcg tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;&Jabmfwa,muftaejzifhpmaywm0ef rsm;udk xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdygonf//


e0rt}udrfajrmuf aus;&Gm OuUX a&G;cs,fyGJ twGuf oyGwftkdif &Gmom;wdk@pdwfapmae=u.// oyGwftdkif&Gm qdkwm ES,fES,f&&&GmrS r[kwfwm // [dk;t&if udkvdkeDacwfwkef;uuGrf;+cHukef;'dp}wdwftydkifxJu &Gm}uD;wpf&Gm // tckawmh aumhrSL; +rdK@e,f tydkifjzpfoGm;+yD //&efukefjrpfudk ar;wif wnfxm;wJh &Gmjzpfwma=umifh wHigvkyfief;eJ h v,fvkyfief;udk t"dxm;touf arG;0rf;a=umif;jyK=u&w,f //

rSwfxm;rdwmuawmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf ESpfq,ftwGif;rSm aus;&GmOuUX(12)a,mufajymif;oGm;cJh+yD // eJovm; // trsm; qHk;cH (2) ESpf // wcsdK hqdk (6) v (7) v // wcsdK hu(1)ESpfavmufyJ cH=uw,f// &Gmvl}uD;qdk+yD; xif&mqdkif; axmifaxmifvkyfvdk huawmhoyGwftdkif&Gmom;awG pkaygif;vufrSwfxdk; wdkifypfwm EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ txda&mufr,fvdk@omrSwf // a&mufqdk oyGwftdkif qdkwm ol&Jaumif;pkpkaEG;wdk h&GmeJ h we,fxJ // b,facgif;iHk hcHvdrfhrvJ// olOD; olaqmf / udk,fOD; udk,faqmfeJ@ &Gmvl}uD;awG ajymif;ajymif;oGm;vdkuf=uwm tck (13)a,mufajrmuf OuUX a&G;awmhrSm h h he0rt}udrf eJ h (13) a,mufajrmufjzpf&wmu 'Dvdk h h h//

vlod&Sif=um; tpnf;ta0;vkyf+yD;tqdkwifoluwif / axmufcHoluaxmufcHeJ h vkyfwmu (9) a,muf //+rdK he,fuae wdkuf&dkuftrdef htm%meJ h cef hwmu (3) a,muf // 'gha=umifh (9) }udrfeJ h (12) a,mufjzpfoGm;&wm //trdef heJ hwdkuf&dkufcef hvdkufwJh OuUX awGvJ=um=umrcHvdkufbl;//oyGwftkdif&Gm vlxkunDw,f // wOD;u


OD;aqmifvdkuf&if w&GmvHk;ygvmwm// tckvJ e0r t}udrfa&G;=ujyef+yD // ta&;ta=umif;qdk&Gmta&S hydkif;u pmoifausmif;udkyJ tm;udk;&wm // ausmif;ydwfxm;wJh &moDqdkawmhtpnf;ta0;rSefor# tJhonfrSmyJ vkyf=uw,fav // ausmif;zGifhxm;wJh &moDqdk&ifawmhawmifausmif;u OykwfZ&yfrSm vkyf=uw,f/ 'Dwcg OuUX&mxl;twGuf wpfajy;aewm uawmh&Gmta&S hydkif; urf;em;vrf;rSmaewJh qHyifnSyfq&m OD;[ef}uD;wJh // udk,fhxrif; udk,fpm;+yD;at;at; aq;aq;aecsifwJholawG / rywfoufcsifwJholawGuawmh OuUXtjzpf tqdkwifoGif;vdkufw,f qdk&ifbJ ta=umuftuef jiif;awmhwm // vufESpfbufaxmifjy+yD; h h h

“trav; h h h rvkyfvdkufygeJ hAsm h h h tawmf=um [dkvl}uD;u ac:usdrf;vdkuf 'Dppfom;uac:ql vdkufeJ@ usKyfbmomusKyf a&cJwHk;zifck+yD; xrif;=urf;cJ ,ufcwfpm;yg&apAsm”vdk@t&$ef;azmuf+yD; tpnf;a0;rSm xajymawmh oyGwftdkif&Gm;om;wdk h wtHk;tHk;eJh yGJusoGm;av&J@/'Dawmh oyGwftdkif&GmrSm vl}uD;vkyfrJhol &Sm;&Sm; vmw,f // olwdk ha&S huvkyfoGm;wJh OuUX awGvJvlawmxJ rwdk;&JwJh txd i&kwfoD;eJ haygif; =uufoGefyg taxmif;cHvdkufwJh b0awGydkifqdkifoGm;&+yDav //

t&ifwkef;uawmh aiGa&; a=u;a&; acsmifvnfwJh olawGudk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cJhygw,f/tpawmh [kwfrvdkeJ h aemufus awmh “&av vdkav tdkwap>” awGjzpfvmawmh&GmuvufrcHwJhtqHk; jyKwfukefw,f// wcg bJG h&ynmwwf &GmcHvltcsdK hudk OuUXtjzpfa&G;=ujyefw,f// b,fcHvdkufrvJ // “tcGifhta&;rSefor# vufarmif;wqHk;Ed_ufwJh”tusifhu razsmufbl;// ynmwwf wdkif; todw&m;&SdwmrS r[kwfwm // +yD;cJhwJh ESpfem*pfrkefwdkif; wdkufwkef;uyJ=unhf // te,fe,ft&yf&yfu tvSL&SifawGvm +yD; ypPnf;awGvSL=uw,f// ,Hk=unfvdk hyHkay;cJhwJhypPnf;awGxJu aumif;wmav;awG udk OuUX ua&G;,lxm;vdkufw,f // usefwmudk cGJjyefawmh vlwdkif;r&jyefbl;//

“eifwdk hu csrf;omwmyJ 'g h h hr&SdwJh vlawGudkay;zdk h” qdk+yD; vufAvmeJ@jyefcdkif;vdkufw,f// 'gudk rauseyfwJholawGxJ rSm urf;em;ydkif;u rdckdifeJ hrdEk wdk hu tqdk;qHk;//+yD;awmh OuUX qdkwmu ausmif;wufwkef;uwnf;u oli,fcsif;awGav// 'Dawmh OuUX tdrfa&S@oGm;+yD; “ 'DrSm h h hOuUX}uD;&J h &Sifhtb em*pfu ydkufqH&SdwJhol r&SdwJhol qdk+yD; a&G;wdkufoGm;wmr[kwfbl;// w&GmvHk; twlwlcH&wmygawmf h h h tck[mu ydkufqH&Sdwdkif;vJ 0,fvdk@csrf;vdk hr&wm t&yfu tod h h h 'gudk 'if;u usKyfwdk hudk vdkcsifrsufaph&Sdw,f r&bl; bmnmeJ@ajymawmh 'if;,lxm;wJh[mawGudk tckvufnSdK;xdk;jyr,f h h h trav; udka&$OuUX}uD;&J h”qdk+yD; tdrfa&S hvrf;ay:uae oGm;csJypfwm// r=umygbl; h h h OuUX tdrfaemufaz; pyg;usDxJrSmzGufxm;wJh abxkyfawG t&yfu 0dkif;azmf+yD; zrf;vdk h OuUX (3) vavmuf tcsKyfcHvdkuf&ao;w,f?

onf[mawGudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; oyGwftdkif&Gmom;awG acgif;csif;wdkuf+yD;aqG;aEG;=ujyefw,f// t&if[mawGuawmh odyf[efrusvSaybl; h h h tcke0rt}udrfrSmawmhydkufqHr&Sd&ifvJaeygap// bJG hawG 'D*&DawG r&Sd&ifvJaeawmh// &dk;om;+yD; ormtmZd0eJ htoufarG;wJholudk a&G;bdk h qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f// aemufqHk; Zumwifa&G;vdkufwmuawmh


&Gmta&S hyd kif;urf;em;vrf; xJu qHyifnSyfq&m OD;[ef}uD; jzpfw,f// xHk;pHtwdkif;tpnf;ta0;rpcifuwnf;u tqdkwifoleJ haxmufcHol pnf;0g; udkufxm;+yD; vl=um;xJcsjyvdkufawmh e0rt}udrftpnf;ta0;u (13)a,mufajrmuf oyGwftdkif OuUX OD;[ef}uD;jzpfvmw,f/

OD;[ef}uD; qdkwmu oyGwftdkif&Gm&J h wpfOD;wnf;aom qHyifnSyfq&mjzpfw,f//&if;ESD;olawGuawmh OD;av;[efvdk h yJ ac: =uw,f// ol hrSm xGef;+idrf; qdkwJh vlysdKodk;}uD;t&G,fom;wpfa,muf&Sdw,f// oluawmh ol htazeJ hrwljyefbl;// t&yfwum vSJ@ +yD; toHcsJ @puftiSm;vdkufw,f // bkef;}uD;ysH wdk h r,fawmfysH wdk hqdk&if awm"av ht& veJ hcsDxm;wmqdkawmh ol hudkriSm;cif uwnf;u }udKa&mufae+yD; aomifwifaeawmhwmyJ// tca=u;aiGwdwdusus&,fvJr[kwfygbl;// ay;oavmuf,l+yD; xef;&nf 0dkif;av;zGJ hae&&ifawmf+yD //ol@0goemudk;// OD;av;[ef&J h rdef;r a':Ek uawmh bmtvkyfrS rvkyfygbl; // a':Ek&J hrdbawGvufxufuwnf;uaqmufcJhwJh (2)xyfysOfaxmiftdrf}uD;rSm ae=uwm// &GmrSmawmhajymprSwfwck&Sdw,f // “armif[efwdk h vufa=um rwif;yH kuawmh a,mufcrtdrf+ydKuswJhtxdaew,f” qdkwJh pum;yg// 'gudkyJ OD;av;[efudk &dk;*k%fwyf+yD; vl}uD;tjzpfa&G;vdkufwmyg// tckawmh oyGwftdkif&Gm OuUX OD;[ef}uD; jzpfoGm;yg+yD//

&GmrSmu oma&;yJjzpfjzpf / ema&;yJjzpfjzpf toHcsJ @puf oHk;r,fqdk&if OuUX qDrSmtoHk;jyKcGifhygrpf,l&w,f// ygrpfwpf apmifudk t&ifwkef;u (5) usyfyJ ay;&wm// tckkawmh2000 awmifjzpfae+yD // acwftvdkuf ajymif;oGm;wmxifygh // vl}uD;awG ajymwmuawmhygrpf qd kwm tckr S pwmr[kwfbl;wJ h / / tJ' Dpepfud k usih foH k ;vmwm &mpkE Sp fw0ufavmufawmif&Sd+yDqdkyJ// 'Dawmh ygrpf pepfeJ htHudkufae+yDaygh // OD;av;[efvJ&GmOuUXjzpfvma&m “bmtwGufyJjzpfjzpf ygrpf,l&if ydkufqHay;p&m rvdk bl;a[h” qdkawmhoyGwftdkif &Gmom;awG oabmacG h=uwmaygh// 'gwifruao;bl; // &GmawGrSm umvom; /umvorD; ypPnf; qdk+yD; oma&;/ ema&;awGrSm toHk;jyKzdk h tdk;cGufyk*H / zsmawG &Sdw,f//ypPnf;iSm;&rf;ctjzpf r*Fvmaqmifqdk&if vufzGJ haiG q,f&mcdkifE_ef;ay;&w,f// tjcm;oma&;/ema&; qdk&ifawmh owfrSwfxm;wJh aiGudkyJay;&w,f// tckawmh bmiSm;iSm; tcrJh jzpfoGm;+yD// ol hvkyf&yfawGa=umifh OuUXOD;av;[ef &J howif;u oyGwftdkif&Gm wifr[kwfbl; /&GmeD;pyfcsKyfawGtxdysH hESH hoGm;w,f oyGwftdkif&Gm ta=umif; aumif;aumif;odaewJh +rd@Ke,fvl}uD;awGvJ ol howif;a=umifh auseyf=uw,f//

wcsdK h=ujyefawmhvJ taumif;rjrif=ujyefbl;// a0zef=ujyefw,f// ygrpfzd k;ydkufqHr,lwm ol hom;toHcsJ hpufydk+yD;iSm; &atmifwJh// olwdk hajymvJ ajymcsifp&m // tckqdkvlq,fa,mufavmuf pkrdwmeJ h toHcsJ hpufiSm;oHk;ae=u+yD // b,fol hudkrSvJ cGifhwdkifp&mrvdkovdk udkxGef;+idrf;qdkwmuvnf; ay;oavmuf,lwJhol// wcsdK huawmh ypPnf;iSm;wJhudpPtwGuf ajym=ujyefw,f 'DypPnf;awGu olydkifypPnf;rS r[kwfwm // &Gmvl}uD; tqufqufpm&if;tif;eJ h twdtus udkifwG,fvm=uwm// olu tckvdk tcrJ h iSm;aeawmhaemuftopf0,f&if ol hydkufqHeJ h0,frSmrdk hvdk hvm; // ponfjzifh b0ifruswJholawGvJ&Sdw,f//


aocsmwmu awmh ypPnf;iSm;wJholawG ydkrsm;vmwmyJ // ta&S hckESpftdrf/taemufckESpftdrfavmufzdwf+yD; vkyfwJh uav;acgif;aq; utp tdk;cGuf yk*HawGudk OuUXtdrfrSm oGm;iSm;=uw,f/jyeftyfwJhtcg=uawmh arhusefwmeJ h uGJ&SukefwmeJ h qdkawmh umvom;/umvorD;ypPnf;awGvJ wjznf;jznf;eJeJvmw,f//taumif;rusefawmhbl;// tpkwft+yJ eJ h tyJht&GJ@awGyJusefawmhw,f// jyeftyf&if aoaocsmcsmppf+yD; r,lawmh ydkqdk;wmaygh// oyGwftdkif&GmrSmtvSLtwef;qdk&if t&ifwkef;uxdyfwef;jzpfayrJh ckawmhtvSL&Sif&J hxrif;udk pm;zdk@ xrif;yk*Hapmifh&wJh 'kuQuvnf; rao;vSbl;//

tckqd k&if oyGwftd kif&Gmtdrfwd kif;eD;yg;rSm umvom;/ umvorD;ypPnf;(trsm;ydkifypPnf;) av;awG wpfckr[kwf wck &Sdaewwfw,f// olwdk htcsif;csif;vJodae=uw,f// b,fol@tvSLrSm/ b,folu/ bmawGudk/ bmeJ hxJho,foGm;w,f qdkwmtxd odae=uw,f/

“tar h h h h [dkrSm OD;rsdK;}uD; qGJoGm;wJhcsdKif hav;ab;rSm u hvh o vdk@a&;xm;w,fawmh”

“trav; h h h nD;uomajymae h h h nD;vJ tvSLwkef;u usefcJhwJh uGrf;tpfudktckxdjyefrtyfao;bl;”

“[m h h h taruvJ olrsm;awGvJ ,lxm;=uwmyJ [mudk h h h ”“at; h h hat; h h h aumif;w,f // nD;tazuawmif toGm;tyfcdkif;aewm //

jrefjrefoGm;tyfvdkufygat”onfudpPeJ hywfouf+yD; wcsdK hu OuUXOD;av;[efudk ajymjyayrJh ol h&J@ vufoHk;

pumuawmh h h h“[ h h h xm;vdkufyg[m // ig tqifajywJh tcgus&if topfjyef0,fxJhyghr,f //

jynfolydkifypPnf;qdkwm wdk hydkifwJh ypPnf; yJaygh h h h tvum;ae tbdp>mrsm;raeygeJ huGm//rif;vJ ydkifw,f h h h olvJydkifwmyJ // vdkcsifvdk@,lwm aeygapuGm”wJh// OuUX odatmifwdk;wdk;vmajymwJholvJ rodrom auseyfvdkuf&w,f // pdwfxJrSmawmh h h h

“tif; h h h ighac|;r arG;vdk h uav;acgif;aq;vkyf&ifawmh awG h=uao;wmayg h” vdk@pdwfxJrSm usdef;0g;&if; jyefoGm;&w,f//

t&if OuUXawGvufxufwkef;u &GmrSm csJxDeJ hESpfvHk;xD udkifxJh 'dkifqdkwmr&Sdbl;//ta&mif;pma&;av;awG awmh&Sdw,f/ &Juif;eJ h&Gmvl}uD;tzGJ hudk vpOftvSLaiGxJh+yD;wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ ha&mif;ae=uwm// OuUXOD;av;[efuawmh ol hudkaiGvmay;vJ r,lbl;//bmwcGef;rSvJ 0ifrajymbl;// olaewwfovdkyJaew,f// olajymwmu h h h

“ at; h h h 'DtvkyfawGu avmif;upm;r_ajrmufw,fvdk h =um;zl;wmyJ //=unhfvkyf=uayghuGm// jy\emjzpfvm&ifawmh ighudkqGJrxJheJ h// udk,fjzpf udk,fcHyJa[h” [kavajyav;jzifh ajymwwfw,f/ /tckawmh oyGwftdkif&GmrSmwif 'dkif}uD; (2) 'dkif awmif&Sdvm+yD/&Gmawmifydkif; OD;aZmf}uD; 'kdif eJ h &Gmajrmufydkif; OD;rdk;Edkif'kdifwJh// olwdk huvJ w&m;r0ifvkyfae&vdk@om // ol hxuf ig t+ydKiftqdkif/OuUX tm;udk;vJygwmaygh// OD;rdk;Edkif'dkif u b,favmufawmiftuGufjrifovJqdk&if bkef;}uD; vSLwJhxJrSmawmif (2) vHk;xDudk xJ@vSLwm// vSLwmqdkawmh


bkef;bkef;awGvJ vufcH&wmaygh //OuUX OD;av;[ef u pmwwfaywwfr[kwfayrJh jzwfxdk;Om%fawmh aumif;w,f /

/ t&if OuUXawG jy\emjzpf jyKwfukefwmawGudk oloifcef;pm,lxm;w,f// ol hvufxufrSmtJ'grsdK;awG xyfrjzpfatmif a&Smifw,f// v,form;/ wHigawG udkvJypfrxm;bl;//v,f,majrqdkwm w&m;0ifta&mif;t0,f vkyfvdk hr&bl;// em;vnfr_eJ hvkyf&wm //t&ifvl}uD;awGwkef;u tJh'Dw&m;r0ifbl;qdkwmudk ta=umif;jy+yD; v,fwpf{uudkb,favmufqdk+yD; awmif;=uw,f// a&mif;ol / 0,folrSmyg Oya'eJ@rvGwfuif;bl;// OD;av;[efuawmh b,fol hqDurS wjym;wcsyfrSr,lbl;// 'grsdK;awG +uHKvm&ifvJ“oGm; h h hoGm; h h h iguv,form;r[kwfawmh odyfrodbl;// a&mif;ol 0,foltqifajy&if+yD;a&m h h h pma&;}uD; eJ@nSdvkyfvkduf=u ”[k qdkum acgif;a&Smifvkdufw,f// OuUX u acgif;a&Smifvdkufawmh pma&;}uD;xGef;xGef;0if; tuGufuswmaygh // ESpfbufvHk;qDu &wJhvufbuf &nfzdk;u ol hvpmxufrsm;vmw,f// t&ifOuUX awGwkef;u rdk;OD;usump wpfvudk jrpfxJ ig;zrf;cGifhydwfayrJhol@vufxuf rSm awmh rodcsifa,mifaqmifaevdkufw,f// ig;awG OcswJhtcsdef rzrf;bdk htpdk;&udk,fwdkifu Oya'xkwfxm;ayrJh OD;av;[efu wmjrpfjcif;r&Sdawmh wHigawGuvnf;ol hudkausZl;wif=uw,f// oyGwftdkifrSm wm0efuswJh q&mawG q&mrawGuvnf; ynmwwfawGqdkayrJh OuUX}uD; OD;av;[efudk uvefuqef rvkyf=ubl;// olwdk hvpmeJ hravmufvdk htydk0ifaiGav;&atmif usL&Sifoifwm Oya'eJ h+idpGef;ayrJh OD;av;[ef u wmjrpfydwfyifwmr&Sdawmh vGwfvyf=uw,f//

'DvdkeJ hoyGwftdkif&GmrSm oufwrf;t&SnfqHk; OuUX}uD;tjzpfeJ h (2) ESpfausmf vdk h (3)ESpfxJ awmif 0ifvm+yD// wae hawmh h h h h

“b}uD; +idrf; a& h h h b}uD; +idrf;”“bmvJ[ h h harmifndK & h h h rif;[mu a&;}uD;xdwfjzm jzpfvdkufwm h h h 'g ha=umifh

rif;acgif;tar$;wpfyifrS raygufwm”“[m h h h b}uD;+idrf; uvJ ta&;ta=umif;qdk usaemfhacgif;yJ cvkwfwdkufaewm h h h

tck urf;em;qdyfrSm &efukefu vmwJh armfawmfuyfawmh &efukefvrf;rawmfu ig;'dkifydkif&Sifw&kwf}uD;awG ig;a,muf ygvmw,f”

“trav; armifndK&,f w&kwfawG ygwm txl;tqefvkyfvdk h vrf;rawmfqdkwmw&kwfawGydkifwmbJ// tJ'DrSm 'dk hArm awGu ulvDvkyfae&wm Asmh hhh h hh”

armifndKu ol hacgif;udk vufjzifh yGwf&if h h h“olwdk heJ htwl ydkufqHawG qmvmtdwf}uD;eJ h 2 vHk;awmifygvmw,f // usaemf eJ h

tHharmf (2)a,muf wpfa,muf wpftdwfxrf;+yD; OuUXOD;av;[efwdk htdrfudk ydk hay;cJhwm //w&kwf}uD;awGu usaemfwdk hudk ulvDc wpfa,muf wpfaxmifpDawmif ay;vdkufao;w,f h h'DrSmawG hvm; ” [kqdk&if; topfcsyfc|wf wpfaxmifwefudk axmifjyvdkufw,f// tusdK;ta=umif;ra&r&m jzpfaepOf b}uD;+idrf+cHxJudk OD;av;=unfwdk; 0ifvmw,f//

“[ h h h tndK rif;u igh xuf owif;OD;atmif vmay;w,faygh”


tndKujyefrajzbJ +yHK;jyvdkufw,f// ta=umif;pHkudk b}uD;+idrf; u ar;awmh h h h“[kwfw,f b}uD;+idrf;a& h h h usaemfrae hu aomufwm enf;enf;rl;+yD; &efjzpfvdk h

OuUX uac:awG hwmeJ hoGm;wm// bm rSawmifrajym&ao;bl;// w&kwf}uD;ig;a,mufa&mufvmw,f // OuUX}uD;vJ tdrfaemufaz;xGuf+yD; urf;pyfu "edawm vufnSKd;xdk;jyaewmawG hw,f// ol hrdef;r rrEk u usaemfhudkajymw,f// 'dk hydkifwJh aemufaz;urf;pyfu "edawmudkodef; 500 eJ@ a&mif;vdkufwmwJh // ol wdk hu ykZGefarG;rSmwJh // usaemfvJ bmjyefajym&rSef;awmifrodjzpfoGm;w,fAsm// rae huaomufxm; wJh t&Sdefav;awmif ajyoGm;w,f h h h ” rsufESmudkvufjzifhyGwf&if; ajymvdkufw,f//

“ a[ h h h [kwfvm; // ol ubmydkifvdk ha&mif;&wmvJ// rif;wdk hrarG;cifuwnf;u'D"edawm}uD; vlwdkif;0ifckwfaewm b,folydkifw,fvdk hvJ wcgrS r=um;bl;aygifAsm//ckwfav"edyifawG aygufaveJ h w&GmvHk; b,folrsm; "edwzspf 0,frdk;&vdk hwkef;/ tckusrS 'if;uarmifydkifpD;+yD; vkyfvdk hcHr,fhaumifrsm;rSwfaevm; h h hh odef; 500 eJeJaemaemvm; h h htdyfrufxJrSmawmif rjrifzl; bl; // at; h h h nae txdapmifh=unfhr,f h h h'Dowif;+idrfoGm;+yDqdk&if awmh nus&if igeJ hawG h+yDvdk hwmrSwf h h h awmuf h h h &m&m ppuGm h h ” tem;wGif&Sdaomb}uD;+idrf;ZeD; bGm;av;r_H u h h h

“&SifhrSmvJ csJ*%ef;xGufwm =uaewmyJ h h h +idrfatmif nufatmifapmifh&tHk;r,fwJhtck[m &Sifha&S hrSmajymaewm/tckjzpfaewm u &Gmta&S hydkif;rSm // 'Dhxufaocsm wmawmhr&Sdbl;// wu,fwJ ae ha&G h/ na&G heJ h tcGifhaumif;&ifajrwdkif;aewmeJ@ tckawmh olrsm;ua&mif;pm;oGm;+yD ”

vrf;rawmfu w&kwfawG armfawmfiSm;+yD; jyefoGm;+yDvdk howif;&wmeJ h b}uD;+idrf;vJobufav; ykcHk;ay:wif+yD; &Gmta&S@ ydkif; urf;em;vrf;udkxGufvmcJhw,f// tdrfa&S ha&mufw,fqdk&ifbJ OuUXOD;av;[ef&J @toHxGufvmw,f//

“vm h h h b}uD;+idrf;vm h h h tdrfxJudk=uGyg h h h qHyifnSyf&atmifvmcJhwmvm; cifAs”“at; h h h at; h h h [kwfbl;uG // owif;&vdk h h h h vmcJhwmyJ // aemufaz;u "edawm

odef; 500 eJ h a&mif;vdkufw,f qdk”“a=omf h h h b}uD;+idrf;a& usaemfvJ ra&mif;csifao;ygbl; // 'gayrJh ESpf&Snfrxm;

Edkifvdk@ESSarsmarsmeJ hyJa&mif;vdkuf&wmygAsm”“[ h h h aeygtHk; armif&if&J h 'Djrpfurf;pyf"edawmu b,folydkifvdk h armif&ifu

a&mif;vdkuf&wmwkef; // 'Dawm [m igwdk@ i,fi,f rif;a,muQr}uD;awGeJ htwlwl "edckwfig;&Sm / zm;&SmeJ hvkyfvmwmyg// OD;ydkifqdkwmr&Sdbl;// 'g&GmajryJ // armif&if oabm eJ@ armif&ifa&mif;w,fqdk&ifawmh tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ h usKyfwdk h&Gmu pk+yD; w&m;pGJ&vdrfhr,f h h hoyGwftdkif&Gmta=umif;vJ armif&if aumif;aumif;odygw,faemh”

OD;av;[efu t+yHK;rysuf cyftkyftkyfavoHeJ h“b}uD;+idrf;&,f h h h aocsmvJpOf;pm;ygtHk; // tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ hw&GmvHk;udk

w&m;pGJ&rJhaumif u 'Daumif}uD;ygAs // a[mh'D aumif}uD;yg// usaemfwdkifvdkuf&if w&GmvHk;


axmifus wef;usawGjzpfukefrSmqdk;vdk h aewwfovdkaecJhwm h h h aemufqHk; ukefukefajymvdkufr,f bkef;}uD;awmifrusefbl;”

“[ h h h w,fvJ[kwfygvm; h h h armif&ifu w&GmvHk; bkef;}uD;yg rusefw&m;pGJvdk@&w,fqdkawmh h h h at;uGm h h h w&Gm vHk;tomxm;tHk; armif&ifu usKyfudk bmtr_eJ hrsm;w&m;pGJrvdk hwkef;”

“'Dvdkar;awmhvJ xJhwdk;bJajzvdkufawmhr,f // b}uD;+idrf;tvSLrSm bkef;}uD;awGudk(2) vHk;xDxdk;+yD; vufrSwfawGuyfwm Oya'abmifeJ hvGwfr,frsm;xifaeovm;// tJ'gavmif;upm;r_ajrmufw,f// tenf;qHk;axmif (3) ESpftxdcsvdk h&w,f// aemufjynfolydkifypPnf;qdkwmodvm;// tckb}uD;+idrf;tdrfrSm wnfxm;wJh uGrf;tpfu trsm;ydkifypPnf;// tJ'Dvdk trsm;ydkifypPnf;udk ,loHk; +yD; ckxdjyefrtyfwm cdk;r_ajrmufw,f // jynfolydkifypPnf;qdkwmae hrajymeJ hnbufvrf;rSmawG h&ifawmif oufqdkif &mudk csufcsif;tyf&w,f// vufxJrSmxm;&if cdk;r_ / rouFmr_awGeJ h&Ju zrf;csKyfxm;vdk h&w,f odvm; b}uD;+idrf;// EdkifiHawmfuxkwfjyefxm;wJh Oya'awGudk ravhvmbJ usaemfudk tckvdkpGwfqGJaewm toa&ysufr_ /ydkifeufusL;vGefr_eJ h tckcsufcsif; zrf; csKyfvdkufvdk h&w,fqdkwm rarhygeJ h”

“a[ h h h [kwfvm; h h h armif&ifwdk hOya' awG bmawGqkdwmu wEdkifiHvHk;b,folrSrvdkufemEdkifwmawGxkwf+yD; tcGifh }uHKawmh 'D[mawGeJ hudkifudkifaygufaeygvm;uG// a[ h h haeygtHk; armif&if&J h// usKyftdrfrSm &SdwJh bmrSrwefwJh uGrf;tpf=uawmh jynfolydkif ypPnf;av;bmav;eJ h armif&if vufnSdK;xdk;a&mif;pm;vdkufwJh a[m'D igwdk htzdk; tbGm;ydkif'Dawm}uD;eJ hEd_if;awmh &mZ0ifrsm;&dkif;&mrusaybl;vm; h h h vlyHktv,frSm csjy=unhfygtHk;armif&if&J h”

“'DrSm b}uD;+idrf; oyGwftdkif&GmrSm usaemfcsjy&r,fhol wpfa,mufrS r&Sdbl;// w&GmvHk;Oya'eJ hrvGwfuif;wJh (2)vHk;xD csJxD awGvkyf=uw,f// 'gwifruao;bl; umvom;/umvorD;ydkifypPnfawG tdrfwdkif;vdkvdkrSm&Sdaew,f// ausmif;q&mawGu Oya'eJ@ rvGwfuif;wJhusL&Sifoifw,f// wHigawGu EdkifiHawmfu xkwfjyefxm;wJh wm;jrpfrdef hawGudk csdK;azmuf=uw,f/v,f orm;awGu v,f,mOa'awGudk rvdkufem=ubl;// &Gmpma&; EdkifiH h0efxrf;uvm'fpm;w,f//tukefvHk; wtdtdeJ h w&m;Oya' tjyifbufudk a&mufae=uwm b}uD;+idrf;odvm;// 'Dvdk Oya'tjyifbufu vlawGu usaemfvdk Oya'abmiftwGif;u vludkpdefac:vdk@uawmh cg;awmif;r}udKufbl; 'Dtwdkif; vdkufcJhr,f odvm;// 'DrSm=unfh vGefcJhwJ h (2)ESpfuwnf;u 'Dawm}uD;udk usaemftcGefaqmifvmcJhwm// 'DrSm usaemfh emrnfeJ@ajrpm&if;Xmeu xkwfay;xm;wJh ajypm h h h ” b}uD;+idrf;qdkwmuvnf; ES,fES,f&&rSm r[kwfwm// OD;av;[ef xkwfjywJh pm&Gufudk aocsm,l=unhfwmaygh // OD;ydkiftrnfrSmawmh OD;[ef}uD; //trsdK;tpm; qdkwJhae&mrSmawmh "edawmwJh // ESpfpOf tcGef awmfaiG ae&mrSmawmh 1500usyfwJh h h b}uD;+idrf; rsufvHk;xJ rD;0if;0if; awmufoGm;w,f//

“xGD h h h yg;pyfoevdkufwm [ef}uD;&m h h h rif;u aiGav; 3000 aqmif+yD; vl hygpyfu


acG;pum;awG xGufaewm oew,fa[ h // oew,f // tckacwfolawmif;pm;ay;&ifawmifaxmifwefay;&w,f// ta=uG&Sm;vdk huGodvm;// xGD h h hrif;vdkaumifrsdK; u &m&mppuGmawmuf”b}uD;+idrf;awmufacguf+yD; tdrfay:uqif;vmcJhw,f// &ifxJu a'gotylu b}uD;+idrf;rsufESmrSm txif;om;ay:aew,f// tdrfrjyefcsifao;wmeJ h urf;em;wef;xJu ta&Sh@ausmif;q&mawmfqDoGm;zdk h ajcOD;wnfhvdkufw,f// ausmif;rk'fOD;0a&mufw,fqdk&ifbJ h h h ausmif;xJuxGufvmwJh csJta&mif;pma&;Anm; u h h h

“[m h h h b}uD;+idrf; h h h 0rf;omp&myJAsK d hb}uD;+idrf;tvSLrSm vSLvdkufwJh(2)vHk;xDaygufvdk@ tckav;wifyJ q&mawmf qD 0wWKaiG 3aomif; vmuyf+yD; tjyefb}uD;wdk@tdrf vSnfh0ifrvdk@ As h h h [J h h h[J h h h usaemfhvJ vufbuf&nfzdk;av; bm;av;qkcsOD;aemh”

“at; h h h csr,f h h h csr,f h h h” qdk+yD; vHkcsnfvSefjy[ef vkyfvdkufawmh Anm; crsmudkifxm;wJh zdeyfav;udk ypfcs+yD; ajy;ygava&m//

ausmif;ay:wufoGm;+yD; q&mawmftm; OD;oHk;}udrf ykpdefaygufOD;csvdkufw,f//q&mawmfa&S hrSmawmh aiGxkyfuav;u yHkrysuf// b}uD;+idrf;u oleJ h OuUX[ef}uD;wdk hajymqdkcJhwmawGudk tptqHk; q&mawmfudk av#mufxm;vdkufw,f//

“ h h h h bkef;}uD;awmif rusefbl;wJh bk&m; ”“at; h h hat; h h h 'kuQ h h h'kuQ h h h &Sdapawmh 'um+idrf; h h h ol hacwfeJ hol htcg

}uHK&ayw,f 'um}uD;// usKyfwdk htygt0if vlawGudk rvdkufemEdkifwJh trdef@ Oya'awGxkwfjyefw,f// rvkdufemEdkifawmh usL;vGef=uayw,faygh// usL;vGefjyefawmhvJ tjypf&csifrS &wm// 'Dawmh usL;vGef rSef;rod usLvGefrdw,f 'um}uD;// teD;pyfqHk; wdk h&Gm udkom=unhf// wu,fawmhtkyfcsKyfolawGu tkyfcsKyfcHawGudk Oya'jyifya&mufatmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ h wGef; ydk haewm//'grSvJ olwdk htkyfcsKyf&vG,fayrudk;// rw&m;wJhOya' xGufvmvdk h rw&m;ygbl;vdk h &J&Jwif;wif;ajym&J qdk&JwJhol wdk hEd kifiHrSm &Sdao;&J hvm;// usKyfwdk hudk f,fwdkifu w&m;Oya'awGcsdK;azmufrdw,fvdk h txifa&mufaeawmh awmf&Hk wef&Hk t[dwftaeav;eJ hawmifcHrajym&Jawmhbl; 'um}uD;// tckvdk[mrsdK; awGu oyGwftdkif&GmrSmwifr[kwfbl; wEdkifiHvHk;vJoyGwftdkif&Gmvdkjzpfaewm //at; h h h at; 'gawGudk ausmfv$m;Edkifzdk hu bk&m;a&S@ykqpfwkwfaevdk@r&bl;// usKyfwdk hudk,fwdkifausmfjzwf=u&vdrfh r,f 'um+idrf;”//

wHk hjyef r_ uif;rJhpGmjzifh b}uD;+idrf; wdwfqdwfae.//q&mawmf. =o0g'pum;rsm;udk b}uD;+idrf; =um;ygavp // yifv,fjyifudk jzwfausmfwdkufcwfvmwJh avEkat;av; awGu oyGwftdkif&Gmxdyf

"edawm}uD;udk wdk;acG husDp,f aeav&J@// av=urf;wdk;rS jrnfwwfwJh &GmOD;apwD uqnf;vJoHawGvJ tckawmh qdwfokOf;ae+yDav // &Gmv,fu ukudUKvfyif}uD;udk trSDjyK+yD;wG,fzuf EG,fwufaewJh oyGwfcg;+cHK}uD;rSmawmh cl;olrJ hoyGwfcg;oD;awG oD;csifwdkif;oD;/}uD;csifwdkif; }uD;aevdkuf=uwm oyGwftdkif &Gm&J h o&kyfudk azmfxkwfvdk haeav&J h//

aumhom;


qktrsdK;tpm; 'kwd,qk0wKtrnf }udK;jywfpGeftrnf&if; rav;av;uavmiftrnf av;av; (wdkusdK)


1990 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHodk h a&muf&SdcJhonf// 0goemt& pm/ uAsmrsm;udkjynfwGif; jynfy&Sd pmapmifrsm; / r*~Zif;rsm;Y a&;om;cJhygonf// ,ck vuf&Sdjrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf tkwfwcsyf / oJwyGifh taejzifh us&mae&mtcef;u¾ uae }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufaeygonf//

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ

'kwd,qk


“trav; ukd&ifomarmif&Jh usKyf&ifawGylvSjyDawmh usKyfom;av; oGm;&Smay;ygOD;²²usKyfom;wckckjzpfaejyD xifyg&Jhawmf”

“r,fvS&,f²² rif;uvJtpdk;&drf}uD;&efaum/ rif;om;jyefvmrSmyg/ c% apmifhygOD;vm;uGm”

“atmf udk&if&J@ usKyfom;ta=umif; usKyftodqHk;yg? b,foGm;r,f b,ftcsdefjyefvmr,fqdkwm t+rJajymoGm;wJhuav;/ tckvJ [dkzufvrf;xJu ol@oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmpmtkyfoGm;iSm;OD;r,f c%ygyJqdkjyD; xGufoGm;vdkufwm rdk;awmifcsKyfvkjyD; usKyfyl&wmaygh”

“at;yg r,fvS&m rdk;csKyfvdk@rS rvm&if igvdkufpHkprf;ay;ygr,fhuGm”“awmfuvJawmf rdk;csKyfatmifyJ apmifhae&w,fvdk@ usKyf&ifawGrD;awmufaejyDawmh

usKyfom; b,fwkef;urS ae0ifrdk;csKyfaebl;wm r[kwfbl;²² bk&m;bk&m; om;av; ab;roD&efrcygapeJ@ cvkwfrxd ql;rjidygapeJ@awmf”

“uJuJ h h h r,fvS wjApfjApfawmufawmufvkyfraeeJ@ig &yfuGufxJoGm;pHkprf;=unfhr,f²² ol@ol,fcsif;tdrfvJ0ifcJhr,f rif;pdwfat;at;xm;jyD; usefcJhyguGm”

*************OD;omarmif / a':r,fvSwdk@vifr,m;onf &efukef+rdK hqifajcyHk; &yfuGufwckjzpfaom

a&Gjynfom/ acgif oHk;vHk;&yfuGufwGif aexdkif=ujyD; udkomarmifonf usyef;tvkyf/ wcgwavyGJpm;tvkyfuav;vkyf&if; rdom;pkw0rf;wcg;vSzdk@judk;yrf;aeav.?

a':r,fvSonfvnf; wzufwvrf;rS tdrfpm;&dwf umrd&efta&;/ tdrfa&S@vrf;ab;wGif ta=umfpHk a&mif;&if; aexdkif=uaom tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;xJu &dk;&kd;om;om;vkyfudkifaexdkif=uaom rdom;pkav; wckjzpfygonf?

olwdk@vifr,m;touf}uD;umrS om;av; armif&efat;udk arG;zGm;vmcJhygonf?wOD;wnf;aomom; av;jzpfvdk@ vifr,m;ESpfa,mufrSm tcspf}uD;cspfum t&dyfw=unfh=unfheJ@aevmvkdufwm armif&efat; (14) ESpfom; 8wef;ausmif;om; }uD;t&G,f a&mufvmygawmhonf? wOD;wnf;aomom;av; jzpfvifhupm; armif&efat;av;[m vdrRma&;jcm;&SdjyD;twef;ynmrSmvJ xl;c|efavawmh twef;xJwGif t+rJAdkvfpGJum vlwumcsD;rGef;cH&onfhoGufvufcsufjcmaom om;vdrRmav; jzpfavonf? armif&efat; av;u ol}uD;vm&iftif*sifeD,m}uD;vkyfum rdbeSpfyg;udk &Smau|;OD;rSmqdkaom pum;onf a':r,fvS yef;or#EGrf;or#awGudk vef;apcJh&avonf?

'ga=umifhvJ a':r,fvSwa,muf om;ynma&; taxmuftyHh&ap&ef 0g;usnfawmuf}uD; xJrSm rpm;&ufraomuf&uf aiGawG pkvmvdkufwm om;woufyif&SdacsjyD?0g;usnfawmuf}uD;udk=unfh+yD; ighom; tif*sifeD,m}uD;twGufqdkum yDwDawGjzmvdk@ at;csrf;om,mpGm aevmcJh=uwJh olwdk@&J@b0xJudk rar#mfvifhyJ aomurkefwdkif;wdkufcdkufvdk@ uHqdk;rdk;arSmif =ucJh&ygavawmhonf?

*************************


“rr,fvS awmfwdk@vifr,m;eSpfa,muf qlnHqlnH toHawG=um;vdk@bmjzpfvJvdk@vm=unhfwmyg”

“cifjra&²² vmvm tawmfyJ nnf;vmvkd@ajym&tHk;r,f? ighom;av;[dkzufvrf;xJpmtkyfiSm;qdk jyD;xGufoGm;vdkufwm jyefrvmao;vdk@ udkomarmifudk vdkuf=unfhcdkif;wmygat”

“rr,fvSa& r[kwfrSvGJa&m²² zG[Jh²² vGJygapz,fygap²² r[kwfygapeJ@awmf”“[Jh²² cifjr eifh[muvJ t&if;r&Sd tzsm;r&SdeJ@ bmvJ[Jh”“rr,fvS usKyf=um;aewm=umjyD tckwavm usKyfwdk@vdk qif;&Jom;&yfuGufawGrSm

armif&efat; t&G,fav;awG aysmufaysmufukefowJh²² uav;ppfom;qdkvm;²² bmvm;yJawmfzrf;zrf;oGm;w,fvdk@ ajymw,f”

“[Jh²²cifjr [kwf&Jhvm; ig=um;zl;wmu thJ'Dvdk[mawGu e,fawGrSm jzpfwmavawmawGrSm jzpfwmygat ck[mu usKyfwdk@u &efukefjrdK@}uD;ay:rSm aewmygath”

“[kwfw,f²² rr,fvS t&ifu e,fawGrSmyJ &Sdwm tck&efukefrSmawmif &Sdae+yDath²²nnf;r,Hkr&SdeJh awmf=um udk,fawG}uHkae&OD;r,f a[mh²²[dkrSm nnf;a,musmf; jyefvmjyD²²usKyfjyefawmhr,f”

“udkomarmif om;owif; bm=um;cJhvJ”a':r,fvStarmwaumeJ@ar;onfudk yifhouf&d_ufum jyefajzvdkufonfhOD;omarmif²²“ig &yfuGuf&Hk;rSm uav;aysmufwdkifcJhw,f? om;oli,fcsif;tdrfvJa&mufcJhw,f²²

rif;om;pmtkyfiSm;jyD;jyefoGm;wm =umjyDwJh”“[kwfygjyD [kwfygjyD”“[Jh²² bmawG[kwfaewmvJ r,fvS&Jh”“tckbJ ab;tdrfu cifjrajymoGm;w,f uav;ppfom;vkyfbdk@uav;awG

vdkufzrf;aew,fwJh²²trav;udk&if&J@ usKyfwdk@udk,fusdK;eJjyD;xifygw,fawmf”[kajymjyD;t&kyfjudk;jywfvJusoGm;avonf?

“r,fvS²² r,fvS owdxm;av²² owdxm;av ”“owd&+yDvm; a&mha&mh a&aomufvdkufOD; // igvJighom;av;twGuf pdwfylaeyg

w,fuGm ²² rif;&ifxJu tyludkem;vnfygw,fuGm²² reufa&mufawmh igvdkufpHkprf;ygr,fhuGm²²”“atmf udk&if&J@ usKyfb,fvdkae&rSmvJ usKyf&ifawGAavmifqlaejyDawmh²² tif*sif

eD,m}uD; jzpfcsifwJhusKyfom;uav; ppfom;tjzpftzrf;cH&+yDxifyg&J@awmf” idk}uD;csufreJ@ajym&if;xyfrH vJusoGm;avonf?

***********************************aemufwae@reuf udk&ifomarmifwa,muf om;aysmuf&SmyHkawmf zGifh&ygav

awmhonf?yGJpm;vJvkyfwJh udk&ifomarmif taygif;oif;rdwfaqGrsm;avawmh om;owif;penf;embdk@ av;vHwJhajcvrf;awGeJ@ tdrf rS xGufvmcJhygonf? a':r,fvS crsmrSmawmh


om;pdwfeJ@tdyf&mxJbHk;bkH;vJ/ ta=umfvJra=umfedkif/ yÉm ajrvl;tjzpfeJ@ tdyf&may:rSmrsuf&nfrsufcGufjzifh usef&pfcJh&ygawmhonf?

ae@&ufawG ukefqHk;vmvkdufwm wvqdkwm b,fvdkukefqHk;oGm;rSef; rodatmifygyJ?rr,fvScrsm rSmawmh om;av;eJ@cGJae&wJh wvqdkwJh tcsdeftwGif;rSm ae@awG vawG[mol@b0twGufawmh wurBmvdkygyJ / ae@awGvawG &Snf=umygbd?

“r,fvSa& r,fvS rif;pdwfryleJ@awmh igtcktquftoG,f wck&cJh+yDuG h h higwdk@&Jhom;av;udk igwkd@tck u,fedkifawmhrSm[”

tdyf&mxJ rD;pmukefqDcef;jzpfaewJh a':r,fvS om;pum;udk =um;wJhtcgrSmawmhaigufceJxxdkif&if;

“b,fvdkb,fvdk usKyfom;eJ@jyefawG&awmhr,f[kwfvm;”“[kwfw,f r,fvS ighrdwfaqGwa,muf qufoG,fay;vdk@ [dkbufwvrf;ausmfu

wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;wOD;eJ@awG@cJh&w,f? ighrdwfaqGeJ@ tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;u nDtudk&if;vdkcif=uw,f uG”

“[kwfvm; olu usKyfwdk@udkb,fvdkulnDrSmvJawmh”“ajz;ajz;ajymyg r,fvS&m ig&Sif;jyyghr,f // igu igwdk@om;av;ta=umif;eJ@ ol@tar

rif;[m om;pdwfeJ@ tdyf&mxJvJvkd@ vHk;yg; yg;awmhr,f tudk&m/ usaemfwdk@rdom;pkb0av;udku,fygOD;qdkjyD; ajymwmaygh // aemufqHk;igwdk@udk oem;wma&m igholi,fcsif; rsufeSma&mayghuGm²²olulnDr,fqdkjyD; jzpfoGm;av&Jh”

“trav;²²armifrif;}uD;om; usef;rmygap²² csrf;omygap²² oufawmf&mausmf&Snfygapawmf”

“r,fvS qkawGay;raeeJ@OD; ighpum;qHk;atmifem;axmifOD; rif;ay;&rSmawG usefao; ovm;[”

“bmrsm;wkef;awmh”“at;²²igwdk@udkulnDr,fhwyf=uyf}uD;udk aiG8odef;ay;&rSm”“Aka'<g²² usKyfwdk@rSmaiG8odef;rajymeJ@ 8axmifawmifr&Sdwmawmf²²usKyfwdk@b0awGu

wae@vkyfrS wae@pm;b0ygawmf²² ”“ukd&if²²usKyfwdk@ 'DaiGray;edkif&if usKyfom;eJhjyefrawG&awmhbl;aygh [kwfvm;udk&if&,f

usKyfwdk@tajctaeudkajymjyjyD; wyf=uyf}uD;udkaps;qpf=unfhygOD;vm;awmf”“igvJ tJhavmufb,fnHhrvJ r,fvS&m²² tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;&JhajcovHk;udkzufjyD;

&Sdcdk;OD;wifajymwmayghuGm// aemufqHk; igwdk@udkiJhnmjyD; aiG 5 odef;eJ@jzpfatmif vkyfay;r,fvdk@ajymouG²² igholi,fcsif;uvJ tJh'DaiG 5 odef;awmh &atmif&SmcJhwJhuG”

“udk&if usKyfwdk@awGrSm a&$qdkvdk@ rl;vdk@ &lp&mawmifr&Sd/ aygifeSHa&mif;csp&mqdkwmvJewÎdr[kwfvm; usKyfwdk@ tJh'DaiGawGudkb,fvdk&Sm=urSmvJawmf”


“udk&ifa&²² usKyfowd&jyDawmh²² usKyfom;av; tif*sifeD,mausmif;wwfbkd@pkxm;wJhyd kufqHawGav 0g;usnfawmufxJ jynfhaeaygh²usKyfrpm;&uf raomuf&ufom;ynma&;twGufpkxm;wJh 0g;usnf awmufxJrSm tenf;qHk;aiG 1 odef;ausmfawmh &SdrSmawmh”

“pdwfat;at;xm; r,fvS&m udk,fh0rf;emudk,fomodqdkayr,fh iga,musmf;yguG?ighom;twGufigjuHygzefygOD;r,fuGm²² rif;om rif;om;eJ@ jyefawG@edkifatmif ukd,fhusef;rma&;udk,f *&kpdkufyguGm? rif;udk,f rif;vJ rSefxJjyef=unfhygOD; ,lypfovdkusoGm; vdkufwmrdef;r&m²²ighrSm om;twGufyl& rif;twGuf pdwfr at;&eJ@ jzpfae&wmuG”

“at;ygawmf usKyftm;wufvmygjyD? usKyf aeaumif;awmhrSmyg”aemufwae@ udk&ifomarmifwa,muf rd_&wJhrsufeSmeJ@tdrfjyeftvm ZeD;jzpfolu

“udk&if²² ydkufqHudpPtqifajyvm+yDvm; usKyfawmhusKyfom; 0g;usnfawmuf}uD;cGJvdkufwm 1 odef;cGJ ausmf&Sdoawmh”

“at;²² rif;wdk@igwdk@tjzpfudk rjrif&ufvdk@ igholi,fcsif;u ol@ olaX;qDrSm 10 wdk;eJ@aiGacs;ay;rwhJuG w eSpftwGif;awmh jyefqyf&rSmwJhav”

“aus;Zl;}uD;vSygayw,fawmf²² usKyf tJh'DydkufqHrausrjcif; ta=umfa&mif;jyD;qyfyghr,f wae@xrif; weyfyJpm;jyD; usKyfaiGpkyghr,fh²² usKyfom;av;udk usef;usef;rmrmeJhjyefawG@&&if usKyfaoaysmfygjyDawmf” ***************************

wywf=umaomtcg wyf=uyf}uD;udk aiG 5 odef;ay;vdkufedkifjyDqdkv#ifyJ 2 &uftwGif;udkomarmifwkd@ZeD;armifeSH om;ukdawG@cGifh&awmhrnf jzpfavonf? aiGrsufeSm}uD;r_udk a':r,fvSwa,muf pOf;pm;&if; tawG;e,fcsJhaeygawmhonf? a=omf igwdk@awmif uHaumif;axmufrvdk@ydkufqHacs;r,fholuvnf;&dS/ udkomarmifuvnf; tquf toG,faumif;ayvdk@ombJ?wu,fvdk@rsm; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rajyrvnfeJ@ &Hk;uefae=u&wJh ol awGtwGufuawmhuav; aysmufoGm;wmudkbJ odvdkuf=u&rSm? b,frSm &Smvdk@&Sm&rSef;rod 'Dtwdkif; vufydkuf=unfhjyD; rdrdwdk@&Jh &ifaoG;awGeJ@ &SifuJG uJGukef=uwmawG b,ftxdawmif &dSae=ujyDvnf; aemf²²om;aysmufrdcifawG&Jh rsuf&nfawG[m igwdk@ jrefrmjynfteSH@rSm yifv,fa0ae=ujyDxifyg&Jh?bk&m; h h hbk&m; ork'N&mtjzpf a&mufroGm;ygapeJ@?

taysmf}uD;aysmfaewJha':r,fvSwdk @ZeD;armifeSH &ifuGJyufvufjzpf&wJh ae@uawmhom;armif&efat;udkoGm;a&mufac:,lwJh ae@yJjzpfygawmhonf? wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;qdkoluOD;aqmifac:vm&maemufrSmudkomarmifwkd@ xyf=uyfruGmvkdufygvm=uonf?

ppfom;pkapmif;a&;wyfxJ 0ifvdkufw,fqdk&ifyJ aiGvrf;cif;xm;wJh wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;u OD;aqmifum vlyf&Sm;avawmhonf?

“q&mausmfa&²² 'gusaemhftudkeJ@trAsm²² q&mausmfudkusaemfajymxm;wmavolwdk@&J@om;av;aygh tudkeJhtruAsm olwdk@&J@om;udk 10 wef;atmifwJhtxd ausmif;xm;


ay;csifowJh? 10wef;atmifrS OTSwdk@ DSA wdk@ajz+yD; wyfxJ0ifapcsif=uwmav²²thJwma=umifh usaemfjyefvmac:wmyg”

olwdk@csif;tay;t,l vkyfxm;jyD;om;qkdawmh odyf&Snf&Snfa0;a0;ajymrae&awmhygyJuav;ukd ac:vm ygawmhonf? q&mausmfaemufrSm uwHk;pawmufeJ@xHkxHkxdkif;xdkif;jzpfaewJharmif&efat; vdkufygvm ygawmhonf? rdbeSpfyg;a&S@a&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ armif&efat;[maumufcgiifumeJ@

“rdbudkvkyfa=uG;zdk@ppfxJ0ifwm/ wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK;twGuf ppfxJ0ifwm” qkdwJhpum;eSpfcGef; udk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;um =uufwla&G;pmcsonfheS,f w&pyf&Gwfqdkaeyg awmhonf?tJh'DtcsdefrSmyJ twl vdkufygvmwJh wyf=uyfjuD;u vdrRmyg;eyfpGmeJh armif&efat; ausmudkoyf&if;

“at;yg ighwl&m²² rif;pdwf "gwfudkav;pm;ygw,fuGm²² tckawmh rif;tazeJ@rif;taru rif;udk 10 wef;atmifwJhtxd pmoifapcsifowJhuG²² tJhwm OD;wdk@eJ@ jyefvdkufcJhaemf²²10 wef;atmifjyD;rSppfAdkvf}uD; vkyfuGaemf” vdk@ajymum uav;udk jyefac:aqmif vmygawmhonf?

tjyefvrf;rSm tm;vHk;wdwfqdwfpGmvdkufygvm=u&if; armif&efat; wOD;wnf;omv#if “wdkif;jynfudkcspf vdk@ppfxJ0ifwm/ rdbmudkvkyfajuG;zdk@ppfxJ0ifwm” qdkaompum;udkom xyfwvJvJ&Gwfqdk&if; oHywf ay;xm;aom puf&kyfw&kyfyrm vdkufygvmygawmhonf?OD;omarmifrSm rsufpdrsufeSmraumif;ayr,fh a,musmf;qdkawmh [efjyif;vdk@rmefwif;edkifcJhayr,fha':r,f vScrsmrSmawmh om;awmfarmifudk=unfhjyD; urBmysufrwwf cHpm;ae&ygawmhonf?armif&efat;av; &Jh tqufrjywfpum;oHawG[m olr&Jh&ifudk emusifapygawmhonf?

trsm;a&ShrSm [efaqmifrsdKodyfum vdkufygvmwJh a':r,fvSwa,muf rsufvHk;tdrftwGif;rSmawmh rsuf&nfawGa0vdk@aeygawmhonf? om;tjzpfudk rjrif&ufr=unfh&ufeJhESvHk;tdrfrSm wekHhekHhcHpm;um t oufrJholwa,mufyrm vdkufygvdk@vm&if; tdrfa&mufw,fqdk&ifbJ a':r,fvSwa,muf [efaqmif &wmawGudk tdyfoGefzmarSmuf tefxkwfjyD; om;armif&efat;udkzufum atmufygtwdkif; idkjcif;cs vdkufygawmhonf?

“trav;²² udkomarmif&Jh usKyfom;av; b0ysufygjyDawmh²² rdarG;zarG;wdkif;jyefaumif;vmyghOD;rvm;awmh” [lownf;?

av;av; - wdkusdK

“taysmf}uD;aysmfaewJha':r,fvSwdk hZeD;armifeSH

&ifuGJyufvufjzpf&wJh ae huawmhom;armif&efat;udkoGm;a&mufac:,lwJh ae hyJjzpfygawmhonf”


qktrsdK;tpm; wwd,qk0wKtrnf blpwmtrnf&if; udkbdk=unfuavmiftrnf bdk=unf


usaemfonf zcif OD;vSjrifheSifh rdcifa':oef;=unfwdk@rS ouFef;u|ef;jrdK@e,f &efukefwdkif;wGif 1965 ckeSpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf? arG;csif; 4 a,muf&SdjyD; t}uD;qHk;jzpfygonf? tajccHynmrlvwef;rS tv,fwef;txdudk tvu (4) ouFef;u|ef;wGif wufa&mufcJh+yD; txufwef;ynmudk ouFef;u|ef; txu (1) wGif oif=um;cJhygonf? 1983 ckeSpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvf(Adkvfwaxmif) wGif yxreSpf 'kwd,eSpf jrefrmpm bmom&yfukd avhvmcJh&jyD; 1986 ckeSpfwGif&efukefwuUodkvf (yifr) odk@ ajymif;a&G@+yD; wwd,eSpfeSifh pwkwÎeSpf ynm&yfrsm;udk qnf;yl;cJh&ygonf?

1988 ckeSpf ta&;awmfyHkjzpfaomtcg jrefrmpm aemufqHk;eSpfoifwef; wufa&mufaecsdefjzpfjyD; ta&;awmfyHkwGif yg0ifcJhygonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh 1990 ckeSpf rS 1993 ckeSpftxdwpf}udrfeSifh 1994 rS 1998 ckeSpftxd wpf}udrf tzrf;cHcJh&jyD; tusOf;axmiftoD;oD;wGif 7eSpf eSifh 3 v tusOf;us cHcJh&ygonf?

tusOf;axmifrS jyefvGwfjyD; 0dkif;usK&Sif jyjcif;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ygonf?xdk@aemuf 1999 ckeSpf pufwifbmvwGif xdkif;jrefrm e,fpyfodk@ wdrf;a&SmifcJhygonf? xdk@aemufouU&mZf 2000 wGif edkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif; (jrefrmedkifiH) udkwnfaxmifcJhjyD; wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdygonf?

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ

wwd,qk


“ysHoef;aewJhcdkuav;awGudkawG hwdkif;olwdk horD;av; ‘blpwm’ vm;vdk hvkduf&Sm-unfhae&if;olwdk hvnf;olwdkk horD;av;vdkkvdkk&mysHoef; cGifh&edkkifr,fh &uf udkqufapmifhae-uav&J h”


1998 ckeSpf aEGOD;ayguf w&uf om,m0wDaxmif&Jhwdkkuf 3/ tcef;eHygwf 5 rSm a[m'DarwœmZmwfvrf;av; p cJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu usaemfhtcef;rSm usaemf&,f/ [ef0if;atmif&,f/0wkwf (c) cifarmifOD;&,f 3 a,muf aexdkif=uygw,f? wae@rSm [ef0if;atmifu tysHoifcgpcdkav;wpfaumif rysHedkifbJ jyKwfusvmvdk@ aumufvmw,f? tJ'Dcdkav;rSm 0JawGaygufaew,f?wpfudk,fvHk;tzkav; awGeJhaygh? [ef0if;atmifu cdkav;udktcef;xJrSmarG;zdk@ twlaeusaemfwdkk@udkknd‡w,f? tawmifrjzwf&zl;? ysHedkifwJhtcdsef us&if ysHcGifhay;&r,fqdkkwJh usaemfhn‡ded_if;csufudkk olvnf;oabmwlwmeJhusaemfwdk@ cdkkuav;udkk arG;jzpfoGm;=uw,f? tJJ'Dtcsdefwkkef;u cdkav;udk txD;vm;/ trvm;usaemfwdk@ rcJGjcm;edkif=uygbl;? 'gayrJh emrnf&Sdzdk@awmh vdkw,fqdkkjyD; emrnfpOf;pm;=uw,f?aemufqHk;usaemf tqdkjyKwJh blpwm qdkwJh emrnfav;udk oabmwlvdkuf=uw,f? usaemfutJJ'Demrnfav;udk axmifruscifu tdrfawGrSm t+rJoHk;aewJh v#yfppfrD;tm; wdk;jr‡ifhwJhpufuav;udk tpJGjyK+yD; ay;vdkufwmyg? wzufu t"dyg,fuvnf; usaemfwdk@ txD;usefaewJhtcsdefrSm usaemfwdk@udk =unfel;r_av;wcsdK@ ay;pGrf;edkifw,fqdkwJh t"dyg,fav;aygh? 'DvdkeJ@cdkav;a&mufvm+yD; tpydkif;&ufawGrSm usaemfwdk@vnf;ol@udk t&dyfw=unfh=unfheJ@aygh? tpmav;awG cGH@au|;=u/ a&wdkuf=u? temawGudk aq;vdrf;ay;=ueJ@=unfel;ae=uygw,f? cdkav;udk w&dp>mefvdk@awmif oabmrxm;bJ udk,fhom;orD;vdkudkcspfae=uwmyg? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ cdkkuav;vnf; tawmf usrRmvmw,f? usaemfwdkk@&Jh=unfel; r_awGrSmvnf; taysmfawGxyfwdkk;vmw,f? olAdkufqm&if usaemfwdk@udk yGwfoD;yGwfowfav;vkyf? usaemfwdk@u vufz0g;ay:udk ukvm;yJaphav;wifxm;/ oluvufay:udkckefwuf+yD;tpmpm;?odyfaysmfp&maumif;wJhtcsdefav;awGyg? tJJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; ol@udk orD;av;rSef; cJGedkifcJhyg+yD?

'DvdkeJ@orD;av;t&G,fa&mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; rdb0wœ&m;ausyghrvm;? xrif;[if; au|;xm;&HkeJh vHkavmufyghrvm; qdkwmrsdK; yl& yif& wmawG&Sdvmyg+yD?ol@udk,fol &yfwnfedkifatmif b,fvdkjyKpkysdK;axmifrvJ? ol@trsdK;taqGawGudk odatmifb,fvdkvkyfay;&rvJ? tu,fIrsm; igwdk@ axmifajymif;=u&&if b,fvdkvkyf&yghrvJ/ ponfjzifhusaemfwdk@ 3 a,mufom; acgif;csif;&dkkuf wdkifyifrd=uw,f? ol@udkobm0ta=umif;odatmif oifay;&r,f? ol@aqGrsdK;awGeJ@ ol@todkif;t0dkkif;udkolodatmif ol@todkif;t0dkif;uol@udk jyefvufcHatmifóud;pm;&r,f? ol@zmomol tpm&Smpm;wwfatmif avhusifhay;&r,f? tJ'grS ol@udkcspf&ma&mufr,f? igwdk@vlom;awGudkol@&J haqGrs d K;&,fvd k @ xifa,mifaewJhtjrifrSm;ud k acszsufay;&r,fvd k k @ usaemfwd k k @aqG;aEG;jzpfcJh=uw,f? “orD;a& orD;[m iSufav;wpfaumifjzpfw,f? cdkrsdK;EG,fpkav;aygh?iSufqdkwm[dk;vGwfvyfwJh aumif;uifjyif }uD;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ysHoef;cGifh&Sdw,f?ysHoef;edkkifwJhpGrf;&nfvnf;&Sd=uw,forD;&Jh? 'ga=umifhysHedkfifatmif óud;pm;yg orD;a&? orD;ysHoef;edkifatmif tazwdk@ 0dkif;ñudK;pm;ay;=ur,f”


olem;vnfrSmr[kkwfrSef;odayr,fh usaemfu tJJ'DvdkkwwGwfwGwfqufum qufumajymaerdw,f? ‘azazhqDrSmvnf; tazeJh tar qdkwm&Sdw,f orD;&Jh? azaz&Jh tazeJ@tarwdkk@utazhudkodfyfcspf=uwmaygh? 'gayrJh rw&m;wJh tm%m&SifawGu tazodyfcspfwJh rdbawG&Jh&ifcGifxJuae tazhudkktwif;vk,lvm=u+yD; 'DavSmiftdrf xJrSm xm;xm;=uw,f? 'gayrJhorD;&,ftazuawmhorD;udk J'DavSmiftdrfxJrSm rxm;edkifbl;? orD;udk tazwdk@em;rSm t+rJ&Sdaeapcsifygw,f/'gayrJh orD;tazwdk@eJ@ rae&zl;? [dk;vGwfvyfwJhaumif;uif}uD;xJrSm orD;jrL;wl;ckefayguf+yD;uckefae wmudkbJ tazjrifcsifw,f? “cifAsm;uom'Dvdkajymaewmol@udkavmu}uD;ta=umif;odatmif b,fvdkoifay;rSmvJ” 0wkwfu usaemfajymaewmawGudk em;axmif&if; xar;ygw,f? 'guvG,fawmhrvG,fbl;? 'gayrJhóud; pm;vdk@&ygw,f? t&if;teSD;vdkw,f? tcsdefvdkw,f? vkyfydkifcGifhvdkw,fvdkk@usaemfjyefajzvdkkufw,f? aemufwae@rSm usaemf up+yD; tqdkjyKw,f?

“[ef0if;atmifa&æ igwdk@qDrSm &SdaewJh ukvm;yJ vufeSpfqkwfpmudk a&S@uuGufvyfxJrSm }uJxm;vdkuf? rif;tJ'gudk ae@wdkif;vkyfay;yg? +yD;awmh orD;udk vufxJrSmtpmrau|;eJhawmh? atmufrSm csau|;acsawmh”

‘rpm;&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJvdk@’ 0wkwfu ar;jyefygw,f? “rvdkygbl;? olqm&ifpm;vdrfhr,f?”

'DvdkeJ@&uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmbJ ol[mtpmudk atmufuae aumufpm;wwfwJhtusifh &oGm;ygw,f? tJJ'DurS aemufwqifh wuf&ygw,f? “ol@udk tcef;xJrSmtpmrau|;eJ@awmhAsm/ usaemfwdk@ tcef;a&S@rSm csau|;r,f”

usaemfwdkk@ uukkvm;yJaphawGudkk usaemfwdk@a&S@ pdkufcif;xJudkkusJcsxm;vdkkufawmhtjcm;cdkawGvm+yD; usaemfwdk@}uJxm;wJh ukvm;yJawGudk vm+yD; pm;aomufae=uwmaygh?

“orD;a& [kdrSmawG@vm;? tJ'g orD;&Jh cdkrsdK;EG,fpkawGaygh? tJ'DxJrSm orD;&Jh taz tar/armifeSr awG&Sd=uw,f? oGm;+yD;rdwfqufcsnf? aqGrsdk;awGudkk&SmcsnfygorD;&,fæ 'grSorD;[mudkk,fh&Jhrsdk;&dkk;ADZudkodrSmaygh? udk,fh&JhrdbaqGrsdK;udk odrSm ayghuav;&Jh”usaemfu wwGwfwGwfa&&Gwfajymjyaeayr,fh olroGm;yg? pl;prf;wJht=unfheJ@awmh =unfhaeav&Jh? tJ'DvdkbJ tjcm; cdkawGuvnf;olhudkpl;prf;wJht=unfhawGeJh jyef=unfhaewmudk usaemfwdkk@ owdxm;rdcJh=uw,f? cdkawG=um;xJrSmvnf; olwdkk@tcsif;csif;ar;cGef;awG ar;&if;wGwfxdkk;ae=uwmaer,fxifygw,f? ‘'Daumifr cdkkjzpf+yD; vlawGeJ@bmvdk@aeaewmvJrodbl;? vlqdkwmu igwdkh&Jh tom;udkpm;zdk@t+rJñudk;pm; aewm? J'DvdkvlawGeJ@ twlwlaeaewJh cdkkrudkk ,Hkvdk@ &r,frxifbl;? ol@udkigwdk@qDtvmcHvd k @ rjzpfe d ki fbl;’ tp&S dojzif haqG;aEG;a0zef ae=urSmayg h? olwd k k @xJutaumif;jrifwwfwJhcdktcsdk@uvnf; “t&rf;awmhodrf;=uHK; rajymygeJhav? vlawGxJrSmvnf;aumif;wJhvlawG&Sdovdk/ qdk;wJhvlawGvnf; &SdwmygbJ/ igwdk@udkypfcwf rpm;aomufbJ igwdkhpm;zdk@tpm;au|;aewJhvlawG vnf;&SdaewmygbJ? 'ga=umifhvnf; igwdk@'DrSmteœ&m,fuif;uif;eJ@


aexdkkifpm; aomufae=u&wm r[kwfvm;” vdk@ jyefajymae=uw,f xifyg&Jhæolwdk@tcsif;csif; tjrifzvS,fae=upOfumvrSm usaemfwdk@orD;av;udk olwdkk@

todkif;t0dkif;xJ t0ifrcHao;=uayrJh &efr&Sm=uygbl;? usaemfh&ifxJrSmawmh 'Dtajctaeav;udk tawmfav; auseyfaerdw,f? igwdk@ tqifhwckawmh a&mufae+yD? r=umcif igwdk@orD;av;ol@aqGol@rsdK;awG=um;xJrSm aysmfaysmf &Gif&Gifaeedkifawmhr,f?

'DvdkeJh&uftenf;i,f=umawmh usaemfwdk@orD;av;a=umifh olwdk@rSmtE W&m,f r&Sdedkkifbl;qdkwJhtodu cdktodkif; t0dkif;=um;udk a&muf&SdoGm;ygawmhw,f? ,Hk=unfrl wnfaqmufwJhtqifh+yD;oGm;cJh+yDaygh?

orD;av;uvnf; cdkawGem;udk wjznf;jznf;eJh uyf&JoGm;w,f? cdkawGuvnf;ol@udkae&may;&Jvmw,f? bmompum;csif;uvnf;wlvdk@xifyg&Jh? wom;wnf; jzpfoGm; =uw,f?'gayrJh tjcm;cdkawGtpmpm;+yD; tjcm;ae&mudk xGufoGm;&if orD;av;u vdkufoGm;avh r&SdbJusaemfwdk@tcef;xJudk jyefvmavh&Sdw,f? nqdk&ifvnf; usaemfwdk@eJ@bJ tdyfw,f? wu,fawmhtJ'gudkk usaemf tvdkcsifqHk;ygbJ? 'gayrJh obm0w&m;qdkwm wm;r&ygbl;? 'DvdkeJ@aeae=u&if; orD;uvnf;tysdKaygufjzpfvmcJhjyDaygh? wae@awmh cdktkyfav;xJrSm usaemfhorD;u xl;xl;jcm;jcm;cdkxD;av;wpfaumifeJ@wJGaewmudk usaemfowdxm;rdw,f? olwdkk@ wyl;wGJwGJ&Sdaewm jrif&wmeJ@wifusaemfuawmfawmfa'go xGufae+yD? 'gha=umifhusaemfu 0wkwfudk pdwfqdk; refqdk;eJ@ajymvdkufrdawmhw,f?

“0wkwf [dkrSm=unfhprf;/ [dkaumifigwdk@orD;udk&nf;pm;pum;vdkufajymaew,f xifw,f/[dkaumifruvnf; jyefóudufaeyHk&w,fuG? t&G,fu ra&mufao;bl;? udk,fhajcaxmufay:awmifudk,fr&yfedkifao;zl;? vifuvdkcsif ae+yD? tckacwfuav;awGrsm; awmfawmfcufw,fuGm?jyefvm&ifawmhawG@r,f? aemuf ae@us&if tjyifudk ay;r xGufawmhbl;” 'DvdkeJ h h h haemufwae@rSm usaemfu ol@udk tjyifay;rxGufawmhbJ wHcg;awGudktaoydwfxm;vdkufw,f? &kyf&SifawGxJu cwfaemufuswJh taz awG&Jh trlt,mtwdkif;o&kyfaqmif&if; 'Dae@up+yD; orD;tjyifrxGuf&zl;/ b,folrSwHcg;zGif hray;&qdk+yD;wcsufvGwftrdef@xkwfvdkufygw,f? tpmeJ@a&udk vnf;tcef;xJrSmbJau|;ygw,f? 'gayrJhorD;utm*cdkkryg/ tpmrpm;zl;As? a&vnf;raomufzl;? tpmiwfcHqENjyawmhwmbJ?usaemfvnf;bmvkyf&rSef; rodudk jzpfoGm;awmhw,f? 'D=um;xJol@cspfoluvnf; tjyifuae bmombm0 zdkoHvmay;wmaygh? oluvnf;tjyifxGufzdk@ twif;ñudk;pm;/ usaemfuvnf; [ef@wm;eJ@ oHk;yGifhqdkif tcspfjyZmwf wpfyk'fuae&ovdkjzpfaecJhw,f? oHk;yGifhqdkifqdk ayrJh 528 eJ@ 1500=um;utm;+ydKifr_qdkkawmhtawmfpdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;aewmaygh? aemufqHk;awmh rdbuyJtavsmhay;&wmbJ? udk,fhorD;pdwfqif;&J/'kuQ a&mufaewmudkr=unfh&ufbl;av? naeapmif;rSmawmh usaemfu wHcg;zGifhay;vdkufw,f? wHcg;zGifhay;


vdkufw,fqdkwmeJ@ aemufudkr=unfhawmhbJ xGuf oGm;awmhwmbJ? 'gayr,fhawmfygao;&Jh/nusawmhtdrfjyefvmw,fav?

aemufaehawGrSmawmh yH krSefygbJ? reufqdkxGufoGm;? naeqdk&ifjyefvm?waehawmhusaemfwdk@orD;av;[m tjcm;cdkawGeJ@twlwl usaemfwdk@ rsufeSmcsif;qdkifeSpfxyfwkduf&J hacgifrd k;ay:rSm aysmf&GifaewmawG@&w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rd k;awGtHk@+yD;onf;}uD;rnf ;}uD; &GmawmhrJhyHkay:aew,f? usaemfh&ifxJrSmawmh pdk;&drfaevdkkufwm? rdk;&Gm&iforD;av; b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ rdk;vGwf&mcdkwwfyghrvm; pdk;&drfpdwfawGeJ@ ylavmifvdkk@? oluawmh'gawGudkawG;aerSm r[kkwfygbl;? }udKwifjyifqif&r,fqdkwmudk olodrSodyg hrvm;?'gayrJhol@aumifav;uawmh tawG@tñuH&SdwmbJav/ rdk;vGwf&mudk ac:oGm;rSmayghvdk@ajzawG;awG;aewHk;rSmbJ tjcm;cdkav;awGu rdk;vGwf&mzufudkk ysHxGufoGm;=uygawmhw,f?orD;av; uawmh rd k;;vGwf&mudk oGm;&r,fqdkwmudk em;rvnfbJ acgifrd k;ay:rSm&yf+rJquf&yfaeygw,f? r=umcifrSm rdk;u onf;}uD;rnf;}uD;udk&Gmygawmhw,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf; tcef;tjyifudkrxGufedkifawmh tcef;xJuaebJ ‘orD;a& jyefvmcJh jyefvmcJh’ vdkk@atmfac:aeayrJh olur=um;bJquf&yfaeygw,f? rdk;wdwfoGm;jyD;wJhtcgusawmhrS orD;av;uacgifrdk;uae jyefqif;vm+yD; tcef;xJudkwvSrf;csif;av#mufvmygw,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf;pdkk;&drfw}uD; qD;}udK=u&wmaygh? “[if'kuQa&mufrSrdbqDjyefvmw,f? +yD;&if jyefxGufoGm;tHk;rSm r[kwfvm;” vdk@ AspfawmufAspffawmuf ajymae&if; eJ@bJ a&okwfay;aerdygw,f?

rdk;vHk;0wdwfoGm;+yD; tjcm;cdkawGvnf; usaemfwdk@wdkufa&S@em;udk tpmvmjyefpm;wJhtcgrSmawmh orD;u tJ'Dckdav;awGqDudk jyefa&mufoGm;jyefygw,f?aemufwaehrSmawmhxHk;pHtwdkif; reufzufxGufoGm;+yD; naejyef a&mufvmr,fxifayrJh jyefa&mufvm aeustcsdefrSmjyefa&mufrvmawmhygbl;? orD;av; awmh igwdk@udkcJGoGm;+yDqdkwJhaomuu usaemfwdk@udktdyfr&jzpfap cJhygw,f? aemufae@ awGrSmorD;u w&ufjcm;jyefvmw,f? w&ufjcm;aomfjim;vnf;orD;udkkjrifawG@cGifh ae&ao;wm udkyJ usaemfwdkk@ auseyfaysmf&$ifaerdygw,f? wjznf;jznf;eJh@ eSpf&ufjcm;?aemufawmhoHkk;&ufjcm;rS a&mufa&mufvm awmhw,f? 'DvdkeJhjcm;wJh&ufawGrsm;vm&if;uaeorD;av;udkk vHkk;0 rawG@&awmhygbl;? usaemfwdkk@orD;av;udkkvGrf;ygw,f? orD;eJ@ u,kku, aysmf&$ifcJhwJhtcsdefawG[musaemfwdk@b0&J@h ta&;ygwJh tcsdefawGjzpfcJhygw,f? orD;&JhacsmrGwfrGwf iSufawmifarG;av;awGudkkyGwfoyf&if; orD;udkkacsmhjrLcsifygao;w,f?orD;uawmh usaemfwdkk@&JhtvGrf;awG/ usaemfwdk@&JhqENawGudkk odedkkifrSm r[kkwfygbl;? vGwfvyfwJhrdk;aumif;uifrSm aysmfaysmf&Gif&GifysHoef;aer,fhorD;av; ta=umif;udkawG;&if; yDwdjzpfaewJh vl 3 a,mufuawmh orD;acwœem;cdkcJhzl;&mavSmiftdrfuav; xJrSmyJ &Sdaeygao;w,f?ysHoef;aewJhcdkuav;awGudkawG@wdkif; olwdk@orD;av;‘blpwm’ vm;vdk@ vkduf&Sm=unfhae&if; olwdk@vnf; olwdkk@orD;av;vdkk vdkk&mysHoef; cGifh&edkkifr,fh&uf udk qufapmifhae=uav&Jh? bdk=unf


(1)a&S@wcef;wGif &ef/ig yËdyuQESifh jynfolwGif;yËdyuQudk tusOf;csLyfIazmfjycJhonf? armf

onfol.vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS ordkif;tawG@t}uHKrsm;tm;vHk;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmxm;jcif;jzpfonf? “jynfolwGif;yËdyuQrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuefajz&Sif;a&;”u¾xJrSmyJ tcef;i,f 12cef;cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmxm;onf? us,fajymeuf&d_if;onfh ordkif;tawG@t}uHKrsm;xJrS yËdyuQrsm;jzpfonf?wenf;tm;jzifhw&kyfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. uíefacwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf /e,fcsJ@udkvdkeDacwf/ *syefzufqpfacwf/ w&kyfjynfopfxlaxmifjyD; qdk&S,fvSpfacwf/ xkdordkif;acwfrsm;twGif;wGif jzpfxGef;wnf&dScJhonfh yËdyuQrsm;udk tEkyËdavmrenf;em 'dkif,mvufwpfjzifh pdwfjzmydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

armf. 'dkif,mvufwpfudk azmfjyxkwfEkwfjyo&mwGif (odk@r[kwf)rdwfqufoabmwifjyay;&mwGif armf.rlvtawG;tac:ysuf,Gif;rSm tifrwefpdkd;&drfrdygonf? zsufvdkzsufqD;vkyf

rdk;ajropf

p-um0VmxJu'kdif,mvufwpf (25)

zdk@vHk;0r&nf&G,fyJ vli,frsdK;qufrsm;udkrdwfqufay;vdkonfh apwemu xufoef onfhwdkifatmif xkwfEkwf azmfjy&mwGif vG Jacsmfc J hygu tawG; tac:w&yfudk zsufqD;ypf&m uswwfygonf?xd ka }umif h owd0 d& d,xm;&d SumxkwfEkwf&ygonf? wckawmh&d Sonf?vli,fb0wGif rdrdpdwf0ifpm; onfhbmom&yfud k tpwpajc&mcH jy D ;tpOfwpdkuf avhvmwwf=uygonf?,ckvnf; 'dkif,m vufwpf (tEkyËdavmr enf;aA')udk pdwf0ifpm; olwdk@tzdk@ ajc&mcHavhvm&ef tpwpay;tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? qufvufavhvmzkd@

vkdygonf? Tpmwrf;i,fonf tawG;tac: ork'N&m xJodk@ pD;qif;0ifa&muf&efacsmif;r}uD;wpif;/ jrpfr}uD; wpif;r#om jzpfygvdrfhrnf? onfxufr ydkyg? ork'N&myifv,fqDodk@OD;wnfpdD;qif;&mvrf;oG,fwckr#om jzpfonf?

(2)odk@jzpf&m armf. jynfolwGif;yËdyuQrsm;xJrS wcsdK@w0ufudk qufvufrdwfquf azmf

n$ef;oGm;ygrnf? tcef;i,f 12cef;xJrS wcsdK@udkom azmfxkwfjyD; tm;vHk;udk razmfn$ef;jcif;rSmta=umif;&dSygonf? tjcm;awmhr[kwf? ArmjynfvufawG@b0/ &kyfb0ESifh rudkufnDonfh u¾i,frsm;udk csefxm;cJhvdkIjzpfonf? Oyrm-w&kyfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif qdk&S,fvSpfpepfudk wnfaqmuf&mwGif armfawG@}uHKcJh&onfh jynfolwGif;yËdyuQrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;&mwGif enf;,lp&m&dS


ygonf? odk@ aomf Armjynf ppftkyfpk ppftm%m&Sifae0if;. jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfESifh b,fvdkenf;ESifhrSwxyfwnf;jyKjyD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmI rjzpfEdkifyg? ppftm%m&Sifpepf raumif;qdk;0g; wap>o&Judkqdk&S,fvpfrif;om; acgif;rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf?

,ae@jrefrmjynfwGif xdkraumif;qdk;0g; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;&mwGif Armjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS yËdyuQwdkufyGJrsm;/ yËdyuQjzpfaeaom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udkcJGjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef wu,fyJ vdktyfvmcJhonf? b0cHpm;r_uqifh b0tawG;tac: / awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac: / awmfvSefaom tawG;tac: udk qkyfudkifzdk@ wnfaqmufzdk@ vdktyfvmcJhonf?88 rSpI ESpfaygif;ESpfq,ffausmftwGif; tzdESdyfcHvlxkxJuyJ wcsdK@opPmazmufavmufaumif/wcsdK@&efolvufudkifwkwf /wcsdK@ tacsmiform;/ wcsdK@ ab;xGufxdkifoGm;/ wcsdK@ &efolacG;ckefxufwGif ppfzdeyf v#mjzifh&ufay;ol /wcsdK@ rdrdaumif;pm;a&;twGuf vlowfvdkifpif&oGm; /wcsdK@&efolauí;onfh t&dk;t&if;ay:wGif tm;&auseyfoGm;ol/ rdrdab;em;wGif rdrdESifhtwl&efoludkawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&mrS ESpfESpfq,ft=um &efolacG;ckefxufwGif a&muf&dSaewufonfhacwfwGifvl wa,mufxJuyJ tawG;tac: trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJoGm;onf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk/'Drdkua& opftiftm;pkxJrSmyifv#if wcsdK@(wcsdK@) tawG;tac:u cdkifcdkifrmrmr&dS? qkyfudkifr_r&dS?'dkif,mvufwpfwGif tvGeftrif; tm;enf;=uonf? acwfay:pum;vHk;jzifh o&kyfazmfv#ifEdkifiHa&; a&csdeftvGefedrfhygonf? xdk@a=umifh &efolt=udKufrjzpf&ef/ &efoltawG;tac:udkqef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac: wnfaqmuf&ef vdktyfonf?

odk@jzpf&m Armjynfvlr_vufawG@b0ESifh udkufnDaom/ xif[yfEdkifaom/ awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:udk tm;jznfhaxmufulEdkifonfh “jynfolwGif;yËdyuQ” rsm;xJrS wcsdK@udkom a&G;cs,faumufE_wf rdwfqufay;vdkygonf? (3)

“uíefawmfwdk@ EdkifiHjynfolwGif;yËdyuQ[m ynmwwfawGxJrSm ay:vGifw,f? t&ifuvl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;twGuf tvkyftaºuG;jyKcJhwJh oef;ESifhcsD&dSwJh ynmwwfawG[m cktcgvl@tzJG@tpnf;opftwGuf tvkyftaºuG;jyKzdk@ ajymif;vJvm=uw,f? ay:aygufvmwJh jy\emuawmh vltzGJ@tpnf;opf&J@vdktyfcsufeJ@ udkufnDatmif olwdk@b,fvdkaqmif&GufrvJqdkwJhjy\emeJ@ 'DvdkudkufnDatmif usaemfwdk@u b,fvdkulnD&rvJqdkwJh jy\emjzpfw,f? 'g[mvJjynfolwGif; yËdyuQwckjzpfw,f?”

“qdk&S,fvpfvkyfief;udk wu,ftvkyftau|;jyKvdkwJh ynmwwfrSefor#udk usaemfwdk@,Hk=unfoifhw,f? usaemfwdk@eJ@ olwdk@qufqHa&;udk tajctjrpfupjyD; ydkaumif;vmatmifvkyf&r,f? rkcs ajz&Sif;vdkwJh jy\emawGtwGuf olwdk@udk0dkif;0ef; ajz&Sif;&vdrfhr,f? 'DvdkeJ@olwdk@&J@pGrf;&nfudk pdwfvufrmefyg xkwfoHk;Edkifatmifvkyf&r,f? usaemfwdk@&J@ &Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm;[m ynmwwfawGeJ@ aumif;aumif; rpnf;vHk;wwfbl;? olwdk@eJ@ qufqH&mrSm rmqwfqwfEdkifw,f? olwdk@&J@tvkyfudk rav;pm;=ubl;? 0dZ…mynmudpPawG/ ,Ofaus;r_a&;&m udpPawGrSm/rpGufzufoifhwJh udpPawGudk roifhrawmf 0ifpGuf=uw,f? 'Dc|wf,Gif;csuftm;vHk;udk usaemfwdk@


rkcsjyifypf&r,f?”“ynmwwfawG trsm;tjym;[m wdk;wufvm=ujyD;/ 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdkjzpfvdk@ auseyf

ESpfodrfhraeoifhbl;? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opf&J@ vdkvm;csufawGudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkifa&;/tvkyform; v,form;awGeJ@ wufnDvufnD jzpfa&;twGuf olwdk@[mudk,f@udk,fudk qufvufjyKjyif=u&r,f?”

“r=umao;cifu ynmwwfawGeJ@ vli,fausmif;om;awGxJrSm tawG;tac:EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;awG tm;enf;vmvdk@ wdrf;apmif;r_wcsdK@ay:aygufcJhw,f? vlwcsdK@taeeJ@ bmEdkifiHa&;/bmtrdEdkifiHawmf&J@ tem*gwfta&;/ vlom;wdk@&J@ &nfrSef;csufawGudkrS *&kpdkufaep&m rvdkovdkvdk xifvm=uw,f? rufcfh0g'[m wcguacwfpm;cJhjyD; cktcg acwfrpm;awmhovdkvdk xifrSwfae=uw,f? 'DtajcaeawGt&/ usaemfwdk@&J@ tawG;tac: EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;awGudk cktcgtm;jznfhvdk=uw,f? ynmwwfawGa&m ausmif;om;awGyg }udK;}udK;pm;pm; avhvmqnf;yl;oifhw,f? txl;bmom&yfawGudk qnf;yl;avhvmwJhtjyif/ tawG;tac:eJ@ EdkifiHa&;rSm wdk;wufatmifvkyfr,f? 'Dvdkqdk,if rufcfh0g'udk avhvmzdk@vdkw,f? vufiif; jynfwGif;jynfy tajctaeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;udk avhvmzdk@vdkw,f? rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;tjrifr&dSwm[m 0dnmOfr&dSovdkbJ? t&ifwkef;uvkyfcJhwJh tawG;tac: jyKjyifa&;[m vdktyfw,f?

“ausmif;uausmif;tkyfawGeJ@ ausmif;q&mawG[m ydkjyD;wm0ef,l&r,f? usaemfwdk@&J@ ynma&;vrf;n$efcsufuawmh ynmoif=um;olwkdif;udk pm&dwWAv/ Om%Av/ um,Av/pwJh zufawGrSm zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufapjyD; qdk&S,fvpfEdk;=um;r_eJ@ ynmt&nftcsif;&dSwJh vkyfom;awGjzpfvmap&r,fqdkwmyJ? vHk@v0d&d,&dSjyD; ac|ac|wmwm jcKd;jcKd;jcHjcH wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufzdk@ tm;ay;wdkufwGef;&r,f? usaemfwdk@EdkifiH[m ckcgtvGefqif;&JwJh EdkifiHwEdkifiH jzpfaeo;w,f? 'Dtajctaeudk umvwdktwGif;rSm t&if;tjrpfuaejyD; ajymif;vJvdk@ rjzpfEdkifbl;? vli,fawGeJ@ jynfolw&yfvHk;u tESpfoHk;av;q,favmuf nDnmzszs=udK;pm;=ujyD; udk,fvufeJ@ 0dkif;0ef;vkyfudkif=urS/ usaemfwdk@EdkifiH[m pnfyif0ajym tiftm;awmifhwif; vmEdkifr,fqdkwmudk vli,ftm;vHk;em;vnfxm;ap&r,f?”

(4)armf. jynfolwGif;yËdyuQ tcef; 12cef;xJwGif “ynmwwfrsm;” tcef;u¾onf

wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI armf.'dkif,mvufwpfudk xkwfE_wfazmfjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? rdwfqufoabmr#om jzpfonf? aumufcsufqGJ,lEdkifonfh tcsufu EdkifiHwEdkifiH/vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; topfwckajymif;vJ&mwGif (odk@r[kwf)ajymif;vJ&ef&kef;uef=u&mwGif vli,ftiftm;pk/ ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf t"dutc&mjzpfonf? ,if;[email protected];tac:ESifh ynma&;udkyg ajymif;vJay;zdk@vdktyfvmonfqdkonfh tcsufudk rsuf0g;xifxif awG@&dS&rSmjzpfonf? rdk;ajropf

{jyD 7 / 2011 qufvufazmfjyygrnf?


“ igolrsm; em;nnf;avmufatmif rqlnHcJhygbl;”qkdjyD; udk,fhbmom ukd,f jyefvnfokH;oyfaerdw,f? wu,fom olrsm; awGukd

taESmuf,Sufay;rd&if tckavmufqkd&if axmifrSL;awG ighukd vm&Sm=uvdrf h r,f?rae@uqkd&ifvnf; ewfuGef;em;ukd b,faxmifrSL;rS rvm=ubl;? 'DudpPbJ acgif;xJuar;cGef;awG xGufvmaew,f? a=umufpdwfeJ@ wkefv_yfaewmtrSefbJ? ukdpdef,kH[mvufonf;xJu acs;(*sD;)awGukd aumfxkwfaew,f? taqmif 4u axmifrSL;ESifhawG@wJhtcgol[m twwfEkdifqkH; &kd&kdaoao av;av;pm;pm; qufqH ygw,f? “olb,frSmvnf;cifAsm”vkd@&kd&kdao aoar;vkdufw,f? axmif0g'gu jyef jyKH;jy&if; “vmygaemufrS igbmawGawG@xm;w,fqkdwm ajymjyr,f?” vuQ%m q&m[m 0wfxm;wJh ykqkd;=um;xJu v#Kd@0Suftdyfav;ukdprf;vkdufjyD;txJu aq; ayghvdyf 2 vdyfukd xkwfvdkufw,f? 0g'gvufxJukd xnfhay;vkdufw,f?ol[m rae@u vnf; axmifpm&if;ppfESifh pum;rsm;ao;w,f? ol@twGuf uHraumif;wJhae@awGjzpfaew,f? jyD;awmhvnf; axmifykdif=uD;ESifhvnf; ol&Sif;&OD;r,f?

bmomjyef tcef;quf

Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen

connelly . rl&if;pmtkyfwtkyfjzpf+yD;pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif;

zwfapcsifaom qENa=umifh }uKd;pm;wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm;zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif;

tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vufxufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G@rnfr#xdvl@tcGifh ta&; qkH;&_H;ae+yD;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif;rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf

rnfuJhokd qif;&J'kuQcH&Ippftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd

uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf?tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf tcef; ( 41)

bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy(c)armifarmifvwf


·····“ b,fvkd jy\emjzpfaewmvnf;?” 0g'gu ·····“ olajymjycsif&if rif;ukdawG@&if ajymrSmaygh? rif;bmomrif; ar;=unfhyg vm;?”

aq;ayghvdyfESpfvdyf ay;&ayrJh bmrSvnf; rod&ygvm;?0g'gu “igajymjyD;jyDav/ rif;ukdolawG@&if ajymjycsifajymjyrSmaygh? 'gayrJh rif;odcsif&if

igodwJhowif;ajymjyr,f? 'Dae@reuf e,fpyfu axmufvSrf;a&;awG 'Dukda&mufvmjyD;M.IaxmufvSrf;a&;A[kduvlawG tckpcef;xJrSm wnf;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;odyfjzpfcsifaewJh ukdvlacsmwa,muf Asmrsm;aewm aygh? 'g[m owif;xl;bJ? ”

“ ol@ukd usaemfawG@csifw,f? olb,frSm &SdEk difrvJ/ odvm;? ol@ukdawG@&ifajymay;ygvm;? usaemf ukdvlacsmESif hawG@jyD; axmifxJrSm &SmazGwJhudpP ta=umif;ajymp&mawG&Sdw,fvkd@? ” 0g'gu ·····

“ tcktcsdefrSmawmh rif;ajymrJhowif;ukd olpdwf0ifpm;rSmr[kwfbl;? &SmazGwJhudpPjyD;jyD?tqkH;owfvkdufjyD? 'g axmifykdif=uD;&J@trdef@yJ? ”

“ bmbJjzpfjzpfAsm ol@ukdomawG@cJh&if usaemf odyfta&;=uD;wJhowif; ay;p&m&Sdvkd@vkduf&Smaew,fvkd@bJ ajymay;yg?”

ukdvlacsm wae@vkH; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGESifh &SdaerSmr[kwfygbl;?“ olxrif;pm;awmhrSmbJ/ xrif;pm;csdefrSmawG@&if ol@ukd ajymay;yg? axmifwHcg;=uD;rydwfciftcsdeftxd awmif,mxJrSm usaemfapmifhaeyghr,fvkd@?”

0g'gu “rif;ta&;=uD;udpP ajymcsifw,fqkdwmvnf; rif;olwkd @ yk dufpdwfwkduf&SmaewJhypPnf;ukd awG@xm;vkd@vm;?”

ukdpdef,kHu pdwfysufpGmESifh“usaemfajymcd ki f;xm;wmbJ ajymjyay;yg? ol0rf;om&rJ h owif;aumif;

usaemfrSm&Sdw,fqkdwmbJ?” ···············

awZyg;pyfxJrSm aoG;pawG usefaeao;w,f? b,favmufbJemem olpum;ajymzkd@awmh =uKd;pm;r,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;w,f? tckcsdefrSmbJ aumifav;a&muf vmw,f?

····· awZu Free El Salvadoraumifav;ukd“ rif;tarb,frSmvnf;vkd@ ar;vkdufw,f? aumifav;[m ol@tart a=umif;

ar;oHa=umifh vufxJu xrif;vifyef;ay:ukd ausmufwkH;=uD; jyKwfusvm ovkdcHpm;&if;,dkifjyD;vJusoGm;rvkd jzpfoGm;ygw,f?

····· “ arar” ····· jyif;xefwJhcHpm;csuf[m aumifav;&ifudk xdrSefoGm;w,f?

···············0g;ESif h&ufxm;wJh =urf;jyifay:ukd aea&mifjcnfu usaew,f? t0ga&mif

yef;ukdyefxm;jyD; yef;Eka&mifxrDESifhoeyfcg;aoG;aewJh ararukd owd&rdw,f? vuf


n‡d;ESif hoeyfcg;ukdaumfjyD; yg;jyifay:ukd vdrf;jc,fvkdufjyD; oeyfcg;ausmufjyifay:rSmaemufxyfaoG;aew,f/ jyD;awmhrS ol&J@yg;jyifay:rSm 0k dif;0k dif;av; vdrf;ay;vkdufjyD;bD;ESifhykHazmfay;w,f?

····· “ arar ” ·····b,folu aoqkH;aewJh arar&J@pum;oHukd =um;EkdifrSmvnf;?aumifav;&J@ rsufvk H;xJrSm wckck jzpfvmvk d @ vufESi f hy Gwfcsvk dufw,f?

vufwzufwnf;ESifh vifyef;ukdukdif&if; tusOf;cef;xJukd vSrf;0ifvkdufwJhtcg vif yef;xJuxrif;&nfwcsKd@ zdwfusoGm;w,f? awZ aumifav;ukd vSrf;xdrf;vkduf&if; olaumifav;ukdar;rdwJhpum;ukd aemifw&rdw,f?

awZ acsmif;w w[Gwf[Gwfqkd;&if; xkdifcsvkdufw,f? oHwkdifjcm;xm;wJhvlESpfa,muf wa,mufrsufESmukd wa,mufpkduf=unfhaerdw,f? awZ&J@ukd,f[ma&S@wkd;aemufiifESifh 0g;yifavwkdufvkd@ v_yfaeovkdvkd@ aumifav;xifrdw,f? orxxkdifaew,f? awZ&J@ pum;oH[m aumifav;twGuf oHacsmif;wacsmif; tpkdufcH &ovkdcHpm;&w,f?

·····“ rif;tar b,frSm&SdovJqkdwm rif;odvm;”Free El Salvadorav;&J @y g ;py f [oGm;w,f? tajz[m ol @&i fxJ

wae&mrSm&Sdaew,f? Zmwfvrf;wckvkH; ol@&ifxJrSm &Sdaew,f? pajym&rJhpum;ukd cufcufcJcJpOf;pm;aew,f? orefwvif;ukd pkduf=unfhaerdw,f?

awZ “ 'gqkdaumif;w,f? rif;odw,f r[kwfvm;/ rif;tar b,frSm&S daew,fqkdwm?

····· “ olaojyD”toHav;[m wkd;wkd;av;ayrJh at;pufaew,f? ararqkdwJhtoH[m olem;ESifh

odyfr,Ofawmhbl;? ·····qHyif&SnfawGukd ygwfxm;&if; bD;ESifhxkd;xm;jyD; acsmif;awG w[Gwf [Gwfqkd;aewJh

tarukd jyefjrifa,mifvmw,f? acsmif;qkd;aoG;ygvkd@ okwfxm;wJh vufukdifyk0gukdacgi f ;tke f ;atmufrsm 0 Sufxm;avh& S dw,f? tar wcgwav aysm f& $i f p GmoDcsif;qkdwat;at;ESifh ol@twGuf rkef@[if;cg;ukd csufau|;avh&SdwJhtar/ 'eftkd;xJrSmol@t0wfawGxnfh jyD; av#mfzGwfay;aewJh tar?

····· “ arar ” ´´´´“'gqkd&if rif;taza&m?” aumifav;u “olvnf; aooGm;jyD?” awZu“'gqdk&if rif;'DaxmifxJu xGufvkd@&ovm; “ bmjzpfvkd@vJ” “ rif;axmif=uD;ESifh ta0;=uD;ukd xGufoGm;vkd@&ovm;´


“ b,fukdvJ vkd@ jyefar;vkdufw,f?“ tjyifbuf &efukefjrKd@=uD;&SdwJhae&mayghuGm? ”aumifav; acgif;cgaew,f? acgif;xJrSmvnf; rl;vmovkd cHpm;&w,f?

aeraumif;csifovkd jzpfvmw,f? awZ tcef;xJu xGufroGm;cif pum;wcGef; awmhjyefajzvkdufw,f?

“ usaemf tvkyfu 'DaxmifxJrSm &Sdw,f?”bmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dae&mutusOf;axmifbJ? tvGef&kyfqkd;wJh tcsKyfcef;=uD; bJ?“ 'DrSm nDav;/ igwkd@wawG b,folrS 'Dae&mrSm raecsif=ubl;? 'Dae&m [m

vlawGaezkd@aumif;wJhae&m r[kwfbl;? rif;[m igwkd@tm;vkH;xJrSm uHt aumif;qkH; vlbJ?rif; tJ'gukd odvm;´” aumifav; tH=udwfvkdufw,f? ol@&J@ uHukdvnf; rausreyf jzpfaew,f? ··········

awZ r&,fvkdufrdzkd@ =uKd;pm;w,f? &,fvkdufrd&if ol@yg;pyfawG t&rf;em oGm;vdrfhr,f?ESmacgif;xJu avr_wfxkwfvkduf&w,f?

“bmbJajymajym rif;[m odyfuHaumif;w,f? ”aw;qkdiSuf ighukd bmawGajymaeovJqkdjyD; aumifav; acgif;aESmufoGm;w,f? awZ &l;oGm;jyDvm;/ 'grSr [kwfa=umifoGm;jyDvm;´

“bma=umifh usaemfu uHaumif;wmvJ ”····· awZ oHwkdifukd vufESifhqkyfudkifxm;&if; --------“ rif;[m olrsm;awGeJ@ rwlbl;? 0g'gawGu wm0ef&Sdvkd@ 'DrSmaerSmae& w,f?

igwkd@tusOf;om;awG[m tusOf;usvkd@ 'DavSmiftdrf=uD;xJrSm ae&w,f? rif;u b,foleJ@rSrwlbJ b,foGm;oGm; oGm;vkd@&wJhvlbJ? nDav; rif;uHraumif; pGmESifh 'DavSmiftdrf=uD;xJuxGufoGm;vkd@&w,f?”

····· “ ····· “udkpdef,kHjyefoGm;wmESifh 0g'g=uD;[mvnf; aq;ayghvdyftopf ESpfvdyfukd tdwfaxmifxJ

xJhvkduf&if; pcef;&SdwJhae&mudk xGufoGm;w,f? taqmifw0uf ra&mufao;cifrSm ukdvlacsmEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGukd atmf[pfajymqkdaeoH twkdif;om;=um;vkduf&w,f? axmifxJrSmykHrSeft&qkd&if axmifusESpf=uD;orm; awG[m axmifxJukd topfa&mufvmwJh vlopfawGukdaxmifpnf;urf;/ axmifusifh 0wf/ axmifxJrSmvkyf&rJhtvkyf/ aexkdif/ oGm;vm/ ajymqkdqufqHenf;rsKd;pkHukd 0g'g awG axmifrSL;awG ta&S@rSm q&mvkyfcGifh&=uw,f? 'gayrJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf; om; awGukdawmh axmifusvla[mif;awG awG@cGif hawmifr&S dbl;? 0g'gawGaxmifrSL;awGESifh wkduf&kduftkyfcsKyfr_ cH&w,f? 'ga=umifh ukdvlacsmu EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;topfawG a&mufvm&if tm%mjywwfw,f?

0g'gawG[m tapmif hwa,mufukdac: jyD; uk dvlacsmu ol@rSmta&;=uD;pum;ajymp&m&Sdw,fqkdwmukd ajymckdif;vkdufw,f? ukdvlacsma&S@ 0g'ga&mufoGm; awmh 0g'gukd


axmifrSL;ukdvlacsmu “apmifhaeOD;”vkd@ ajymvkdufawmh vufaqmif& xm;wJh aq;yghvdyfwvdyfukefwJhtxd apmihfae&w,f? aemufqkH; ukdvlacsmESihfawG@ awmh ukdvlacsmrsufESm[m&JwGwfaeygw,f? a'goxGufaewJh rsufESmjzpfw,f?

····· 'gESifh 0g'gvnf; tvGef&kdaousKd;EGHwJhtoHESifh ----“ q&m&J@ tcsdefukd taESmuft,Sufay;rdwm awmif;yefygw,f? 'gayrJh q&mwynfh

ukdpdef,kHrSmvkdufwJh ta&;=uD;pum; usaemf ajymp&m&Sdvkd@yg? ”“ tJ'g bmjzpfvJ? igtvkyfvkyfaew,fqkdwm? rif;rjrifbl;vm;? ”“[kwf -- [kwfuJh q&m jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh ukdpdef,kHu q&m&SmaewJh udpP ESifh

ywfoufjyD; q&mhukd owif;ay;p&m&Sdw,fvkd@ajymw,f? olajymrJhpum;ukd q&mod&ifodyf0rf;om oGm;r,fwJh? ”

“ a[ ---- [kwfvm;? tJ'D acG;rom; tckb,frSmvJ? ”0g'gu awmif,mxJrSm q&mhukdapmifhaeygw,f? usaemftck oGm;ajym vkdufygr,f?

0g'gvnf; xGufoGm;a&m ukdvlacsm[m ac|;jyefaewhJ rsufESmukd vufukdifyk0gESifh okwfvkdufw,f?pdwfukdvnf; jyefjidrfatmif vkyfvkdufw,f? wjcm;0g 'gawG tvkyfjyD;vkd@jyefayrJ hukdvlacsmuawmh reufjzef 'Dtcef;ukd jyefvmjyD; tvGef acgif;rmwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;ukdxyfppfOD;r,f? tJ'D Ek di fi Ha&;orm;tusOf;om;u e,f pyfuqkdayrJ h jrefrmEk di fi He,fpyfawmhr[kwf? &efukefe,fpyfu jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvlt a=umif; 0g'g M.Ippfa=uma&;pcef;uvlawGajymawmh &efukefe,fpyf&J@ tdrfxJrSm ,kd;',m;e,fpyfu ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGvmjyD; pka0;wkdifyifwJh ae&m jzpfw,f?

ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm xkH;pHtwkdif; ppfaq;jyD;jyD? "gwfvkdufapwJh usOfpufukdokH;w,f/armfawmfqkdifu,fpD;ovkd avxJrSm uGuG=uD; t=um=uD; xkdifckdif;w,f? wcg ykvif;uGJay:rSm'l;axmufckdif;jyD; ppfawmhvnf; tJ'Dvlu bmrSrajymbl;? bmrSppfvkd@ r&bl;? tJ'Dvlu bmrSra=umufwJhvl? ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&;awGukd ukdvlacsm tjypfwifrdw,f? 'DEkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;/awmfvSefa&; orm;ukd bmjzpfvkd@ axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm awZukdppfaq;ovkd rsufESmudk wkwfESifh&kdufjyD; ppfwJhenf;ukd rokH;wmvJ? tokH;rusbl;vkd@ xifaew,f? olom M.IaxmufvSrf;a&;jzpf&if 'Dacgif;rmwJh Ek difiHa&;tusOf;om; rsufESmukd t=udrfaygif;rsm;pGmwkwfESifhjzwf&kdufjyD; ppfzdeyfESifh acgif;ukdeif;=udwfxm;jyD; idkaewJh toHukd em; axmifaerdw,f?tJ'Dvl vkdykHpH vlwa,muf 'DrSm&Sdae&if aemufa&mufvmwJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtm;wufoGm;r,f? tm;ukd;usvdrf hr,f? ol&Jaumif; tjzpf owfrSwf=uvdrf hr,f?&ufpufr_awGtm;vkH;ukd ausmfvGm;cHpm;vGef ajrmufEkdif wJholqkdjyD; ol@vkdbJ aexdkifusifh=uH=u&ifaxmifrSL; ukdvlacsmwkd@ tif;pdefaxmif=uD; t&_H;ay;vkduf& vdrfhr,f?

aw;qkdiSufvnf; tJ'DvlvkdbJ acgif;rmw,f? ukdvlacsmu awZESifhywf oufjyD;olcHvkduf&wmukd aemifw&rdw,f? 'gayrJh awZ ar;&kd;usKd;oGm;wJhtxd ol&kdufvkdufwmukdoabmus auseyfrdw,f? tuDs Fvufukd acgufwifvkduf&if ukdpdef,kH&SdrJh awmif,mpkdufcif;awG


bufukd xGufvmcJhw,f?ukdpdef,kH ajrykwfawGudk jcif;awmif;wvkH;ESifho,faewm ta0;ujrif& w,f?

ukdpdef,Hkrsm; abmfvfyif &SmawG@oGm;jyDvm;? pdef,kH[m ol@&J@axmifus&uf avsmhzkd@twGufukdpOf;pm;aew,f? 'gayrJh &SmazGa&;udpP ratmifjrifbJ oluHqkd;vm wm olodaew,f?b,fol@ukdrSvnf; r,kHawmhbl;? axmifykdif=uD;uvnf; rae@n ol@ukdajymjyD;jyD? M.I0ifzkd@rulnDawmhbl;qkdwmvnf; odjyD;jyD? uHtaumif;qkH; owif;rSm ukdvlacsmu awZukdjyif;jyif;xefxef ESdufpufcJhwmukd axmifykdif=uD;u rSwfwrf;xJrSm ra&;bl;qkdwmbJ?

aemufwck vkyfvkdufwmu aomufxm;wJh vufzuf&nfESif h pm;&if;ppfukdyufvkdufwmav;bJ? wu,fawmh tJ'Dvlukd jyLwif;aygufuae ckefcsxGufajy; oGm;&wJhtxdvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;? ukdvlacsmu ol@vufzuf&nfxJrSm tqdyfcwfxm; w,fqkdjyD;axmifykdif=uD;ukd qifajcay;vkdufw,f?

“ nGef@a0OD; rif;&J@ qifajcawGukd igbmrS pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? ” tJ'gudpP vlacsmaumhaeatmif cHpm;vkdufwmw,f?

vufzuf&nfeH@ukd jyefcHpm;rdawmhrS olrSm;a=umif; odvkduf&awmhw,f? bmjzpfvkd@'Davmuf ua,mifajcmufjcm; jzpfoGm;&wmvJ? ykdqkd;wmu 'DudpPESifh tdrfjyefawmh rdef;ru=uufom;awG aps;=uD;oGm;wm ukdvlacsmtokH;r usvdk@qkd wJhykHpHrsKd; ajymwmcH&jyefw,f? ··········

vSrf;aewJhajcvSrf; c%&yfvkduf&if; aq;ayghvdyfukdxkwfjyD; aomufvkduf w,f?c%&yfvkdufwmESifh 'l;acgif;u t&rf;emusifvmwmukd cHpm;vm&w,f? rD;avmifcH&ovkda jcaxmufwckvk H ; y lavmifvmw,f? rae@u pm&if;uk di fE Si f h rqifrjci fvkdufwrf;ajy;wrf;upm;vkdufvkd@ tckawmh 'kuQa&muf&jyD? rdef;ru q&m 0efjy&ifaumif;r,fvkd @qk dayrJ h ukefusp&dwfuk d 'Drdef;r rpOf;pm;rdbl; xifygw,f? 'gayrJ htukefusoufomatmif axmifq&m0efESifh jyygvm;vkd@ajymvmw,f? 'Davmuftukdif=urf;wJhaxmifq&m0efESifh jyp&mvm;? tJ'Dq&m0ef&J@ vufESifh awmif rudkifapcsifbl;?

vuQ%mq&mu tapmifhukd pum;ajymaewmawG@&w,f?“aumif;w,f/ 'Daumif igESifhpum;vmajymzkd@ ig@zufu=unhf&if tcGifh aumif;bJ?

igu roGm;bJ ig&yfaewJhae&mukd olvm&iftaumif;qkH;bJ? ”&G@HykwfawGtaytusHESifh pdef,kHa&mufvmjyD? vufxJu vufukdifyk0gESifh ESmacgif;ukd

ydwfxm;&w,f? tkwfeDcJawGukd wwkH;jyD; wwkH;ausmfv$m;&if; vkHcsnfukd vnf; aoaocsmcsmuspfuspfvpfvpf vkyfvkdufw,f? ol&Jaumif;wa,muf ppf ajrjyifxGufzkd@ cg;ygwfwmESifhwlw,f?'DvkdESifh pdef,kHvmaewJhzufukd wvSrf;csif;/ 'l;u odyfemvmjyefw,f?

tcef; (42)Free El Salvador tJ'Demrnfukd ac:vkdufzk d@ =uKd;pm;vkdufygw,f? yg;pyfu

emusifaeawmh toHryDbl;jzpfoGm;w,f? toHxGufrrSefbl; jzpfoGm;w,f? aumifav;u


em;rvnfEkdifwJh t=unfhESifhbmvJqkdawmhar;w,f?“ tJ'g rif;&J@ &ifbwfrSm a&;xm;w,f?” aumifav;[m pmom;awGukd

aocsmjrifatmif &ifbwfuwD&Syfukd qGJxkwf=unfhaew,f? uyfxm;wJh pmom;awG ukdaumifav; em;rvnfyg? &if;ESD;r_r&Sdyg?

“ tJ'g Free El Salvador qkdwJh[m t*FvdyfpmuG? Armvkda&;xm; wmr[kwfbl;? tJ'D EkdifiHav;[m ta0;=uD;rSm? pydefEkdifiHvkd@ ac:w,f?”

awZvnf; aoaocsmcsm em;rvnfyg? wckawmh odw,f? olwkd@awG vnf;Armjynfu vlawGvkdbJ t&yfom;ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD&SdwJh EkdifiHjzpf atmif=uKd;pm;ae=uwm? 'gayrJh ppfwyftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdawmh wkdif;jynfom;awG awmif;wmray;bl;?wkdif;rfr*~Zif;rSm a&;wmawG@bl;w,f? olwkd@vnf; vGwfvyf a&; vkdcsifae=uw,f? ArmjynfvkdbJwk di f ;ol jynfom;awG[m uk d,f hE k di fi Hr Sm tusO f ;usc Hae=u&w,f? ' DawmhtusOf;uvGwfajrmufcsif=uwmaygh? “'ga=umifh rif;0wfxm;wJh wD&Syfav;uemrnfukdigac:vkdufwm? tJ'D emrnfu b,folvnf; rif;odvm;?”

··········aumifav; ESmacgif;ukd yGwfvkduf&if; em;rvnfwmawGukd pOf;pm;ae w,f?

acgif;xJrSm wck&Sdw,f? ol[m awZtcef;xJrSm odyf=umaejyD? awZukd armh=unfhvkdufw,f?awZuvnf; ol@uk d p k duf =unf haew,fav? 'Dvk drsufvk H;rs K d ;awG awG@bl;w,f?jrefrmjynfawmifyk di f; opfawmawGrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;a=umif h axmifus wJhvlawGtvkyfvkyfae=uwm? t&kd;bJ usefawmhwJhvlawG/ pm;p&mrvkHavmufwJh vlawG? awZwkd@vkdwkdufyGJ 0ifae=u&w,f?

bmbJjzpfjzpf ig[mbma=umifh awZukda=umuf&rSmvnf; ykckH;ukdwGef@ae &if;ydefan‡mifaewJh awZcE<mukd,fukd =unfhaerdw,f?

awZ ighemrnfukd bmvkd@ odcsif&wmvJ?´ ··········

wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;ESifh axmifrSL;OD;cspfEkdifwkd@ ol@&J@emrnfukd od=uw,f? ol@emrnfukdrajym=uygapESifh? bmbJjzpfjzpf aumifav;[m ol@ukdaxmifxJrSmac: wJhemrnfukdbJoabmusw,f? ··········

“ nDav; ”“ =uGufowform; ”“ t&l;av; ”“ aumifav; ”“ ukvm;av; ” b,fvkd aESmufajymifjyD;ac:ac: ol=uKdufw,f? ol@&J@em rnf[m

bmESifhwlovJqkd&if taz&J@oGm;ESifh/ tar&J@ oeyfcg;Al;bJ? 'gukd vkHjcKHatmif odrf;xm;rS


vkHjcKHrS jzpfr,f?····· b,favmuf i,fao;ovJqkdwm=unfh&if odEkdifw,f? 6ESpf 7ESpfavmufbJ

&SdOD;r,f? wpfcgwav avc|efwwfw,f? awZ aumifav;&J@ a&S@a&;ukd pdwfylrdw,f?bmbJjzpfjzpf qbkd'kd (Sabodo) qkdwJh emrnf[m rqkd;ygbl;?

“ ····· (Sabodo) uJ rif;ausmif;rwufcsifbl;vm;´ ”aumifav; rsufckH;jrifhwufoGm;w,f?“ ausmif; ” [kwfvm;´ b,fvkd vkyfjyD; olausmif;wufEkdifrSmvJ?

ausmif;qkdwmvnf; olaoaocsmcsm rodbl;? tJ'g rdef;rawGESifhtwlwlbJvm;? axmiftaqmif (2)uvlawG ajymaewm=um;bl;w,f?

rdef;rawG[m “t(···)rygbl;?” “t(···) bJygw,f? ” “tJ'g[m aygif2ck=um;rSm&Sdw,f? a,musf;awGvnf; twlwlbJ? aygif=um;rSm t( ···) &Sdw,f?”

····· aumifav;uukdawZ rdef;rawG[m “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@vm;´”“ bmajymw,frdef;rawGrSm “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@ vm;´”bma=umifh ar;rdovJawmhrodbl;? bmbJjzpfjzpf awZ ol@ukd tajz awmh

jyefay;r,fxifw,f? awZvnf; tckrS ESmacgif;ukdyGwf&if; tajzay;zkd@ pOf; pm;ae&w,f?aumifav;ukd ausmif;ykd@rSjzpfr,f? aw;qkdiSuf aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;jyD; rS t(···)

qkdwJh pum;[m aoaocsmcsmajym&&if &kdif;w,f? pOf;pm; jyD;rS jyifajymvkdufw,f? “ txl;t(···)awG &Sdw,f? ”

“ txl; t ( ··· ) awG [kwfvm;? ”“ rif;vJ t( ··· ) ygw,f? tJ'gvJ ta&;=uD;wJh txl;ypPnf;jzpfw,f? tJ'gawGukd

rdef;rawGa&m/ a,musfm;awGyg trsm;oliSmrjrifatmif 0Sufxm;=u& w,f? tJ'gukdta&;=uD;wJhae&mvkd@ ac:w,f?

“ bmvkd@ rdef;rawGrSm t ( ··· ) rygovJ”“ rdef;rawG[m a,musfm;eJ@rwlwm olwkd@u cav;ukd o,fykdufxm;& w,f? tJ'D

cav;awG[m t ( ··· ) awG[m taygufxJu xGufvm=uw,f? 'g a=umifh rdef;rawG[mtarjzpfoGm;wmaygh? tJ'geJ@ a,musfm;[m tazjzpfoGm; wmayghuG? awZ ajymjyD;rSpkd;&drfpdwfawG aysmufoGm;w,f? 'Davmufqkd&if aumif av; oabmfaygufavmufjyDaumifav; aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ae&if; ----

“ usaemf ausmif;roGm;Ekdifbl; ”“ bmjzpfvkd@vJ ” awZ ar;vkdufw,f?“ bma=umifhvJqkd&if usaemf pmrSrwwfwm? ” pmvkH;wkdif;[m v#mukd

aumfywfpm;jyD; xGufvmwm? awZ[m oHwkdifxJuvufudk xkwfvkduf&if; aumif av;&J@


ykckH;ukd ukdifvkduf&if; ---“ ··· pdwfrylygeJ@uGm/ tJ'ga=umifh ausmif;qkdwm vkdtyfwmaygh? tJ'Dae&m

rif;a&mufoGm;&if rif;pmzwfwwfr,f? pma&;wwfr,f? aemufjyD; vlawG[m rif;ukd *&kpkdufjyD;apmifha&Smufay;vdrfhr,f? ”

aumifav;[m acgif;ukd wzufapmif;&if; rouFmwJhrsufESmESifh --“ ··· b,fvkdae&mrsKd;vJ ”“ tJ'D[mukd bkef;=uD;ausmif;vkd@ ac:w,f? tJ'gukd touf=uD;wJh ightar &J@rdwfaqG

wa,mufu wm0ef,lzGifhxm;w,f? ”“ cifAsm;rSm taz&Sdw,f[kwfvm;´“ b,folbJjzpfjzpf tazqkdwm &Sd=uw,f? ightazvnf; rif;tazvkdbJ aooGm;jyD/

'gayrJh igh&ifxJrSm &Sdaewkef;bJ? tJ'Dausmif;xkdifq&mawmfqkdwm ight azvkdbJ/ tm;vkH;&J@tazvkdaygh? ”

aumifav; awZukd rouFmovkd =unfhvkdufw,f?“ nDav; rif; tJ'Dq&mawmf[m rif;ukd ulnDvdrfhr,f? rif;ukd pma&; wwf/

pmzwfwwfatmif oifay;vdrfhr,f? pmzwfwwfw,fqkdwm b,fvkdvJ qkdwm rif;odvm;?”aumifav;[m 'Dtif;pdefaxmif=uD;uae b,fukdrS roGm;csifbl;? bmjzpf

vkd@vJqkdawmh Akduf c%c% qmwwfvkd@bJ?“ pmzwfw,fqkdwm rkd;ay:ukdysHaewmeJ@ twlwlbJ? rif;ukd b,fukdbJ jzpfjzpf

ac:oGm;Ekdifw,f? ”“ ukdawZ ”'g[m aumifav; ol@ukd yxrOD;qkH; ac:rdwJhemrnf?“ [kwfuJh/ usaemfjyefrSjzpfr,f/ =umaejyD? usaemfrjyefcif ukdawZ qef jyKwfaomuf

vkd@ &rvm;? “ aomufav ”aumifav; aomufaewm awZxkdif=unfhae&if; ZGef;ESifh cGufxdoHukd rSefrSef=um;

ae&w,f? aumifav;[m npfywfaewJh vifyef;ukd ukdifjyD; xkdif&mu xvkdufw,f? awZvnf;xvkdufw,f?

aumifav;u“ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ”vkd@ ajymvkdufw,f?“ &w,f nDav;? tck igvkyfay;aewm tpmiwfaejyD; 'kuQawGESifh &kef;uefae& wJh

EdkifiHudk ulnDvdkuf&wmyJ”(bmomjyef)

Roland Hardy (c) armifarmifvwfqufvufazmfjyay;oGm;ygrnf?


jroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif h'Da&jri fhopf

EdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rSxkwfa0cGifhjyK+yD;aemuf ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wif h . 'Da&jrifhopf(armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifhvufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk h avhvmod&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvkdufygonf//

(pma&;ol. rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&; cufcJojzifh today;jcif; r&SdonfudkcGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf)

Tpum;rsm;udk armfajymo!fhwdkif tvm;tvm odyfraumif;? pmwwfolOD;a&enf;vGef;aeonf? 1936 ckESpftxd ygwDESifh wyfeDawmf au'gopfxJwGif/ pmwwfol[lI(5) &mcdkifE_ef;r#yif r&Sdcsif? ydk@csr!fh q&muvnf; tvGef&Sm;onf? pmtkyfpmwrf; &dkuf&efpuULr#r&Sd? &k&Sm;bmomjzifh a&;xm;o!fh rwf0g'usrf;rsm;udk/ bmomjyefay;r!fholr&Sd?ygwDoabmw&m;a&; “q&m}uD;” rsm;u rwf0g'/ vDeif0g' wdk@udk/ oif=um;ydk@cso!fhtcgrsm;Y ygwDau'grsm;onf wtHhw=o jzpfae=uonf? 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfae=uonf? Tonfudk armf owdjyKrdonf? ygwDau'grsm;onf wOD;ESifhwOD; ynmoif=um;r_ a&csdefrwl=u?xdktcgY olwdk@onf ydk@cso!fh/ rwf vDeif0g' oabmw&m;wdk@udk/ bmr# em;rvnf?a,mifuef;uef; jzpfukef=uonf? olwdk@ rajymESihf? ydk@cso!fh oifwef; “q&m}uD;rsm;”udk,fwdkif olwdk@ ajymo!fh pum;udk aumif;aumif;em;rvnf=u? odk@jzifh oifwef;“q&m}uD;”rsm;onf/ ygwDau'grsm;. oabmw&m;a&csdefudk rjrSifhEdkifyJ/ “ckwf&mwjcm;&S&mwvGJ” jzpfukef=uonf?

armfu Ttajctaeudk =um&Snf cGifhrjyKEdkif? xdk@a=umihf ,iftef;odk@ a&mufonfESihf w+ydKifeuf/ ygwDoifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ydk@cs&ef/ usrf;rsm;jyKpkonf? tbd"rRmusrf;rsm;vnf; ygonf? ppfusrf;rsm;vnf; ygonf? awG;ac:enf;ESihf ppfwdkufenf;wdk@udk ydk@csonf?odk@ jzifh armfonf awG;ac:a&; tbd"rRmynmESifh ppfa&; 0dZ…mudk ydk@csonf?

“armfonf tbd"rRmudk avhvmol wOD;jzpfonf? wcgu rdwfaqGwa,mufuol@twGuf tbd"rRmpmtkyfrsm; ,lvmonf? armfonf xdkpmtkyfudk oHk;av;n qufwdkufzwfypfvdkufonf? xdkusrf;rsm;udk zwfaeo!fhtwGif;Y/ armfonf bmudkr# trSwfr&awmh?wae@v#if (13) em&D (14) em&D tvkyfvkyfonf? nnqdkv#if em&Djyef (2) csuf (3) csufus rS tdyfonf--” [k t*~gpEdk;u a&;zl;onf? armf. udk,f&Hawmf &Jabmf csefpdkc|efu1938 ckESpfwGif “a&&Snfppf” pmwrf; a&;om;yHkudk ajymjyzl;onf? yxr ESpf&ufvHk;vHk;armfonf vHk;0 rtdyf? tpmvnf; rpm;? a&qGwfo!fh rsufESmokwfyk0gav;udkab;wGifcsxm;um/ rsufESmudk okwfvdkuf/ pma&;vdkufjzifh awmufav#mufa&;onf?ig;&ufajrmufae@wGif armfonf ododomom ydefcsHK;vmonf? rsufvHk;rsm; eD&Jae+yD? (7)&ufajrmufae@wGif/ ol@ t0wfzdeyfudk rD;pGJavmif&m/ ajcaxmufudk avmifawmhrS


odawmhonf? (9) &ufajrmufae@ wGif vHk;0 t+yD;owfoGm;onf?armfonf uefwm;[k ac:o!fh/ emrnfausmf *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGif oif=um;

ydk@csonf? *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfudk 1936 ckESpfwGif/ aygvpfAsK&dk. wdkuf&dkuf tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif wnfaxmifonf? touf (29) ESpf&Sd/ vif;ajymifu ausmif;tkyfjzpfonf? au'gopfrsm;arG;jrLa&;twGuf ysdK;cif;jzpfojzifh/ xdkwuUodkvfudk armfu txl;*&kpdkufonf? *syefckcHa&;wuUodkvfonf (7) ESpftwGif; au'gaygif; wodef; arG;xkwfay;cJhonf?

“*syefckcHa&; wuUodkvf&J@ ynma&; vrf;!$efcsuf[m }uH@cdkifrSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf &Sda&;/ &dk;&dk;ukyfukyf qif;&Jyifyef;cHwJh vkyf[ef&Sda&;/ vsifjrefyg;eyfusifvnfwJhaoe*FAsK[meJ@ ppfy&d,m,f &Sda&;wdk@ jzpfw,f? 'DoHk;csuf[m *syefudk ckcHwJh/ awmfvSefwJhwyfrawmfom; jzpfvmatmif/ jyKpkysdK;axmifay;&mrSm r&SdrjzpfwJh tcsufawG jzpfw,f?*syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfu tr_xrf;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;[m 'DtcsufoHk;csuftwdkif; oif=um;ydk@csae=uw,f? qnf;yl;avhvmae=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJhonf?(“&efol@ qef@usifr_cH&jcif;onf taumif;jzpfonf? tqdk; r[kwf”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2)

armfu *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvf aqmifyk'f tjzp/f “nDnD!Gwf!Gwf/ xx=uG=uG/wnf wnf =unf =unf/ zswfzswfvwfvwf &Sd=u”[k a=uG;a=umfonf?

*syefckcHa&; wuUodkvftwGuf au'grsm;udk ydkpwmjzifh ac:,lonf? rlvwef;atmifjrif+yD;I/ *syefe,fcsJ@ pepfudk wkdufolwdkif;tm; wuUodkvf 0ifcGifhjyKonf? usef;rma&;,Ofaus;r_ tqifhtwef;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& av;eufolrsm;udk ppfaq;I 0ifcGifhjyKonf?wuf=uGol au'grsm;/ vlxkwdkufyGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ e,fa0; a'orsm;rS ydk@o!@f/ ygwDau'grsm; tm;vHk;udk/ tvkdtavsmuf 0ifcGifhjyKonf? 1936 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif ulrifwefa'ojzLrS xGufvmo!fh/ ausmif;om;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;vnf; xdk wuUodkvfodk@ wufa&muf=uonf?

1936 ck 'kwd, ESpf0ufoifwef;umvwGif/ *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfodk@ wyfrawmfrSau'gaygif; (1063) wufa&mufcJhI/ 1937 ckESpf yxrESpf0ufoifwef;wGif (2764) wufa&mufcJhonf? 1937 ck =o*kwfvrS 1938 ck rwfvtxd/ wyfrawmfodk@ tr_xrf;o!fh/wuUodkvf ausmif;qif;au'gaygif;rSm (1272) a,muf jzpfonf? 1937 ckESpfxJwGif a'orSxGufvmo!fh ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;yg xdk wuUodkvfodk@ wufa&muf=uojzifh aemufxyf wuUodkvfcGJ (11) ck/ xyfrH zGifhvSpf&onf?

1938 ck arvESifh 'DZifbmvtwGif;wGif/ ynmwwf vli,faygif; (5562) a,muf/1936 ckESpfwGif ynmwwfvli,f (4900) udk *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfodk@ 0ifcGifhjyKcJhonf? xdkESpfwGif wufa&mufoif=um;olrsm;xJY/ yifv,f&yfjcm; w&kwftrsdK;om;rsm;vnf; yg =uonf?1942-43 ckESpfwGif/ ygwDu vkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wck vkyfonf? xdk@a=umifh *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfodk@ qif;&JESifh tvwfwef; atmufv$m v,form;vlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;udk


trsm;qHk; wufa&mufcGifhjyKonf? tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;udk trsm;qHk; wufa&mufcGifh ay;+yD;/ ynmwwfrsm; OD;a&udk avsmhcsvdkufonf?

1936 ck ZlvdkifESifh =o*kwfvxJwGif armfu ol. “vufawG@usrf;”ESifh “yËdyuQusrf;” rsm;udk *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGif ydk@cscJhonf? armf. tbd"rRmusrf; ESpfapmifvHk;/ &Sif;vif;jywfom;onf? odyfonf;onf? armf. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudk tvkyform;/ v,form;/ tvG,fwul em;vnfEdkif&ef jzpfonf? tbd"rRmonf/ tvkyform;/v,form;rsm; vufxJwGif c|efxufaom vufeufjzpfae&rnf? tbd"rRmudk wuUodkvfydËuwfwdkufrsm;xJrS vGwfajrmufatmif vkyf&rnf[k armf ,lqonf? “u|efawmfwdk@[mvlxk em;vnfwJh pum;awGudk rajym&if/ u|efawmfwdk@ ajymwJh pum;awGudk vlxkuem;vnfrSm r[kwfzl;” qdko!fh 'DrDxa&mh. pum;udk udk;um;um/ tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudkomrefvlrsm; em;vnfatmif ydk@csonf?

pifppf uGefjrLepf0g' qdkonfrSm/ vlaer_ enf;emw&yf jzpfonf? vlxkrsm;u uGefjrLepf0g'udk oabmaygufrS/ tEkyËdavmrusus awG;rS/ 0dZ…menf;us rwfvDeif0g'udk toHk;csrSatmifjrifEdkifrnf? uGefjrLepf0g'udk em;vnf&mwGif 0rfrif;vdk em;vnfyHkrsdK; rjzpfap&[karmfu owday;onf?

“vlwcsdK@[m udk,fhwdkif;jynfta=umif;eJ@ ywfoufvdk@ bmwckrS rod=ubl;? acgreJ@wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGu yHkjyifawGavmufyJ od=uw,f? 'gawG[mvJ EdkifiHjcm;a&S;a[mif;puULpkwfyHk}uD;xJu/ [kdwp 'Dwydkif;aumuf,lvmwmawGrdk@ tawmfoem;p&maumif;w,f?--udk,fhEdkifiH&J@ ordkif;udk eJeJrS em;rvnf=ubl;? *k%f&Sdw,fvdk@awmif xifae=uw,f?---vGefcJhwJhESpf q,faygif; tenf;i,ftwGif;rSm EdkifiHjcm;a&mufcJhwJh ynmoif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m/ Oa&mywdkufeJ@ tar&duefjynf/ *syefjynfwdk@u jyefvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm; ta=umif;awGudkEd_ufEd_ufc|wfc|wfvJ rodyJeJ@ twHk;vdkuf twpfvdkuf/ azmufonfcs ajymzdk@avmufyJodwJha&m*grsdK; &vmcJh=uzl;w,f? olwdk@ "mwfpufvdk jzpfae=uw,f? t&m0wKopfawGudkodem;vnfzdk@/ wDxGifzdk@/ udk,fhwm0efawGudk arhavsmhae=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJhzl;onf?( “u|efawmfwdk@. avhvmr_udk jyK jyifa&;”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

armfu pum;}uD; pum;us,f ajymolrsm;udkvnf;/ Todk@ a0zefonf?“rdef@cGef;ajymwJhtcgrSm tcsufawGu u/ c/ */ C/ wdk@ (1/ 2/ 3/ 4) wdk@ qdkwmawGeJ@

woDwwef;}uD; ajym=uw,f? aqmif;yga&;&ifvJ Am&m%oDcsJ@ xm;wJh/ aqmif;yg;&Snf}uD;rsdK;awG a&;=uw,f? wu,fhjzpf&yfawGeJ@ trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkpdwfr&SdyJ/ olrsm; txif}uD;atmif [dwf}uD; [ef}uD;eJ@ vdrfvnf =uGm;0g;=uw,f? [efom&Sdw,f? tqH r&Sdbl;?tqif;om&Sdw,f? tcsif; r&Sdbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk xifwvHk;eJ@ ZrŠLrSm wvlomyJvdk@ ,lq=uw,f? ‘bk&ifhwrefawmf ’ vdk ae&mwumrSm/ vlwGifus,f vkyf=uw,f? tJ'gawG[m u|efawmfwdk@ txJu/ &JabmfwcsdK@&J@ vkyf[efawGyJ? 'Dvdk vkyf[efrsdK;awGudk udk,fwdkif usifhoHk;


&if ab;awG@r,f? wjcm;vlawGudk oifay;&if/ wjcm;vlawGudk ab;awG@aprSmyJ? 'Dvdkvkyf[efrsdK;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;udk a&S@aqmif vrf;!$ef&if/ awmfvSefa&;[m ab;tE W&m,fawG@rSmyJ?” (4if;usrf;)

armfu “vufawG@usrf;”ESifh “yËdyuQusrf;” ESpfapmifteuf “vufawG@usrf;”uydkta&; }uD;onf[k ,lqonf? Tusrf;udk *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGif ydk@csonfrSm (2)em&Dr#om jzpfaomfvnf; ESpfywf a&;cJh&onf? ( taemufwdkif; okawoDrsm;url “yËdyuQusrf;”udk ydkI ta&;xm;=uonf?)

“&k&Sm;jyef” rsm;u rwfvDeif0g'udk *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGif/ twHk;vdkuftwpfvdkuf ydk@cs =uonf? “vufawG@usrf;” onf “&k&Sm;jyef” wdk@. oif=um;csufudk acsycsufjzpfonf? armfu Tusrf;. acgif;pOfudk “odjrifr_ESifh vufawG@ qufpyfyHk (0g ) odjcif;ESifhvkyfjcif; qyfpyfyHk”[k rlvu acgif;pOfay;xm;onf?

“u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDwGif;Y w&m;ao0g'orm; &JabmftcsdK@onf w&kwfjynf awmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk vufcH&ef/ =umjrifhpGm jiif;qefae=u+yD;/ ‘rwf0g'onf w&m;ao r[kwf? jyK rlvkyfaqmifcsuf. a&S@aqmifvrf;jyjzpfonf ’[laom trSefw&m;udk todtrSwfrjyKyJ aecJh=uzl;onf? rwf0g' pmtkyfrsm;xJrS [kdwvHk; onfwyk'f qGJxkwfum/tpdrf;vdkuf rsdKcs +yD;/ vlawGudk ajcmufvSef@ =uonf?” ( vufawG@usrf; atmufajcrSwfpk?vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 1)

“vufawG@usrf;” wGif armfu “qifjcifa&;oufouf0g'” udk acszsufxm;onf?awG;ac:r_ (0g ) qifjcifr_[lonf/ tvdktavsmuf ay:xGufvmjcif; r[kwf? vlr_ vufawG@rSay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? qifjcifodonf? xdawG@cHpm;&aom tm&Hkoday:wGif trSDjyKonf[k armfu wifjyonf? oabmw&m;onf vufawG@rS aygufzGm;vmjcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? Tpmwrf;jzifh armfonf w&kwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tcdkiftrmausmufpGJxm;o!fh a&S;a[mif; tbd"rRmudk wdkufcJhonf? ya'o&mZf qifjcifa&; oufouf0g'ESifh acwfopfwuUaA'udk qef@usifcJhonf?

“vufawG@rSwqifh trSefw&m;udk &SmazG awG@&Sd+yD;/ wzef vufawG@rS wqifhyiftrSefw&m;udk rSefa=umif;/ oufao taxmuftxm;jyKI/ 4if;udk jzpfay: wdk;yGm;apjyef.?”---vufawG@vkyfvdkuf/ odjrifvdkuf/ aemufxyf vufawG@vkyfvdkuf/ aemufxyfodjrifvdkuf [lo!fh o¾mefonf puf0dkif;uJhodk@ tqHk;r&Sd? xyfcgxyfcg vnfvsuf&Sd.? vufawG@ESifhodjrifr_wdk@onf wywfywfrdwdkif; twGif;oabmonf/ E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh ydkI jrifhrm;aom tqifhodk@wufvSrf;vmonf? TonfrSm tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'. odjcif;ESih f vkyfjcif;wdk@aygif;pnf;aeaom tjrifjzpf.? ( “vufawG@usrf;” vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 1)

armfu awmfvSefa&;orm;wOD; vkyf&r!fh/ vufawG@vkyfief;udk axmufjyonf?awmfvSefa&;orm; wa,mufonf/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&; vufawG@/ vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJ vufawG@


ESifh odyHynm prf;oyfr_ vufawG@ oHk;&yfudk jzwfoef;&rnf[k/ 1937 ckESpfwGif a&;o!fh“vufawG@usrf;”wGif axmufjycJhonf? Tonfudkyif armfu 1936 ckESpfwGif xyfI/ tav;wif;ajymonf?

“vl&J@ rSefuefwJh tawG;tac:[m/ b,fuay:vmovJ? rdk;ay:uusvmwmvm;?r[kwfzl;? vl&J@ rSefuefwJh tawG;tac:[m vlr_a&;vufawG@xJuom ay:vmEdkifw,f?ukefxkwfvkyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJeJ@ odyHynm prf;oyfr_qkdwJh vlr_a&;vufawG@oHk;&yfxJuom ay:vmEdkifw,f? (“vl. rSefuefaom tawG;tac: b,fuay:vmovJaqmif;yg;”)

vufawG@vkyfjcif;[lonf todudk prf;oyfusifhoHk;=u!fhjcif;jzpfonf? urBmhtjrifudkvufawG@jzifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf? armfonf w&kwfawmfvSefa&;vufawG@rS/ w&kwfawmfvSefa&; todudk &onf? wzef xdkawmfvSefa&;todjzifh/ awmfvSefa&;vufawG@udk qufvkyfonf? Ttjrifjzifh vl. twWudkvnf; ajymif;vJypfonf? vl. twWudk awmfvSefa&;vufawG@jzihf awmfvSefajymif;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf?

oabmw&m;onf vufawG@udk trSDjyKaeonf? Todk@rS trSDrjyKv#if/ xkdoabmw&m; rSefrrSefudk vufawG@jzifh prf;oyfppfaq;I &rnfr[kwf? wzef oabmw&m;onfvufawG@udk ajymif;vJay;onf? enf;emudk ajymif;ay;onf? TwGif aemufxyfodjrifr_rSwqifh wufvmonf? arG;uwnf;u odjrifr_ [lI r&Sd? &kyf0wK tawG@t}uHKr&SdyJ “odjrifr_”[lI r&SdEdkif? vufawG@r&SdyJ/ u|rf;usifodjrifr_ [lI r&SdEdkif?

“urBmhavmu. ajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_Y xm0pOf +yD;qHk;jcif;r&SdEdkif? xdk@a=umihfvufawG@ vkyfaqmif&mwGif/ trSefw&m;ESifhywfoufaom/ vlwdk@. odjrifr_onfvnf;/xm0pOf +yD;qHk;jcif;r&Sdacs? rwfvDeif0g'onf/ trSefw&m;udk t+yD;owfvdkufonf r[kwfyJ/vufawG@wGif trSefw&m;odjrifa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk/ tqufrjywf zGifhay;vsuf&Sdonf?u|efawmfwdk@. ed*Hk;csKyfcsufonf/ qENydkif;ESifh yuwdydkif;/ oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@/ odjcif;ESihfvkyfjcif;wdk@udk tcdkiftrmusus/ ordkif;t&/ aygif;pyfjcif;jzpfonf?”) (“vufawG@usrf;” twGJ1)

1937 ck =o*kwfvwGif armfonf/ *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfY/ ydk@cscsuf ESpfckvkyfonf?TESpfckudk aygif;aomtcg/ “yËdyuQusrf;” jzpfvmonf? “yËdyuQusrf;”u “vufawG@usrf;”xuf zwfaumif;onf? odk@&mwGif “vufawG@usrf;”udk armfu ta&;w}uD;xm;onfrSmavhvma&;ESifh vkyfenf;udk ajymif;&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ au'gavhusifha&;wGif vnf;aumif;/rsm;pGm xda&muf aoma=umihf/ jzpf[efwlonf? pifppf w&kwfjynfonf qifjcifa&; oufouf0g'ESifh pdwf0g'wdk@ xGef;um;cJh&m jzpfonf? xdktpOftvmudk wdkuf&mwGif/ “vufawG@usrf;” onf ydkI xda&mufonf[k armf ,lqyHk&onf?

“tvkyfonf vlESifh obm0 aygif;pyfyg0if&aom/ jzpfpOfwckjzpfonf? xdkjzpfpOftwGif;Y vlonf/ 4if;. qENtavsmuf/ vlESifh obm0t=um;u/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m wHk@jyefr_


rsm;udk/ pwifvkyfaqmifonf? vnfywfaponf? xdef;csKyfonf? vlonf obm0 tiftm;wck jzpfvsuf&Sd+yD;/ w+ydKifwnf;wGif obm0udk qef@usif wdkufcdkufae&onf” [k armfuajymcJhzl;onf?

Ttjrifjzifh =u!fhv#if/ c&D;&Snf csDwufyGJ}uD;onf }uD;rm;aom vufawG@ vkyfaqmifr_}uD; w&yfjzpfonf? vlESifh obm0t=um;u tEkyËdavmrusaom qufoG,fr_udkjyo!fh/O'g[&k%f}uD; wckjzpfonf? vlESifh obm0onf/ wOD;udkwOD; trSDo[J jyKae=u&onf?w+ydKifeufxJwGif yËdyuQvnf; jzpfae=uonf? “yËdyuQESifh orl[w&m;/ qef@usifjcif;ESifhaygif;pyfjcif; w&m;udk armfu ol. yËdyuQusrf;wGif &Sif;vif;pGm ËDum csJ@cJhonf” [kuae'gEdkifiH rwf*D; wuUodkvf ygarmuQ a'gufwm Edkarmhu a&;zl;onf?

armfonf w&kwfjynfolwdk@. ,Ofaus;r_ aemufcHudk/ aumif;aumif; oabmaygufonf? xdk@a=umifh rwf. tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'udk w&kwfjynfolrsm;tm;/ ydk@cso!fhtcgwGifa&S;a[mif; w&kwfpmay/ w&kwfjynfordkif;rS yHkjyifrsm;/ '¾m&Drsm;udk O'g[&k%faqmifjyoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? a&S;a[mif; *E W0ifusrf;jzpfo!fh “urf;em;a&pyf” 0wKESifh qGefZl;.“aoe*FAsK[musrf;”wGif tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'/ O'g[&k%frsm;pGm yg&Sdonf[k armfuajymcJhzl;onf? ,iftef;wGif “yËdyuQusrf;”udk ydk@cso!fhtcgY/ armfonf“cef;aqmifeDtdrfruf”[laom a&S;a[mif; *E W0if 0wKwyk'frS Oyrmrsm;udk udk;um; ydk@csoGm;onf?

rwf. tEkyËdavmr w&m;wGif/ qef@usifbufwdk@. aygif;pnf;r_[laom tajccHrlw&yf&Sdonf? armfu xdkrludk “wpfckudk ESpfckjzpfatmif cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;” [k bmomjyefonf?xdka0g[m&udk w&kwfwdkif; em;vnf=uonf? tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g't& yËdyuQ[lonfae&mtESH@ tjym;wGif wnf&Sdae=uonf? (yËdyuQtESH@ tjym; wnf&Sdr_?) armfu w&kwfwdk@em;vnfvG,f atmif “wckudk ESpfckjzpfatmif cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;” [lI t"dyg,fzGifhcJhonf?

urBmavmu}uD;&Sd t&m0wKwdkif;onf/ ajymif;vJv_yf&Sm;ae=uonf? t&m0wKwdk@onf/ wckESifhwck tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKum/ twdkuftcHjzpfae=uonf? TtwdkuftcHjzpfr_/ yËdyuQjzpfr_wdk@a=umifh/ tqifhopfw&yf jzpfxGef;vmonf? armfonf tEkyËdavmrw&m;udk t"dyg,fzGifh&mY t&m0wKrsm;. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ jzpfpOftwGif;&Sd/ yËdyuQ.qef@usif zuf zufESpfckonf/ wckudkwck trSDo[JjyKI ae&onf? woD;wjcm;wnf&SdIr&?arG;zGm;jcif; r&Sdv#if aoqHk;jcif;r&Sd? txufr&Sdv#if atmuf&Sdonf[lI ajymp&mr&Sd?'kuQr&Sdv#if okc [lIvnf; r&Sd? acsmarmjcif;r&Sdv#if cufcJjcif;[lIvnf; r&Sd? ajr&Sifr&Sdv#ifoD;pm;[lI r&Sd? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; [lIr&Sdv#if/ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;vnf; r&Sd? e,[email protected];om; zdESdyfr_ r&Sdv#if/ udkvdkeDESifh udkvdkeD wydkif; EdkifiHvnf;r&Sd? qef@usifzuf jzpfaom/tpdwftykdif;rsm; tm;vHk;onf/ Todk@ wnf&Sdae=uonf? wpHkwckaom ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh wzufwGif tjyeftvSef qufpyfae+yD;/ wzufwGif tjyeftvSef qef@usifaeonf?

jroef;wifhqufvufaz: jyygrnf?


1? ol&eD uAsm acwfpm;aewJh azazmf0g&D2? {y&,f uAsm 'DZifbmeJ hZefe0g&D azazmf0g&D3? ausmfpGmvif; uAsm tarhudkajymjycsifw,f azazmf0g&D4? wifjrdkifpkd; uAsm tnw&&ifckHoH azazmf0g&D5? atmifcdkifjrifh uAsm rjidrfroufjzpfrJhtawG;rsm; ar

uAsm tnw&ol&Jaumif;rsm;&J h azazmf0g&DuAsm a,muf,ufcwfwJhppfjrdK@jy atmufwdkbmuAsm abmbvufeJ havmutvSzsufaejujyD ZGef

6? xGef;jidrf; uAsm vjynfhn azazmf0g&DuAsm 2008-2010 {jyDuAsm jrwfaomtusifh aruAsm atmifqef;pkjunf ZGefuAsm cGyfa'gif;aoG; jo*kwfvuAsm OwkoHk;vDjrefrmjynf pufwifbmpum;ajymcef; olwdk htjrif olwdk hpum; pufwifbmuAsm 2010-11-7 atmufwdkbm

7? armifarmifarmf uAsm av;pm;v#uf azazmf0g&D8? rif;waygif; uAsm ar#mfwdkif;a0; azazmf0g&D9? rdjrefrm uAsm wnfhrwfpdwf azazmf0g&D

uAsm rif;rvkyfeJ hqif; ZGefuAsm cspfyg&J hvm; ar;prf;csif 'DZifbm

10? Zm*em uAsm bk&m;&dkufrnfheGm;irdkuf azazmf0g&D11? armifoHkn uAsm ju,fajuGajr&kdif; azazmf0g&D

uAsm jidrf;csrf;a&;eSifhppfyJGrsm; ZGef12? AZY umwGef; ------ azazmf0g&D

umwGef; ------ {jyDumwGef; ------ ZGefumwGef; ------ jo*kwfvumwGef; ------ pufwifbm

13? armifpGrf;&nf “*g&0gjykpmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS eSpfwpf&myGJ(uAsm) azazmf0g&D“*g&0gjyKpmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS &mjynf hyJG o0%fv$m azazmf0g&D“*g&0gjyK“pmrsufeSm” vlxkOD;vS &mjynfhodk h azazmf0g&D“*g&0gjyK“pmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS &Jh wdkif;&if;om;&dk;&m azazmf0g&Dpum;ajymcef; wdkif;jynfudkdcspfvdk h {jyDoufjuD;pum; cGyfa'gif;tvH arpum;ajymcef; pmayvGwfvyfcGifh atmufwdkbmociftkkef;jrifh armfuGef; pmrsuf eSmrsm;ausmif;om;vli,fwdk h&J @ atmufwdkbm

2010 azazmf0g&DvrS 'DZifbmvtxd tvif;tdrfrS wifjycJhaompmrlrsm;ESifh pma&;olrsm; rSwfwrf;

cdkif=unf0if; pkpnf;wifjyonf//


14? &Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif; “*g&0gjyKpmrsufeSm”usaemfhtazvlxkOD;vS azazmf0g&DedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; juHhzHG hawGvmacsjyD aredkifiHa&;/okw/&o/ eSpfaygif;eSpfaxmifausmf ppfjzpfae aoma'o ZGef

&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o rsdK;qufopfvdk@qdkju &mrSm jo*kwfvedkifiHa&;/okw/&o tcsdK@vlom;um; tdkav*k%fajymifav jo*kwfvedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; b,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ h pufwifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; oltvdkvkdaysmufuG,foGm;wJh pufwifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o tpdk;&txufutpdk;& atmufwdkbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o vufawG hedkifiHa&; ukd rsufeSmrl juygpkd@ edk0ifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o xdyfwdkufawG@aewJh“tawG;tac: eSpf&yf” edk0ifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDudkwdkufyJGrygbJ edk0ifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; nDnGwfa&;udkwnfaqmuf 'DZifbm

15? OD;0if;wif *g&0gjykpmrsufeSm vlxkOD;vS &mjynfhyGJG GtrSwfw&pum; azazmf0g&DedkifiHa&;/okw/&o jrefrmh'Drdku&ufwpfrsm; ppftm%m&SifxH… pufwifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o a':atmifqef;pkjunf/ 88ta&;awmfyHk… edk0ifbmpum;ajymcef; 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHrSonf edk0ifbm

16? xl;wifh edkifiHa&;/okw wdkufyJG0ifrvm;/ ppfu|efcHrvm; azazmf0g&D0wœkwdk om;trdeSpfa,muf jo*kwfvedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; ordkif;wqpfcsdK; 'DZifbm

17? armifpdk;csdef edkifiHa&;/okw/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufpdk;&Snfapol azazmf0g&DuAsm vr&Sd/ju,fr&Sd/aewyGifhr&Sd {jyDedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;&dk;jywfuGif;pyfwvif;uGufxJrS&,foHrsm; {jyDuAsm touf&ªvdk haumif;wJhvl hb0 aruAsm 88 ta&;awmfyHk ZGef0wœ Kwdk "rkefwdkif;rsm;xJrS jzpfwnfr_“ajc&mrsm;” ZGefuAsm b,fvdkcspfvhdkb,favmufcspfovJav jo*kwfvedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; ppfu|efacwf,ae hvli,frsm; jo*kwfvuAsm aEGOD;r[kwfwJhig pufwifbmedkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&S@wac:ar#mfjunfh&if; pufwifbmuAsm bk&m;pifeJ htdrfomjum;u atmufwdkbmuAsm tdyfarG hcscHwJhn edk0ifbm

armifpdk;csdef 0wœ Kwdk tjzLa&mifaus;vufay:u“trJa&mif” edk0ifbm0wœ Kwdk tvGrf;awGxJutrSwfw& 'DZifbm

18? armifaumif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;jrefrmedkifiHa&; tajctaeeJ h 2010 azazmf0g&D

19? udkat;csrf; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;avmifjrdKufrSwfwrf; azazmf0g&D

20? &Jabmfausmfoef; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;


[D;&dk;rSZD;&dk;oddk h azazmf0g&D21? &Jjidrf; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; vli,feSifhvGwfvyfa&; azazmf0g&D

edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/0wœ Kwdkrsm; axmufcHju/0ef;&Hju/vufwGJju {jyDpum;ajymcef; olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; jo*kwfv

22? wifjrifharmf edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; vl azazmf0g&D8888 ta&;awmfyHkjuD; txdrf;trSwfpkpnf;r_cGyfa'gif;wdk h&J hed'gef; jo*kwfv

23? aumhom; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o aejynfawmfyHkjyifeJ h“2010 '¾m&D azazmf0g&D24? rdk;aumif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; azazmf0g&DzGm; azazmf0g&D

edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; tyif;uyfaevdk hyg pufwifbm25? ca&mif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; - 'kuQonfrsm; azazmf0g&D26? rdk;ajropf tcef;qufedkifiHa&;tawG;tac:

pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf azazmf0g&Dpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (15) {jyDpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (16) arpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (17) ZGefpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (18) jo*kwfvpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (19) jo*kwfvpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (20) atmufwdkbmpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (21) edk0ifbmpjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (22) 'DZifbm

2&? cGmndk "tcef;quf0wœkK wHv#yfa&$jynf tydkif; (8) azazmf0g&D"tcef;quf0wœ K wHv#yfa&$jynf tydkif; (9) {jyD"tcef;quf0wœ K wHv#yfa&$jynf tydkif; (10) ar"8888 ta&;awmfyHkjuD;txdrf;trSwf pkpnf;rlArmjynfut&dk;wGefoHusL;&ifhonfhtcg jo*kwfv

28? armifarmifvwf bmomjyeftcef;quftdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (28) azazmf0g&DtdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (29) {jyDtdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (30) artdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (31-32) ZGeftdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (33) jo*kwfvtdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (34-35) pufwifbmtdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (36) edk0ifbmtdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (37) 'DZifbm

29? jroef;wifh tcef;qufedkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif 'Da&jrifhopf azaz:0g&D'Da&jrifhopf {jyD

'Da&jrifhopf ar'Da&jrifhopf ZGef'Da&jrifhopf jo*kwfv


'Da&jrifhopf pufwifbm'Da&jrifhopf atmufwdkbm'Da&jrifhopf edk0ifbm'Da&jrifhopf 'DZifbm

30? jrat; acwfjydkif cHpm;r_uAsm tqHk;owfcsifwJhuAsm {jyD31? wifrdk; uAsm awmfvSefa&;ae h'dk hrarh {jyD32? rif;&JausmfpGm uAsm opfvGifqJckwfxpfrhJ h'%f&mrsm; {jyD33? at;jreSif;&nf uAsm vufuseftrSm;awGu“reufjzefudkcg;apcJhjyD {jyD

uAsm pGef hv$wfol ZGefuAsm ausmufbDvl;eSifhyef;yGifhuav;i,frsufeSm jo*kwfvuAsm yGifhwl&GufwljzpfoGm;ol pufwifbmuAsm pdefpDjc,fxm;ywœjrm; aowœmxJu atmufwdkbmuAsm a&junfat;jroHpql;c|ef edk0ifbm

34? aqGekdiff uAsm eSpfopfodk hoHjudk;pm; {jyD35? zdk;oHkn uAsm t&rf;vJGvdkufvdk hvrf;cJGpdk h {jyD

edkifiHa&;/okw/&o pHawmfcsdeftajumif;waphwapmif; aruAsm csdefwefaejyD ZGefuAsm vufcsif;wJGvdk h jo*kwfvuAsm &nf&G,fcsufeJ hcH,lcsuf pufwifbm

36? at;rdaqG uAsm vlxkavsmhuGufetztcsuf {jyD37? aumhom; tvif;tdrf“oa&mfpm”

raemufeJ h[ {jyDqifom;vnf;judkufoAsdk h ZGef

38? oHcJ edkifiHa&;/okw/&oolaoudk,faowdkufyJG0ifpum;vHk;rsm;&J hocif {jyDazhtdyfruf 'DZifbm

39? armifarmif(w&m;&Hk;csKyfa&S hae) edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;[email protected] oabmw&m; {jyD

t"rRjyKjcif;onf Oya'r[kwf jo*kwfvtpdk;&eSifhw&m;r#wr_ atmufwdkbm

40? t,fvfel;&m edkifiHa&;/okw/&o ordkif;vSapzdk h {jyD41? tifjuif;ar edkifiHa&;/okw/&o

usm;vnf;ajumuf&/ usm;ajc&mvnf;ajumuf& {jyDajumufajumufeJ hyJ&J&ifhju&ygvdrfhr,f arurBmajrpdrf;vef;aus;iSufwdk haw;oD ZGefreufjzefqdkwm &dSaeao;oa&G h pufwifbm

'dkhordkif;rSm r&kdif;ju& avatmif edk0ifbmzJjudk;jzLwdk hjzifh 'DZifbm

42? aZmfaZmfekdif (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) prf;oyfyJG {jyD


*%ef;ocsFm atmufwdkbm43? rif;rif;odef; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) zGwfusm;eJ htm&Susm; {jyD

ed'gef; arwrf;wjunfhrdjyefawmh ZGefusaemfpOf;pm;rdaomtydkif;tprsm; jo*kwfvxyfwljykI 'DZifbm

44? cdkif=unfyif; weSpfwmrSwfwrf; {jyD45? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm; trSwfw&pum;rsm; {jyD46? rif;wm&m (uAsm) ydawmufeDawGa=uG ar47? cef;'gatmifcrf; (uAsm) qdkifuvkef;'dkif,mavmh(cf) ar

(uAsm) *sLvdkif =o*kwfv (uAsm) Zmwfem 'DZifbm

48? {&m (uAsm) aejynfawmfbkef;awmfbJG h ar49? Myu Tsaw (uAsm) Boycott {jyD

(uAsm) a'gif;a,mifaqmifaomuDs; ar (uAsm) ausmufcwfjrdk hjy ZGef (uAsm) 8888 &mZ0if =o*kwfv (uAsm) ql;epfjrdK h atmufwdkbm

50? udkatmifol&jrifh (pum;ajymcef;) olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; =o*kwfv (pum;ajymcef;) olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; pufwifbm

51? atmifaZ,s (umwGef;) ar52? 0if;az (ouf}uD;pum;) edkif&_H;aqmifyk'fwyk'f ar

yk*~dKvfrcif w&m;rrif qdk;uskd;w&m; ZGef vGwfvyfcGifhudkxifovdk oHk;wdkif;raumif;bl; =o*kwfv [efaqmifoifhovm; pufwifbm

53? eENwifhaqG (pmzwfcef;) udk*sifrD&Jh h0JjoCrSmaw;oHjydKifvdk h ar (pmzwfcef;) vlxkeJ hekdifiHa&; =o*kwfv

54? ausmfol (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) acG;olcdk;em*pf ar rsuf&nfokwfrnfhvufrsm; pufwifbm

55? udkrsdk;(Oya') (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif ar56? armifygv (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) usaemfrodaomusaemf ar57? b[def;wif (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) xl;tdrfoif(ac: )iSuf}uD;

(odk h)'Drdkua&pDvGrf;csif; ar58? vif;vwfrif; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) cHpm;rlwdk h.wzufY ar59? armif (uAsm) awmfvSefa&;toGif ZGef60? cifarmifvGif(jynf) (uAsm) jzwfoGm;aomae@vnfcif;rsm; ar

(uAsm) Z&mwdk h&J hawmfvSefa&; ZGef (uAsm) avmui&JudkzefwD;jujcif; =o*kwfv


(uAsm) t&iftwdkif; pufwifbm (uAsm) ypPky`ef&J hqeNwck atmufwdkbm

(edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) w&kwftar&duefqufqHa&;eSifh atmufwdkbm (uAsm) jidrf;csrf;a&;oGm;&mvrf;rSm edk0ifbm

61? udkudkatmif(qefz&efppPudk) (uAsm) udkausmfolvdkvlpm; ZGef (uAsm) a0eSif;yGifhokef&J hwckef edk0ifbm

62? aeGOD; (pmayqef;ppfcsuf) cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufu cGyfa'gif;aw;oH ZGef63? a&$tdk;pnf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) t&dkif;uAsm ZGef64? armif0Ho (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) edkifiHa&;orm;ÉDum ZGef65? zdk;aZmf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) ppf&mZ0wfrlqdkwmbmvJ(bmomjyef) ZGef66? bDbDpD edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) 2008zJG hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh tem*wf(1/2) ZGef

2008zJG hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh tem*wf(3) pufwifbm 2008zJG hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh tem*wf(4) atmufwdkbm 2008zJG hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifhtem*wf(5) edk0ifbm

67? =unfatmif (uAsm) wdkif;jynf&J htysdKpif =o*kwfv (uAsm) Ak'<acwfu"g;om;awG 'DZifbm

68? zsmyHkvHkeDOD; (uAsm) rjyD;ao;aomrskd;qufopfwdk h&J htcef;quf jo*kwfv69? "88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm; trSwfw& pum;rsm; jo*kwfv70? aZmfaZmfatmif ("8888 txdrf;trSwf pkpnf;r_) ,Ofaus;rlodk hnDnGwfjcif; jo*kwfv71? vlxkpdef0if; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) twdwfordkif;udkjyefvSefwJhtcg =o*kwfv

rSefwma&;vdk h atmufwdkbm tcsdefaumif; tcgaumif; 'DZifbm

72? bmbmbdk;bdk; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) *syefujrefrm =o*kwfv73? aejcnf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) aea&mifatmufutekynm =o*kwfv74? oDwmatmif (uAsm) oHCHo&%H*p >mrd pufwifbm75? pdk;aevif; (uAsm) awmifedrfhrsm;udkjzwfoef;jcif; pufwifbm76? xdefvif; (uAsm) pmoifausmif;ua'gif;tdk;a0 pufwifbm

(edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) wckckawmhvkyfzdk hvdkonf pufwifbm(uAsm) jynfol hawmfvSefa&; atmufwdkbm(ordkif;rSwfwrf;qdkif&m) pma&;q&m/owif;pmq&mOD;wifhaqG atmufwdkbm(uAsm) tara&;wJhuAsm edk0ifbm(edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) acwfudkjyXmef;juolrsm; edk0ifbm(uAsm) r[l&mjyZmwf 'DZifbm(edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) jydKifwlrwGef;v#ifra&G hedkifyg 'DZifbm

77? udkarmifpsmef (uAsm) qef;ppfjcif; pufwifbm78? q&mawmft&SifZ0e wrsdK;om;vHk;ta&;udkoHCmawGvspfvsLr&_edkif pufwifbm79? atmfyDus,f (umwGef;) pufwifbm

(umwGef;) atmufwdkbm (umwGef;) 'DZifbm

80? edkif;edkif;pae (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) 99 rdom;pkvm; pufwifbm


81? Zifvif; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) yifvHkuwdzsufodrf;jcif; pufwifbm82? oef;0if;vd_if (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) 22eSpfjynfh&Spfq,fh&Spf pufwifbm

vlxkoabmxm; atmufwdkbm83? ("8888 txdrf;trSwf pkpnf;r_) OuUÏ 2 udkoD[wifhaqGeSifhawG hqHkar;jref;jcif; jo*kwfv84? av;av;tdk (uAsm) toifb,fuxGuf edk0ifbm85? &JabmfxGef;a0 (uAsm) 22 eSpf ABSDF arG;ae hodk h edk0ifbm86? av;av; (uAsm) a0eSif;yGifhokefodk h*k%fjykjcif; atmufwdkbm87? aumif;uifudk (uAsm) =u,fawGtjydKifvif;zdk hvdkw,f atmufwdkbm88? a0eSif;yGifhokef (pum;ajymcef;) 88 rsdK;qufaoG;odk hr[kuf atmufwdkbm

(pum;ajymcef;) usrwdk hrsdK;qufa&mufvmjyD edk0ifbm89? azjrifh (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) 'Drdkua&pD. oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; atmufwdkbm90? vlxka':trm (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) zdk;pdefeJ hedkifiHa&; atmufwdkbm

(vlxktar a':trm txdrf;trSwf) tdkrif;&ifha&mfawmh tarharhtavsmhavsmh 'DZifbm

91? opPmeD (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) qdkufum;eJ hvl atmufwdkbm92? xGef;0if;jidrf; ociftkef;jrifh armfuGef;pmrsufem) tcsdK;tauG hxJrSm atmufwdkbm93? cifjidrf;opf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) usr=um;cJhjrifcJhbl;aom atmufwdkbm

bk&m;pl;ygaphwu,fhtjzpfav; edk0ifbmrm&oGefodk@ edk0ifbm

94? rSwf}uD; (uAsm) odjyDvm; edk0ifbm95? oef;=uG,f (umwGef;) edk0ifbm96? atmifouf0dkif; (txdrf;trSwf) olr vGwfonfhtcsdef edk0ifbm97? cifjzLaxG; (txdrf;trSwf) a':pkvGwfwm[mc&D;&Snf}uD;&J htp edk0ifbm98? Aka'<g0g'ausmif; q&mawmf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o)

2010a&G;aumufyJGeSifh tem*wfomoem edk0ifbm99? nkdjr (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) vcpm;bk&ifpepfwifjyol edk0ifbm100? rdk;oD;ZGef (uAsm) {nfhpm&if;rwdkifwJhuAsm 'DZifbm101? pdkif;crf;vdwf (uAsm) ur Bmopfaw; 'DZifbm102? 'Daqmif;eSif; (uAsm) qEN 'DZifbm103? bdkbdkvef;pif (trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeh htxdrf;trSwf)

edkifiHudkynmjzifh appm;jcif; 'DZifbm104? odrf;armif (vlxktar a':trm txdrf;trSwf) a':a':odk htvGrf;pm 'DZifbm105? atmifa0; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) rpf&DS*efrSay;aompm 39 'DZifbm

106? cGefqdkif; (0wœ Kwdk) edkifiHawmfeJ hxif;bkwf 'DZifbm107? a'gufwmpdk;rif; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) jrusGef;ndkndk wuUodkvf 'DZifbm108? &ef0if;(awmifwHcg;) (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) nDnGwfa&;eJ htouf&Snf&Snf 'DZifbm109? aevif; (uAsm) acwfopfbDvl;Zmwf 'DZifbm110? 0if;ekdif (uAsm) tem*wf 'DZifbm111? '*kefwm&m (vlxktara':trm txdrf;trSwf) jrrO…l eSifh ordkif;acwfrsm; 'DZifbm


137

tvif;tdrfu1992 rSm pcJhw,f//usaemfu1997 rSm jrefrmjynfuxGufcJhw,f h h h qdkawmh5 ESpfjynfhoGm;cJhw,fvdk hqdk&rSmaygh //tckvJjynfyrSm tvif;tdrfu5 ESpfjynhfcJhjyef+yDaxmifpum;eJ h ajym&,if=urf;cif;aps;awmh jynfhcJh+yD//

tav;teufajymcsifwmu*syefu tvif;tdrf &JabmfawGudk

tckvdkquf+yD; v_yf&Sm;Edkifaewmudkaus;Zl;txl;wifw,f//

arwWm&yfcHcsifwmuqufvuf+yD; onf;cHusdK;pm;

v_yf&Sm;o,faqmifay;ygtkef;vdk h //csdKcsdKxGef;+idrf;

aemfa0; (acwW)(tvif;tdrfudk jrefrmjynfxJwGif

pwifwnfaxmifolwa,muf)

tvif;tdrf r*~Zi f; xkwfa0onfh 5 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf

&Jabmfrsm;. trSwfw&pum;rsm;

tm%m&Sif rSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf//

rsdK;jrifhatmif


138

b,ftvkyfudpPrqkd tcsdefawG=umvmwmeJ@tr# tenf;tusOf;'grSr[kwf t=uD;t us,fqkdjyD; jzpfpOft& (odk@) oabmobm0t& ajymif;vJjcif;awG jzpfwwfovkd/ tajctaet&jzpfay;/ ajymif;vJay;&wmawG &Sdygw,f? 'grSvJ vuf&SdxdawGae&wJh tjzpfoepfeJ@ ukdufnDygvdrh fr,f? umv/em&DawGeJ@vkdufjyD; vlom;awG&J@ pdwf"gwf awGvJ ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJaeygvdrhfr,f? jiD;aiG@jcif;/ wuf=uGjcif;(qkwf,kwfjcif;/ wkd;yGm;jcif;)awG jzpfaumif;jzpfaeygvdrhfr,f?'gayrJh usaemfuawmh ol@ukd rufrufarmarm pGJvrf;aeqJ/zufwG,faejrJygyJ? razmufrjyefyJ ol@twGuf eD;eD; (odk@) a0;a0;

tjrJwae&mrSm &SdaerSmyg?aZmfaZmfEdkif

'Dc&D;udk 'Dvrf;eJ@av#mufr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD;vkyfcJh=uwm (5) ESpf&Sd+yD? (5) ESpfqdkwm

ordkif;pmrsufESm &J@ rSwfwrf;rSmpmvHk;wvHk;/ pmwa=umif;/ pmyk'fwyk'f/

pmwtkyfavmufomawG@xdrdolawGtwGuf &SdrSmyg?

'gayr,fh jyKolawG&J@ pdwf&if;apwem/vkyfaqmifcsufawG/

cHpm;az:aqmifr_awG[m }uD;rm;ygw,f?'gudk ,HkrSm;oHo, jzpfp&mrvdk?

vufwGJcJh=uwJh &JabmfawG/ tm;ay;ulnDcJh=uwJhyk*d~KvfawG/apmifh=unfha0zefcJh=uwJh vlawGudk

av;pm;aus;Zl;wifrdygw,f?wu,fawmh t&m&m[m

bmrSr[kwfao;wJhtwGufqufvuf }udK;yrf;av#mufvSrf;=u&ygOD;r,f?

t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;jrif+yD;/ rmefrmewufp&m/ b0ifjrifhp&mrvdkyJ}udK;pm;=u&ygOD;r,f?'Dc&D;a&mufzdk@/ 'Dvrf;rSm &dk;om;pGmyJ/ jrLwr_ef/ oJwyGifh

tuef@wcktaeeJ@ &Sdaeygr,fvdk@?oduQm+cHK&if vdyfjymvHkygvdrfhr,f?'Dc&D;udk (5) ESpfrSonf &nfrSef;csuf a&mufonfhtxd&SdpGrf;or#eJ@ qufaerSmjzpfygw,f?

&J+idrf;


wcgu5 ESpft&G,f

tar h&ifcGifxJuem&DtcsdK h h h h cGJcGgcJh+yD; h h h //

rlvwef;ausmif;av;rSm ausmif;wuf&if;ynmtvif; tvif;tdrfxJrSm

igwdk h &Sifoef}uD;jyif;cJhw,f//wcgu

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p5ESpf&moD Armjynf&J h

EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif; h h h tvif;wckudkorkdif;rSwfwrf;wcktjzpf

0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku h h h xkqpfcJhbl;w,f//

uH/ pdwf qdkwJh obm0w&m;awGta=umif;/ tusdK; qufpyfoG,fwef;aewJh

avmu}uD;&J@ uGef,ufxJ....rarhrav#mh csdwfqufr_jyKtyfwm

a'oemopPm (4) jzm......? tHharmf

139139139139139

139

igwdk hEdkifiH&J h ppftm%m&SifpepfawmfvSefa&;pD;a=umif;rSmtrSefeJ htrSm;w&m;r_eJ hrw&m;r_ h h htvif;tdrf&J h 5 ESpfwm h h h xkqpfr_rSm h h higwdk h //(tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;&J h 5 ESpfwmodk h *k%fjyKOD;n$wfvsuf)aZmfaZmfatmif ABSFU (88)


140

*syef&J h ivsif / qlemrD / tEkjrL h h h'gawG[m aorif;&J hzdwfpmawGyg // 'Dzdwfpmudk +zJqkwf+yD; Armjynf ppftm%m&Sif pepfqdk;&J h aowGif;rS &kef;xzdk h}udK;pm;aewJh tvif;tdrf &Jabmf wa,mufyg//

&Jjrifhatmif

pmay&J h ta&;ygyHkudk txl;ajymp&mr&Sdyg// wdkif;wyg;a&muf jrefrmwa,muftaeeJ h 'kuQtcuftcJawG =um;upmaywm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewm[m tajymvG,f oavmuftvkyfjzpfzdk hu cufygw,f//

rif;rif;odef;

u|Ekfyfwdk@ wdkif;jynfudk/ vufeufjzifh tEdkifusifh/ Adkvfvkyf tkyfcsKyfae=uwJh/ ppfrdp>mwd&dp>mefaumifawG/ ppfta&cGHudk c|wfI/ t&yfta&cGHodk@ ajymif;um/ t&Sufr&SdpGmjzifh/

tm%mudk zufwG,fae=ujyefay+yD? ppfwd&dp>mefaumifawG Tr# oufqdk;&SnfI/ wdkif;jynfudktm%m&Sifqefqef/ pdwf&Sdwdkif; jyK rlcGifh&ae=uonfrSm/ olwdk@wawG awmfvGef;onfxuf/ u|Ekfyfwdk@&J@ tm;enf; csuf/ vdktyfcsuf awG a=umihfvnf; jzpfayonf?txl;ojzifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk@&J@pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_onf/ rnfo!fhtcsdefrSmyJ jzpfjzpf/ vkdtyf r_/tm;enf;r_ jzpfaeonfudk awG@&ayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh tvif;tdrf &Jabmf/ &Jar rsm;taejzifhvnf;/ pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmjzifh“tvif;tdrf&J@tiftm;”wckudk zefwD;um/ ppfrdp>maumifawGudktvJxdk;I/ yef;wdkifodk@ a&mufatmif/ rqkwfrepf qufvuf

csDwuf=uyg pdk@vdk@/ Tae&mrS wdkufwGef; Ed_;aqmfvdkuf ygonf?ausmfxGÉf0if;?

atmif=unf

&dk;om;}udK;pm;r_awGeJ hwufvSrf;vmwJh tvif;tdrf5 ESpfjynfhvmjyD // &JabmfopfawG xyfwdk;vmovdk / &Jabmfa[mif;tcsdK hvJ usaemfwdk hudk ypfcGgoGm;=uw,f// 'gudk uvGwfvyfcGifh&J h tcGifhta&;yJ// 'gayrJh udk,fusdK;twGuftoHk;csoGm;w,fqdk&ifawmh h h h udk,fhordkif;eJ hudk,fyg//


149

ausmfrsdK;xGef;

pmay0goem&SifwpfOD;jzpfvdk@vm;awmhrodbl;&Sif h /tvif;tdrfrSm yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifh&aewmudkyJ auseyf *k%f,lae rdygw,f ? aus;Zl;vJ wifygw,f&Sif ?

0if;oE Wmatmif

ar#mfvifhcsufeJ h touf&Sifw,fwJh // ar#mfvifhae&HkeJ hawmhbmrSjzpfrvmbl;//usaemfwdk hudk,fwdkif tarpkeJ htwl wdkufyGJ0ifzdk hvdkygw,f//vli,fuGef,ufawGudk axmufcHtm;ay;ulnD=uyg//

usaemf htouf 30 0ef;usifyg// usaemfvljzpfvmcJh&wJhoufwrf;rSm usaemf[m jrefrmjynf&J h vlpif ppfppf r[kwfao;bl;qdkwm 'Da&mufrSyJ odw,f//

jynf+zdK;&J

&Jabmfwdk ha& tqifrajywmawG ajym&&if a=omcsrdvdrfhr,f//'gayrJ h tvif;tdrf qdkwm udk,fh&ifxJrSm &Sdaeygw,f//

cdkifvif;


144

jynfol jynfom;rsm;twGuf ppfrSefaom pmaytvif;udkt+rJwrf;ay;aqmifae Edkifr,fh tvif;tdrfvdk h em;vnf ,Hk=unfygw,f//

cdkif=unf0if;

pmtkyfpmay vl hrdwfaqGwJh // tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfc&D; rSmpmzwfolawGeJ h rdwfaqGjzpfovm; ? rjzpfovm;?usaemfhrSm tjiif;yGg;p&m r&Sdygbl;//

=unfwdk;

wOD;wa,mufonf trsm;twGuf trsm;onfwOD;wa,muftwGufwOD;eJ h wOD; vufwGJulnD &dkif;yif; qGJac: jrSifhwifay;=u+yD;EdkifiHwum vl htzGJ htpnf;rSm &ifabmifwef; Edkifrnfh jrefrmhvlabmif tzGJ htpnf; wnfaqmufEdkif=uap&ef qkrGefawmif;qdkv#uf h h h h

aeatmifausmf

vGwfvyfpGm jiif;cHkcGifh / vGyfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;cGifh tvif;tdrf&Jabmfwdkif;rSm wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sdw,f// 'gayrJh t&ifwkef;uavmuf rjiif;=uawmhbl;// a=omf 5 ESpfqdkwJh c&D;u wnf+idrfr_eJ htwl &ifhusufr_ tawG ht+uHKudk wygwnf;ay;vdkuf+yDxifw,f//

wifEdkif


141

bmrS r[kwfbl;vdk h xif&ayrJhxifwJhvlawGudk ajymcsifygw,ftJonfvdk xifaewmudkubmrS r[kwfygbl;//

ausmfrdk;Edkif

tzJG h&J hwm0efay;csuft& EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDa&; tpDtpOfrSm tvif;tdrf&JabmfawG ydkrdk ulnDvSL'gef;=uzdk h Ed_;aqmfvdkufygw,f//

at;odkuf

=um;zl;wJh qdk&dk;pum;av; wck&Sdw,f// wdkif;jynfwcku jynfolawG[m olwdk heJ h xdkufwefwJh tpdk;&yJ &wwfw,fwJh// 'Dqdk&dk;av;rSefr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk hpnf;urf;jynfh0+yD; udk,fusihfw&m;aumif;vmwJhtcg tpdk;& aumif;awGjzpfvmrSmyg// tJ'Dtcsdefa&mufzdk h usaemfwdk h 'Dxuftrsm;}uD; ydk}udK;pm;=u&vdrfhr,f//

atmifaZ,sndK

tajymif;tvJvdk csif&if tJ'Dtajymif;tvJudk udk,fwdkifvkyf,lrS &r,fwJh // usaemfwdk h wu,fvkyfrS t[kwf&rSmaemh//

0if;Edkif


142

ppftpdk;&&J h &kyfao;&kyfawGudk t&if;uae }udK;jzwfcs&OD;rSmyJusaemfwdk h pmaytzGJ htpnf;awGuvnf;vGyfvGyfvyfvyf qufvufwdkufyGJ 0ifzdk hvdkygw,f//

[def;rif;

tarSmifudk usaemfr}udKufbl;//“tvif;”udk cHkrifESpfouf rufarmw,f//usaemfh&J h tvif;tdrf arSmifrdkufudkxdk;cGif;vif;vufEdkifygapvdk h//

Myu Tsaw

b,ftzGJ h tpnf;rSmyJ jzpfjzpf tzGJ h0ifwdkif;rSmtenf;qHk;awmhtzGJ heJ hywfowfw,fqdkwJhwm0efqdkwm&Sdw,f//&Jabmfwdk h wm0efausygap//

tm;opfrGef

awmfvSefvGwfvyf jrifhjrwfpdwfxm; &J&ifhopPmcGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwfjzifhusaemfwdk h wawG qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=uygpdk h//

Anm;


143

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfrSonf ESpf 50 wdkif h h h//

xGef;+idrf;

tvif;tdrfeJ htwl t+rJ&Sdaer,f h h htzGJ h0if&Jabmftm;vHk;udkvnf; tJ'DvdkbJ jzpfapcsifw,f//

xDvm

t&m&m[m udk,feJ h bmrS rqdkifudk,fhtusdK;eJ h bmrS rywfowfbl;vdk hcH,lxm;+yD; udk,fhtwGuf udk,fvkyfaeolawGrsm;wJhacwfrSm usaemf tvif;tdrfrSm &Sdaeygw,f//

pnfoljrifh

&Jabmfwdk h - }uD;oludk &dkao / i,fol udkav;pm;wJh // tvif;tdrf&J hordkif; r&dkif;&avatmif udk,ftodeJ h udk,fjyif// vli,fyDyD wufwuf=uG=uG pdwfyg vufyg v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufyg//

[efaZmf0if;


148

usaemfu twdkif;tqorm;// tvif;tdrfu vuf}uD; w,f//tcsdefwefawmhvJ pmtkyfu xGufvmwmygyJ// 'DvdkeJ h 5ESpfajrmufudk }udKqdkvdkufygw,f//

at;aZmfjrifh

atmifrsdK;rif;

jrifhOD;

usaemfuawmh pmzwfwmudk i,fhi,fuav;b0xJu0goemygvmolrdk@tvif;tdrfeJ@ yg0ifulnDcGifh&wm pdwf0ifpm;zdk@aumif;ygw,f ?

wifrif;Edkif

pmayqdkwm pdwf&J h tm[m&jzpfw,f// vlusef;rmzdk htpmpm;&ovdk / pdwfusef;rmzdk hpmzwfzdk hvdkygw,f// taysmfzwfpmawGeJ h tcsdefukefrJhtpm; tvif;tdrfudkzwfygvdk hwdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f//

ay;wJh wm0efudk ausyGefatmifxrf;aqmifv#ufyg// tvif;tdrf&JabmfawG ESpfopfrSmcsrf;ajrhygapvdk h


145

aumif;r_udk todw&m;eJ h udk,fhtvkyfudk,fvkyf aewm[m vl&Jh pHbJ//

ausmfol&

yxr / 'kwd, / wwd,udkausmf pwkwW rSonfyO PrvGe fajrmuf qXr od k @ a&mufc J h =uav+y D ?tvif;tdrf&Jabmfwdk@&J@ rav#mhaomZGJ / vHk@v / 0d&d, wdk@jzifhqufvufwdkufyG J0ifaeqJyg ?ppfrSefaom 'Drd kua&pDEdkifiHawmfopf}uD; ray:aygufEdkifao;aom tcsdefumvwpfcktxd ZGJ opPm orm"d &Sd&Sd tvif;tdrf &Jabmf&Jartaygif;wdk@ESifh twlwuG qufvufwdkufyGJJ0ifoGm;rSmygvdk@qENjyK&if; ESpfopfudk }udKqdkvdkufygw,f // (av;av;tdk -O\majr)

pmtkyfpmay vl hrdwfaqG wJh // tvdrRm pmrSm&SdwJh//tJ'gawG vdkcsif&ifawmh pmzwfrysif;ygeJ h// tcsdef&or#udkpmzwfzdk hwdkufwGef;csifygw,f//

EkEka0

usKyfwdk h ArmjynfrSmtckwavm a&yrf;pm;aewm

Good and Clean Goverment qdkwJh pum;yJ[if; h h h vlawGudk evydef;wkef;awG rSwf+yD;

+zD;jzef;aewm h h h awG hygvdrfhr,fAsm h h h r=umcif tcsif;csif;cGufapmif;ckwf=urSm h h h

ausmfjrifhxGef;


146

ESpfopful;+yD h h hpepfopfuawmh rxl;ygbl;// usKyfwdk hvnf; h h hxyf Do +rJ Do &tHk;rSmbJ//xyf Do =utHk;pdk h &Jabmfwdk ha& //

ausmfvif;xGÉfatmifcif

pmay[m vlr_a&; / EdkifiHa&; eJ h rqdkifbl;qdk&if h h hwckyJajymcsifygw,f//usaemf EGm;udk yvmwm rau|;yg//

ausmfckdif0if;

tvif;tdrfqdkwm tm%m&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&;eJ h'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmftwGuf cGyfa'gif;aoG;awG pD;qif;aewJhuavmifvufeuf wckyg//

rsdK;ausmfodef;

*syefa&muftvif;tdrf&JabmfawG[m vl hb0&J h *syefrSm c%wmaexdkifcGifhxuf jrefrmjynfol jynfom;awG b0 wavsmufvHk; vl@tcGifhta&;tjynfht0eJ haexdkifEdkifapzdk h wzufwvrf;u }udK;pm;yg0ifaeygw,f//

xGef;xGef;0if;


147

+idrf;csrf;a&; tvif;wef;awGudk xGef;vif;awmufyEdkifzdk h vufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;=uygpdk h//

aZmfrsdK;

tvif;tdrf[m EdkifiHa&; vlr_a&; eJ@ A[kokw&&Sd&mpmayjyef@yGm;a&;udk txl;yJOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf aewmjzpfvdk@aysmf&$if&,farm vGrf;qGwfzG,f&mrsm; rygEdkifwJhtwGufawmfvSefa&;umvwpfcktwGif;rSmawmh em;vnfay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhygw,f ?

jr0if;pdk;

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfajrmufrSm usaemfu oHwdkifawGaemufa&mufaew,f// usaemfhpdwfuawmh tvif;tdrfeJ htwl oHwdkifawGtjyifrSm vGwfajrmufvdk h aeav&J h//

0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)

rodwmawGxJrSm odcJh&wmu tvif;tdrf&J h xGef;+idSr_a=umihf //'ga=umifh 'DrD;awmufxJrSm ig[m avmifpmwcktjzpf&Sdaeyg+yD//

aX;0if;


150

tvif;tdrf rS aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0wˆKwdk +ydKifyGJwGif EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif=uaom pmaycspfjrwfEdk;olrsm;ESifh trSwfay; tuJjzwf a&G;cs,fay;cJh=uaom

pmay*Dwynm&Sifq&mOD;0if;az / pma&;q&marmifpGrf;&nf /uAsmq&m udkatmifa0; ESifh pma&;q&m udkxdefvif;

wdk htm; tvif;tdrfrS txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdyga=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf//tvif;tdrf wm0efcH

awmif;yefjcif;,ckvxkwfpmtkyfwGifpmrsufESmtcuftcJt& razmfjyEdkifaom pmrlrsm;udk / arvxkwf

wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyygrnf// te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif=uonfh 0wKwdk pmrlrsm;udkvnf; vpOfazmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf//

t,f'Dwm

EdkifiHa&;pmay / awmfvSefa&;pmayoD;oef hxkwfwJ htvif;tdrfudkav;pm;v#ufyg//

jrwfausmfol

ay;tyfwJh wm0efudk ausyGefatmifxrf;aqmifygrnf/&Jabmf / &Jbuftcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef av;pm;,Hk=unfr_ eJ ha&S hudk c&D;quf=uygpdk h//

jrifhudk


151

(7) L NOORA

(8) aevif;atmif / cifcifav;

(9) wifarmifudk

(10) oJ;vGifOD;

(11) vJhvJh0if;udk

(12) atmifatmifrdk;

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; tm;

ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom

wdk htm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf//

(1) bdkbdkouf

(2) &Jrif;0if;

(3) ausmfxGef;Edkif

(4) cdkifOD;i,f

(5) 0if;bdkbdk

(6) pdkif;yef;armif


tvif;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&efPOST 169-0075

TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10

303,HIGARI BLD

TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178

Japan.

TEL

080-5070-0080

080-3574-9700

090-9954-5070

090-6528-9292

090-7198-4763

pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&;ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if;

at;aZmfjrifh / 0if;Edkif(vifydk&if)(Ibaraki)

0if;Edkif (yef;yJwef;)Web Site owif;/rD'D,mrsKd;jrifhatmif / at;okduf/

&Jjrifhatmif / rsdK;apm / cdkifvif;yef;csD o&kyfazmf

xDvmausmfvif;xGÉfatmifcif

b¾ma&;ESi fh pm&if;tif;atmifaZ,smndK / xGef;xGef;0if;aeatmifausmf / cdkif=unf0if;

tm;opfrGef

ulnDyHhykd;a&;ESi fh v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ h=unfwkd; / wifEdkif

jynf+zdK;&J / rsdK;ausmfodef; EkEka0/ jrwfausmfolatmifrsdK;rif; / jrifhudkjrihfOD; / 0if;oE Wmatmif

ausmfrsdK;xGef; / wifrif;Edkif

tvif;tdrf wm0efcH&J+idrf;

ta0;a&muf t,f'DwmaZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef)

ABFSU (88)rsKd;quft,f'Dwm

aZmfaZmfEkdif / rif;rif;odef;tr_aqmift,f'Dwm

cifarmifaZmf / Anm;b&kdif,efuif;xGef;+idrf; / tHharmf

pmpD/ pm&kdufausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh

aZmfrsKd; / [def;rif;jynfwGi f;/ jynfy jzef hcsda&; jr0if;pdk; / atmif=unf

ausmfjrifhxGef; / ausmfol&ausmfcdkif0if; / [efaZmf0if;

[email protected]

http://alineain.net/

http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/

http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

အလင္းအိမ္ မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၂)

Documents