环境环境价值核算：价值核算：美国的经验与教训美国的经验与教训齐晔

清华大学公共管理学院北京师范大学环境学院

生态系统管理与环境价值核算生态系统管理与环境价值核算

Environmental Accounting:Environmental Accounting:From Contingent Valuation to From Contingent Valuation to Emergy MethodEmergy Method

报告内容报告内容生态系统与环境价值核算生态系统与环境价值核算综合的环境与经济核算综合的环境与经济核算可供借鉴的经验与教训可供借鉴的经验与教训

相关概念相关概念 Green GDPGreen GDP Environmental accountingEnvironmental accounting Ecosystem valuationEcosystem valuation

Stock vs. FlowStock vs. Flow

GDP: FlowGDP: Flow Environmental accounting: StockEnvironmental accounting: Stock

Scale MismatchScale Mismatch

GDP: GDP: 相对精确相对精确Ecosystem valueEcosystem value ：不确定：不确定

Why Estimate Why Estimate Ecosystem Values?Ecosystem Values? Basis for market transactions Basis for market transactions Ecosystem planningEcosystem planning

The Concept of ValueThe Concept of Value

Value is a human perception. It is Value is a human perception. It is the worth of something to a the worth of something to a particular individual, at a given particular individual, at a given place and moment in time. Utility, place and moment in time. Utility, satisfaction, and pleasure are other satisfaction, and pleasure are other words that connote worth or value words that connote worth or value received. received.

生态系统与环境价值评估方法生态系统与环境价值评估方法

1. 1. Market Price MethodMarket Price MethodEstimates economic values Estimates economic values

for ecosystem products or for ecosystem products or services that are bought services that are bought and sold in commercial and sold in commercial marketsmarkets..

2. Productivity Method2. Productivity Method

Estimates economic values Estimates economic values for ecosystem products or for ecosystem products or services that contribute to services that contribute to the production of the production of commercially marketed commercially marketed goods goods

3. Hedonic Pricing 3. Hedonic Pricing MethodMethodEstimates economic values for Estimates economic values for

ecosystem or environmental ecosystem or environmental services that directly affect market services that directly affect market prices of some other good. Most prices of some other good. Most commonly applied to variations in commonly applied to variations in housing prices that reflect the housing prices that reflect the value of local environmental value of local environmental attributes. attributes.

4. Travel Cost Method4. Travel Cost Method

Estimates economic values Estimates economic values associated with ecosystems or associated with ecosystems or sites that are used for sites that are used for recreation. Assumes that the recreation. Assumes that the value of a site is reflected in value of a site is reflected in how much people are willing to how much people are willing to pay to travel to visit the site. pay to travel to visit the site.

5.5. Damage Cost Avoided, Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost MethodsSubstitute Cost Methods

Estimate economic values based Estimate economic values based on costs of avoided damages on costs of avoided damages resulting from lost ecosystem resulting from lost ecosystem services, costs of replacing services, costs of replacing ecosystem services, or costs of ecosystem services, or costs of providing substitute services.  providing substitute services. 

6. Contingent Valuation 6. Contingent Valuation MethodMethodEstimates economic values for virtually Estimates economic values for virtually

any ecosystem or environmental any ecosystem or environmental service. The most widely used service. The most widely used method for estimating non-use, or method for estimating non-use, or “passive use” values. Asks people to “passive use” values. Asks people to directly state their willingness to pay directly state their willingness to pay for specific environmental services, for specific environmental services, based on a hypothetical scenario. based on a hypothetical scenario.

7. Contingent Choice 7. Contingent Choice MethodMethod

Estimates economic values for virtually Estimates economic values for virtually any ecosystem or environmental any ecosystem or environmental service. Based on asking people to service. Based on asking people to make tradeoffs among sets of make tradeoffs among sets of ecosystem or environmental services ecosystem or environmental services or characteristics. Does not directly ask or characteristics. Does not directly ask for willingness to pay—this is inferred for willingness to pay—this is inferred from tradeoffs that include cost as an from tradeoffs that include cost as an attribute. attribute.

8. Benefit Transfer 8. Benefit Transfer MethodMethodEstimates economic values by Estimates economic values by

transferring existing benefit transferring existing benefit estimates from studies already estimates from studies already completed for another location completed for another location or issue. or issue.

美国的综合环境与经济核算美国的综合环境与经济核算 Tobin and Nordhaus 1972, Net economic Tobin and Nordhaus 1972, Net economic

welfarewelfare Repetto, 1989, Net Domestic ProductRepetto, 1989, Net Domestic Product Daly and Cobb, 1990, Index of Daly and Cobb, 1990, Index of

Sustainable Economic WelfareSustainable Economic Welfare Costanza et al., 1997, Ecosystem Costanza et al., 1997, Ecosystem

Service IndexService Index Odum, 1972, …,1996, Emergy-based Odum, 1972, …,1996, Emergy-based

environmental accountingenvironmental accounting

美国的综合环境与经济核算美国的综合环境与经济核算 Bureau of Economic Analysis (DOC), Bureau of Economic Analysis (DOC),

19921992 Focused on integrating environmental Focused on integrating environmental

accounting with the US National Income accounting with the US National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA)and Product Accounts (NIPA)

US Integrated Environmental and US Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Account, 1994Economic Satellite Account, 1994

Suspended in 1994Suspended in 1994

综合环境与经济核算评估小组综合环境与经济核算评估小组 William Nordhous, ChairWilliam Nordhous, Chair Including Robert Repetto, 12 membersIncluding Robert Repetto, 12 members National research CouncilNational research Council Committee on National Statistics 1998-Committee on National Statistics 1998-

19991999

Overall assessmentOverall assessment Extending NIPA to include assets and Extending NIPA to include assets and

production activities associated with production activities associated with natural resources and the environment natural resources and the environment is an important goal.is an important goal.

E&NR accounts provides useful data and E&NR accounts provides useful data and economic planning and investment economic planning and investment

Rationale is solidRationale is solid IEESA is consistent with domestic and IEESA is consistent with domestic and

international effortsinternational efforts

ApproachesApproaches Not to redefine the Core AccountsNot to redefine the Core Accounts Add satellite and supplementary Add satellite and supplementary

accountsaccounts Phased approach vs. comprehensive Phased approach vs. comprehensive

approach approach

BEA’s Resumption of Natural BEA’s Resumption of Natural Resource and Environmental Resource and Environmental AccountingAccounting

Authorize and fund development of Authorize and fund development of natural resource and environmental natural resource and environmental accountsaccounts

BEA leads the effortBEA leads the effort

Accounting for subsoil mineral Accounting for subsoil mineral assetsassets

Develop and maintain a set of accounts Develop and maintain a set of accounts for domestic subsoil mineral assetsfor domestic subsoil mineral assets

Accounting for renewable and Accounting for renewable and environmental resourcesenvironmental resources

EA is a useful way to represent interactions EA is a useful way to represent interactions between market and the environment:between market and the environment:

– Additions and depletions of natural resourcesAdditions and depletions of natural resources– Alterations in the quality of the environmentAlterations in the quality of the environment– Expenditures made to reduce the effects of Expenditures made to reduce the effects of

economic activities on the environment economic activities on the environment

Accounting for renewable and Accounting for renewable and environmental resources environmental resources (continued)(continued)

For valuation, BEA should rely whenever For valuation, BEA should rely whenever possible on market and behavioral data. possible on market and behavioral data. However, novel valuation techniques will However, novel valuation techniques will be necessary for the development of a be necessary for the development of a comprehensive set of non-market comprehensive set of non-market accounts.accounts.

Accounting for renewable and Accounting for renewable and environmental resources environmental resources (continued)(continued) Concerted federal effort to identify and Concerted federal effort to identify and

collect data needed to measure changes collect data needed to measure changes in the quantity and quality of natural in the quantity and quality of natural resource and environmental assets and resource and environmental assets and associated nonmarket service flows. associated nonmarket service flows.

Emphasis on measuring effects directly, Emphasis on measuring effects directly, particularly on measuring human particularly on measuring human exposure to air and water pollutantsexposure to air and water pollutants

Incremental costIncremental cost

$1.5 M$1.5 M

ConclusionConclusion

Essential investment for the nation;Essential investment for the nation; Comprehensive accounts are of great Comprehensive accounts are of great

value;value; Must not compromise the current core Must not compromise the current core

accounts accounts

What can we learn?What can we learn?

Strategic planning and immediate Strategic planning and immediate actionsactions

Maintaining the current core accountsMaintaining the current core accounts Sufficient and stable government Sufficient and stable government

supportsupport Joint and concerted effort of multi-Joint and concerted effort of multi-

disciplinary teams disciplinary teams