: 54():(2): (10): (4): s (3): p (6): d() (12) : d() (6): d() (6): f (5)

1234678101112131517

1 (1) Slate (1s);(2s,2p);(3s,3p);(3d);(4s,4p);(4d);(4f);(5s,5p);(5d);(5f) 0 0.35 (1s1s0.30); nsnp(n1)0.85(n1)1.00; ndnf1.00

Slate n0 n1.1np pnp p(456p) 1.1 nn 1.2 (n1)n

(n1)1.2 (n2)1.00

n1nsnpnpndnfns0.300.250.230.000.00np0.350.310.290.000.00np0.410.370.310.000.00nd1.001.001.000.350.00nf1.001.001.001.000.39

n1(n1)s(n1)p(n1)d(n1)fns1.000.900.930.86np1.000.970.980.90np1.001.001.000.94nd1.001.001.001.00* 1s2s0.85

ssssp3sp2sps25%33%50%2.482.753.293.083.944.67 2.553.04sp3sp(3.44)(3.98)

abab: a(0), bb; b

2 2.1

O2F2O2spzspzzxy; Li2Be2B2C2N2N2spzspzzxy2.2 O2N2

( NOCO)NOCO

CO CO10N210CON2CO(3.52.51)O2s C 2s 12.92 eVC 2s O2p 3.54 eV3.54 eV CON2

C2s2pspO2s12psp2spsp414 16235COp22CO(4)2(1)N2

group orbits

NH3CH4

AH2Walsh, A1spH1s Walsh 50Walsh, , , Walsh

AH2 , , , , g 1a1, u1b2, 1b2 , , 1a1, Walsh 3s 3s V, , 1952 upypzHs2a12a1u , 3a12b2 ,

XH, X 16AX2 17202122:

B12s32p, B3 BH4

,,. ()() O2

I3(II)1I3

:[16()3.5()2] [16(0.9)3.5(0.9)2]17HCl 3.02.10.9

A B ql ql HCll127 pm1.271010 m 3.441020 Cm 1e1.61019 CH0.17e Cl0.17e HCl17%H0.17ClH0.17Cl0.17

3 3.1 (VSEPR) (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)VSEPR (1) ABnA d(d5d10), . (2) (VP)(BP)(LP) VPBPLP BP()() LP* [ ()]/2 * (3) 1940SidgwickPowell, Gillespie

(5)

BPLP LPLP LPBP BPBP

, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (4) ()

9012090 BPLP

LPLPLPLP BPLPBPBPBPBP ABnBA

XeF2BP2LP(821)/23VP235,

90

(1) (2) (3) LPLP 0 2 2 LPBP 6 3 4 BPBP 0 1 0

(1)LPLP, (1)XeF2

XeOF3BP4LP(83121)/21VP415,

90 (1) (2) (3) (4) LP 0 1 1 0 LPBP 3 2 1 2 BP 3 1 2 2 BPBP 0 2 2 2 (4)LPLPBP(4)XeOF3

3.2

:s20%p80%, cos0.20/(0.201)(0.801)/0.800.25 104.5s30%p70%, cos0.30/(0.301)(0.701)/0.70 0.4286 115.4L ,L > L ,b > b ,b b L

(1) s (2) ,

pd

4 4.1

(4) ()

4.2 C22 C2vH2OC2v. :C2C2vD3hOhTd

C2vEC2xzyz, C2vA1A2B1B2()11pzdxypxpyA1A2B1B24.3 C2V

C2Vf(x,y,z)f(x,y,z)f(x,y,z)f(x,y,z)py pz

4.4 Osp3H10421 H2O () (), () O H 3.5 2.1 HO

(HO) H2O()() ()1.85 D () CO2 O3.5C2.5O3.5 ()CO2 NH3NF3 NH3 :N3.0H2.1 (): , (H NH)NH3; NF3 :N3.0F4.0 (): , () > NF3N(NF)

CO2DhC2hOhTd, 0() CO:C2.6O:3.5 CO (O) () () () (OC) () C O(OC):

sgopu1dg2fu3go*u1u1*g2g2

H2I21967H2I2IIHH HIH2I2,

(1) I2H2I2II (2) IH H2I2

5.1.1 1H2O2 5 5.1

H2 pH7(H/H2)0.414 V(Mn/M)0.414 VH2(Na/Na)2.714 V2Na(s)2H2O2Na(aq)2OH(aq)H2(g) (Zn2/Zn)0.763V

Cl2(g)H2OH(aq)Cl(aq)HClO(aq) O2 pH7(O2/H2O)0.82 V0.82 VO2 (F2/F)2.87 V2F2(g)2H2O4H(aq)4F(aq)O2(g)

5.1.2 H2 H(aq)H/H2 H(aq) Co(s)H2O (pH7(H/H2)0.414 V (Co2/Co)0.277 V) Co(s)2HCo2(aq)H2(g) (pH0(H/H2)0 VCo2/CopH) (Pb2/Pb)0.126 VPbPbPbCl2PbSO4Pb

5.1.3 Zn(s)2OH(aq)2H2O[Zn(OH)4]2(aq)H2(g)Si(s)2OH(aq)H2OSiO32(aq)H2(g)

5.1.4 H HNO3HHClH2SO4HNO3Cu(s)2NO3()4H(aq)Cu2(aq)2NO2(g)2H2O 3Cu(s)2NO3()8H(aq)3Cu2(aq)2NO(g)4H2O 4Mg(s)2NO3()10H(aq)4Mg2(aq)NH4(aq)3H2O 3C(s)4NO3()4H(aq)3CO2(g)4NO(g)2H2OS(s)6NO3()4H(aq)SO42(aq)6NO2(g)2H2O H2SO4SO2 Cu(s)SO42()4H(aq)Cu2(aq)SO2(g)2H2O P4(s)10SO42()4H(aq)2PO43(aq)5SO2(g)2H2O

5.2 5.2.1

8(2)18182

(SidCd)(sp3sp3dsp3sp3) SiCl44H2OH4SiO44HCl rGm138.9 kJmol1

CCl4C

NF3NCl3Nsp3 1 FNF3()NCl3 2 N4(d) 3 NFNCl NF3

(OH) ClO4 ClO48H8eCl4H2O ClO4 ClO44H2O8eCl8OH5.2.2

ClO48H8eCl4H2O 11.34 V ClO44H2O8eCl8OH 2? HOHH2O rGm()79.89 kJmol1 8 rGm()nF2 rGm()8rGm()rGm() 8F18(79.89)8F2 2179.89/96.4850.51 (V) ClO4

3 HClHI,AgHClH2,HIH2(Ag) ((Ag/Ag)0.799V, Ksp(AgCl)1.81010, Ksp(AgI)1.01016) HCl: [Ag]Ksp(AgCl)/[Cl]1.81010/1=1.81010 (Ag/Ag) (Ag/Ag)0.0591lg[Ag] 0.7990.0591lg1.810100.224 V (Ag/Ag)0.224V(H/H2)0.0 V, AgHAgClH2 HI: [Ag]Ksp(AgI)/[Cl]1.01016/1=1.01016 (Ag/Ag)(Ag/Ag)0.0591lg[Ag] 0.7990.0591lg1.010160.145 V (Ag/Ag)0.145V(H/H2)0.0 VAg HAgIH2 AgAgIAgCl AgIAgI rGm RTln(1/Ksp)91.28 kJmol1 AgClAgCl rGm RTln(1/Ksp)55.60 kJmol1

5.2.3

(2) Gibbs 123 rG1n1F1 rG2n2F2 rG3n3F3 rG3rG1rG2 n3F3 n1F1(n2F2)n3n1n2 ,i,

(5) pH a

Br2 BrO35e6H 1/2Br2(l)3H2O: BrO3/ Br2pH [BrO3]1 molL1 1.52(60.0591/5)lg[H] 1.520.0709 pH pH, , , EBr2 1.520.0709pH6.42 Br2pH>6.42BrO3BrpH6.42

5.2.4 (1) GHTS G < 0 G > 0 G0 SH

1 2 S0

NaClAgClH0S > 0 G H TS NaCl 9.10 42.8>0 AgCl 55.5>0 65.5>0 33.6>0 NaClGG0NaClAgCl CaCl2CaF2Ca2CaF2F G H TS CaCl2 65.5 82.2 56.0 CaF2 51.7 6.6 151.3 CaCl2GCaCl2CaF2

(2)

0 latHmL > 0 sGmlatGmhGm(latHmhHm)T(latSmhSm) sHmTsSm

rzK KlatSm>0hSm0latSmhSmsSmsHm(latHmhHm)sSm rz (NO3ClO4)sSmsHm ( rz)

rz() [r(CO32)185 pm r(NO3)189 pm]hSmsSmsHm(Mg2Ca2Sr2) z z() ()sSmF sGm > 0 < 0K2SO4Na2SO4sGm0

6 (Periodic Anomalies) 6.1 1 11s1ns1 , ,

2 1, ,

(H: 2.2C: 2.5) H2) H2C 3 H H C :

(2) Be (Be2)2/0.355.7(Z/r) (Al3)3/0.515.9 (Mg2)2/0.653.08 BeAl (Be2/Be)1.85V (Al3/Al)1.61V (Mg2/Mg)2.38V BeAlBeAl

(3) B B,Si

(4) F ON FFFFF

AsSeBr3d3d0.931 PCl5SbCl5AsCl52 SO3TeO3SeO3

dBrO4ClO4Cl3dBr4dO2ppd Cl3dBr4dBr4dO2pCl3dO2pBrO4ClO4IO65(IO4) I 4f

6s , , p GaInTlGeSnPbAsSbBins26s2 (4d4f), GaCl3 InCl3 TlCl3 B.E./kJmol1 242 206 153 6s2

:()()

mC2

, mmC2 ,, ()sp ()df

, (1) Au(144.2pm)Ag(144.4pm); (2) Au(890 kJmol1)Ag (731 kJmol1)Au; (3) AuAgAuCsRbAu(CsAuRbAu)Ag( Au 2.4Ag 1.9) (4) AuAg

Au5d()Ag4d (6) Au(35) Ag Au 5d 6s ( 2.3 eV, 1855.1cm1), 539 nm; Ag 4d 5s , , ; (7) :

TlPbBiInSnSb6s 56 4(CePrTb), 56() ()5d5f 4d4f 6sAu()

, ,

f f4f5d6s6s5s6s

, 24635 :(1) 2 (NCl5) 3 PCl5 SO3 HClO4 4 (AsCl5) (SeO3) (HBrO4) 5 SbCl5 TeO3 H5IO6 6 (BiCl5)

(2) HClO4 HBrO4 H5IO6 (XO4/XO3) 1.23 1.76 1.70HBrO4HClO4H5IO6 HNO3 H3PO4 H3AsO4 H3SbO6 BiO3 HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3 (XO3/X2) 1.47 1.51 1.20HBrO3HClO3HIO3 H2SO4 H2SeO4 H6TeO6H2SeO4,

SF6 SeF6 TeF6 fHm/kJ mol1 1210 1030 1315(3) (4) (5) I1I2I3Hm/kJ mol1 B Al Ga In Tl6887 5044 5521 5084 5438

1s,...

(I) :

, ns2np6nd10, ()(nd10)

s2d10s2d10 s2d10

p ,

Cu Cu Ag Au 4 5 6 3d104s1 4d105s1 5d106s1(n1)d10 ns1 12 1 13/pm 127.8 144.4 144.2 I1 745.5 731 890 kJmol1 I2 1957.9 2074 1980/kJmol1 340 285 385 1.9 1.93 2.54(Hg1) 57 59 40(Hg1) 51 57 39()

AgAg4d10 5s 5s Ag4d10 ()1Ag

:()/()/ / 3d104s2/ d d pd( )/ z/r

/