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92


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ÆÄZyÐZq¿‚*y�T~z{ Islam and Mysticism 7191Y~Z,Väë�:

The present-day Moslem prefers to roam about aimlessly in the dusky valleys ofHellenic-Persian Mysticism, which teaches us to shut our eyes to the hard Realityaround, and to fix our gaze on what it describes as "Illuminations"__blue, red andyellow Reality springing up from the cells of an overworked brain. To me thisself-mystification, this Nihilism, i.e.. seeking Reality in quarters where it does notexist, is a physiological symptom which gives me a clue to the decadence of theMuslim world. The intellectual history of the ancient world will reveal to you thismost significant fact that the decadent in all ages have tried to seek shelter behindself-mystification and Nihilism.82

)W`À»�y-*ãzQ¦sÅZy@gqzZ�-V~šÑz$åO¬jeLìTÅ½tì�¤�z7Æ›ëèUXÐW@È™àYNZzgÂzZkš³ZzgucgzÝ6%Ãi™�~Yñ&LL+CÒ5é G

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Do not listen to him who says there is a secret doctrine in Islam which cannot berevealed to the uniniatied. Herein lies the power of this pretender and yourthraldom.83

)ZkW�òÅ!]6�·y:�Ø�tHì�Zsx»Zq!mUc�ZßwÌì&)øñVc*Ù‚�V6ªCÙ7HYY(Xzu]Zß��Ô¦s»Zqã�~XìXZkÆ0´)ZDwÆìÑ]Z•

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C86 u�FZiZ]ëILZz4}Qzì: Oç´)ä7191YÆèÃg{!Ñ*y~�â�ZâVÃ@Ð�zgg�ÅS

Moslem youngmen! Beware of the mystifier. His noose has now been too longround your neck. The regeneration of the Moslem world lies in the stronguncompromising, ethical Monotheism which was preached to the Arabs thirteenhundred years ago. Come, then, out of the fogs of Persianism and walk into thebrilliant desert sunshine of Arabia.87

)�â�Zâ!Zkÿ¦sÅþH{!i~Ð�ZggƒXH{!izVÿßBþäZKïÐ'+£éG

g~¤�âVÃ«1ìX�*}ZsxÅ¶‹U6»Z®gZk6ì�ÐngÇ%Qkÿ{ØþÂ©ÃzNtÆ‚BZC1YñTÅ½¾{Î‚w¸²1VÃ�~¶ÿ÷~

Ãì�þ’A.3ï EGGÆ�®ÌÐ!CÙdZzg²[Æ�gìVõZÅgz×c~WY�X(´)Æ4�qizZw�»ã�~:¦såXF(z{¦sZzgZkÆ‚B„�Ð

ÌÜZg~»Z´y™D�Ô}Z¥|�-ãzg;Æ6zW/Z−+ÃZqâ~��:I have however, lost much of my interest in Muslim Philosophy and Mysticism. Tomy mind the fiqh of Islam, i.e. the law relating to what is called muamilat is farmore important in the Economic and cultural history of the world than merespeculation which has been unconscious cause of split in Islam.88

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~Zsò‡âyÅz=ôÆK~ZDwä(~ÜZsÆ‚BLZ¿ŠÇóÅ Šzg]h D3: Šú]Š~ZzgZkjZáÐ¦*/gèZvÅÅMiZŠ)�Ã�g%:7HìX��

The question which confronts him to-day, and which is likely to confront otherMuslim countries in the near future is whether the Law of Islam is capable ofevolution--a question wich will require great intellectual effort, and is sure to beanswered in the affirmative, provided the world of Islam approaches it in the spiritof Umar--the first critical and independent mind in Islam who, at the last momentsof the Prophet, had the moral courage to utter these remarkable words: 'The Book ofGod is sufficient for us.2...since things have changed and the world of Islam is confronted and affectedto-day by new forces set free by the extraordinary development of human thought inall its sections, I see no reason why this attitude should be maintained any longer.Did the founders of our schools ever claim finality for their reasonings andinterpretations? Never. The claim of the present generation of Muslim liberals toreinterpret the foundational legal principles, in the light of their own exprerienceand the altered conditions of modern life is, in my opinion, perfectly justified. Theteaching of the Qur'an that life is a process of progressive creation necessitates thateach generation, guided but unhampered by the work of its predecessors, should bepermitted to solve its own problems.3

ZDw�gc„~Zsò‡âyÅz=ôÆhÃèIfJözŠgpÆOñ 4X]h‡âyZzgŠv%;}i0ÏÆâCÙ+ÃÑq™äÆ‡b�XZkK~Z,Vä�™+Æ¦gÅåÔ™DƒñZ¿Š»h›âVÅÉ0g�ÃŠ¶Zzg0g�ÅgZ{úðÆaèIfÃZk»z¯äÅ?m7Å&0Îy~iîg6Z(g™1�X¬@R6Z#Ö0Å(Ïzu]Ãgz/¿™äÆaZDwäLÜÄóÆŠ*(Ï 5X

47


: ÂxÆOñczèzVÐëM}Zq*‡.Þ¿ZzgÆ§i?mHìX��For the present, every Muslim nation must sink into her own deeper self,temporarily focus her vision on herself alone, until all are strong and powerful toform a living family of republics. A true and living unity, according to thenationalist thinkers, is not so easy as to be achieved by a merely symbolicaloverlordship. It is truely manifested in a multiplicity of free independent unitswhose racial rivalries are adjusted and harmonized by the unifying bond of acommon spiritual aspiration. It seems to me that God is slowly bringing home to usthe truth that Islam is neither Nationalism nor Imperialism but a League of Nationswhich recognizes artificial boundaries and racial distinctions for facility ofreference only, and not for restricting the social horizon of its members. 4

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jZ!Y]1- Stracke, Christian, (1997), The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World

Order, Journal of International Affairs, Columbia Universtiy School of International Public Affairs, Vol. 51(11), pp. 302-303.

2- Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,Rochefeller Center, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, NY 10020, New York:Touchstone, 1996: p.76 -78.

3- Crandall R., Mexico's Domestic Economy, (Mexico's Democracy at Work: Politicaland Economic Dynamics, Crandall, Paz and Roett ed.), United States, USA, Boulder:Lynne Reiner Publishers., 2004, p.113.

4- Hooper, Alan, and Potter, John, Intelligent Leadership --- Creating a Passion forChange, London: Random House, 2000, p.139.

5- Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,Rochefeller Center, p.45.

6- Ibid, p.121.7- Rubenstein, Richard E. and Crocker, Jarle, Challenging Huntington, Foreign Policy,

No. 96, autumn, 1994, pp. 113-128.8- The New York Times, Samuel P. Huntington of Harvard Dies, December 2008, p.81.9- Los Angeles Times, 2008, Dec 30.

601


10- Ibid.11- Huntington, Samuel P., Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity,

USA, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2004, p.55.12- The Guardian, Davos man's death wish, Feb. 3, 2006.13- Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,

Rochefeller Center, pp�. 207-8, 245, 246-65, 266-98.14- Ibid, pp. 208, 217, 272-92.15- Ibid, pp. 102, 103, 116-120.16- Ibid, pp. 232, 235.17- Ibid, pp. 36-39, 41-42, 208.18- Ibid, pp. 32, 33, 44-49, 203, 228.19- Ibid, pp. 45-51, 61, 67.20- Ibid, pp. 68-78, 88, 95-99.21- Ibid, pp. 20, 47, 68, 72.22- Ibid, pp. 76, 116, 125, 129.23- Ibid, pp. 73, 92-93, 170, 177, 185.24- Ibid, pp. 93-96.25- Ibid, pp. 53-54, 81-101, 193-98.26- Ibid, pp. 127, 131-132, 134, 192-196.27- Ibid, pp. 183, 198, 219, 247, 259,262.28- Ibid, pp. 102-109, 116-120, 259-61.29- Ibid, pp. 251-52.30- Ibid, pp. 313-316.31- Ibid, pp. 50-53, 81-82, 301-8.32- Ibid, pp. 318-21.33- Ibid, pp. 46, 109, 134-6.34- Ibid, pp. 102-109, 116-120, 259-61.35- Ibid, pp. 73, 92-93, 170, 177, 185.36- Ibid, pp. 242, 243.37- Ibid, pp. 313-316.38- Ibid, pp. 45-47.39- Ibid.40- Ibid, pp. 150-153, 212-14, 237.41- Ibid, pp. 21, 64-66, 139.42- Ibid, pp. 312-318.

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53- Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,Rochefeller Center, p.263.

54- Ibid, p.268.Ôm403X ]Îf^ÙÒ1Þ%†p]ÊÓ^… )%A(Ô OÔ †ZBg 55D

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ð'ð'ðþ421


jZÙzjZ!Y]1. Flap, The Clash of Civiliza tions and the Remaking of World Order by S.P.

Hungtington, Touch Stone, New York, 1997

ZyÒ*]Å¤&Zzg4è XME"5ëHLEY#èHMEÆìÑ]Å,Æa5±Ù: 2DHuntington, The Clash of Civilizations, especially pp.19 to 21, 28, 29, 102 to 124,183, 209 to 218, 254 to 258, 308 to 312, 318 to 321.

3. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, (Book), The HearstCorporation, New York, 1992, pp.288, 125.

4. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History? (Article), The National Interest 16,(Bi-monthly Journal), Washington D.C., Summer 1989, pp.4, 18.

5- Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp.310, 66.

¬]Y+Æa5±Ù: 6DHuntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp.44 to 48

Ô¢ ]Îf^Ù 5±Ù*yLL�'V»»©_·:¡¾æ ELZDwÅgzÝ~óóÔZieZË†ZhÔ�â„C 7D94ÔÑg{1Ô2Ô†g~ÔZ6s2002YÔm31Ô23X

óó)CM�ò»1ú(ÔÆa�&ÀŸ/õ GG: White Man's Burden µ5Ò5ë FEYÅÄLL 8D

Rudyard Kipling, The Works of Rudyard Kipling ,Edited and published by WordsWorth poetry library, Hertfordshire, 1994 (Reprinted), pp.323, 324.

9. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History?, (Article), p.4,18;Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, (Book), pp.283, 215

10. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, See Part iv, pp.20,21,109 to 124, 311, 31.11. Denial Pipes, In the path of God, Basik Books, New York, 1983, pp.197, 198.12. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp.258, 263.

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GIEÎ‚ÌÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔÑƒgÔm901Ô011X Ún621- Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, pp.321;

Lester Pearson, Democracy in world Politics, Princeton University Press, Princeton,

521


1955, p.83.84

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ÑƒgÔ0002Ôm73XÔ‚]ò ]Îf^ÙÒ^ißÏn‚pÚ_^ÖÃä eZË‡è†Z?ÔLLZDwÅ,ZzgZk»�xóóÔ! 92D

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Ô�ÝxZZhÜÔÑƒgÔ7891YÔm951Ô061Ô691 ‡Þ‚å…æ� eZËYzhZDwÔ (i]Îf^ÙÚ�†ÑæÚÇ†hÒo eZËYzhZDwÔ*yLLZDwZzg�'VÆâÎkãÅZÌóóÔ!Ô (ii

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GIEÎ‚ÌÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔÑƒgÔ2002YÔm901X Þ¿†Ún6"Z£èzZãÔm841Ô941Ô151X : Ô%û u†Íô]Îf^Ù ZDwÔ (iii

iv) John,L. Esposito, Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality, Oxford University Press ,NewYork, 1992, p.55;

v) Pipes, In the Path of God, p.114-120.vi) L.S. Stoddard, The New World of Islam, Oxford University Press, New York, 1922,

p.54.

]Îf^ÙÚ�†ÑæÚÇ†hÒo eZËYzhZDwÔ*yLLZDwZzg�'VÆâÎkãÅZÌóóÔ!Ô 3D 1Ôm901X Þ¿†Ún6

Zß‡gXÅÔÑƒgÔ3002YÔm15Ô25X �]Þ�ç…ô]Îf^Ù £!LLZDwZzg5æEóóÔ!Ô MwZ£uzgÔ32. i)Spenglar,"Decline of the West",(Vol.II)A.A.Knopf,New York,1928, p.50.ii) Bozeman, "Civilization under Stress", Virginia Quarterly Review51, (Winter 1975),

pp.5.iii) Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp.76.

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Urdu as a Common VernacularA third way of bringing about the desired regeneration of the community is theextension of Urdu as the common vernacular of all the Mussalmans in the country.Community of language is universally admitted to be a powerful factor in securingthe unity of a people, and Urdu, which is already spoken by considerable numbersand which is generally understood in all parts of this continent, is pre-eminentlyfitted to serve this purpose.Moreover, Urdu has preserved all the good features of an Oriental language and hasnot been contaminated by the disturbing influences which, though foreign to oursoil, have unfortunately begun to make inroads into the other vernaculars. The loyaland respectful tone towards the Government which the Urdu press has maintainedin the hands of the Mussalmans, even during the most stirring period in recenttimes, illustrates clearly what I mean. Assuredly, a language which possesses suchinherent capacity and virtues deserves the solid support of the community. It isencouraging to remember that, day by day, the sphere of the influence of Urdu isextending. Even in such a distant part of the Empire as Madras, people whosemother tongue is Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam or Canarese, are increasingly adoptingUrdu for all practical purposes and are founding schools in which Urdu forms themedium of instruction. I trust that all lovers of the country and all lovers of peaceand progress will try their best to strengthen this tendency and strenuously strive tomake Urdu the common language of all India.14

0õBV6�åX�·Z1{VœgZLDwä8�0î EE0ZLD7H tZ°k

831


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¦âZ[Za�O~Ô¦©[�Ô¦zik�Ô&�ZdÔa¸ðZzg™ñZ�{Më[Z£{Vä»gkXXZkÆˆêuzwÆñçq6xV·ÃÔ¦©[�Ôñß~8[¬ÝäZLìÑ]»ZÖgHX�~Ü~ÇhZgZyZzgZgZW»ZN[¿~McXMy~�zÒŒÛZg�Z�zVÆa��X~LL�Û‘zZgZ:úÒÏóóZzgLLQg�zóóÆ!g}~ŒÛZg�Z�,SàZÌÅqï�Xë�Ù��Zk@g]Z°k~XŠMzgZzg*$�î EE0gziÇg

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Zôm~Q7™gì�:URDU

The League then passed the following resolution on Urdu as a Vernacular of India:"The All-India Muslim League deplores the attempts made in certain quarters todamage the importance of Urdu as the principal vernacular of India and regards thepreservation and advancement of the Urdu language and literature as essential forthe general progress of the country."Sheikh Abdul Qadir, in proposing the resolution, said: "that no single factor hadcontributed more largely to the formation of national sentiments and ideas than theUrdu language." It is, he said, "the only language which is understood by theeducated classes all over India. The search after another common language lookslike the digging of a well for a drinking water when the Ganga flows by and lavesyour feet. The need for Urdu has been felt on a wide scale by travellers andmerchants in every part of India. Any practical step to be taken in the direction ofsupplying the need must depend upon the number of persons who feel the need. Noone would think of learning a language if he could make no use of it except once ina pilgrimage, twice or thrice in a life-time, or to write a few letters in a year to amerchant in a neighbouring province. Urdu is in evidence not only in Governmentoffices, in markets where articles of foreign manufacture are sold, but is alsodepended upon for inter-provincial business transaction. Even foreing language aredaily borrowing the names of commercial stuffs from Urdu. In a way Urdu iswidening the circle of its operation and enriching foreign literature. Even in pureand faultless Hindi, Urdu words are largely adopted because no other vernacularcan take the place of Urdu as the common language of India. Very often words usedin newspapers and books written in pure Hindi are so out of the way that they areintelligible only to those who know Sanskrit. Urdu is the only language which isread and spoken both by Hindus and Mussalmans. Any attempt to damage itsimportance, he said in conclusion, would be suicidal to the best interests of theprogress of India.Kazi Kabiruddin, in seconding the resolution, said that the study of Urdu should be

931


encouraged and all attempts to damage its utility should be boldly faced. It washighly desirable, on both patriotic and sentimental grounds, to encourage Urdu, thecommon medium of communication, by holding periodical conferences andcreating competent bodies to look after its progress.The resolution was also supported by Moulvi Mahbub Alum, who remarked thatUrdu was the Lingua Franca of India, a fact which its most determined opponentscould not deny. He observed that the development of the Muslim community wassynonymous with the preservation of the Urdu language."The resolution was put to the vote and adopted unanimously. The meeting was thenadjourned to the afternoon.15

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8- Syed Sharif ul Deen Pirzada, Foundations of Pakistan, Karachi, 1970, p. 132.

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A. M. Zaidi, S. Chand and Co., 1975, pp. 207-208.15- Ibid, pp. 240-241.

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Abstract

Islamic Worldview in Iqbal's LettersAllama Muhammad Iqbal maintained a vast correspondence. Heexchanged letters with scholars, political leaders, religious figures and laypeople in different domains of life. Collections of his letters have beencompiled in several volumes. Iqbal has touched upon a wide range ofissues in his letters. The primary thing which is found in all his letters asan essential and continuing feature is his love for Islam. This articlebrings out this aspect of Iqbal's personality and elucidates this intellectualdimension through his letters.

Sir Sheikh Abdul Qadir's Contributions for thePromotion of Urdu

Linguistic prejudice was an important issue in prepartition India. TheUrdu was the natural lingua franca in the pluralistic Indian society afterPersian withered away. But Hindus started a movement to introduceHindi in place of Urdu which continues till now. The scholars and men ofletters who were striving for development of Urdu language were not onlyMuslims but also Hindus. Sir Sheikh Abdul Qadir, editor Makhzan,played a key role in the promotion of Urdu language. This article covershis valuable contribution to our cultural and literary history.

The Egyptian Youth - Intellectually Starved andAbandoned

Egypt is a country saturated with prospects and problems. After anautocratic rule of thirty years Egypt has seen the dawn of democracy. It isimpossible for the new government to solve all the problems instantly,yet, it stands as a challenge. The most important problem is the unseenfuture of the Egyptian youth, coupled with the issues of unemployment,poverty, economic stagnation, moral degeneration and the failure ofeducation system. This article covers this pre-revolution period. If thepresent government gets proper time it may become able to solve theseproblems.

Sayyida Akhtar Hyderabadi - Iqbal's AdmirerSayyida Akhtar Hyderabadi was a social and literary personality. She was

902

Abstract �g~&�Ñð2102Y –– Ô3:35 1 ZD1]

a poetess and orator and a political leader. She was famous for herspeeches in the processions of All India Muslim League. She wrote manypoems in resemblance of the poems of Dr. Iqbal. These Tazminat weremuch appreciated by renowned critics and literary personalities. In thisarticle the figurative and literary significance of those poems is describedof course. These poems are a novel addition in our literature.

Iqbal and Mehr - A NarrativeGhulam Rasul Mehr was a proponent of the thoughts of AllamaMuhammad Iqbal. The age of Iqbal was ending when Mehr began hispractical life. So, the relationship of Mehr with Iqbal was natural. Mehr'srelationship with Iqbal resulted in an addition to the literature of Iqbaliyat.His works made many aspects of Iqbal's life visible to us. This articledescribes many aspects of Iqbal and Mehr's relation, which is of historicalsignificance.

Concept of Civilization in Iqbal and HuntingtonIn the 19th century the European colonization paved the way for political,social and economic dominance on the World. America continued thesame in the 20th century under the banner of liberalism, democracy andtechnology. In modern times West is striving for cultural dominance witha concept of world order or world civilization. The concept of universalcivilization was given by Islam fourteen centuries ago, but it is not thedominance of man over man with power and wealth. Iqbal presents it inthe context of fundamental human values. This article describes theconcept of universal civilization in the context of Iqbal and Huntington.

Diversity of Iqbal's Prose WritingsIqbal's prose writings reflect many aspects of his personality. His prosenarrates the details of his intellectual development, how he passedthrough the stages of Rumi's "love" and Razi's "enquiry". Various aspectsof Iqbal's life, his characteristics features, his areas of interest and hisdomains of research all can be found in his prose. His prose helps ininterpreting his poetry and his philosophical concepts. Iqbal's prosecarries immense significance in understanding various aspects of Iqbal'slife, intellectual contribution and thought. This significance is elaboratedin this article.

Unfinished Tasks of IqbalMany unfinished works can be found in the life of Iqbal about which hewrote both in prose and poetry. There were many topics on which hewanted to write more. He started or mentioned such issues in his lettersand other writings. This article talks about the detail of such unfinishedworks of Iqbal which are waiting the efforts of our scholars forcompletion.

012


Khur?j (Armed Conflict with the Government)An Analysis of the Classical and Contemporary Islamic ViewsKhar?j or revolt means the effort of a group of Muslim community todestabilize and overthrow the established government of a Muslim stateprovided that in the light of its religious vision, the government turnsunislamic by rejecting the Divine injunctions. History of Muslim politicalthought gives vast details about it. This issue is explained in the light ofIqbal's thought in this article. This discussion is extremely important inthe context of Pakistan and other Muslim states in a contemporaryperspective.

Sufism and the Psychology of FearFear and love are two key and fundamental concepts of mysticism. Thesekey concepts are not limited to intellectual or spiritual domains, but havereligious, metaphysical, moral, political, social and civilizationalsignificance. These have a relation with the primary human psychology.A keen observation and serious study of these concepts shows that theseconcepts play an important role in the moral elevation of individuals andcommunities and helps to forge a creative society through their socialefficacy. This article describes these various dimensions of fear and love.

Contemporary Civilizational Thought and IqbalThe clash of civilizations debate was initiated in the early nineties andlater on Samuel Huntington, a political thinker and writer of the Westcame out as its proponent. It is a view that all later political strategicdevelopments which took place around the world were under theinfluence of this thesis. The post war paradigm of Huntington revolvesaround the civilizational and cultural clashes of nations and an urge to seethe western culture dominant in the world. But a detailed analysis ofHuntington thought shows that he did not develop his thesis on facts andan unbiased approach, rather it was driven by a hidden agenda. Thisarticle gives the analysis of Huntington's thesis and Iqbal's approach tocivilizational conflict in contemporary.

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