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ΔιδακτορικοTRANSCRIPT
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2012
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7 10
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1.1 15 1.2 16 1.3 19 1.4 22
1.4.1 / 28 1.4.2 - 31 1.5 32
1.5.1 / 34 1.5.2 / 36 1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
&
39
41
42
45
48
2
2.1
50
2.2 : & 51 2.3 59 2.4 & 67
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2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
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70
76
81
87
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3.1 89 3.2 91 3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.8
3.9
3.10
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91
98
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102
104
105
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112
117
126
4
4.1 127 4.2 : 127 4.3 & 130 4.4
4.5
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137
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5
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5.1 140 5.2 140
5.2.1 143 5.2.2 151 5.3
5.3.1
5.4
5.5
5.6
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152
157
159
164
166
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6.1 169 6.2 Gall:
171
6.3 G. Perret:
176
6.4
6.5
6.6
& : Brown & Macatangay : Stewart & Perry
: Bezzina & Camilieri
181
188
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5
6.7
192
196
7
7.1 200 7.2 201
7.2.1 & 211 7.2.2
7.2.3
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
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215
216
218
221
222
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& /
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8.1 225 8.2 225 8.3 228 8.4
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.5.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
& grammaire gnrative transformationnelle Chomsky
&
232
234
235
236
237
238
240
242
245
246
9
9.1 248 9.2 - 253 9.3 - 256 9.4 261 9.5 - 261 9.6 263 9.7
9.8
265
266
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10
- (--
)
10.1 272 10.2 : / 274
10.2.1 1 : /
274
10.2.2 2 : / 279 10.2.2
/ 1 : --
291
10.2.2 21 : -- 316 10.2.2
10.2.3
10.3
27 : -- 3 : / /
) i. /
ii. iii. iv. / v.
vi.
) ) )
336
354
356
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380
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10.4
11
11.1
11.2
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
/:
) , ) ) / : ) , ) )
382
385
391
395
399
404
407
407
411
415
418
422
423
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11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
/
//
/
428
435
439
448
452
459
461
462
474
479
481
514
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. , , . , , 1.
. , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , -, . , , .
1 , , , , , . , , , , ( ).
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, , . ( , , , , , , , ). , , ,
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, , , , , ,
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, , , , , , , , , , , , . (, , , ) . , , , , .
. , .
. , , , , , ( ), ( ), . . . , , . , , . . , . , . , , - , . . , , ,
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16
, . , , . , . , . - . , . . (-) - . , , . , .
. . (9 ) , , , , , , , . (10 ), , , . , , , . , , . , (11 ) . , , , ( ).
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17
. 1 (--), ( ), 27 , , . 2 portfolio , . . 3 ( ), . . . , . 3 , , ... . , 4 - . , . , Cd, (, , ). ( ) .
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18
1 : 1
1.1
, , . , , , . , , , . , , , 2 , , - , - , ( ) , , . , :
2 - ( , , , ) , , . , , , .
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19
- ( , -,
) - - ( )
1.2
, , Tyler 1949, Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction3, . Tyler, , 4, 5, , . Stufflebeam & Alkin (1968:2-4) , , . Scriven (1973:541991:1391995:18-201999a:11), , , , - . Scriven (1967:39-83) : - (formative evaluation)
3 Tyler evaluation (---) , . ( portfolio assessment). Tyler, Ralph (1949), Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. , , assessment, evaluation. 4 (, 1998:24). 5 (, 1998:24).
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20
, (summative evaluation), . , , , (initial evaluation). Stufflebeam (2001:46) , . Stufflebeam , , . Demunter (2001:28) , . Demunter: , . , . . Gelfer et al., (2004:127), . . Landsheere (1992:236) ( ) .
(1998:14) Tyler (1949:32), Stufflebeam & Alkin (1968:2-4), Scriven (1973:541991:1391995:18-201999a:11) Demunter (2001:28): Worthen & Sanders (1987), . Suchman (1967) , , , , Galloway (1975), , , . Noizet & Caverni (1995:34), , , , .
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21
(1995:417-444 & 2003:16), , , , . , , . , , . (2003:24) , , , , (2004:13) , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , (, 2004:15).
:
) ; , , , - . , , , .
) ; (, , , , ).
-
22
) ; .
) ; , , .
) ; , .
) ; , . ( & , 2005:14-15).
, , , : ) , ) , ) . , , , , , . , , .
1.3
, , , . . , (, 1998:21). , , : , , , ,
-
23
. , , .
, , . , , , , . Tyler (1949:32), . Stufflebeam Alkin (1968:2-4), , . Eisner (1979:23-28) House (1980:13-15), , , , Cuba (1981:2-4) . Stanford Evaluation Consortium (1980:23-25) , .
Goldstein (1991:219-236), Stufflebeam Alkin (1968:2-4) , , . Broadfoot & Black (2004:7-26) , , , , , . , , , . Black & William (1998a:139-148), - , , ,
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24
. Boston (2002:1-5), , , , , . , , , .
, (2003:12), , , , , , , . (1998:23), , , , , , , , . (1992:71-85), , , . (2002:28-432003:29-40), , . . . (1993:149-1651995:23-242005:37) , .2525/97, 8, .2986/2002 ( 24/13-2-2002, 3 . 6) . : : , , , , , :
) ,
) ,
) , ,
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25
) ,
) ,
) ( & , 2005:19-20).
(2004:15) , , , , , . , , , .
, , , .
1.4
, , , , , , , , (Cumming et al., 1999:177-193 Harland, 2005:327-337 Huizen et al., 2005:267-290).
, , (Resnick, 1989:32-24). , , , , (Wiggins, 1993:45-47Anderson et al., 1996:5-11).
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26
, (Goldstein, 1989:24-28 Linn, 1990:422-436 Gipps, 1994:67-69). Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1993:52-70) 6. : , , , , (Messick, 1995:13-23).
, , , . , 20 , , , , , , , . , , , . , (, , .303/13-03-2003 & , 2005:1). , . . , , , ,
6 New approaches to assessment have been identified as one of the major issues of the decade (Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt (CTGV), 1993:52-70).
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27
- , , .
authentic assessment authentic evaluation. , ( , ) . Cumming et al., (1999:177-194) , (a good thing). , , .
-- (authentic) , , (achievement) Archbald & Newmann (1988:34-39). (authentic achievement), , . (Newmann & Archbald, 1992:72-74) (authenticity): ) , , ) , , , , ) , ) : , , ) , , , . Newmann & Archbald (1992:72-74) , , , , , .
, , -- (authentic learning & authentic assessment) Wiggins (1989:703-713),
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28
Archbald & Newmann (1988:34-39) . , . Wiggins (1989:1-101998a:703-713) , , , . , , , , . Wiggins (1989:1-101998a:703-713) , , , . Archbald & Newmann (1988:34-39) Wiggins (1989:1-101998a:703-713) . , , , , . Archbald & Newmann (1988:34-39) Wiggins (1989:1-101990:1-101998a:703-713) , , .
Perrenoud (1998:321999:432006:14-18) , , , . , , , . , . Torrance (1995:2), , . Shapley & Bush (1999:111-132) , . Huot (2007:30-31) , , . :
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29
1. .
2. , , .
3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . Ryan (1994:3-5)
: , . , , . , , , , . , , , :
1. .
2. , .
3. , , .
4. . 5. . Perrenoud (2000:452006:14-18)
, , . , ) , ) , ) , , ) ) .
-
30
Mac Beath (2001a:157-1662001b:63) : , , . , , ( , , ). , , , . Broadfoot & Black (2004:7-26) , , , , . Black & Wiliam (1998a:139-148 & 1998b:7-74), , , , , , . , , (Egan & Gardner, 1992:397-407 Gordon & Bonilla-Bowman, 1996:32-51). , , , (Gardner, 1993:23-28). Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development (CCAD) (1990:9-10) :
, . ,
, ,
-
31
,
, , .
, . , , . , . , , , , , , (, 2005:45 & 2002:13 & , 2005:123). Vygotsky (1997:147) , , , .
, : ) , ) , ) , ) , . , , , (higher-order thinking skills, pense rflexive), (Wiggins, 1993:14 & 1998a:703-713 Stiggins, 1997:163-164 Mac Beath, 2001a:157-166).
1.4.1 /
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Wiggins (1998a:703-713 1998b:456) Perrenoud (2000:872001:25-28) / :
1) , (en contexte). : , , ( , , , , ).
2) , , .
3) , . : a priori , .
4) . , . , - , , .
5) .
6) .
Jalbert, Dodier & Munn (2005:120) :
1. , . 2.
, . 3.
,
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33
, .
4. , .
5. (audience), (, , )
6. , (, , ). , , - - (Darling-Hammond, 1997:56-58). (Henderson & Karr-Kidwell, 1998:89-90). , (Dana & Tippins, 1993:3-5). , :
,
, ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
(Moon et el, 2005:119-133). ,
-
34
. 1990 , , , . , (Rennert-Ariev, 2005:5-10). Darling-Hammond et al., (1990c:531-555 1999:202-206 2000:523-545) , , -. Wiggins (1998a:703-7131998b:345), , , , . , , , , .
1.4.2 -
)
, , . , . , , - , (, 2003:25). (Darling-Hammond, 1990b:25-30Airasian, 1997:133Allal, 2001:407-422 Perrenoud, 2006:14-18), , , . Chapman (1993:224) .
-
35
, : ) - : . , , ) : , ) : . , ) : , . , , . , , , (Perrenoud, 2006:14-18).
)
, . Messick (1995:5-8) . . Green (1995:54-57) , , , . tests , . tests , o Flores (1997:34) : , , , , -. , , .
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36
1.5
, (2003:98), . .
, , , , , , , (portfolio), , , , , , , , ( , tests) , . , , , - (, 2003:93 , 2005:45).
, . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , . , , ,
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37
. , , , (Stufflebeam et al., 1990:32 Darling-Hammond, 1994:45 Wiggins, 1998b: 345).
1.5.1 -
, . (2002:23), . (2003:120) , .
. . (1991:113-1141997:342005:38), . , , . , .
, . : , . (1996:56 & 2000:67) . . , , , , . (Rolheiser & Ross, 2002:81-95 Perrenoud, 2006:14-18) , , : ) ,
-
38
, ) . , , , , , ) , , , , , , , .
, , . , , -, , (Ryan, 1994:35).
Ross (2006:1-10), , , : (76%) , , . , , , , , , . , : : ) , ) , ) , , ) ) , . , , ,
-
39
) , , ) (.. ), ) , ) (Ross, 2006:1-10).
. . , . (, 2003:120). , , (1984:47-57) , . (2006:234) , , , , . (1995:417-444) (1998:78), , , . . (1985:77-861995:562004:7-26) . . , , , , . , : ) , , ) , , , .
-
40
1.5.2 -
, . . , , , . , , , (Darling-Hammond, 1990a:17-32 , 2001:172-183 , 2001:172-185 , 2003:78).
(, 1998:146): 7 . . , , . Fullan & Hargreaves (1992:35), , , , . Griffin (1983, . . Hargreaves, 1997:12-19), , . Grossman (1994, . . Hargreaves, 1995:34) , , ,
7 5 .
-
41
. , , , , , (, 1999:142-143 Mac Beath, 2001a:157-166 , 2003:53).
, . , , , , , , , , , (, 1993 23Mac Beath, 2001a:157-166 , 2001:24). , , , .
(Darling-Hammond, 1990a:17-32 Scriven, 1990:54 Darling-Hammond, 1994:34 Ellet et al., 2002:63-74 , 2004:23) (professional development) . , . -. , (, 1999:142-143 , 2004:7-26).
, .
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42
. , , , : , , / . , , . , , . , . , , , (Peterson, 1990:156 McLaughlin, 1990:403-415). , , , (Duke and Stiggins, 1990 Iwanicki, 1990 McLaughlin, 1990, . . Hargreaves et al., 1995:56). Scriven (1994:2 1999b:12), . , , , ( , , ). , .
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43
1.5.3 ( & )8
. , , , . (, 2005:32). , , , .
. , ( , , , , , (, 2003:118), , , . , , , . , . , - , , .
: , , , . , (, 2006:123). Ryan (1994:6) : ) , ) , , ) ) .
8 ( & ) ( 2 & 3).
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44
, , .
, , . , , . ( & ).
1.5.4
, , . . , . , : , . , . , , , , .
: ) , , ) , ) , ) .
-
45
: ) , , ) , , , ) , ) , , ) , , ) , (Ryan, 1994:34 , 1993:255-266 , 2003:115).
(2005:35) , , . ( , , , , ). .
, , -.
1.5.5
, , . , , . ,
-
46
. , , , .
, , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , ( 1988:273-281 , 1995:222-241 , 1998:143 , 2004:125).
, (, 1995:222-241 , 2004:125). , (, 1985:77-86 , 1998:145).
,
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47
, : , . , , , . , , , (, 2004:127).
, (1998:147) , . , , , , , . , . , , , , .
1.6 9
, . , . , . , . , ,
9 4 .
-
48
, , , .
. , , . , , . , 9-13 , Ziegenspeck (1977, . . , 2003:98), -. , , . , , . (1982:28-33), , , , .
. , . , , . (2000:34 & 2001:41) . , , . , .
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49
, (, 1987:34 , 1993:28-33).
1.7
(Hargreaves & Fullan, 1995:13-38 Ellet et al., 2002:64 , 2003:8) (, 2003:23). (Day, 2003:219) (, 1993:19-21 , 2000:45-46) .
(Pearlman and Tannenbaum, 2003:624). (, 1996:17) (Duke and Stiggins, 1990:118).
; . , , (Day, 2003:219). . , . , ,
-
50
(, 2005:127-130).
. (Day, 2003:221). , , . , . (Duke and Stiggins, 1990:123).
. (Manning, 1988:68) (Hopkins et al., 1990:100). , .
, (Pearlman and Tannenbaum, 2003:623). . (Neave, 1998:45).
:
1. ,
-
51
2. ,
3. ,
4. .
(McLaughlin et al., 1996:342 Darling-Hammond et al., 1995:202-206 1999:45-47) . (Duke and Stiggins, 1990:127 & , 2002:31-46), , .
Kyriakides & Campbell (2003:24-25) . :
1. ,
2. ,
3. , ,
4. ,
5. , 6. , 7.
, 8.
. . .
-
52
. Manning (1988:15) 90% . 8% . Bridges (1990:150) 1%.
1.8
, , . , , , , , .
, , , . , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , .
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2 ()
2.1
, , , , (Allal et al., 1993:15 Ryan, 1994:4-12 Stiggins, 1997:447-448 Wiggins, 1998a:703-704 Meyers et al., 2000a:21
& 2000b: 32 Perrenoud, 2001:25-28 Allal, 2003:5-8) - , (portfolio assessment)10. 1990 , , , (Klenowsky, 2002:56-59). Mc Millan (2004:45-48) 1990 : ) , ) ) . , , , ,
10 portfolio portfolio assessment , (, 1997).
-
54
, (Mabry, 1999:90-92). , , , . (portfolio) , (Bahous, 2008:381-393). , . , . , , . ( ).
2.2. :
, , , 1990, . . . Paulson, Paulson & Meyer (1991:60-64) , , 11, : , / . , , ,
11 purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the student s efforts, progress and achievements in one or more areas. The collection must include student participation in selecting contents, the criteria for selection, the criteria for judging merit and evidence of student self-reflection Paulson, Paulson & Meyer (1991:60-64).
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55
. . . Paulson, Paulson & Meyer (1991:60-64), , , (3) : ) , ) , ) , .
, , Arter & Spandel, (1992:32): , . Ryan (1994:7), , , , . Ryan (1994:7) , , . Messick (1994:13-23) (self-regulation) (self-reflection) , . Stiggins (1997:449), , : , , , , , , , , . Herman, Aschbacher & Winters (1992:5) Valencia (1997:1-35) , , , . Shapley & Bush (1999:111-132) , -, , . Barrett (2000:1-15) , . :
-
56
, , , .
: , . , Wenzel et al., (1998:208-212) & Karlowicz (2002:82-87), . Abdal-Haqq (1996:1-5) Gerrish et al., (1997:56-59) , Price (1994:35-38) Endacott et al., (2002:45-49) , . Brown (1995:13-18) : , 12.
, , , , , (Heartel, 1990:278-294 Wiggins, 1993:25-27). , , , , , (Wolf et al., 1991:34-37 Wade & Yarbrough, 1996:63-79 Smith & Tillema, 1998:193-205). (Graves & Sunstein, 1992:56-58) (Wolf, et al., 1989:34-35 Kremer-Hayron, 1993:34-35 Laboskey, 1994:56-57 Wolf et al., 1997:56-57 Hamilton, 1998:89-90 Smith & Tillema, 1998:193-205) ,
12 . , , . , , : (Hamps-Lyons, 2003:162-189), McMillan (2004:162-189) , , , , . Porter & Cleland (1995), , , . Wolf (1998:35-39), , . Farr & Tone (1998:10-15) , , . , - , , (Mc Lean et al., 1996:6-15).
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57
(envelope), . , , . , , (Cruickshank, 1987:78-89 Zeichner & Liston, 1987:23-48). , , , (Redman:1994:67-70 Smith & Tillema, 1998:193-205) (Topping, 1998:249-276), , , (Loughran & Corrigan, 1995:565-577). , (Laboskey, 1994:56-57 Borko et al., 1997:347-357 Bain et al., 1999:51-73). , , (Tillema & Smith, 2000:193-210).
(critical self-reflection) (self-regulation) . , , , (Cole, 2005:1140-1142). Hays (2004:801-803) , Montemayor (2004:23-29) , . . (competence-based learning), , , , (Beishuizen et al., 2006:491-508). Steffens (2006:67-70) : ) , ) )
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58
. , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , (Steffens, 2006:67-70). Moon (1999:67-70) , Brown & Sorrell (1999:16-19) Jasper (1999:34-35) . Endacott et al., (2002:45-49), , . Scholes et al., (2003:595-603) (self-directed learning) , . . , , , , .
, , (Mathers et al., 1999:521-530). , , , . Van der Vleuten (2004:35-38) : ) , ) ) . Seitz & Bartholomew (2008:63-68) , , (, , ) . , , , , . Kruse (2001:359-383) . , , , ,
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59
. , . , , (Danielson, 1996:20-22 Danielson & Abrutyn, 1997:34-38 Gronlund & Engel, 2001:56-57 Kleinert et al., 2002:40-47).
Van Tartwijk, Driessen & Rubens (2004:8-10) (6) - , . : , , , , . : ) , , , , , ) , , ) , . , , . , , , , - . , , ) , , , (tasks), ) , , . . , , , , , ) , , .
Seely (1994:16), Cole et al., (1995:201-219) Frederiksen et al., (1997:332-333) : ,
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60
, , , . , , , , , , / , . (Rivera, 1994:14-17 Bauer, 2001:67-69) : ) , ) , ) , , . , , , . , . : Polin (1991:25-27) Hamps-Lyons & Condon (2000:24-27) 1990 . , , . , .
, 1997, . 1997 , (1998 2003, . .. 303/13-03-03:3743-3745) ( .. 303/13-03-03). (..86/2001/73,. .. . 303/13/03/03:3743-3745), , , , . (1998:76) (2002:122-126) & (2005:5-6), :
1) ( ).
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61
2) , , ( , , ).
3) , . 4) . 5) . , ,
. (..86/2001/ 73, . .. 303/13-03-03:3743-3744).
, (2006:24) : , . & (2005:4): , . , , ( ). & (2004:8) : , , , . , , , . , , , , - , - - (Seely, 1994:18 -, 2005:4).
, , , , , : ) , , , )
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62
, , ) , , , , , ) ) , . , .
2.3
Seely (1994:23-25) Ryan (1994:9-12) , :
1) . (, ) , . , , . , : ) - , ) , ) , ) , ) .
2) --. . , . , , . ,
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(, 2005:33) . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . ( & , 2005:6). , , , . , , . . , , , , . , , : , , , , . . , , , , , , , .
3) . Seely (1994:26) (audience) . - , , ,
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64
, / , , .
4) - . . , , , , . , , (digital portfolio). . Helen Barrett (2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29) . (5) : ) (collection), ) (selection), ) (reflexion), ) (projection) ) (connection). , , . : , . (collection) , . , , (selection). . . (reflexion): o . , . , . , (projection), , . , (connexion), , . , . .
Seitz & Bartholomew (2008:63-68) Barrett (2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29) . (3) : ) , )
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) . , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . (, , , ) , , . , , . , , , (in context) (Hebert, 2001:78-80). , , (interactive assessment). Shores (1998:56-57) , , , . ( ) : (Fox, 2007:89-90).
, (Seitz & Bartholomew, 2008:63-68) , . , : . , , , (Fox, 2007:89-90). . , , , . (self-directed) (scaffolding). ,
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66
. , , , .
, 3 , , . , , , , . , , . , . (3) : (collection), (selection) (reflection) (Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29).
: (3) : , . . . 1 , .
: , (Wolk, 1997:67-72). , , . , . , (, , ) (Helm et al., 1998:23-29). , , , , , .
: -- (collect-select-reflect) (Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29 Seitz & Bartholomew, 2008:63-68). , , ,
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- (collection) : , , , , , projects , . , . , . , , :
, . / . . . . . . . . / . , . . (selection) .
. , . , . , . , , . , . , (reflection) , , , , , , . , , . (
-
68
; , ; ;). . , , (self-confidence). , . , , , , .
: (, , , ). (Meisels et al., 2001:61-85 Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29 Seitz & Bartholomew, 2008:63-68) . ( , ) . ( blog ). . : , .
, . , , . , , , , . . , . , : , . , , , , , , . ,
-
69
. . , , , , .
1 (Seitz & Bartholomew, 2008:63-68)
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - - , ,
- - - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - -
- - ( )
-
70
2.4
(Seely, 1994:27 Ryan, 1994:10-11 Burke et al., 1994:27) . (4) . Seely (1994:27-28) : ) (showcase), ) (documentation), ) (evaluation) ) (process) (Seely, 1994:27-28). H Ryan (1994:9-12), , , , (4) : ) (collection portfolio), ) (showcase or display portfolio), ) (assessment portfolio) ) (teacher professional portfolio). Burke et al., (1994:27) (3) : ) (personal portfolio), ) (professional portfolio), ) (academic portfolio). Cole & Ryan (2000:34-36) (3) : ) , ) ) . (Danielson & Abrutyn, 1997:67-70), (Cole & Ryan, 2000:34-36), (Mc Millan, 2004:23-25). Campell et al., (1997:56-57) (working portfolios) (presentation portfolios). Reetz (1995:20-22) & Swicegood (1994:6-15): (4) , ) ( ), )
-
- - -
- - - -
- - - - -
-
71
( ), ) ( ) ) ( ).
, Rolheiser et al., (2002:81-95), (2) : ) (product portfolio), , , , , ) (process portfolio), , , . Epstein (2005:1-3) Lombardi (2008:7-10), : , (process portfolio) , (product portfolio). ( , ), , . , .
E-portfolio-digital portfolio ( ): , (Barrett, 2005:27 Woodward & Nanlohy, 2004:227-238 Wall et al., 2006:261-273) ( ), , , , . Wall et al., (2006:261-273) ) , ) , ) , ) , ) . .
-
72
, , , :
1) . ( , CdRom, DVD, memory stick).
2) , . , , .
3) , (-).
4) , , , , .
& (2007:148-156) , , : 1) /, 2) , 3) , 4) , , 5) , 6) . Barrett (2005:27-29), , . ( , ) . , ( -- , ).
(collection): , .
(selection): , .
-
73
/ (reflection): , . , .
(projection): . .
(presentation): , , . , , .
, , , .
2.5 (-)
, , , . , , , , , , (, 2006:34-36). , 1990, , (Webb et al., 2002:879-898 Driessen et al., 2005:214-220 Friedman et al., 2005:535-531). , .
)
-
74
: , , . , , , , .. (, 2006:34). Driessen et al., (2005:214-220), , . . Mc Cullan et al., (2003:283-294) . , , , . , , , , , ( , ), .
, , , , , . , . Ryan (1994:8-9) (Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29 Meisels et al., 2001:61-85 Seitz & Bartholomew, 2008:63-68) : ) , ) , , ) ) . , , . Baus (2008:381-393) :
(, , ),
,
-
75
, , , , .
, (Baus, 2008:381-393) , , . : , .
, , , (Farr & Tone, 1998:34-35 Gronlund, 2002:1-10 Weigle, 2002:20-22 Penanflorida, 2002:344-353 Hamps-Lyons, 2003:56-57 Mc Millan,
2004:45-49). , , . , , : , , , , . , : ) ) , , . . , , , , , . , .
Weigle (2002:40-42) : )
-
76
, , ) , , , ) ) ( / , / , ). ) . , ) (clear rubrics/assessment criteria) . , ) , , : , , . , , .
Shulman Stanford University, (5) (. . Barrett, 2003:1-3):
, .
. .
: , .
. .
. , (2006:32-33) :
- ,
,
-
77
,
, , ,
( , , , ..),
, .
)
, , , , , : Mc Millan (2004:45-46) Baus (2008:381-393) , , , , , . , . , , , . , , . Mc Millan (2004:238-239) : ) , ) ) . Lynch & Shaw (2005:263-297) : , . (reliability & validity) , .
Shapley & Bush (1999:111-113), Dallas ( ) 1995-96. , , , ,
-
78
, . , , , . (Pitts et al., 1999:515-520 Baume et al., 2002:7-25 Mc Cullan et al., 2003:283-294), . Driessen et al., (2005:214-220) , : ) : , ) , , ) . , , , , . , . , (Norcini et al., 1997:39-59) , . Driessen et al., (2005:214-220), , , . , , . Shulman Stanford University, (5) (. . Barrett, 2003:1-3):
(lamination): , .
(heavy lifting): ;
(trivialization): .
(perversion): , .
(mispresentation): , , ;
-
79
(2006:45-47) , , :
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, .
. , , .
2.6
( ) , . (reliability) . , - . , , . ) , ) , ) / , ) . ,
-
80
(Herman et al., 1992:34-35 Herman et al., 1994:48-55 LeMathieu et al., 1995:11-28 Shapley & Bush, 1999:111-132). , , , , (validity). , , . , , . , . , , . , , . , (Herman et al., 1994:48-55 Reckase, 1995:12-31 Shapley & Bush, 1999:111-132). . , ( ) , ( ) (Herman et al., 1994: 48-55 Reckase, 1995: 12-31 Shapley & Bush, 1999:111-132).
, , , , . , , , , (Driessen et al., 2006:862-866). . , , , .
, , , , , , , . , ().
-
81
, , . , , , , - , . , , , . , , (Driessen et al., 2006:862-866). , , , . Heller et al., (1998:5-40), . , .
( , ), , . , , , , ( ). , , , : , . . , , , , . , , , , . 2 , , 1 , . 3 : , , . ,
-
82
, . , , . , . , , ( , ), . , . . - (Driessen et al., 2006:862-866):
,
, , ,
( ).
( ) . . , ( , , , , ). , . , . (-, , , ). Driessen et al., (2006:862-866)13 , , ,
13 Maastricht University . , , . (, , ) .
-
83
14 , . , , . 15 , , ( 40 231 ). , , , , . :
, (
), ( ;
, , , ; ;),
( ;)
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-
84
/ ;
, ; , . Driessen et al., (2006:862-866) , ( -1-) ( -2-). , . , (-6-), , . , , . , : , , , . , . , (Shapley & Bush, 1999:111-132). , , , , (Herman et al., 1994:48-55 Reckase, 1995:12-31). , , , , , , , .
2.7 &
, , , (Smith & Yancey, 2000:45-47). , ( )
-
85
(Paulson et al., 1991:60-63). ( ) , . , , . , , , , . , , : , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , . (Fernsten & Fernsten, 2005:303-309). , , , , , , , . , . Fernsten & Fernsten (2005:303-309) , .
) /
-
86
, . , , - , , . , , . , , , : , , , , , . . , . , , , . , , : . , , , . : , , . , : project, , . , , . ; Conway (1994:83-102) . , , , .
-
87
, , . . , . , . , , , , .
) -
(Fernsten & Fernsten, 2005:303-309), (prompts). . , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , project . . ;, , , , . , , , . , ,
-
88
: , , Maslow ( ), . . Maslow , . , , . , , . : Maslow ; , ; . , , , , . : , , ; : ; ;. . ; , , ; ; ; ; ; ; . . , , , , . ,
-
89
(Pesut & Herman, 1992:148-154).
)
. , , , , . , , , , . , , . Rodgers (2002:230-253) , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , (.. ) , . , , , . , , , , . Little (1993:56-57 & 1999:80-82) , . , , , . , , : ; ; ; ; ; ;
-
90
) -
, . , , . , , , . , , , , APA , - . , , , : ; , , , . . , , . . , , , . , (Martin-Kniep, 2000). Dewey How we think (1933) , , , . , . - . .
2.8
-
91
, , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , ( ) .
3
()
3.1
. , , , . , , , . , , , : , .
3.2
-
92
. , , , . (Decker & Decker, 2001:24-28 Seegers et al., 2003:56-57). Fetterman (1994:1-15) & Shaddish (1994:32-34) , , , . , , (Worthern et al., 2000:45-46). , Dalandshere (2001:111-133) Bourdieu (1997:118-119), , , . , . , , . , , , .
, , , , . , , , , . , , , (Teitel et al., 1998:1-10 Gelfer et al., 2004:127-132 Killion, 2007:40-42). Fetterman (1994:1-15)
-
93
, . , , . , , , , .
, , . , (Darling-Hammond, 1990a:17-13 Day, 1999:28-31 Bailey et al., 2001:20-23). , , , . , , , (Duke & Stiggins, 1990:345 Darling-Hammond, 1990b:25-50 Mizell, 2004:67).
, . , , , . , . , . , , .
-
94
(---) . . Fontana & Fernandes (1994:407-417) Frederiksen & White (1997:332), , .
3.3
(portfolio)15, (teacher portfolio) . , (Dysthe & Engelsen, 2004:240-258). , , : - -. - (Ritsarson & Kile, 1992:23 Zeichner & Wray, 2001:613-621 Salzman et al., 2002:54 Wilkerson & Lang, 2003:1-31 arret, 2005:27-29 Beck et al., 2005:221-244), , , , , . , , -.
, , : (Barret,
15 teacher portfolio portfolio assessment , (, 1997). , . (, , ) , . . , (1997, .49). , teaching portfolio ( ), teacher portfolio.
-
95
2000:1-10) - , , , (Zeichner & Wray, 2001:613-621) , , (Ritsarson & Kile, 1992:23).
Collins (1992:452-463) , Zeichner & Wray, (2001:613-621), , : - . , , , , . Zeichner & Wray (2000:34-352001:613-621), . , , . (Mc Laughlin, 1990:403-415 Mc Laughling & Vogt, 1996:45-49 Williams et al., 2003:89-91) . , (Campbell et al., 2000:67-70).
Klenowski (2000:215-237), , 1990, - .
-
96
, , , , .
(Dootlittle, 1994:10 Andrejko, 1998:1-12 Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29 Beck et al., 2005:221-244 Chitpin &
Evers, 2005:419-433). Krause (1996:130-139) , , . Otis-Wilborn & Winn (2000:78-92) , . Lyons (1998:28-30) , , portfolio , . Wolf (1998:414-442) Broadfoot (1998:447-477), Lyons (1998:20-30) , , , , , , . , , , .
Shulman (1998:23-37) (structured history) , , , . Darling (2001:107-121), Shulman (1998:23-37), (coherent story) , , . , , , , . Wolf (1996:34-37) , . . Zidon (1996:56-70),
-
97
, , . Freeman (1998:45-46), . Anderson & DeMeulle (1998:23-31) , , . Mc Kinney (1998:85-103) : - - , , . Dutt-Doner & Gilman (1998:159-165) , , .
, , : . , , , (Adams, 1995:568-572 Wade & Yarlborough, 1996:63-79 Woodward, 1998:415-423 Birman et al., 2000:28-32 Klenowski,
2002:67-70 Conderman, 2003:106-111 Dinhams & Scott, 2003:229-244 Tucker et al., 2003:572-602).
, Anderson & DeMeulle (1998:23-31), Schn (1983)16, , (reflective practitioner), , , , . O Mc Kinney (1998:85-103), ,
16 Schn (1983 & 1987) (thinking in action) , , . , (Bruner, 1990). .
-
98
, . Snyder et al., (1988:128), , , , , . Klenowski (2000:215-237) . Lyons (1998:20-30), , , , , , . , Tucker, (2005:303-309) , , , , , .
, , (Seldin, 1991:45-48 Rhoton, 2002:1-8 Gelfer et al., 2004:127-132). , , (Wilcox, 1997:170-173). (Seldin, 1991:45-48). , ( ) (Campbell et al., 2000:34-35 Klecker, 2000:35-38). , . Campbell et al., (2000:34-35)
-
99
17. Klecker (2000:35-38) Kentucky Teacher Internship Program.
: . , (Murphy et al., 2006:97-112). Wolf (1996:34-37), , . : (collection), (selection) (reflection) (Kieffer & Faust, 1993:23-28).
teacher portfolio ( ), teacher portfolio assessment ( ), . . , , . . , (.. ) (Paczusca & Turner, 1997:76-83). Arter & Spandel (1992:36-44) , , , . , (formative assessment), , ,
17 Interstate New Teacher Assessment & Support Consortium ( ).
-
100
(, , ) (Murphy et al., 2006:97-112). , , (, ), , (Gelfer et al., 2004:127-132). .
, : , , , , . , , , .
3.4 &
, , , , . Gelfer et al., (2004:127-132) (selective), (reflective), (collaborative). Scriven (1996:367-382) , . , . . , ,
-
101
. , , . , , , , (Gelfer et al., 2004:127-132). , , , , . . , , .
, , , . -- . (Beck, 1999:34 Beck et al., 2005:221-244), , 90% , , , 40% , . (Wilkerson & Lang, 2003:1-31) ( ) . ( / Colorado, / Marquette, Murray State University) . , , o . , Staff and Educational Development Association (SEDA) , , 1992 62 , , , , -, , - 1700 (Baume & Baume,
-
102
1996:51-58 SEDA:2002). (Chitpin & Evers, 2005:419-433) Karl Popper (1979) . Deveci et al., (2006:193-199), , , , . , , , (Barton & Collins, 1993:200-210 Lyons, 1998 & 1999:63-65 Windsor et al., 1999:9-31 Brown, 2001:1-
13). Chitpin & Evers (2005:419-433) , .
3.5
(digital portfolio) , . , , , , , (Quigley et al., 2003:86-88). , . Barret (2005:27-29) , 18, . : ) , , ) -, , ,
18 (paper-based portfolio) (digital portfolio)
-
103
, . (Beck et al., 2005:224). Hartnell-Young & Morris (1999:132) , , , , , , . , (Woodward & Nanlohy, 2004:227-238). (Woodward & Nanlohy, 2004:227-238).
. , . , , , , , (Barrett, 1997:32 Piper, 2000:67 Davies & Willis, 2001:7-31 Lamson et al., 2001: 56-57). Barrett (2000:34-38) Davies & Willis (2001:7-31) . , : , , (Hartnell-Young & Morris, 1999:132 Barrett, 2000:34-38 Piper, 2000:67). , , , (Piper, 2000:67). , Woodward (2000:329-347) . Hartnell-Young & Morris (1999:132), Barrett (2000:34-38) & Piper (2000:67) . Hartnell-Young & Morris (1999:132) ,
-
104
. , Woodward & Nanlohy (2004:227-238), , , (Hartnell-Young & Morris, 1999:132 Barrett, 2000:34-38 Piper, 2000:67). Kimeldorf (1997:56-58) : , (, , ) .
. Armitage (1998:16) Kimeldorf (1997:56-58) . , , (Norton & Wilberg, 1998:45-46). Niguidula (1997:26-29) Simon & Forgette-Giroux (2002:83-101) .
, , : ) , , , . , ) , , ) . : , . , , , , . , , .
-
105
3.6
, , : , - , , . Beck et al., (2005:224), (teacher accountability teacher development) . , . (Wolf et al., 1989:35-39 Wolf et al., 1997:129-136 Wolf et al., 1998:45-46 Klecker, 2000:35-38 Campbell et al.,
2000:76), . , Darling (2001:107-121) , , (narrative reflection), .
, Beck et al., (2005:221-224), (Teacher Performance Assessment) Darling (2001:107-121)19: , , , . (teacher performance expectations) : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) ) .
19 TP (Teacher Performance Assessment) California . (teacher accountability perspective) (pact.gse.usi.edu/uci_tpa). , Darling (2001:107-121) , .
-
106
, , . . To TPA portfolio , , , . . , Beck et al., (2005:221-224), , , .
, Darling (2001:107-121) , , , . , , , , . , Darling (2001:107-121), , , , , 20. Darling (2001:107-121) , , . , . , . , , . , . , , , .
20 A portfolio is a narrative that tells a coherent story of your learning experiences in the program and highlights thoughtful reflection on, and analysis of these experiences. It is not simply an acquisition of pieces and products, it is an unfolding of your understandings about teaching and learning and about your development as a professional (Darling, 2001:111).
-
107
, , , : .
, .
3.7
. (Dootlittle, 1994:10 Andrejko, 1998:1-12 Barrett, 2000:1-10 & 2005:27-29) , , , : , , :
status (
, , , ) (.. ) ,
, ,
, , , , , / (
)
. Gelfer et al., (1996:5-10) .
-
108
, , . , 10 .
3.7.1
: ) - ( , ) ) . , .
, , , , , , . , (Barrett, 2005:27-29 Driessen et al., 2005:214-220) , : ) (, , , ), ) , ) , ) . , (Gelfer et al., 2004:129) Likert (.. , , , , ).
3.7.2 -
-
109
. (, ), .
(Gelfer et al., 2004:129 Driessen et al., 2005:214-220) : . , . , , . , , , , . , . , . , , . . . , , .
Gelfer et al., (2004:127-130) , , , , , . : ) : , , . , ) : . , , )
-
110
: , , , , ) -: - . , , , , , ) -: - , , ) : , , , , ) : , , . , , , , ) : , , ) : , 21. , . Gelfer et al., (2004:127-130)
21 , , . , , , , . Murphy et al., (2006:97-112), : ) --, ) - ) . 1 , : ) , ) , ) , ) .., ) , ) , ) . ( 5 , , : 1) , , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) . , , . , .
-
111
. :
) ; , . . . , , , , . . . , , , . : (1) , ;. , (, ) (2) , , ( , , , , manager ) (3) . , .
) ; portfolio . ( ), , . ,
-
112
. : (1) - . ( , , ), (2) , , . , (3) . , , , . , (4) , .
) ; , , . , . , , , , . , , , . : (1) , , (2) , , , , /, (3) , , .
) , , , ; . .
-
113
, , , . , , , , , . , : (1) , (2) , (3) , . .
) ; . , . , . . . : (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) .
) ; , portfolio. , , , . , , . , . : (1)
-
114
, (2) , , (3) .
, . , (, , ) . . , . , , , .
3.8
, , , . , , . , , (Edelfelt & Raths, 1998:78-79 Darling-Hammond, 1999:75-77 Galluzzo, 1999:34-36 Myers & Crowe,
2000:67-70 Association For Childhood Education, 2000 & 2001), . ,
-
115
. , , , .
, , . , INTASC (Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium)22 (National Association for the Education of Young Children & Association of Childhood Education International).
INTASC - 10 - :
1 : , .
2 : , .
3 : .
4 : .
5 : ( ) , , (self-motivation).
22 Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC) 1987 , . , . 1992 (, ) . INTASC, - . (http://www.ccsso.org/Projects/interstate_new_teacher_assessment_and_support_consortium/)
-
116
6 : .
7 : , , .
8 : , .
9 : , ( , , ) .
10 : , , , , .
, Association of Childhood Education International (ACEI)23 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) SC. , ACEI - :
1.--: , , , .
2. - - : , .
2. : . .
23 NAEYC ACEI (Ledoux & McHenry, 2006:103-116).
-
117
3. : , , , , .
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118
5. : , .
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5. : . . .
- INTASC ACEI & NAEYC. , , , , , , INTASC. INTASC
-
119
(National Staff Development Council, 2001 Ledoux & McHenry, 2006:103-116). , , (Zubizarreta, 1994:323-326 Danielsen, 1996:45-48). , , (Cole & Ryan, 1998:12-15). Ledoux & McHenry (2006:103-116) Widener University :
) ,
) 1 . ,
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) ,
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) . .
, , , : , . ,
-
120
, . , (Ledoux & McHenry, 2006:103-116).
3.9
. Center for Learning and Professional Development Developing your teaching portfolio (2005:3-16), .
. , , . , , , , , . , . . 6 12 , . , , , . , . , 4 : ) , ) , ) ) . , :
-
121
2 Centre for Learning and Professional Development
(Developing your teaching portfolio, 2005:3-16).
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122
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127
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(SELT Student Evaluation of Learning and Teaching).
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4
4.1
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130
. , , - (, 2001:1-52004:56). , , . , , , , . , , , , , , (, 1989:123-151). , , , , , . , .
4.2 :
, , 24 . , , , , , , (Chow et al., 2002:167-180). , , . , , , - (self-actualization) Maslow (1954:34). . Saul (1947:29), , , , -
24 maturity , . maturity maturit .
-
131
. , , (Hill & Holmbeck, 1986:24-28). , , , (Bomar & Sabatello, 1996:421-442). , , .
, , , , . , , , , , , , . , , (personal development test), Dewey (Cassel & Chow, 2000:45-49). 200 . , .
Dewey ( ), , . , , , . . , , , . , , . , , , . , (Stein & Book, 2000:45-52). Dewey,
-
132
, , . ( , , , , ) (Cassel & Chow, 2000:45-49). , , , . , , , .
(personal development test) Dewey, , . , , 200 (-). 200 : ) ) . - (4) : ) (, , , , ), ) (, , , , , ), ) (, ) ) (, . , , , , , ). , , (4) : ) (, ), ) - (, , , ), ) (, ) ) (, . Cassel & Kolstad (1998:67-70), ). , (Chow et al., 2002:167-180), , , , .
-
133
. , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , (, 2005:106). , - - . (, , , ), , , .
4.3
, , , , , . , , , . , , (, , , ). , , , (Chow et al., 2002:167-180).
, , , , , , ,
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134
. , , . , , , , (, 2002:121). (2002:38) , , , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , ( , ), . , , . (, 2004:50).
, (...1366/./18-10-2001, 1373/./18-10-2001, 1374/./18-10-2001, 1375/./18-10-2001, 1376/./18-10-2001:11-12 .../.303/13-03-2003): , . , : - , - , - , , , - ,
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