Σημασιολογία της γλώσσας
DESCRIPTION
Σημειώσεις ΓΛΩΦ180, Αλέξης ΚαλοκαιρινόςTRANSCRIPT
-
2000 / 2014
-
, 2000
, 2014
-
1.
1.1. 5
1.2. NOHMA HMAIA 8
1.3. H METAA 10
1.4. 11
1.5. 12
1.6. ... SAUSSURE 15
2.
2.1. 21
2.2. H ANAYH E YTATIKA 27
2.2.1. 27
2.2.2. 34
2.3. OI XEEI 41
2.4. H EPIA TN PTOTYN 46
2.4.1. 46
2.4.2. 50
2.5. 57
2.5.1. 57
2.5.2. ( ) 60
3. HMAIOOIA
3.1. 67
3.2. 72
3.2.1. 72
3.2.2. 78
3.3. 81
3.3.1. 81
3.3.2. 85
3.3.3. 88
3.4. 91
3.4.1. 92
3.4.2. 95
4.
4.1. 99
4.2. 101
4.3. 104
4.4. 111
4.5. 112
117
-
1.
1.1.
T
.
. H
.
, (meaning)
(Saeed 22003: 3). E,
, ,
, ,
.1 ,
, .
A . O
, , ,
.
O . H
.
,
. , ,
. :
(1) O .
H .2
1 . 2008, , , , . Hurford 2007, Fitch 2010. 2 : (1). ( ) .
-
6
E ( ):
(2) .
H .
A:
(3) O .
M .
. T . A
(1) (
) (3) (3)
. A
, .
, :
(4) T .
E
.
. .
(1) - (3) (4): T
(, -,
) ( :
). O
( ,
, ,
-
7
:
,
:
, ,
: . Millikan 2005, . 1).
A , .
N
. :
(5) ;
(6) K ;
E, ,
. H
. T
() - , ,
. E
,
.
: H
. H
. H
-
. T ,
, :
, ,
. O
,
, (. ).
-
8
1.2. NOHMA HMAIA
;
, :
,
,
.
H
/
(. 1999: 142-148):
(7) ;
(8) ?? ;
T (8) (8)
, (7).
. T
: M
(
).
(9) ?? ;
(10) ;
,
:
(11) ? : H ;
(12) : H ;
E (11)
. A
-
9
(12) . H
:
EH POTAH KEIMENO
OK ? ??
?? OK OK
:
:
EH POTAH KEIMENO :
[ 1]
: O
. ;
:
(13) ?? T ;
(14) T ;
,
. T , .
T . A
. E
,
. H . O
. H , ,
.
-
10
1.3. H METAA
M ,
.
;
,
. ,
. ,
,
. .
-
, , , -
(..
,
, ,
..). E ,
-.
-.
.
HMAIA NOHMA;
. O
. E
. E,
.
. H
. Y .
(. Carruthers 1996 . Carruthers 2006, . 4), ,
, .
K ,
. E .
T
-
11
( ). ,
( )
.
,
. A , ,
. A
HMAIA
NOHMA, ,
. A
.
1.4.
M ,
.
. T
. H . H
, , . O
.
A ,
.
, . M ,
,
. H
POTAH, . H
,
, . A EKNHMA. T
. T [1] (. 9)
:
-
12
EH POTAH EIEO 1: HMAIA
EKNHMA KEIMENO EIEO 2: NOHMA
[ 2]
H /
,
Charles Morris (1971 [1938]).
O Morris , (
) :
, .
,
.
,
(. ).
Morris, ,
, F. de
Saussure, .
, , ,
.
1.5.
H Morris
,
. H
, ,
,
. T ,
, J. Mukarovski
, . O Mukarovski (1976: 46)
:
-
13
- ;
- .
H
. T ,
. O
.
[ 3]
, . T [3]
:
[ 4]
-
14
O [endro] .
. A,
M aliquid stat pro aliquo (. co 1984: 14 ..).
, , ,
. ,
:
[ 5]
T
, /.
:
) , ,
) , ,
) , , .
O , ,
.
K , . H ,
, . H
. , ,
. M -
- Port-Royal (1660)
(.
Chomsky 32009 [1966]: 78 ..). H 18
,
-
15
( ,
), ,
(.
Ducrot 1968, . 1).3
1.6. ... SAUSSURE
M
. H
M (1915) Ferdinand de Saussure,
. M
, . E
,
.
M
1930 ,
,
: T
.
. K
.
,
.
. O
, (
)
(. Davenport & Hannahs 1998: 58-61,
(Nespor 1999: 24-9, 52-60). O
. O [p]
3 , 2011 , , .
-
16
/p/,
.
T ;
. H . H
/ira/ (: ),
/p/ : /pira/ : .
A /p/ /b/
/b/ /p/
: /bira/ : .
A
,
,
, ,
: /l/ /r/. H
[l] [r]
( :
commutation).
, I ,
[l] [r]
/l/ /r/. H
: O Steven Pinker (2000 [1994]) I
Here we are very interested in
Clintons erection.
M ,
, :
[ 6]
-
17
T ,
, , .
,
. ,
. ,
. A
.
. H .
,
.
,
. A ( ,
, hardware)
, ,
(. Obler &
Gjerlow 1999). ,
(Jackendoff 1994: 64):
.
, (
) . ;
-
18
O
. (
)
, (. 3).
,
, . ,
4.
, ,
,
, :
)
)
)
) .
T . E,
(-, -, -).
T
.
(. Glock 1997: 154)
(. Searle 1998, . 1)
. H Kant
,
(K K , Glock, ..). T
(Ding an sich) . H
,
.5
4 M : T
( )
. : , , ,
.. . , , .. , . 5 H . A
,
. .
-
19
H
. E . A
Wittgenstein (. Glock
1997: 156-8). ,
. A
. M
. A . H
: . H
, ,
. H
()
.
(. 1.2 & 1.3),
, , .
T , ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. A
F. de Saussure.
-
2.
2.1.
O ,
. .
M F. de
Saussure,
.
, Saussure
. N
.
H , ,
. O Saussure
. A
(
: ).
H
- . H
(Saussure 1972 [1915]: 155-9). T
. A, -
. K
.
H . O
: , : O
,
,
(Saussure 1972 [1915]:162).
T (oppositives), (relatives)
(negatives) (..). T Saussure
. : A ,
, ,
. E ,
-
22
(Saussure 1972 [1915]: 166-7).
, , -
: redouter,
craindre avoir peur. A redouter , Saussure (..),
.
H , Saussure,
. , ,
. K
- ,
,
.
Saussure ,
.
B. Malinowski (1923)
W. Von Humboldt (. Duranti 1997: 62, Ducrot
1968: 30-2). Sapir Whorf. K
Sapir (1949) [...].
.
. O
[...] (. Saeed 22003: 42-3).
O
. T E
( ) . H
' . ,
, :
-
23
)
. O Whorf I
. K ,
, (immanent),
)
, , . T
L. Hjelmslev (1968: 71)
:
[]
[]
[]
[]
T
(. ),
,
.
,
, Hjelmslev: H
Berlin & Kay (1969)
. H
. ,
:
<
<
<
<
<
-
24
H (
) /
/ . A , , . A
, , ... (.
Leech 1981: 234)
H .
Leech (1981: 235-6),
.
,
(salient) . K
. ,
( )
. A
(. ).
B,
-
25
(. Palmer 1981:
116).
,
( . Palmer 1981:
74).
()
, :
- H
. B,
, ,
(. Quine 1960, . 2),
(. Derrida 1972: 31).
- H
( Steven Pinker (2000)
)
.
- H ( ,
Sapir Whorf . Pinker 2000: 70-
75) .
, Whorf
Hopi
, (. Palmer 1981: 45
. Duranti 1997: 61).
A Saussure
, [ ],
, ,
-
26
(germanique) .
(1972 [1915]: 161). A Saussure
,
(1972 [1915]: 162, ).
M Whorf, Hopi,
(Palmer 1981: 45). T
. T
. H
,
, : E N E (
A) . H
(. Holton ..
1999). A
. .
A
(: If I went tomorrow, I should see him I
wish I went there every day . Palmer 1981: 46-7). M ,
Palmer (..), ,
. K , ( )
, .., I.
A , Hopi
()
.
T
.
.
.
-
27
2.2. H ANAYH E YTATIKA
2.2.1.
(universals). H
()
. M
.
H
.
A , , ,
,
. T
. H
:
) T , ,
.
) T ,
.
) H
( , , ..)
( [ ], [ A], [ ],
[ B], ..) ,
(
).
. T ()
-
28
, L. Hjelmslev (1968), Saussure. T
()
, -
.
H (meaning components6)
. O
(lexical fields)
(semantic fields).
. M -
:
EMYXO ANPINO HYKO ENHIKO
+ + + +
+ + - +
+ + -
+ + - -
+ + + -
INAKA 1 [O . O .]
H
.
,
. p:b
/ ,
:
/ (T HYKO
6
(componential analysis). ., , Saeed (22003, . 9), Cruse (22004, .
10 & 13), Kempson (1977: 86-101), Lyons (1999 [1995], . 4), Palmer (1981: 108-117).
-
29
APPEN, ).
EMYXO, ANPINO HYKO
,
( ). E, HYKO
:
HYKO
+ ..
- ..
M ,
,
.
H
(redundancy rules)
: ANPINO EMYXO (, ANPINO,
EMYXO). O
EMYXO 1. ,
:
: [+ ANPINO] [+ ENHIKO] [+ ONE] [+ APENIKO]
: [+ ANPINO] [ ENHIKO] [+ TEKNO] [+ APENIKO]
E
ONE TEKNO.
; H / (). T
,
(predicates). T ONEY
,
ON, : T ON (arguments)
, (, ) ([ ]
).
-
30
M
ONE TEKNO : ONE (, ) TEKNO (, ) (T
, ).
, (,),
.
H :
: ANPINO (X), ON (X, Y), APENIKO (X)
: ANPINO (X), ON (Y, X), APENIKO (X)
[ , , - ]
, ,
:
) ,
(APENIKO (X): T X APENIKO).
) H (
):
X APENIKO
Y. A - :
(1) O M .
(2) O M .
(3) ?? H M / .
H
.
H
. E
. ,
, - -.
-
31
,
: , . H :
: POKA (X), EAIN (Y)
POKA
( ). A Y.
Y, EAIN (Y), ()
POKA:
: POKA ((X), (EAIN (Y))).
M :
: POKA ((X), (EX (Y, Z)))
(- EX (X, Z)))
: POKA (X), (EX (X, Z)))
(- EX (Y, Z)))
H X Z Y.
K .
O
( Kempson 1977: 94-5.
)
: KATEYYNH (Z)
KINOYMAI (X, Z)
KINOYMAI (Y, Z)
I (X, Y)
(: X Y Z X
Y).
-
32
E ; T
.
(4) ?? O M .
(5) ?? O M
.
(6) ?? O M .
(7) O M .
(8) O M -.
H (4), (5) (6)
. H (7)
(8)
X. A
,
:
: KATEYYNH (Z)
KINOYMAI (Y, Z)
PHOPA (KINOYMAI (X, Z))
I (X, Y)
POTIEMAI ((X), (KINOYMAI (X, Z)))
T . T PHOPA
. H
:
(9) ?? O M -.
(10) ?? O M .
T,
X:
(11) O M (: ).
-
33
T ()
7. T
Katz bachelor (. Eco 1979: 97):
(...): (semantic features).
[...]: (distinguishers).
: (selection restrictions).
.
T (
Katz 1971: 298):
7 ,
.
-
34
, ,
.
,
.
2.2.2.
H
:
X : A, B, ,
K (A, B, ...) X
( X)
X.
,
.
O
. bachelor
((Human), (Male),
...), , ad hoc (
Serving under the standard of another) . T
-
35
. A
, ,
. O
.
A
. E (never married)
Katz; M
, .. (human) (
) (
, .
Eco 1979: 103).
H (never married)
(
). -
. .., (adult)
, . H
; O
( 21 18) , ,
,
. A,
/
( + -)
, , , :
(12) H .
(13) .
T (12)
. B
(
). H
.
-
36
A + ENHIKO
(12),
. A
ENHIKO
.
(13),
. H
. A
NEAPO
.
H
, ( ENHIKO):
) (
) ,
) , ,
) (
),
) /
.
E,
. K . A
bachelor NEVER MARRIED - ADULT - MAN,
,
, P,
T. MHEOTE ANTPEMENOI - ENHIKOI - ANPE
. O
. H
.
T
,
-
37
. T
, (:
POKA (X) (EAIN (Y)).
. M X
Y . ,
. O
, ,
. A
. , ,
( ).
T -
-
. A
99%. T
. M
(
) (..
Z X ).
,
(
. Jakob 1997: 236-8). K
()
() .
A ,
. E,
8. A, 99%
(:
).9 , Laurence & Margolis (1999: 14)
8 T Laurence & Margolis (1999: 17-18) Fodor (1998:
46-49)
(folk psychology). H . 9 . Edmunt Gettier Elbourne 2011: 7-8.
-
38
. O J. Fodor (1998: 45)
: practically all words (/ concepts) are undefinable.
T
. , ,
.
T .
.
A ,
(. .
1.3.). ANIMATE animate;
O
(. Fodor 1998: 50-53). Y ANIMATE
animate , anim ,
.. A
A. H
.
T,
,
. H
,
. A ,
U. Eco (1984: 85)
, , ,
, , -
(. Quine 1985 [1953]: 38). H
( :
O ) (
:
O X)
(Quine 1985 [1953]).
, , :
, , ,
, - (proto-
-
39
concepts) - .
, , ,
( ),
(species),
, ... , -
(Know-how)
- (know-that), ,
. ,
-, ,
( )
. (ANIMATE, , .
) , ( )
. , -
, ..,
. ,
, ,
, .
M ,
;
H (componential analysis)
() . O
. O
. O (cognitive linguistics).
1960 Anna
Wierzbicka. ,
(primitives), ,
,
-
(Wierzbicka 1996: 31).
H Wierzbicka
( ANIMATE, HUMAN, PERSONAL)
-,
SOMEONE SOMETHING
-
40
( ) SOMEONE SOMETHING (1996:
39). K Wierzbicka SOMEONE SOMETHING
(ibid). ,
,
, .
O , SOMEONE SOMETHING,
. (Wierzbicka
1996: 35-6):
O , , .
, ,
R. Jackendoff (1983, 1988, 1990, 1992). O Jackendoff
, ,
(. , . 3.3.2.). T (conceptual constituents),
, (Jackendoff 1983:
41). T ,
. T
[THING], [PLACE], [DIRECTION], [ACTION], [EVENT], [MANNER]
[AMOUNT] (Jackendoff 1988: 87).
H Jackendoff
. T
-
41
. ,
[THING],
(A
, . Jackendoff 1983: 121, . Laurence & Margolis
1999: 52-3).
. O ( )
Carnap (1956)
(.. bachelor (X) unmarried (X))
(meaning postulates, . Lyons 1999: 148-50).
H , Jackendoff,
( )
(preference rule systems) .
.
2.3. OI XEEI
,
(
- . E). K ,
. O
(.
):
A X .
A .
T , . H
,
, ,
-
42
. O
() :
O
. .
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, (Eco 1984: 55):
-
43
[: ,
(species)
(common name)
].
H
,
(Eco 1984: 60):
T , ,
, ,
-,
(Palmer 1981: 86):
K
(, )
: H
. T
-
44
. M
, .
:
(..
, ) .
H . A
( )
. T
.
T
(antonymy). H
. A
) , : -, -, -
.. T
( , , , ..). A
, - (unmarked)
. A
(18) T;
(19) T;
T ( -marked- ),
. , -
( ).
-
45
O
(: ), (Horn 1989:
244):
) : -, -, -
.. T
.
T,
. H
A (X, Y) B (Y, X)
- (A X Y, Y
X, ), - ..
H o
. (
bank1: bank2: ). K
(.
). A ,
. O
.
, E. K (1995)
1 (: , ) 2 (: ). 1
,
2 ( ). T
.
-
46
, K ()
E.
2.4. H EPIA TN PTOTYN
2.4.1.
H
. ,
, (Taylor 1989: 36). H
(. Taylor .., Eco 1984: 68-86). A
(reductionist)
(
)
(. ).
() .
,
. H
Hilary Putnam (1985 [1970]: 310 .., . Eco 1984: 73-4), ,
,
.
,
(. Putnam 1975: 269 Eco 1984: 73):
-
47
M , J. S. Petfi (. Eco 1984: 76-7),
(commonsense knowledge) (expert
knowledge). O . O
. O Petfi
( Eco 1984:77):
-
48
A
,
( Umberto Eco
, . Rorty 1991), - (
Jacques Derrida). H , ,
. T
, , ,
Eleanor Rosch.
H Rosch
. H , Rosch (1999
[1978]: 190-1)
. H
.
(.. - -
, . )
. T
.
()
() (, )
.
(Rsch 1999 [1978]:193):
-
49
O
. H
(clear cases, .., . 196-7). A
,
. ,
.
H , ,
. T
(
) .
, ,
()
. (Kleiber
1990:56, . Aitchison 21994:66):
YOMNHMA
1. I
2. M (: )
3. M S
4. M
5. M
6.
7. M
-
50
( - - ,
(1), (1) (5),
(1), (2) (3).)
,
,
. Geeraerts (1985: 141)
. O
, .
2.4.2.
,
. ,
, .
M ,
(. Laurence &
Margolis 1999: 32-3, . Aitchison 21994: 64-5). T
8 34. ,
.
,
(evidential)
(constitutive properties) .
()
.
Ludwig Wittgenstein. E (1977 [1953]:
58):
-
51
66. .. .
, , , , .
; : ,
'', . ,
, , ,
. : , ! ..
. :
,
, . ,
, . '';
.
; .
,
.
.
. --:
, !
.
.
:
[] .
.
67. '
:
: ,
, , , , ...
: '' .
H
. ,
. A
(
)
, , (Kleiber 1990: 160):
-
52
M
vers D. Geeraerts ( Kleiber 1990: 162-3).
1. ,
2. ,
3.
A
,
. H (K & K 2000: 316)
. A
K:
(50) [...] . , ,
, ' .
. ; ,
.
. ' ,
' ' .
. . unc ' . (. 307)
.
:
. ,
,
, . H .
M :
, ,
, ,
-
53
,
.
T vers,
:
1.
2. ,
3.
H
.
(, vers, , ...).
Georges Kleiber (1990: 175-6),
. H ,
( ),
[...].
.
K , ,
a fortiori .
(compositionality),
.
T Jerry Fodor (1998: 102-8)
:
) T - (The uncat (!) problem). O Fodor
not a cat ,
, , (..
T). O (
-
54
) (.., .
102).
H ,
- , not a cat
, ,
.
H , , ,
:
) T ( : The pet fish problem).
Fodor [
-,
, , ...] pet [
],
pet fish (..).
, (.
Margolis & Laurence 1999 Fodor 1998). T
.
A Fodor : T
. A, Fodor,
(.., . 91).
, , ,
(. Sweetser 1990).
, ,
, .., .
.
since ( ), puisque ( ) .
-
55
(hear): 1. / (
), 2. (-), 3.
(-) (. Sweetser 1990: 38).
T, source -
path - goal - scheme (Lakoff
1988: 144):
(14) Sam walked over the hill.
(15) Sam lives over the hill.
A
/ -:
(16) (: )
(17) .
T
. ,
( )
.
H , ,
,
,
, , George Lakoff (1984).
O Lakoff
. H , Lakoff
(cognitive models). A
, (
) ( ).
-
. T
, : M
-
56
.
Lakoff
. O
.
M ,
Lakoff (1984, 1989)
Ray Jackendoff (cognitive
semantics) 2.2.2.,
(. 3.3.2.).
O Jackendoff (dual theory, .
Laurence & Margolis 1999: 32 & 34),
(preference rules, . Jackendoff 1988: 90-5, 1992: 46-8).
(.., . 46-7):
(18) O Bill Harry.
(19) O Bill .
(20) O Bill , .
(21) * O Bill , .
Jackendoff x y (x
sees y) , , (1) x y, (2)
x y. T (. (veridical)
) (.., . 47 - ). A
- - (18). T (19) (2). T (20),
(1). K - . T (21),
,
.
,
. A Jackendoff
(. Jackendoff 1983, . 2), /
y. T
-
57
. (intentionality)
(. Searle 1983). K
y . ,
/ .
M , /
. E .
,
.
2.5. H ANAOPA
, Jackendoff /
. H
, , .
, . T
.
2.5.1. KYPIA ONOMATA
Y ,
. M ,
, . O
: A . A
. ,
(22) O A .
(23) O A .
A A ( )
, A. ,
-
58
, (22)
(23).
O Gottlob Frege (1892)
(Bedeutung / reference) (Sinn / sense). O
Bedeutung Sinn -
- (extension) (intension). A
A .
.
.
T O (. (22)
(23)) . O
, , (definite descriptions).
T , A
A,
. T M ( ) M
M (,
). , ,
.
, (reference) ; A
,
. M ,
A ,
, M. A,
.. T
, .
, ,
(, ). T
. ,
.
( (24) )
Bertrand Russell (. Grayling 31997: 107-9) (24)
:
(24) O .
(24) x (K(x) y (K(y) y = x) W(x)).
-
59
T (24) : Y x x (:
K) y, y , y x
x (: W).
H , ,
, . A Quine
(. Grayling, .., . 94-9)
. K Quine, , .
, ( )
(, ) K (y)
K x, ( ) .
H , ,
, ,
(. Devitt & Sterelny 21999: 48-51):
; A
, ; A
,
;
A A
. K , ()
O. A
, A
O. A
A
. A ,
, . A
,
. , (definite
description) .
E
A
() ,
: A . A
-
60
Saul Kripke (21980),
rigid designators ( ). X
[.,
- - ]
(Kripke 21980: 48).
K
P ; H -
, Kripke,
. T . ,
(.., . 93-4). T , ,
- ,
. H 10 11.
2.5.2. YIKA (KAI AA) EIH
H ,
, () . A
. H
. T
(
) ,
( - . 2.4.2.)
.
() , ,
( )
. , ,
. O
.
10 A Russell (. Grayling 31997: 102). 11 A A A (. Kripke, o..., . 94).
-
61
A Hilary
Putnam (1975: 223 ..).
. A (Twin Earth). O
.
. A
,
H2O , XYZ.
Y
1750. E ,
. B
.
.
. , . E,
,
.
O Putnam , meanings just aint in the head! (..., . 227).
T , (
). ,
,
,
. E
(. Devitt & Sterelny 21999: 86 .., Laurence & Margolis 1999: 20-23,
34-5).
T .
, ( )
, (. Putnam
1975), , (Putnam 1985 [1970]), (Stich 1996: 35-6),
(Laurence & Margolis 1999: 22-3). O
(natural kinds).
T : ()
; (
)
-
62
( ) ; H
. O
. A ,
200
. K
,
.
(
)
. , ,
(..). T
[] . A
.
,
, . K
(Laurence & Margolis, ..). .
;12
H Putnam (1975: 234)
(indexicals)
. B, , Putnam (..,
238) [...],
.
,
.
,
.
H (causal theory),
.13 H
12 , , . 38-39, . , Laurence &Margolis; 13 H J. Fodor (. Fodor 1990, . 4).
Dretske (. Dretske 1994).
-
63
(. ). O
[ ]
. [...]
(sense). H
(ordinary) (Devitt & Sterelny, ..,
. 89). ,
(broad content) (narrow
content) .14
H
( ).
. T (artifacts) ,
/ ( , ). O
(. Putnam,
.., . 238). ,
. E
. K
,
. ,
,
(. Devitt & Sterelny, ..., . 96-101).
,
. E
(. Searle 1998, . 5). E
,
, ,
.
14 . Guttenplan (ed.) 1994, .
content.
-
64
E ,
.
H
. Fodor (. , . 9),
Michael Devitt Kim Sterelny
/
( )
(qua whole object) (.., . 80, . , , . 90-
93). H
, Jackendoff (. ,
2.2.2.) .15
, W.V.O. Quine (1960, . 2)
. H
.
O Quine
(. )
. O
Gavagai!. O Quine
!. T N
A . Y
( ) . H
: K Quine
Gavagai!
, (.., . 51). O
Gavagai! (, gavagai) ,
,
15 . Quine (1981:1): ,
,
.
-
65
(,
- . ..., . 51-2). O Quine
. H
( , )
.
() , Quine
( )
.
. Fodor (1994, . 3),
. , Fodor
. H
Fodor
Quine
. ,
.
O Fodor ()
Davidson (1984, . 16) Gochet (1978, . 4).
, ,
. Quine,
, (. ),
. Quine
,
-. A (.
Davidson, ..). E . H
, ,
.
H (
) (
, )
(Fodor 1994: 25).
Devitt & Sterelny (.., . 148)
-
66
(map)
. H . E . A
/
(. Grayling 31997: 124-7).16
;
; A .
16 Ruth Garrett Millikan, , ,
, ,
. .
, ,
, . , ,
. .
(substances), , , , .
[]
, .., (Millikan 2000: 90). -
(teleperception) (. Millikan 2005: 207-16).
-
3. HMAIOOIA
3.1.
H . ,
. H
. H ,
, ,
.
. O
. T
. H
.
H , ,
(compositionality
principle Frege). ,
(Lyons 1999: 231-6,
Saeed 22003: 11). H . E
(. Radford .. 1999: 358,
Elbourne 2011: 77, 99). O ,
(output) (Katz 1971: 297), .
, ()
. 60
. H , Chomsky,
. O
. H . K
, (interpretive) . H
. H
. O
-
68
. H
. O ,
(standard theory, . Chomsky 1965)
, (Lyons 1977:
412-3):
H , .
H , .
YOMNHMA
DS: Deep Structure (B )
T-rules: Transformation rules (M )
SS: Surface Structure (E )
S-rules: Semantic rules ( )
SI: Semantic Interpretation ( E)
P-rules: Phonological rules ( )
PR: Phonological Representation ( A)
-
69
H
. T -
( ), ,
80, Government and Binding (GB) Theory (
)
, (. Cook & Newson 1996: 47):
T
, .
.
Jerrold
Katz. -
. O
(1) * O .
(2) * O .
(3) * O .
(4) ?? O .
(, (4),
) . H (1)
-
70
, . H
. H (2)
,
. H (3) .
T ,
,
( ). T
,
. T (4)
()
.
H Katz
(4). A
(selection restrictions: SR).
(Living) (Animal)
(- Living) (Liquid). T (4)
. M
* * : H ,
(- Infant). ,
(Adult).
.
O
,
() , (projection rules).
. ( Bierwisch 1969
Kempson 1977: 110-111)
-
71
V NP2 VP
NP1 S. T (..):
.
A .
. ,
. ,
. M
--
. ,
. H
(ergative) ,
(Palmer 1981: 138):
(5) gizonak jo du chakurra (O ).
(6) gizona dator (O ).
H ( ) (
absolutive) , (5)
( ) (6) ( )
, (5),
(. Comrie 21989: 110 ..).
, , E
(1989).
-
72
, , O.
(
- AGR).
A
,
,
:
(7) H M .
(8) H M .
(9) H M .
(10) T .
(11) H .
T
(Pustejovsky 1995: 54).
, .
Katz (7)
(8) .
T
.
.
3.2.
3.2.1. EMATIKOI POOI
( ) . Saeed (22003: 161),
(interface)
-
73
,
.
(. Saeed 22003: 149-52 . Radford 1997: 326):
PATH (Agent): O ,
(O
).
AXN (Patient): H
(O
).
EMA (Theme): H
(O
. T ).
BIN (Experiencer): H
(H M ).
AOEKTH (Recipient): H (O
M ).
AOAMBANN (Beneficiary): H
(M ).
OPANO (Instrument): T
. ( .)
TOO (Location): O
(O
).
TOXO (Goal): H
( ) (O
. T ).
-
74
H
. H
(. Saeed 22003: 154)
PATH,17
EMATA OPANA . ,
:
(12) O .
(13) .
(14) .
(15) M .
16) T .
(17) # M .
H PATH OPANO
. T AXN
.
. H
,
,
( ) (. Saeed 1997: 146)
PATH > AOEKTH / AOAMBANN > EMA / AXN > OPANO > TOO
T
(thematic role grid, theta-grid). :
17 (agency)
(. Comrie 19892:107 & 120, Langacker 1990, . 9).
-
75
:
:
:
:
:
O -
. H
- -
. , -
() , , (. Cook
& Newson 1996: 171, Radford 1997: 328). M
(7) (8), .
T
(Cook & Newson 1996: 192-3). T defeat
. H
:
(I) The Normans defeated the Saxons.
(II) e defeated the Saxons.
(III) The Saxons were defeated t
O PATH . A
, AXN (t).
(A
, . Cook & Newson 1996: 170).
,
/ .
Saeed (22003: 178-9) absolutive / ergative
/
- .
,
. A (Cook & Newson 1996: 313),
69:
-
76
-
.18
.
. ,
(Saeed 22003: 150-1)
(18) .
(19) .
18 H -
(argument structure a-structure),
(, ). H
. K Grimshaw,
(relative prominence) (Grimshaw 1990: 10). Y Grimshaw,
[...] (labels)
. O
- ,
. O
(..., . 44 -
).
Jackendoff :
(conceptual structure),
(Jackendoff 1990: 46 ). [H]
(.., . 48). ,
Jackendoff, ( 3.3.2.).
-
77
(18) ,
, (19)
. ( ' )
Jackendoff (1990)
(tiers: ), (action tier)
- (thematic tier).
(Jackendoff 1990: 126-7) :
a. Sue hit Fred.
Theme Goal (thematic tier)
Actor Patient (action tier)
b. Pete threw the ball.
Source Theme (thematic tier)
Actor Patient (action tier)
c. Bill entered the room.
Theme Goal (thematic tier)
Actor (action tier)
d. Bill received a letter.
Goal Theme (thematic tier)
(action tier)
' , Dowty (1991)
: - (Proto-role)
- .
.
.
- :
. ' .
. ( / ).
. ' .
. ( ).
-
78
- :
. .
. .
. .
. ( ).
(20) .
(21) .
(22) .
(23) .
(20) ,
- (21)
, ( ) () (22)
,
(() & ()). (23) ,
(()).
,
.
.
3.2.2. KATATAIAKOI TYOI
H
.
(tense)
(aspect).
O (:
) ,
(. Saeed 22003:124-5, . Holton .. 1999: 223 ..
). E (
)
-
79
( ). A
, , , ,
/ ( . Holton .. 1999: 218
..).
,
. H
(situation type)
. O
:
T . H . H
, .
T . H . H ,
.
T ( ),
. H .
T ( )
, .
T ,
,
:
-
80
H (Saeed 22003: 124):
+ + ( )
- + -
- + +
- - -
EITEYEI - - +
, ,
Grimshaw (., . 40) [[PAH] [KATATAH / AAH
KATATAH]]. , (event structure)
Pustejovsky (1995: 67 .)
(process state).
H
(psychological causatives)
. T BIOYNTA
(EXPERIENCER) EMA (THEME).
(24) T .
(25) O .
EMA
BIN19, .. ;
(26) O .
(27) O .
19 Grimshaw : Agent > Experiencer > Goal / Sourse /
Location > Theme (.., . 24).
-
81
M ,
(.
Grimshaw, ., . 24-5):
,
( aspectual prominence)
. ,
EMA , ,
(. Grimshaw, .., . 25-30 40-42).
T
J. Pustejovsky (1995).
3.3.
3.3.1. OIKH MOPH
M R. Jackendoff (1990).
, ,
.
,
(logical form). T
(formal logic).
O
. H
-
82
. O
.
T (. Radford et
al. 1999: 36 ..). O
(28) O M .
(29) K .
. , (29)
xxx: (K(x)).
x - - x . H
(28) (29). A
(30) ;
T (30)
(31) ;
(31)
() .
(30).
:
O ( )
:
(32) .
(33) M .
-
83
, (34) . , A
. , A , , :
(34) O A .
(34) O Ai i.
(34) O Ai j.
T (35) (36):
(35) K .
(35) K i i.
(35) K i j.
(36) ;
(36) i i;
(36) i j;
, (37) (38) .
(37) H .
(37) H j i.
(37) ?? H i i.
(38) ;
(38) j i;
(38) ?? i i;
T (37) (38); H
, ,
. H
(30), (31), (35)-(38) . A, (37)
. (crossover principle) (
) , (38) (37),
. (37) (38) .
, ,
-
84
(39) .
(39) :
( , , ,
) .
( , , )
.
. :
(39) x y L(x, y)
(39) y x L(y, x)
(39) :
. (39):
.
(scope) .
.
: ,
,
.
( ),
, (39):
(39) [[: ] [[: ] [t1 t2]]]
(39) [[: ] [[: ] [t1 t2]]]20
O
. O
. ,
20 . Elbourne 2011: 90-1, , . 82-94, : , , : , (.., . 94). 18, 3.2.1, (, Grimshaw Jackendoff : ;).
-
85
. , K
wh-.
,
(Radford et al. 1999: 371).
3.3.2. ENNOIAKH HMAIOOIA
(modularity of mind) J. Fodor
(. Fodor 1990, . 8, Fodor 1983)
. ,
,
() .
() .
H
. A ,
(. )
,
. H , ,
,
, . T
, ,
.
-
86
R. Jackendoff (1983, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2002)
,
M, , . O
,
M, ,
. (. ),
,
(Jackendoff 1983:14):
(40) Floyd brake a glass.
(40) x (glass(x) break (Floyd, x)).
O :
Y , (conceptual
structure), ,
(., . 17 - ).
H Jackendoff (1992: 32):
,
. T (
- rules of inference).
O Jackendoff
(1997, . 2). ,
-
87
.21 ,
(.., . 81 - ). H
M . ,
( 3.2.1., . 18)
(Jackendoff 1990: 46).
(. , . 2.2.2.) EVENT STATE.
(.., . 44):
[EVENT] [EVENT GO ([THING], [PATH])]
[EVENT STAY ([THING], [PLACE])]
[STATE] [STATE BE ([THING], [PLACE])]
[EVENT] [EVENT CAUSE ([{ THING
EVENT }], [EVENT])]
- -
(conceptual semantics) Jackendoff
:
21 H
. T
. T
. H
(
, )
(. Marantz 1995, . 380-1).
-
88
3.3.3.
H
. O
(cognitive semantics, Lakoff 1988)
(cognitive grammar, Langacker 1987)
. H
(Saeed 22003: 342). K ,
(formal)
(Langacker 1986/1990:1).
H Ronald Langacker
(configurationality)
(. Langacker 1986: 14 & 31).
(iconic)
. H (compositionality) -
(superimposing) . T
(figures / profiles) (ground / bases)
(. Langacker 1987: 183-9). T
.
-
89
O (relational predications)
(trajector) (landmark). O
(atemporals)
(processes). T
- (b)
(a - Langacker 1986: 31).
H -
(). T
(.., . 37),
(The lamp is above the table).
-
90
/
(action
chain) . (Langacker
1990: 216-7, . Saeed 22003: 375-6) (a)
(41) - (43)
, , (b)-(d):
(41) O .
(42) T .
(43) T .
YOMNHMA
AG: , INSTR: , PAT: , S: Y, O: A
H
. H
,
. E,
. A
,
.
-
91
3.4.
(2.5.) G. Frege
(Sinn) (Bedeutung). ;
Frege (1892)
. (truth value), .
, Frege, .
(judgements)
(1985 [1892]:204b).
. H
.
(correspondence theory of truth)
. H ,
( ) .
.
.22
. H
, , -.
M . H
(coherence
theory of truth) ()
/ .
H
: /
22 H ,
(. Dretske 1994 [1983], Fodor 1990, Jakob 1997). O Searle (1998: 91 ..)
(intentionality).
-
92
(Grayling 31997: 135). M ( Quine 1985 [1953]: 37-9)
.23 A
( / ,
/ , )
. K , ,
.
T ,
,
.
M
,
. A
.
M
( - deflationist
- ).24
M
.
3.4.1.
Alfred
Tarski. Tarski (1944) ,
-
. Tarski
(1985 [1944]: 52-53):
23 B. Quine, .., . 38: The edge of the system must be kept squared with experience. 24 H .
, . Grayling, .., . 5 ..
-
93
() () .
() () () .
() () = ().
() () () .
.
: ()
.
( Tarski) , , ().
(, ).
, . ()
( ).
(), , () .
() () ()
. ,
. () () ().
(). () ()
() (). ()
() ():
.
, ,
() , ()
, . ;
, Tarski, .
. Tarski
.
() (),
(), ,
() :
-
94
() .
() () .
() () = .
() .
() - () () - () -25
() p.
() - () () - ()
. ;
Tarski,
:
(.., . 54), - .
() .
. , p -.
() (), p, -
. ,
, p . ,
- ,
(). , -.
- ,
. p p,
. ()
( ) p p.
( ) (), ().
() , ()
- ,
() - ()
' . ,
25 truth ().
-
95
, -
-, ...
' .
(
() ()).
:
, ,
- (Tarski, .., .
60a), p ( = p). ,
() Quine (1992: 80),
. .
(Truth is disquotation).
, Tarski,
.
: (Tarski 1985 [1944]: 62).
. Tarski
, ,
(..) .
3.4.2.
.
Donald Davidson (1967:75)
L [....]
L p
. ( - -
. Lycan 1984: 38) .
.
-
96
T .
Davidson (1984: 25),
.
. H
()
. H
-
. H
(. Davidson, .., . 24. K
-
Heim & Kratzer 1998:1 . Elbourne 2011, . 4).
H (compositionality principle)
. H ,
(Davidson, .., . 23), (extensional semantics, .
Heim & Kratzer, ., . 15). H Frege (.
), .
;
A . H
. .. (.. E)
H E . H E
E.26 H , , .
A
. .. . ,
. ;
. ; H
()
() . ,
26 . A . , - A , ..... H , .
-
97
, -
---.
M
.27 A
(. Heim & Kratzer 1998, Chierchia & McConnell-
Ginet 22000, B 1998, Saeed 22003, .10, Portner 2005).
Davidson .
(Davidson 1967: 81, Strawson
1970: 106).
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
27 (formal) .
, Elbourne 2011, . 5 & 6.
-
4.
4.1.
(1)
(
). ,
, .
, , . (1),
,
:
(1) 2014, 28 1963 ,
27/5/1963 .
, (1)
(referential instantiation)
. (1),
2014,
.
(1)
, ,
( ,
).
, (1) 1998
( )
,
.
, (1)
1960 :
.
-
100
. , (statement)
, ,
.
, (1)
.
,
.
.
, (1)
. (1)
. ,
,
( ) ' .
,
, .
,
, ( )
.
(. Carston 2002, . 1).
(. ,
, )
( ) ' ( ).
,
.
(2) .
(2),
( )
,
-
101
. (2) .
; , .
. ,
.
(coding time: . Levinson 1983: 73)
(receiving time
).
. ,
' . Morris (. . 1.4.)
. ,
.
. .
'
' .
4.2.
( ,
). . ,
, (spatial deixis).
.
:
(3) .
(4) , .
(5) , , .
(6) [ ].
(7) [ ].
(8) . .
-
102
(9) .
(3) - (5) '
. ,
(. (6), (7)). , ,
(8).
((9)
(, )
. Lakoff Johnson (1980)
).28
(
).
,
:
(10) - .
(11) - .
(12) ?? - .
(13) - .
(14) ....
(15) .....
(16) .
(17) ?? .
(10) - (13)
( : 15) , (-
: unmarked) - (
).
, (: anaphor),
(16) - (17) .
28 , 3.3.2, .
-
103
(this, that)
: this that
. this
that, (. Eco 1979: 117-8).
,
. (.
Saeed 22003: 183-4),
Housa
:
nn ( )
nan ( )
cn ( ' )
can ( , )
(. Levinson 1983: 73-79, Huang 2007: 144-9)
(tense).
, () ' , ()
(). (. 2.5.)
.
.
(participant-roles, . Levinson 1983: 68) .
, (
) :
:
,
: ,
,
:
.
-
104
( Zayse, . Saeed 22003: 188)
, (ny)
(ni). Fiji
(Kempson 1977: 97):
( ).
.
-
. Tamil
(Levinson 1983: 93).
Levinson
(marked) (Levinson1983: 90 .
Huang 2007: 163-71).
4.3.
4.1.,
.
,
.
-
105
(discourse)
( ).
(18) .
'
.
. (18)
.
(
)
, . , , (18)
(19)
(19) .
.
, ()
, ,
, (18) .
( )
. (
, )
( ) (.
) .
,
(20) : .
: .
-
106
, Saeed (22003:
192) .
(20) (20)
:
- . . , .
- , . ( ).
, .
- .
. .
- [
]. ( ) .
.
(
).
-
.
.
- .
. , .
. ,
.
. (, ,
).
, ,
,
:
(21) A: .
: .
-
107
: .
( ).
, ,
. ,
, . H. P. Grice
.
Grice
(Grice 1967 [1957]: 46). ,
(
)
, .
Grice :
(. Sperber Wilson
1985/1995: 21-28) (
)
(. Strawson 1970 [1985]:111b).
H. P. Grice
(Grice 1975 [1985]). Grice
:
,
,
.
:
.
1. , .
2. .
-
108
1. (
).
2.
.
( )
. (. .)
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
,
.
' .
. (flouting)
,
'
(. Huang 2007, . 2).
:
, , :
(22) !
.
-
109
(23) .
'
( ).
(23). .
-:
(24) : ......!
: .
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